Mapping the Geothermal System Using AMT and MT in the Mapamyum (QP) Field, Lake Manasarovar, Southwestern Tibet
<p>Simplified geologic map of the Himalayas to show the locations of the study area, the QP geothermal field, the Karakorum fault, and the Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (modified from Hu et al. [<a href="#B15-energies-09-00855" class="html-bibr">15</a>]).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Location of the QP geothermal field and field layout of AMT and MT survey. (<b>a</b>) Location of the QP geothermal field; (<b>b</b>) its geological setting; (<b>c</b>) cross section; (<b>d</b>) locations of geothermal features; (<b>e</b>) the local geological map showing field layout; and (<b>f</b>) the location of the hot springs in Tibet (modified from Wang et al. [<a href="#B17-energies-09-00855" class="html-bibr">17</a>], with permission from the authors). Line1 and Line2 show the location of the section of <a href="#energies-09-00855-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> and <a href="#energies-09-00855-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>. Numerals: (<b>1</b>) Late Holocene alluvial-proluvial fan; (<b>2</b>) Pleistocene deposits; (<b>3</b>) Lower Member of the Neocene Woma Group; (<b>4</b>) Upper Cretaceous Sangdanlin Formation; (<b>5</b>) Upper Carboniferous Lasha Formation; (<b>6</b>) Lower Carboniferous Kangtuo Formation; (<b>7</b>) Neocene monzogranite granite; (<b>8</b>) Upper Triassic mafic rocks; (<b>9</b>) Upper Triassic complex; (<b>10</b>) Quaternary sediment; (<b>11</b>) conglomerate; (<b>12</b>) sandstone; (<b>13</b>) mudstone; (<b>14</b>) shale; (<b>15</b>) siliceous rock; (<b>16</b>) complex rock; (<b>17</b>) mafic rock; (<b>18</b>) phyllite; (<b>19</b>) meta-sandstone; (<b>20</b>) metamorphic conglomerate; (<b>21</b>) mylonite; (<b>22</b>) monzogranite; (<b>23</b>) boundary of an unconformity; (<b>24</b>) reverse fault; (<b>25</b>) buried fault; and (<b>26</b>) stream or lake.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Comparison between Bostick conversion of (<b>a</b>) the XY direction, (<b>b</b>) the YX direction, and (<b>c</b>) nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion (NLCGI) results for an AMT section ((Line1 as shown in <a href="#energies-09-00855-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> and <a href="#energies-09-00855-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>). The black solid line outlines the geo-electric layers (L1 to L3). The blue dashed line shows the geothermal reservoir interpreted from the AMT results.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Conversion results from a MT section (Line2 as shown in <a href="#energies-09-00855-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> and <a href="#energies-09-00855-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>) illustrate the typical geo-electric structure of the QP geothermal field. L2 to L4 show the geo-electric layer, L2 is a low-resistivity layer mainly reflecting the reservoir (marked with the blue dashed line) which contains the brine thermal fluids (water); L3 is a resistive layer that reflects the host rock and path (has lower resistivity than the host rocks); L4 is a low resistivity layer, which the major portion reflects the heat source (marked with the black dashed line). The lower portion of L4 (marked with the green dashed line) is interpreted as partial melting.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Resistivity contour maps at elevations of (<b>a</b>) 3500 m and (<b>b</b>) 2000 m ASL. The reservoir and the thermal path of the geothermal system are outlined with the blue dashed line. Line1 and Line2 show the location of the section of <a href="#energies-09-00855-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> and <a href="#energies-09-00855-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>. The red rectangle shows the portion where three-dimensional imaging is conducted and shows in <a href="#energies-09-00855-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>3D resistivity imaging shows the resistivity volume with a value lower than (<b>a</b>) 15 and (<b>b</b>) 22 Ω∙m for the eastern portion of the QP geothermal field. A low-reisitivity volume with a value lower than 15 Ω∙m (<b>a</b>) reflects the heat source and upper portion of geothermal reservoir, another data volume of lower than 22 Ω∙m reflects the whole geothermal system, including the heat source, path, and the reservoir. The path has a higher resistivity of 15–22 Ω∙m than the heat source and the reservoir.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Comparison of example MT sounding curves from QP, Tibet, and the Newberry volcano, Oregon, USA. The foot figure shows the curve from Newberry volcano, the black triangles are resistivity and phase of MT <span class="html-italic">XY</span> direction, and the square are resistivity and phase of MT <span class="html-italic">YX</span> direction [<a href="#B28-energies-09-00855" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. The blue dot and red brick show the resistivity and phase of the MT <span class="html-italic">XY</span> direction of one station in QP.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background and Geological Setting
3. Methods, Data Acquisition, and Processing
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Geoelectric Structure of the Geothermal System
5.2. The Geothermal Reservoir
5.3. Heat Source of the Geothermal System
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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He, L.; Chen, L.; Dorji; Xi, X.; Zhao, X.; Chen, R.; Yao, H. Mapping the Geothermal System Using AMT and MT in the Mapamyum (QP) Field, Lake Manasarovar, Southwestern Tibet. Energies 2016, 9, 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100855
He L, Chen L, Dorji, Xi X, Zhao X, Chen R, Yao H. Mapping the Geothermal System Using AMT and MT in the Mapamyum (QP) Field, Lake Manasarovar, Southwestern Tibet. Energies. 2016; 9(10):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100855
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Lanfang, Ling Chen, Dorji, Xiaolu Xi, Xuefeng Zhao, Rujun Chen, and Hongchun Yao. 2016. "Mapping the Geothermal System Using AMT and MT in the Mapamyum (QP) Field, Lake Manasarovar, Southwestern Tibet" Energies 9, no. 10: 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100855