Future Sensors for Smart Objects by Printing Technologies in Industry 4.0 Scenario
<p>Architectures of (<b>a</b>) active and (<b>b</b>) passive smart objects. The smart object is equipped with sensors that detect changes in physical quantities like temperature, deformation, vibration, etc. In the case of active smart objects, electronics acquires, processes, and exchanges data with the network, while in the case of passive objects, an external readout unit acquires the sensor output wirelessly. The power supply unit can include (1) batteries, accumulator or systems that convert other natural energies into electrical energy and (2) a power management unit that controls and distributes the power supply (orange arrow) to the other blocks.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Loading direction for axial and shear sensors; (<b>b</b>) Block diagram of the production process. (<b>c</b>) Axial and shear sensors.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Fabrication process by inkjet printing for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) -based strain gauge.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Printed strain gauge. (<b>b</b>) Strain–resistance curve, where R<sub>0</sub> is the resistance with no strain.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Diagram of the circuit manufacturing steps: (1) Preparation of the 2D model of the printed device with serpentine pattern (in mm); (2) Cleaning of the surface with solvent to remove dust and dirt; (3) Deposition of Ag ink with Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) according to the 3D model and drying at room temperature; (4) Curing of the resulting device with Flash Lamp Annealing (FLA) (5) Deposition of epoxy conductive paste to fix the wires and create the electrical contacts with the deposited ink.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Example of printed serpentine devices with the proposed method. Printed device: (<b>a</b>) on different 3D surfaces 2.4 cm × 2.4; (<b>b</b>) on a 5.6 cm diameter cap; (<b>c</b>) on a PVC conduit of 20 mm diameter (d<sub>out</sub>). Strain gauge dimensions: active gauge length (L) is 10 mm and the gauge width (W) is 5.5 mm.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Experimental setup for tested the response of the printed strain gauge under axial stress and (<b>b</b>) experimental results compared with the ones of the commercial strain gauge.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) 2D model and dimensions (in mm) of printed resistance temperature detector (RTD) and (<b>b</b>) printed RTD in three different configurations (33, 66, 99 mm in length) printed on Kapton.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Normalized resistance vs. temperature of the silver sensor (66 mm long) and Pt100 sensor. R<sub>0</sub> is the resistance at 0 °C. Error bars correspond to the output range of eight different sensors.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Smart Object Architectures
- Sensor(s): one or more sensing elements react to specific changes.
- Sensor interface: analog and digital circuits read and pre-elaborate the sensor output.
- Wireless transceiver: this block includes an antenna and the protocol to communicate with the network through the gateway. The cloud/Internet block connects smart objects, devices, users, machines, and the industrial control system, and allows to access and store data.
- Power Unit: this block includes an internal power supply (battery, energy storage unit, etc.) and the power management unit to store, control, and distribute the electrical power to the electronic parts.
3. Sensors for Smart Object by Inkjet and Aerosol Jet Printing
3.1. Printed Piezoelectric Sensors for Active Smart Object
3.2. Strain Gauge Printed by IJP for Active and Passive Smart Object
3.3. Strain Gauge Printed by AJP for Passive and Active Smart Devices
3.4. Resistance Temperature Detector Printed by AJP for Active and Passive Smart Devices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Borghetti, M.; Cantù, E.; Sardini, E.; Serpelloni, M. Future Sensors for Smart Objects by Printing Technologies in Industry 4.0 Scenario. Energies 2020, 13, 5916. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225916
Borghetti M, Cantù E, Sardini E, Serpelloni M. Future Sensors for Smart Objects by Printing Technologies in Industry 4.0 Scenario. Energies. 2020; 13(22):5916. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225916
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorghetti, Michela, Edoardo Cantù, Emilio Sardini, and Mauro Serpelloni. 2020. "Future Sensors for Smart Objects by Printing Technologies in Industry 4.0 Scenario" Energies 13, no. 22: 5916. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225916