Performance Comparison of Grid-Faulty Control Schemes for Inverter-Based Industrial Microgrids
<p>Diagram of the 500 kVA microgrid considered in this study.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Diagram of the components of the generators.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>GCCS control schemes: (<b>a</b>) diagram of the power system; (<b>b</b>) diagram of the control scheme.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>IVS control scheme: (<b>a</b>) diagram of the power system; (<b>b</b>) diagram of the control scheme.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>GCVS control scheme: (<b>a</b>) diagram of the power system; (<b>b</b>) calculation of positive and negative sequence active and reactive powers; (<b>c</b>) generation of reference voltages, voltage and current control loops and SVM; (<b>d</b>) generation of negative sequence active and reactive powers.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Main waveforms of (<b>a</b>) generator 1 and (<b>b</b>) generator 2 using the GCCS1 control scheme for type I voltage sag.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Main waveforms of (<b>a</b>) generator 1 and (<b>b</b>) generator 2 using the GCCS2 control scheme for type I voltage sag.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Main waveforms of (<b>a</b>) generator 1 and (<b>b</b>) generator 2 using the GCCS3 control scheme for type I voltage sag.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Main waveforms of (<b>a</b>) generator 1 and (<b>b</b>) generator 2 using the IVS control scheme for type I voltage sag.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Main waveforms of (<b>a</b>) generator 1 and (<b>b</b>) generator 2 using the GCVS control scheme for type I voltage sag.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Main waveforms of generator 1 using the (<b>a</b>) GCCS1 and (<b>b</b>) IVS control schemes for type II voltage sag.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Main waveforms of generator 1 using the (<b>a</b>) GCCS1 and (<b>b</b>) IVS control schemes for type III voltage sag.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Diagram of the power system with STATCOM during voltage sags for (<b>a</b>) islanded and (<b>b</b>) grid-connected microgrid.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Problem Statement
2.1. Industrial Microgrid
2.2. Power Quality Indexes
2.3. Problem Formulation
3. Control Schemes
3.1. GCCS Control Schemes
3.1.1. Control Scheme for Injecting Maximum Current via Positive Sequence Only
3.1.2. Control Scheme for Injecting Maximum Current via Negative Sequence Only
3.1.3. Control Scheme for Injecting Maximum Current via Positive and Negative Sequences
3.2. IVS Control Scheme
3.3. GCVS Control Scheme
4. Comparative Analysis of Grid-Faulty Control Schemes
4.1. Simulation Setup
4.2. Measured Quality Indexes and Discussion of the Results
4.3. Validation of the Analysis with Transient Simulation Results
5. Control Schemes for the Microgrid with STATCOM
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quantity | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Microgrid rated power | 500 kVA | |
Utility grid line-to-line rms voltage | 132 kV | |
Feeders line-to-line rms voltage | 15 kV | |
Generators and loads line-to-line rms voltage | 400 V | |
Microgrid angular frequency | 2π 50 Hz | |
Load consumption in the office building | 80 kW, 8 kvar | |
Load consumption in the factory building | 320 kW, 20 kvar | |
Priority load in the office building | 0 kW, 0 kvar | |
Priority load in the factory building | 250 kW, 15 kvar | |
Rated power of the generator G1 | 46 kVA | |
Rated power of the generator G2 | 230 kVA | |
Grid impedance | 14.3 + j 46.4 Ω | |
Line impedance of the feeder 1 | 26.1 + j 107.1 mΩ | |
Line impedance of the feeder 2 | 4.4 + j 32.4 mΩ | |
Line impedance of the office building | 32.1 + j 4.5 mΩ | |
Line impedance of the factory building | 6.9 + j 7.5 mΩ | |
Line impedance of the generator G1 | 15.6 + j 7.8 mΩ | |
Line impedance of the generator G2 | 6.3 + j 8.1 mΩ |
Quantity | Symbol | Generator 1 | Generator 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Maximum current | 91.9 A | 469.5 A | |
Impedance seen from the output of the generator | 51.9 + j 147.9 mΩ | 20.9 + j 73.5 mΩ | |
Voltage amplitude at no load | 325 V | 325 V | |
Angular frequency at no load | 2π 50 Hz | 2π 50 Hz | |
Proportional gain of the voltage amplitude | 170 μV/(var) | 170 μV/(var) | |
Proportional gain of the angular frequency | 12.6 μrad/(Ws) | 2.46 μrad/(Ws) | |
Reference active power | 0 W | 0 W | |
Reference reactive power | 0 var | 0 var | |
Cutoff frequency of the first-order low-pass filter | 2π 20 Hz | 2π 20 Hz | |
Virtual impedance | 103.8 + j 147.9 mΩ | 41.8 + j 73.5 mΩ | |
Nominal amplitudes of sequence voltages | , | 325 V, 0 V | 325 V, 0 V |
Nominal phase angles of sequence voltages | , | 0°, 0° | 0°, 0° |
Proportional gains of sequence voltage amplitudes | , | 170, 56.7 μV/(var) | 170, 56.7 μV/(var) |
Integral gains of sequence voltage amplitudes | , | 850, 283 μrad/(As) | 850, 283 μrad/(As) |
Proportional gains of sequence phase angles | , | 12.6, 126 μrad/(Ws) | 2.46, 24.6 μrad/(Ws) |
Integral gains of sequence phase angles | , | 0.38, 3.8 mrad/(Ws2) | 73.8, 738 μrad/(Ws2) |
Cutoff frequency of the first-order low-pass filter | 2π 20 Hz | 2π 20 Hz | |
Positive sequence virtual impedance | 103.8 + j 147.9 mΩ | 41.8 + j 73.5 mΩ | |
Negative sequence virtual impedance | 155.7 + j 221.9 mΩ | 62.7 + j 110.3 mΩ | |
Reference amplitude of the negative sequence voltage in the PCC | 48.75 V | 48.75 V | |
Proportional gain of the apparent power | 12.3 A | 2.4 A | |
Integral gain of the apparent power | 105.1 A/s | 24.7 A/s | |
Impedance seen from the output of the generator | 51.9 + j 147.9 mΩ | 20.9 + j 73.5 mΩ |
Characteristics | Variable | Type I | Type II | Type III |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amplitude of the positive sequence | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
Amplitude of the negative sequence | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | |
Angle between sequence components | 0 | - |
Index | Ideal | No Inject | GCCS1 | GCCS2 | GCCS3 | IVS | GCVS | nIVS | nGCCS3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(PCC) | 1 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.83 |
(G1) | 1 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.86 |
(G2) | 1 | 0.77 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.95 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 0.88 |
(L1) | 1 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.86 |
(L2) | 1 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.86 |
(PCC) | 0 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
(G1) | 0 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.10 |
(G2) | 0 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.07 |
(L1) | 0 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.10 |
(L2) | 0 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.09 |
(PCC) | 1 | 0 | 0.86 | 0 | 0.44 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.48 |
(PCC) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.93 | 0.46 | 0 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 0.47 |
(G1) | 0 | - | 21 ms | 21 ms | 21 ms | 47 ms | 53 ms | 47 ms | 21 ms |
(G2) | 0 | - | 21 ms | 21 ms | 21 ms | 55 ms | 38 ms | 54 ms | 21 ms |
(G1) | 0 | - | 23 ms | 23 ms | 23 ms | 132 ms | 55 ms | 132 ms | 21 ms |
(G2) | 0 | - | 24 ms | 24 ms | 24 ms | 121 ms | 39 ms | 121 ms | 21 ms |
Index | Ideal | No Inject | GCCS1 | GCCS2 | GCCS3 | IVS | GCVS | nIVS | nGCCS3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(PCC) | 1 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
(G1) | 1 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.96 | 0.41 | 0.96 | 0.46 |
(G2) | 1 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.95 | 0.42 | 0.95 | 0.48 |
(L1) | 1 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.96 | 0.41 | 0.96 | 0.45 |
(L2) | 1 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.93 | 0.48 |
(PCC) | 0 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 |
(G1) | 0 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 | 0.20 |
(G2) | 0 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 | 0.17 |
(L1) | 0 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.20 |
(L2) | 0 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.19 |
(PCC) | 1 | 0 | 0.91 | 0 | 0.45 | 0 | 0.13 | 0.57 | 0.50 |
(PCC) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.97 | 0.49 | 0 | 0.79 | 0.40 | 0.49 |
(G1) | 0 | - | 22 ms | 22 ms | 22 ms | 50 ms | 53 ms | 49 ms | 22 ms |
(G2) | 0 | - | 22 ms | 22 ms | 22 ms | 57 ms | 42 ms | 57 ms | 22 ms |
(G1) | 0 | - | 23 ms | 23 ms | 23 ms | 152 ms | 57 ms | 151 ms | 22 ms |
(G2) | 0 | - | 24 ms | 25 ms | 25 ms | 140 ms | 40 ms | 141 ms | 22 ms |
Index | Ideal | No Inject | GCCS1 | IVS | nIVS | nGCCS1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(PCC) | 1 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
(G1) | 1 | 0.59 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.70 |
(G2) | 1 | 0.58 | 0.69 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.72 |
(L1) | 1 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.70 |
(L2) | 1 | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.71 |
(PCC) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(G1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(G2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(L1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(L2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(PCC) | 1 | 0 | 0.89 | 0 | 0.97 | 0.99 |
(PCC) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(G1) | 0 | - | 20 ms | 42 ms | 42 ms | 21 ms |
(G2) | 0 | - | 20 ms | 49 ms | 49 ms | 21 ms |
(G1) | 0 | - | 21 ms | 120 ms | 121 ms | 21 ms |
(G2) | 0 | - | 21 ms | 117 ms | 115 ms | 21 ms |
Voltage Sag | Operational Mode | Microgrid Control | STATCOM Control |
---|---|---|---|
I and II | Microgrid in islanded mode | IVS scheme | GCCS3 scheme |
I and II | Grid-connected microgrid | GCCS3 scheme | GCCS3 scheme |
III | Microgrid in islanded mode | IVS scheme | GCCS1 scheme |
III | Grid-connected microgrid | GCCS1 scheme | GCCS1 scheme |
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Camacho, A.; Castilla, M.; Canziani, F.; Moreira, C.; Coelho, P.; Gomes, M.; Mercado, P.E. Performance Comparison of Grid-Faulty Control Schemes for Inverter-Based Industrial Microgrids. Energies 2017, 10, 2096. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122096
Camacho A, Castilla M, Canziani F, Moreira C, Coelho P, Gomes M, Mercado PE. Performance Comparison of Grid-Faulty Control Schemes for Inverter-Based Industrial Microgrids. Energies. 2017; 10(12):2096. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122096
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamacho, Antonio, Miguel Castilla, Franco Canziani, Carlos Moreira, Paulo Coelho, Mario Gomes, and Pedro E. Mercado. 2017. "Performance Comparison of Grid-Faulty Control Schemes for Inverter-Based Industrial Microgrids" Energies 10, no. 12: 2096. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122096