The Sensor Hub for Detecting the Developmental Characteristics in Reading in Children on a White vs. Colored Background/Colored Overlays
<p>Experiment setup: (<b>1</b>) Eye-tracking system; (<b>2</b>) Portable multimodal EEG/ECG/EDA system; (<b>3</b>) Photosensitive sensor for synchronization of multimodal EEG/ECG/EDA system and eye-tracking system.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>SDNN, CVRR and STD HR by grade and color (normalized on white color). (<b>A</b>) Normalized SDNN values (ms), (<b>B</b>) Normalized CVRR values (n.u.) and (<b>C</b>) Normalized STD HR (beats / min). Normalized values of each parameter are calculated by subtracting the parameter value for white background from the values for each of the background / overlay colors. Bar plots show the normalized data for all background and overlay colors (overlay colors labeled with "o" on x-axis), where second and third grader’s values are presented with blue and red colored bars, respectively. Error bars denote standard errors of the mean.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experiment Setup
2.3. Experiment Design
2.3.1. Stimuli
2.3.2. Color Calculation
2.3.3. Data Processing
2.4. Statistical Methodology
3. Results
3.1. White (Default) Background—Reading Results
3.2. Background and Overlay Colors—Reading Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
Time domain parameters | ||
Mean RR | ms | Mean value of BBIs |
SDNN | ms | Standard deviation of normal BBIs |
Mean HR | beats/min | Mean value of heart rate |
STD HR | beats/min | Standard deviation of heart rate |
CVRR = SDNN/Mean RR | n.u. | Coefficient of variance of normal BBIs |
RMSSD | ms | Root mean square of differences of successive BBIs |
NN50 | beats | Number of successive BBIs that varied more than 50 ms |
pNN50 | % | Percentage of successive BBIs that differ more than 50 ms |
Parameters | Grade | p Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Second (n = 12) | Third (n = 12) | ||
Reading duration | |||
RD (s) | 43.38 ± 25.32 | 49.07 ± 27.63 | 0.628 |
EEG parameters (median power band) | |||
Alpha (μV2) | 13.19 ± 5.15 | 5.63 ± 4.28 | 0.001 |
Beta (μV2) | 6.05 ± 2.81 | 3.33 ± 2.40 | 0.018 |
Delta (μV2) | 64.45 ± 20.47 | 71.85 ± 63.54 | 0.707 |
Theta (μV2) | 16.07 ± 7.14 | 8.35 ± 7.67 | 0.018 |
Whole Range (μV2) | 113.3 ± 38.5 | 97.2 ± 80.5 | 0.540 |
Eye tracking parameters | |||
Fixation Count | 38.25 ± 19.62 | 35.00 ± 9.66 | 0.620 |
Fixation Frequency (count/s) | 1.01 ± 0.36 | 0.99 ± 0.67 | 0.925 |
Fixation Duration Total (s) | 40.87 ± 25.01 | 46.22 ± 26.32 | 0.631 |
Fixation Duration Average (ms) | 1088.2 ± 542.9 | 1331.5 ± 730.9 | 0.381 |
Saccade Count | 34.92 ± 19.16 | 28.70 ± 5.23 | 0.301 |
Saccade Frequency (count/s) | 0.95 ± 0.38 | 0.86 ± 0.65 | 0.686 |
Saccade Duration Total (ms) | 741.3 ± 449.4 | 680.0 ± 276.7 | 0.711 |
Saccade Duration Average (ms) | 20.93 ± 2.76 | 23.22 ± 5.61 | 0.227 |
EDA value | |||
EDA (μS) | 9.41 ± 3.49 | 6.20 ± 4.38 | 0.060 |
HRV parameters | |||
Mean RR (ms) | 637.4 ± 59.8 | 680.5 ± 114.4 | 0.264 |
SDNN (ms) | 35.14 ± 11.95 | 66.11 ± 46.15 | 0.043 |
CVRR (n.u.) | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.021 |
Mean HR (beats/min) | 94.87 ± 8.69 | 90.26 ± 13.75 | 0.337 |
STD HR (beats/min) | 5.12 ± 1.54 | 8.40 ± 3.85 | 0.016 |
RMSSD (ms) | 42.50 ± 17.42 | 84.94 ± 74.74 | 0.079 |
NN50 (beats) | 12.42 ± 9.44 | 19.67 ± 16.43 | 0.298 |
pNN50 (%) | 23.40 ± 18.34 | 36.30 ± 25.88 | 0.236 |
Parameters | Normalized Values | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red | Blue | Yellow | Orange | Purple | Turquoise | Red O | Blue O | Yellow O | Orange O | Purple O | Turquoise O | |
Reading duration | ||||||||||||
RD (s) | ||||||||||||
EEG parameters (median power band) | ||||||||||||
Alpha (μV2) | ||||||||||||
Beta (μV2) | ||||||||||||
Delta (μV2) | ||||||||||||
Theta (μV2) | ||||||||||||
Whole Range (μV2) | ||||||||||||
Eye tracking parameters | ||||||||||||
Fixation Count | ||||||||||||
Fixation Frequency (count/s) | ||||||||||||
Fixation Duration Total (s) | ||||||||||||
Fixation Duration Average (ms) | ||||||||||||
Saccade Count | ||||||||||||
Saccade Frequency (count/s) | ||||||||||||
Saccade Duration Total (ms) | 0.9 | |||||||||||
Saccade Duration Average (ms) | ||||||||||||
EDA value | ||||||||||||
EDA (μS) | ||||||||||||
HRV parameters | ||||||||||||
Mean RR (ms) | ||||||||||||
SDNN (ms) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |||||||||
CVRR | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |||||||||
Mean HR (beats/min) | ||||||||||||
STD HR (beats/min) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |||||
RMSSD (ms) | 0.5 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
NN50 (beats) | ||||||||||||
pNN50 (%) |
Parameters | Grade | p Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Second (n = 12) | Third (n = 12) | ||
Reading duration | |||
RD (s) | 42.74 ± 31.81 | 50.33 ± 27.40 | 0.001 |
EEG parameters (median power band) | |||
Alpha (μV2) | 13.50 ± 5.28 | 4.67 ± 3.20 | 0.001 |
Beta (μV2) | 6.36 ± 2.90 | 3.71 ± 4.70 | 0.001 |
Delta (μV2) | 71.49 ± 37.33 | 51.23± 48.90 | 0.001 |
Theta (μV2) | 17.55± 7.88 | 6.38± 4.75 | 0.001 |
Whole Range (μV2) | 123.36 ± 54.24 | 74.45± 61.30 | 0.001 |
Eye tracking parameters | |||
Fixation Count | 35.14 ± 13.97 | 36.35± 10.31 | 0.412 |
Fixation Frequency (count/s) | 1.10 ± 0.89 | 1.01 ± 0.75 | 0.372 |
Fixation Duration Total (s) | 40.01 ± 30.71 | 47.47 ± 25.63 | 0.028 |
Fixation Duration Average (ms) | 1038.49 ± 593.15 | 1283.29 ± 584.55 | 0.001 |
Saccade Count | 31.31 ± 12.36 | 30.93 ± 8.05 | 0.753 |
Saccade Frequency (count/s) | 0.99 ± 1.00 | 0.89 ± 0.71 | 0.376 |
Saccade Duration Total (ms) | 662.9 ± 293.4 | 712.0 ± 273.6 | 0.147 |
Saccade Duration Average (ms) | 21.65 ± 6.09 | 22.69 ± 3.88 | 0.093 |
EDA value | |||
EDA (μS) | 10.13± 3.25 | 6.32 ± 3.95 | 0.001 |
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Jakovljević, T.; Janković, M.M.; Savić, A.M.; Soldatović, I.; Todorović, P.; Jere Jakulin, T.; Papa, G.; Ković, V. The Sensor Hub for Detecting the Developmental Characteristics in Reading in Children on a White vs. Colored Background/Colored Overlays. Sensors 2021, 21, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020406
Jakovljević T, Janković MM, Savić AM, Soldatović I, Todorović P, Jere Jakulin T, Papa G, Ković V. The Sensor Hub for Detecting the Developmental Characteristics in Reading in Children on a White vs. Colored Background/Colored Overlays. Sensors. 2021; 21(2):406. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020406
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakovljević, Tamara, Milica M. Janković, Andrej M. Savić, Ivan Soldatović, Petar Todorović, Tadeja Jere Jakulin, Gregor Papa, and Vanja Ković. 2021. "The Sensor Hub for Detecting the Developmental Characteristics in Reading in Children on a White vs. Colored Background/Colored Overlays" Sensors 21, no. 2: 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020406