Development of a Flexible Artificial Lateral Line Canal System for Hydrodynamic Pressure Detection
<p>Lateral line canal system of the cavefish, <span class="html-italic">Sinocyclocheilus Macrophthalmus</span>: (<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of the canal lateral line; (<b>b</b>) Scanning electron microscope image of canal pores; (<b>c</b>) Fluorescence microscope image of canal neuromasts.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Schematic structure of the proposed ALL canal system.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Mechanics of the cantilevered flow-sensing element in the artificial canal.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Sensor sensitivity: (<b>a</b>) As a function of cantilever length and polypropylene layer thickness; (<b>b</b>) As a function of the polypropylene-to-PVDF layer thickness ratio for a cantilever length of 5 mm.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Schematic illustration of stepwise fabrication process: (<b>a</b>) Lower PDMS canal structure cast; (<b>b</b>) Electrode deposition on lower PDMS canal; (<b>c</b>) PVDF/polypropylene cantilever and PDMS cupula assembly; (<b>d</b>) Upper canal-pore structure cast and lower-upper PDMS canal structure bond.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Photographic image of the final ALL canal system prototype.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>ALL canal system voltage output at vibration frequencies of 110 and 137 Hz.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>ALL superficial system frequency response for random vibration frequencies: (<b>a</b>) Voltage output amplitude (solid red line reflects Lorentz fit); (<b>b</b>) Amplitude spectra.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>ALL canal system frequency response for random vibration frequencies: (<b>a</b>) Voltage output amplitude (solid red line reflects Lorentz fit); (<b>b</b>) Amplitude spectra.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>ALL canal system response for various dipole source vertical distances and a vibration frequency of 115 ± 1 Hz: (<b>a</b>) Voltage output amplitude; (<b>b</b>) Amplitude spectra.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design, Fabrication, and Testing Procedures
2.1. Design of the ALL Canal System
2.2. Fabrication of the ALL Canal System
2.3. Testing of the ALL Canal System
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bleckmann, H.; Zelick, R. Lateral line system of fish. Integr. Zool. 2009, 4, 13–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dijkgraaf, S. The function and significance of the lateral-line organs. Biol. Rev. 1962, 38, 51–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoshizawa, M.; Jeffery, W.R.; van Netten, S.M.; Mchenry, M.J. The sensitivity of lateral line receptors and their role in the behavior of Mexican blind cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus). J. Exp. Biol. 2014, 217, 886–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yoshizawa, M.; Goricki, S.; Soares, D.; Jeffery, W.R. Evolution of a Behavioral Shift Mediated by Superficial Neuromasts Helps Cavefish Find Food in Darkness. Curr. Biol. 2010, 20, 1631–1636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, Y.G.; Fu, J.C.; Zhang, D.Y.; Zhao, Y.H. Investigation on the lateral line systems of two cavefish: Sinocyclocheilus macrophthalmus and S. microphthalmus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). J. Bionic Eng. 2016, 13, 108–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Netten, S.M. Hydrodynamic detection by cupulae in a lateral line canal: Functional relations between physics and physiology. Biol. Cybern. 2006, 94, 67–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Netten, S.M. Hydrodynamics of the excitation of the cupula in the fish canal lateral line. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1991, 89, 310–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Netten, S.M.; Khanna, S.M. Stiffness changes of the cupula associated with the mechanics of haircells in the fish lateral-line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91, 1549–1553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, Z.; Chen, J.; Bullen, D.; Liu, C.; Delconyn, F. Design and fabrication of artificial lateral line flow sensors. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2002, 12, 655–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peleshanko, S.; Julian, M.D.; Ornatska, M.; McConney, M.E.; LeMieux, M.C.; Chen, N.; Tucker, C.; Yang, Y.; Liu, C.; Humphrey, J.A.C.; et al. Hydrogel-encapsulated microfabricated haircells mimicking fish cupula neuromast. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2903–2909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Klein, A.; Bleckmann, H.; Liu, C. Artificial lateral-line canal for hydrodynamic detection. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 10–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Engel, J.; Chen, N.; Pandya, S.; Coombs, S.; Liu, C. Artificial lateral line and hydrodynamic object tracking. In Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical System, Istanbul, Turkey, 22–26 January 2006; pp. 694–697. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Y.; Chen, J.; Engel, J.; Pandya, S.; Chen, N.; Tucker, C.; Coombs, S.; Jones, D.L.; Liu, C. Distant touch hydrodynamic imaging with artificial laterial line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 18891–18895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Herzog, H.; Klein, A.; Bleckmann, H.; Holik, P.; Schmitz, S.; Siebke, G.; Tatzner, S.; Lacher, M.; Steltenkamp, S. μ-biomimetic flow-sensors—Introducing light-guiding PDMS structures into MEMS. Bioinspir. Biomim. 2015, 10, 36001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kottapalli, A.G.P.; Asadnia, M.; Miao, J.M.; Triantafyllou, M.S. Biomechanical canal sensors inspired by canal neuromasts for ultrasensitive flow sensing. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical System, Estoril, Portugal, 18–22 January 2015; pp. 500–503. [Google Scholar]
- Asadnia, M.; Kottapalli, A.G.P.; Shen, Z.Y.; Miao, J.M.; Triantafyllou, M.S. Flexible and Surface-Mountable Piezoelectric Sensor Arrays for Underwater Sensing in Marine Vehicles. IEEE Sens. J. 2013, 13, 3918–3925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Tai, Y.C.; Huang, A.; Ho, C.M. IC-integrated flexible shear-stress sensor skin. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2003, 12, 740–747. [Google Scholar]
- Lei, H.; Li, W.; Tan, X. Microfabrication of IPMC cilia for bio-inspired flow sensing. In Proceedings of the SPIE Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), San Diego, CA, USA, 11 March 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Abdulsadda, A.T.; Tan, X. Nonlinear estimation-based dipole source localization for artificial lateral line systems. Bioinspir. Biomim. 2013, 8, 026005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, Y.G.; Shiono, S.; Hamada, H.; Fujita, T.; Zhang, D.Y.; Maenaka, K. Reactive ion etching of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer for flexible piezoelectric devices. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2013, 58, 2091–2094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, S.; Jiang, Z. A novel wearable sensor device with conductive fabric and PVDF film for monitoring cardiorespiratory signals. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2006, 128, 317–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, M.; Tang, H.X.; Roukes, M.L. Ultra-sensitive NEMS-based cantilevers for sensing, scanned probe and very high-frequency applications. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 114–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, J.H.; Kwon, T.Y.; Yoon, D.S.; Kim, H.; Kim, T.S. Fabrication of microcantilever sensors actuated by piezoelectric Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thick films and determination of their electromechanical characteristics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 2021–2028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kalmijn, A.J. Hydrodynamic and Acoustic Field Detection. In Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals; Atema, J., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N., Tavolga, W.N., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1988; pp. 83–130. [Google Scholar]
- Fernandez, V.I.; Hou, S.M.; Hover, F.S.; Lang, J.H.; Triantafyllou, M.S. Lateral-Line Inspired MEMS-Array Pressure Sensing for Passive Underwater Navigation; Technical Report; MIT: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Yaul, F.M.; Bulovic, V.; Lang, J.H. A flexible underwater pressure sensor array using a conductive elastomer strain gauge. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2012, 21, 897–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kottapalli, A.G.P.; Asadnia, M.; Miao, J.M.; Triantafyllou, M. Touch at a distance sensing: Lateral-line inspired MEMS flow sensors. Bioinspir. Biomim. 2014, 9, 046011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jiang, Y.; Ma, Z.; Fu, J.; Zhang, D. Development of a Flexible Artificial Lateral Line Canal System for Hydrodynamic Pressure Detection. Sensors 2017, 17, 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061220
Jiang Y, Ma Z, Fu J, Zhang D. Development of a Flexible Artificial Lateral Line Canal System for Hydrodynamic Pressure Detection. Sensors. 2017; 17(6):1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061220
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Yonggang, Zhiqiang Ma, Jianchao Fu, and Deyuan Zhang. 2017. "Development of a Flexible Artificial Lateral Line Canal System for Hydrodynamic Pressure Detection" Sensors 17, no. 6: 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061220