Antitumoral and Antimetastatic Activity by Mixed Chelate Copper(II) Compounds (Casiopeínas®) on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, In Vitro and In Vivo Models
"> Figure 1
<p>Structure of Cisplatin, Casiopeína IIgly (CasIIgly), and Casiopeína IIIia (CasIIIia).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Metallodrugs inhibit migration of breast cancer cells: (<b>A</b>) Migration capacity of MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells was evaluated by wound-healing assay after treatment with metallodrugs (CasIIIia, CasIIgly, and Cisplatin) for 24 h. Representative photographs of wound-healing assay in the corresponding treatments from the initial time 0 h to the end of treatment 24 h, viewed at 40× are shown. (<b>B</b>) Analysis of wound area and percentage of migration with the respective treatments, in the MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells. Bars represent the means ± S.D. of at least three independent experiments. A one-factor ANOVA was performed using Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. An asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant differences with respect to the untreated group and the vehicle group, with a significance of * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01. There were no significant differences between the CasIIIia, CasIIgly, and Cisplatin groups.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Metallodrugs inhibit chemo-migration of breast cancer cells. Chemo-migration capacity of MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells were assessed by transwell assay after exposure to metallodrugs (CasIIIia, CasIIgly, and Cisplatin) for 24 h: (<b>A</b>) Representative photographs of the chemo-migration assay in transwell chambers taken at 24 h with the different treatments (IC<sub>20</sub>). (<b>B</b>) The graphs represent the percentage of cells migrating at 24 h considering the vehicle group (H<sub>2</sub>O) as 100%, CasIIIia, CasIIgly, and Cisplatin. Each bar represents the mean ± S.D., n = 3. A one-factor ANOVA with Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons was performed, and the results were statistically significant. An asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant differences with respect to the untreated group and the vehicle group, with a significance of * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01. There were no significant differences between the CasIIIia, CasIIgly, and Cisplatin groups.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>CasIIIia and Cisplatin inhibit tumor growth rate in a breast cancer mouse model (4T1 cells): (<b>A</b>) Tumor growth curve during the period of treatment. A one-factor ANOVA was performed with a Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. The ANOVA was performed comparing all groups at day 30 (end of treatment). The tumor volume of the CasIIIia- and Cisplatin-treated groups was found to be statistically significant with respect to the untreated group and the glucose solution 5% group. (<b>B</b>) Tumor weight of each treated group at the end of the experiment. (<b>C</b>) The tumor growth velocity was calculated and the treatments with metallodrugs showed a significant effect. Each bar represents the mean ± S.E, n = 10. A one-factor ANOVA with Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons was performed and the results were statistically significant. An asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant differences with respect to the untreated group and the Glucose solution 5% group, with a significance of * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01. There were no significant differences between the CasIIIia, and Cisplatin groups.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Monitoring and % Weight loss in Balb/c mice treated with Metallodrugs: (<b>A</b>) The initial and final weight of BALB/c mice during and after treatment. Mean body weight changes over 21 days after treatment. Each value represents a mean ± SE of n = 10. (<b>B</b>) Toxicity was measured by the percentage weight loss of the mice. The percentage weight loss, as an indicator of toxicity, was calculated for each animal as follows: [(weight on day 21/weight on day 0) − 1] × 100. Unpaired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test was used to evaluate the statistical significance between groups.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The in vivo antimetastatic effect of Metallodrugs: (<b>A</b>) Representative photographs of lungs of the different treatments. (<b>B</b>) Mean number of metastatic <span class="html-italic">foci</span> (Macrometastasis). Each point represents the mean ± S.E, n = 10. A Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test found that CasIIIia and Cisplatin were statistically different <span class="html-italic">t</span> with respect to the untreated group (the Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test was performed with standard error). An asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant differences with respect to the untreated group and the Glucose Solution 5% group, with a significance of * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01. There were no significant differences between the CasIIIia, and Cisplatin groups.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Heatmap of the enriched processes based on the differential expression analysis associated with each contrast (rows). Intensity color is proportional to the −log(<span class="html-italic">p</span>-val) of each process (for clarity, the list of enriched processes is provided in the <a href="#app1-ijms-25-08803" class="html-app">Supplementary Material Table S1</a>).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Network of enriched processes associated with the differential expression contrasts. Green diamonds represent underexpressed gene sets for the specific contrast. Blue diamonds take account of overexpressed gene sets. Circles show the biological processes linked to each contrast. Color of circles represents the global category of those processes. In <a href="#app1-ijms-25-08803" class="html-app">Supplementary Material</a>, we have provided the same figure with all the names of enriched biological processes.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. Metallodrugs
4.3. Viability Determination by MTT
4.4. Determination of IC50 and IC20
4.5. Wound-Healing Assay
4.6. Transwell Assay (Chemotaxis Migration Assay)
4.7. In Vivo 4T1 Model, Determination of Antitumor and Antimetastatic Activity
4.8. RNA Extraction and Preparation
4.9. Differential Expression Analysis
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Line | MDA-MB-231 | 4T1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metallodrug | IC50 (µM) | IC20 (µM) | IC50 (µM) | IC20 (µM) | |
CasIIIia | 19.56 ± 1.9 | 12.35 ±0.63 | 11.99 ± 0.73 | 9.72 ± 0.79 | |
CasIIgly | 1.27 ± 0.07 | 1.16 ± 0.04 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.65 ± 0.01 | |
Cisplatin | 23.44 ± 1.5 | 12.67 ± 1.8 | 14.65 ± 1.1 | 9.95 ± 0.9 |
Cisplatin | CasIIgly | CasIIIia |
---|---|---|
IC50 vs. IC20 | IC50 vs. IC20 | IC50 vs. IC20 |
IC50 vs. NT | IC50 vs. NT | IC50 vs. NT |
IC20 vs. NT | IC20 vs. NT | IC20 vs. NT |
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González-Ballesteros, M.M.; Sánchez-Sánchez, L.; Espinoza-Guillén, A.; Espinal-Enríquez, J.; Mejía, C.; Hernández-Lemus, E.; Ruiz-Azuara, L. Antitumoral and Antimetastatic Activity by Mixed Chelate Copper(II) Compounds (Casiopeínas®) on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168803
González-Ballesteros MM, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Espinoza-Guillén A, Espinal-Enríquez J, Mejía C, Hernández-Lemus E, Ruiz-Azuara L. Antitumoral and Antimetastatic Activity by Mixed Chelate Copper(II) Compounds (Casiopeínas®) on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, In Vitro and In Vivo Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168803
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Ballesteros, Mauricio M., Luis Sánchez-Sánchez, Adrián Espinoza-Guillén, Jesús Espinal-Enríquez, Carmen Mejía, Enrique Hernández-Lemus, and Lena Ruiz-Azuara. 2024. "Antitumoral and Antimetastatic Activity by Mixed Chelate Copper(II) Compounds (Casiopeínas®) on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, In Vitro and In Vivo Models" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168803