Metabolic Profiling of Terpene Diversity and the Response of Prenylsynthase-Terpene Synthase Genes during Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Dendrobium catenatum
<p>The distribution of terpenes in four tissues of <span class="html-italic">D</span>. <span class="html-italic">catenatum</span>. (<b>a</b>) Four tissues were used for terpene metabolic analysis. (<b>b</b>) The total terpene content in four tissues of <span class="html-italic">D</span>. <span class="html-italic">catenatum</span>. Values are means ± S.D. (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6). Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01. (<b>c</b>) PCA analysis of volatile and non-volatile terpenes. (<b>d</b>) Terpene distribution in four tissues of <span class="html-italic">D</span>. <span class="html-italic">catenatum</span>. The color bar represents the normalization for log<sub>2</sub>-metabolite intensity using the Pheatmap software package. (<b>e</b>) Volcano plot showing the DAMs in root vs. flower. (<b>f</b>) Volcano plot showing the DAMs in stem vs. leaf. (<b>g</b>) Top ten DAMs in root vs. flower. (<b>h</b>) Top ten DAMs in stem vs. leaf.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Enrichment analysis of terpene biosynthesis pathway in <span class="html-italic">D</span>. <span class="html-italic">catenatum</span> growth. (<b>a</b>) GSEA for root vs. flower comparison. Enrichment scores reveal the expression levels of enriched genes. <span class="html-italic">p</span> value < 0.05 is considered significant. (<b>b</b>) Overview of the two terpene biosynthetic pathways in plants. PS-TPSs are highlighted in black bold. (<b>c</b>) Expression profiles of terpene biosynthesis-related genes in four tissues. (<b>d</b>) Expression profiles of terpene biosynthesis-related genes during the three flowering phases. The color bar represents the normalization for log<sub>2</sub>-FPKM using the Pheatmap software package. Intermediates abbreviations are: DMAPP, Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; DOXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate; GPP, geranyl pyrophosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; SPP, solanesyl pyrophosphate. Enzymes abbreviations are: AACT, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase; DXR, DOXP reductoisomerase; DXS, DOXP synthase; FPS, FPP synthase; FK, farnesol kinase; GcpE, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-pyrophosphate synthase; GPS, GPP synthase; GGPS, GGPP synthase; HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase; HMGS, HMG-CoA synthase; IDI, isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; IspD, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase; IspE, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase; IspF, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate synthase; IspH, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl pyrophosphate reductase; IspS, isoprene synthase; RCE1, prenyl protein peptidase; SPS, SPP synthase; TPS, terpene synthase.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Phylogenetic analysis of PS-TPS proteins in <span class="html-italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</span>, <span class="html-italic">Dendrobium catenatum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Oryza sativa</span>, <span class="html-italic">Phalaenopsis equestris</span>, <span class="html-italic">Selaginella moellendorffi</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</span>. A total of 71 PSs and 247 TPSs were used to construct the unrooted maximum likelihood phylogenies.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Domain organization of DcaPS-TPS. (<b>a</b>) The conserved motifs of DcaPSs. (<b>b</b>) The conserved motifs of DcaTPSs. Asp-rich motifs (DDxxD) are found in DcaPS-TPS, where ‘x’ is any amino acid.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Spatiotemporal expression patterns of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes. (<b>a</b>) Expression patterns of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes in different tissues. (<b>b</b>) Expression patterns of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes in three flowering phases. In the early developmental stage (F1), the column was short and lip crest were green; in the medium stage of flower bud development (F2), the column and lip had purple pigmentation; when the flower matured and opened (F3), the sepals and petals turned yellow and red pigmentation. Color scale represents the value of the relative expression level log<sub>2</sub>-FPKM.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The response of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes under abiotic and biotic stresses. (<b>a</b>) Expression of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes under drought stress. The seedlings were watered on the 1st day, dried from the 2nd to the 7th day, and then rewatered on the 8th day. Leaves were collected at different times; DR5/DR8, DR6/DR10, and DR7/DR15 indicate sampling at 06:30 and 18:30 on the 2nd, 7th, and 9th days, respectively, and DR11 indicates sampling at 18:30 on the 8th day. (<b>b</b>) Expression of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes under cold stress. Two-year-old cultivated plants were placed at −6 ℃ for freezing treatment (FT) and 8 °C for post freezing-recovery (FR). (<b>c</b>) Expression of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes during <span class="html-italic">Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</span> infection. Two-year-old cultivated plants were infected with <span class="html-italic">C. gloeosporioides</span> for 15 days. Color scale represents the value of the relative expression level log<sub>2</sub>-FPKM.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Predicted cis-elements in <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> promoters and the response of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> under MeJA treatment. (<b>a</b>) Promoter sequences (−2000 bp) of <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes were analyzed by PlantCARE. The classification and number of cis elements were shown on top and left, respectively. (<b>b</b>) The endogenous JA content of in Pr and control plants. Values are means ± S.D. (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6). Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01. (<b>c</b>) The total terpene content of in Pr and control plants. Values are means ± S.D. (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6). Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01. (<b>d</b>) The expression levels of six <span class="html-italic">DcaPS-TPS</span> genes under MeJA treatment. Values are means ± S.D. (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). n, not detectable.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Composition and Classification of Terpene in Various Tissues of D. catenatum
2.2. Enrichment Analysis of Terpene Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Various Tissues of D. catenatum
2.3. Identification of PS-TPSs
2.4. Spatiotemporal Expression Patterns of DcaPS-TPSs in D. catenatum
2.5. The Response of DcaPS-TPSs under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in D. catenatum
2.6. Cis-Elements in the Promoter Regions of DcaPS-TPSs
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Identification of PS-TPSs Family
4.2. Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationship, Motif Architecture, and Cis-Elments of Promoters
4.3. In Silico Expression Profiling of DcaPS-TPSs
4.4. MeJA Treatment and Real-Time Quantitative PCR
4.5. Metabolomics and Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhan, X.; Qian, Y.; Mao, B. Metabolic Profiling of Terpene Diversity and the Response of Prenylsynthase-Terpene Synthase Genes during Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Dendrobium catenatum. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126398
Zhan X, Qian Y, Mao B. Metabolic Profiling of Terpene Diversity and the Response of Prenylsynthase-Terpene Synthase Genes during Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Dendrobium catenatum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126398
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhan, Xinqiao, Yichun Qian, and Bizeng Mao. 2022. "Metabolic Profiling of Terpene Diversity and the Response of Prenylsynthase-Terpene Synthase Genes during Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Dendrobium catenatum" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126398