Neurobiology of Cancer: Introduction of New Drugs in the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer
<p>Experimental and clinical studies have shown that propranolol affects all hallmarks of cancer defined by Hanahan and Weinberg [<a href="#B52-ijms-22-06115" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. Even if these studies created a basis for potentially employing propranolol in cancer treatment and prevention, further studies are necessary to determine its efficacy in various human cancers.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Dosage of propranolol used to prevent perioperative and postoperative metastases in a clinical study by Hiller, et al. [<a href="#B96-ijms-22-06115" class="html-bibr">96</a>]. At the beginning (day −7), patients received 40 mg of propranolol twice a day; from day −4, they received 80 mg twice a day, and after the operation, the dose was gradually reduced. ext—day of tumor tissue extirpation.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Schematic depiction of the vicious cycle created between nerves and cancer cells. Nerves innervating cancer tissue release neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine (Ach), norepinephrine (NE), neuropeptide Y (NPY)) that stimulate tumor growth. The more cancer cells, the more released molecules, inducing the ingrowth of new axons (e.g., nerve growth factor, NGF). Therefore, administration of antibodies against NGF or suppression of the release of other molecules related to neoaxoneogenesis might be useful in reducing cancer growth. Modified according to Venkatesh and Monje [<a href="#B123-ijms-22-06115" class="html-bibr">123</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Schematic depiction of the mechanisms involved in the development of cancer cachexia. In addition to peripheral mechanisms, hypothalamic inflammation induced by cytokines and other factors synthesized in the tumor microenvironment and peripheral tissues is involved in the development of cachexia. Hypothalamic inflammation disrupts regulation of food intake and increases energy expenditure. Therefore, drugs such as aspirin or metformin might directly or indirectly reduce hypothalamic inflammation and could be useful in the treatment of cancer anorexia and cachexia. Modified according to Argiles, et al. [<a href="#B149-ijms-22-06115" class="html-bibr">149</a>]. NEFA—non-essential fatty acids; TAGs—triacylglycerols.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Propranolol
2.1. Propranolol and Cancer Incidence
2.2. Propranolol and Cancer Progression
2.3. Propranolol and Efficiency of Conventional Anti-Cancer Treatment
2.4. The Issues Related to Propranolol Usage in Oncology
3. Drugs Reducing Density or Activity of Nerves Innervating Cancer Tissue
3.1. Drugs Reducing Nerve Growth Factor-Related Signaling
3.2. Botulotoxin
3.3. Electroceuticals
3.4. Local Anesthetics
4. Drugs Interfering with Cancer Effects on the Brain
4.1. Aspirin
4.2. Metformin
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mravec, B. Neurobiology of Cancer: Introduction of New Drugs in the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116115
Mravec B. Neurobiology of Cancer: Introduction of New Drugs in the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):6115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116115
Chicago/Turabian StyleMravec, Boris. 2021. "Neurobiology of Cancer: Introduction of New Drugs in the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 6115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116115