New Phase of Growth for Xenogeneic-Based Bioartificial Organs
"> Figure 1
<p>Transplantation procedures for various organ types performed in January–June 2016 in comparison to the number of candidates on the transplantation list as of 29 July 2016. The disparity between organ supply and demand is striking, particularly for kidney, liver, and pancreas. Data adopted from UNOS [<a href="#B1-ijms-17-01593" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Renal Assist Device (RAD), containing human renal tubule cells (RTC) is part of the two circuit system: a standard hemofilter and a bioreactor (RAD). The ultrafiltrate produced by the hemofilter enters the RAD lumen (A) upon which the RTC have been grown, and then discarded (B); The blood from the hemofilter enters the extracapillary space of the hollow fiber cartridge (C); in the RAD, the blood is separated from the RTC by the semipermeable hollow fiber membrane and returned to the patient (D).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The hepatAssist liver support system.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bioartificial Organs on the Market
3. Representative Examples of Bioartificial Organs
3.1. Organ Bio-Printing
3.2. Scaffold Re-Cellularization
3.2.1. Bioartificial Bladder
3.2.2. Bioartificial Trachea
3.3. Optimization of Cellular Repair/Regeneration
3.3.1. Bioartificial Kidney
3.3.2. Bioartificial Liver
4. Bioartificial Organs and Xenotransplantation
4.1. Risks in Xenotransplantation
4.1.1. Immunological Barriers
4.1.2. Risk of Xenozoonosis
4.1.3. PERV Infection: Risk Assessment
Severity
Detectability
Likelihood
Overall Risk Assessment
5. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Targeted Disease Indication | BAO 1 System Name | Category of Xenotransplantation Product | Source of Cells/Tissues | Type of Exposure | Number of Patients | PERV Detected Yes/No | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver failure | BLSS | Extracorporeal liver support system | Primary pig liver cells | Membrane bioreactor | 5 | No | [65] |
AMC-BAL | Extracorporeal liver support system | Primary pig liver cells | Membrane bioreactor | 12 | No | [41] | |
RFB | Extracorporeal liver support system | Primary pig liver cells | Membrane bioreactor | 7 | No | [40] | |
MELS | Extracorporeal hybrid liver support system | Primary pig liver cells | Membrane bioreactor | 8 | No | [36,37] | |
HepatAssist | Extracorporeal liver support system | Cryopreserved pig liver cells | Membrane bioreactor | 103 | No | [33,34] | |
– | Extracorporeal pig liver perfusion | Transgenic pig liver | Direct exposure | 2 | No | [66] | |
Chronic Glomerulonephritis | – | Extracorporeal pig kidney perfusion | Pig kidney | Direct exposure | 2 | No | [67] |
Neurological conditions 2 | – | Direct transplantation | Cells from fetal pigs | Direct exposure | 24 | No | [68] |
Diabetes | DIABECEll® | Alginate-encapsulated cells | Porcine Islet cell Tx 3 | 16 | No | [69,70] | |
– | Porcine islet cell Tx 3 | Direct exposure | 10 | No | [71] | ||
Various indications | – | Extracorporeal pig organ perfusion, pig islets | Pig kidney, liver, spleen, islets 4 | Direct exposure | 160 | No | [72] |
Severity | Likelihood | ||
Low | Medium | High | |
High | Class 2 | Class 1 | Class 1 |
Medium | Class 3 | Class 2 | Class 1 |
Low | Class 3 | Class 3 | Class 2 |
Risk Class | Detectability | ||
Low | Medium | High | |
Class 1 | High risk | High risk | Medium risk |
Class 2 | High risk | Medium risk | Low risk |
Class 3 | Medium risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Severity | Likelihood | ||
Low | Medium | High | |
High | Class 2 | Class 1 | Class 1 |
Medium | Class 3 | Class 2 | Class 1 |
Low | Class 3 | Class 3 | Class 2 |
Risk Class | Detectability | ||
Low | Medium | High | |
Class 1 | High risk | High risk | Medium risk |
Class 2 | High risk | Medium risk | Low risk |
Class 3 | Medium risk | Low risk | Low risk |
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Pitkin, Z. New Phase of Growth for Xenogeneic-Based Bioartificial Organs. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091593
Pitkin Z. New Phase of Growth for Xenogeneic-Based Bioartificial Organs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(9):1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091593
Chicago/Turabian StylePitkin, Zorina. 2016. "New Phase of Growth for Xenogeneic-Based Bioartificial Organs" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 9: 1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091593