Urban and Cultural Heritage

The effects of neoliberalism as ideology can be seen in every corner of the planet, worsening inequalities and empowering markets over people. How is this affecting archaeology? Can archaeology transcend it? This volume will delve into the context of archaeological practice within the neoliberal world and the opportunities and challenges of activism from the profession. From a global perspective with collaborations from all around the world, it aims to encourage a new course of action that makes the past relevant in the present.

Multisensory experience is an important part of the perception of sacred architecture. It is important to understand that the content of sacred architecture as cultural heritage, in the complex way of understanding, is not only its historical, artistic or cultural value, but also its symbolic value. One of its symbolic aspects is the multisensory experience it creates. This assertion is based on the theoretical framework of the phenomenology of architecture, an aspect of architectural theory that explores the experience of the built. Every experience of architecture is multisensory, and in the case of sacred space this aspect particularly influences the experience of the believer and of the visitor of cultural heritage because architecture relates, mediates and projects meanings anchored in a complex experience of space. Different phenomena such as light, sound, smell and touch directly affect the experience of sacred architecture. They create specific atmospheres that are intrinsic...

This paper investigates the pre-modern urban development of Medina during the Ottoman reign within the framework of the Ottoman administration of the Arab provinces. Specifically, the spatial organization of Medina is investigated based on multiple visual, cadastral and historical sources. Although Medina was remote from the center of political power, it maintained an articulated significance for the Ottoman state structure, as much as the major provincial cities. This is evident in the continuous Ottoman role in staging its own image in Medina by introducing typical Ottoman hallmarks of urbanization. However, the spiritual significance of Medina, in turn, molded the applied methods of spatial organization, which had to be attuned to the religious sanctions and sensitive loci of worship. By the end of the Ottoman presence in Arabia, the resulting urban character and texture of the city reflected a fusion of spatial innovations with deep-rooted tradition, which shaped a lasting historical image of Medina.

Berdasarkan dokumen peraturan daerah tentang rencana induk pembangunan kepariwisataan daerah tahun 2016-2026, dirumuskan 7 (tujuh) Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata Kota Surakarta yaitu sebuah kawasan yang memiliki fungsi utama pariwisata atau memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan pariwisata Daerah yang mempunyai pengaruh penting dalam satu atau lebih aspek, seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, sosial dan budaya, pemberdayaan sumber daya alam, daya dukung lingkungan hidup, serta pertahanan dan keamanan. Penjabaran dari masing-masing kawasan adalah sebagai berikut.

RESUMO
Esta dissertação propõe investigar a importância da percepção da significância cultural para a conservação urbana. Nesse contexto, analisou-se a valorização do bem patrimonial pelo morador e sua contribuição para a conservação desse bem. Também identificou-se outros condicionantes da conservação urbana, visto que a pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que, além da significância cultural, outros condicionantes interferem no processo de conservação. O caminho teórico deste trabalho se fundamentou em duas vertentes: (1) na Teoria contemporânea da conservação, calcada numa mudança de paradigma, a qual verifica que o valor do bem patrimonial não lhe é intrínseco, e que ele é reconhecido pelos diversos significados que lhe são atribuídos ao longo do tempo pelos atores envolvidos no processo de conservação. Sendo a significância cultural um dos conceitos fundamentais abordados na teoria, até hoje, amplamente discutido e revisado. (2) em uma revisão de literatura e análise de três experiências sobre revitalização de centros históricos, visando à identificação de aspectos que são determinantes para a conservação desses centros. A metodologia da pesquisa se estruturou de forma a investigar a importância da percepção do morador acerca da significância cultural relativa aos demais condicionantes da conservação. Esta metodologia foi aplicada no Centro Histórico de Marechal Deodoro (CHMD), em Alagoas. Então, com a aplicação de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas, estabeleceu-se associações entre a percepção do estado de conservação do CHMD e a percepção dos condicionantes da conservação, a fim de se avaliar a relação de importância entre eles. Desse modo, foi possível identificar o estado geral da conservação do CHMD, bem como a percepção da significância cultural e sua importância relativa à percepção do estado de conservação.

Palavra-chave: Conservação. Estado de conservação. Percepção. Significância cultural. Patrimônio construído. Condicionantes da conservação.
 
ABSTRACT
This dissertation aims to investigate the importance of the resident’s perception of cultural significance for urban conservation. For so, it analysed the valuation of cultural heritage by the resident and he’s contribution to heritage conservation; it also identified other conditionings of urban conservation. That was because the research was based in assumption that, beyond cultural significance, other determinants interfere in the conservation process. The theoretical background was set in two areas: (1) the contemporary Theory of conservation, based in the changing of paradigm which verifies that the value of cultural heritage is not intrinsical to it, but recognized by diverse meanings associated to it through time by diverse by the stakeholders involved in the conservation process. Being cultural significance one of the core concepts addressed through the theory, until today, widely discussed and revised. (2) through revision of all specialised literature and case study of three experiences of historical centre rehabilitation to identify aspects that could be determinant to the conservation of these centres. The methodology adopted was structured in order to investigate the importance of cultural significance perception, related to other conditionings of conservation, based on the perception of the city dweller. This methodology was applied in the Historical Centre of Marechal Deodoro (CHMD), state of Alagoas. With the use of multivariate statistics techniques it was able to establish links between perception of the CHMD state of conservation and the perception of conservation conditionings in order to assess the relation of importance between them. Thus, it was possible to identify the CHMD general state of conservation, as well as the perception of cultural significance and its importance in relation to the perception of the state of conservation.

Key words: Conservation. State of conservation. Perception. Cultural significance. Built heritage. Conditionings of conservation.

The city of Addis Ababa, due to its political and geographical importance encompasses historical significant buildings that are associated with its foundation and growth. This thesis attempts to identify and discuss the current practice and challenges of urban heritage management in the city with the emphasis on the conservation and adaptive re-use of century old historical house of Yemetubezina. The data gathering tools used for this study includes: fieldworks, like observation and inspection, measurements and documentation of the architectural drawings. Data‟s collected both in the pre-filed and field works have been analyzed, interpreted and presented using qualitative research method. The findings of this thesis suggests that historic buildings of the city generally and historical house of Yemetubezina in particular, are found in bad conservation state. Lack of awareness; lack of maintenance and improper conservation; lack of legal frame work and rapid urbanization and urban redevelopment programs can be mentioned as a major problems for the loss and deterioration of historic buildings of Addis Ababa. The study has illustrated the significance of historical, economic and social value of the historical buildings of Addis Ababa. Furthermore, it gives a glimpse on the importance of conservation and adaptive reuse of historic buildings for sustainable environmental protection. This paper proposes for the adaptive re-use of Yemetubezina historical house and implementation of adaptive reuse strategy by promoting Public Private Partnership, to overcome the current urban heritage management challenges.

Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates feature ultra-modern cities with millions of residents that developed in opposition to the physical patterns of traditional historical settlements. In the past years, however, there has been a renewed attention to urban heritage and two metropolises, Jeddah and Dubai, have decided to aim for World Heritage status and to leverage historic city centres as engines of economic development and tools for the reinforcement of national identity. In Dubai, the conservation and reconstruction of historic neighbourhoods gives residents an urban historic depth previously unrecognised, favouring the integration of different ethnic communities while contributing to the tourist development of the Emirate. In Jeddah, the preservation and revitali-sation of the historic centre is part of a larger strategy focusing on the reinforcement of the private sector to trigger new urban dynamics building upon its rich heritage. Recent strategies and plans are briefly discussed, underlining the specificities of the Arabian Peninsula context and its complex and evolving relationship with history and heritage. It is argued that the nominations for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List have been a catalyser for the definition of new planning and conservation policies integrating urban heritage into urban development strategies .

Although the importance of the built heritage is universally acknowledged due to its multiple benefits, in many European cities there seems to be an open conflict between the desire to preserve the historic architecture and the necessity to transform the urban fabric. Consequently, a large number of heritage buildings undergo
irreversible transformations or are completely demolished in order to make place for new developments, without taking into consideration the irreplaceable losses resulting from these aggressive actions. Demolition is causing serious damage to historic cities, as the destruction of built heritage often leads to social disturbance, economic loss and cultural identity. Certainly, there are some exceptions, as a considerable number
of European cities have used the built heritage as an asset in the process of urban regeneration, protecting and enhancing the architectural richness of the past.
This paper tries to provide a series of answers regarding the two concepts that seem antagonistic: the preservation of built heritage and the urban development. The political factor is also questioned, as the relation of the authorities with the inheritance of the past has proved to be a defining element regarding the fate of the built heritage. The research is based on a comparative analysis of the built heritage situation in two European capital cities, Prague and Bucharest.

In this investigation, anatase TiO 2 thin films were grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on glass substrates at a high sputtering pressure and room temperature. The anatase films were then annealed at 300-600 °C in air for a period of 1 hour. To examine the structure and morphology of the films, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods were used respectively. From X-ray diffraction patterns of the TiO 2 films, it was found that the as-deposited film showed some differences compared with the annealed films and the intensities of the peaks of the crystalline phase increased with the increase of annealing temperature. From AFM images, the distinct variations in the morphology of the thin films were also observed. The optical constants were characterized using the transmission spectra of the films obtained by UV-VIS-IR spectrophotometer. Besides, optical thickness of the film deposited at room temperature was calculated and cross-checked by taking a cross-sectional image through SEM. The optical band gaps were evaluated through Tauc model. It was observed that TiO 2 films produced at room temperatures exhibited high visible transmittance and transmittance decreased slightly with the increase of annealing temperatures. The films were found to be crystalline having anatase phase. The refractive index of the films was found from 2.31-2.35 in the visible range. The extinction coefficient was nearly zero in the visible range and was found to increase with annealing temperature. The allowed indirect optical band gap of the films was estimated to be in the range from 3.39 to 3.42 eV which showed a small variation. The allowed direct band gap was found to increase from 3.67 to 3.72 eV. The porosity was also found to decrease at a higher annealing temperature making the film compact and dense.

The fabric of a city is the daily lives of its people. They are its core, its texture, its vitality, its uniqueness, its heritage. In much the same way, the weft of people's lives is their work. It is their livelihood, a thread weaving together their past, a suggestion of their future, the "daily-ness" of their present." Memory, Identity, and preserving our Cultural Heritage

History of Międzyrzec Podlaski's oldest part - Piszczanka - starts in X-XII century. Spacial structure finally shaped in XVIII/XIX century and preserved up to present day without bigger changes, presents reflection and influence of historical, cultural and social mosaic of the city. Once there was Międzyrzec the city of many cultures and religions. Further the city grown up and in the beginning of XIX century it was one of the biggest cities in its part of modern Lublin region. Many times destroyed by wars and other historical conflicts but always rebuilt. Also many buildings and urban quarters which have high historical and cultural values has survived here. The biggest problem in the city is not enough usage of natural, cultural, landscape and touristic supplies of the region in order to renew local identity, city's reception and promotion. Next important problem is functional, communiational and spacial association of New Town and the rest of Międzyrzec, also insufficient protection of cultural and historical values of XVI century foundation and palace-garden complex. Conceptual directives for spatial reintegration of New and Old Town were worked over according to conclusions of many selfmade analyses. It is considered to order existing housing parcelation and to reintegrate it with the planned one. It is necessary to make the transport system more efficient by new cross-river connections. New Town's Market Square with the old trees needs to be restored, palace and garden complex revitalised. New services of culture, education, entertainment, sport and recreation are proposed in palace park near to Zna channel. There were also specified conditions of preservation historical and cultural values, and methods of shaping new buildings.

Praça do Rossio has been the most emblematic space in central Lisbon both before and after the 1755 earthquake that destroyed much of the city. Up until the thirteenth century Rossio was a barren area outside the walls of the medieval city and was used as a common space where people held ceremonies for 500 years. The Rossio also connected inland rural area with the city within the walls, acting as a bridge between those two worlds. For this reason Rossio has always been a space for all kind of vendors, outsiders, beggars and social rejects, while also a route into the city for agrarian culture, rituals and people. Despite the attempts by the city’s masters and the Crown to seize the space for the construction of their institutions, it was not until the 1755 earthquake that this finally happened. The reconstruction of Lisbon under the gaze of the enlightened rationalist Marquis of Pombal represented the beginning of a new era for the city: giving birth to the modern bourgeois city, in which the historical organization of space was reshaped, the Rossio’s traditional functions displaced and the meaning and contents of the hegemonic city representations and imaginaries such as fado music and the annual People’s Saints (Santos Populares) celebrations renewed. In this article, the centrality of Rossio is reviewed, with a stress on the displacement of some of its attributes to the districts after the earthquake by the romantic heritage processes of meaning. However, the Rossio maintained some of its traditional functions, with the daily presence there of African migrants as an example

The article discusses the competence problem of defining the cultural values of a small town, especially the spatial and compositional values of historical centers and creating a local spatial development plan (as a local law act) that will help to protect the unique features of space. The text includes recommendations for improving the quality of planning studies at the local planning level. Key words: local spatial development plan, recommendations, town, urban interior. STRESZCZENIE Artykuł porusza problem kompetencyjny na poziomie definiowania walorów kulturowych małego miasta, oceny wartości przestrzennych i kompozycyjnych historycznych centrów oraz konstruowania rysunku i zapisów miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego (jako aktu prawa miejscowego), które przyczynią się do ochrony unikatowych cech przestrzeni. W tekście zawarto rekomendacje w zakresie poprawy jakości opracowań planistycznych na poziomie gminy. Słowa kluczowe: małe miasto, miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego, rekomendacje, wnętrze urbanistyczne.

Pastor Pérez , A., and Díaz-Andreu, M. 2021. Analizando el valor patrimonial de las transformaciones urbanas en Barcelona. Complutum 32 (2): 709-726.  https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/view/78579/4564456559382
Resumen. Las ciudades son asentamientos complejos, densamente poblados, que se encuentran en constante transformación. ¿Protegemos las ciudades como imágenes congeladas, sin tener en cuenta los procesos que en ellas acontecen?, ¿qué "patrimonios" conservamos? Estos cambios, que atienden a distintos orígenes, usos e intereses, conforman una esencia multi-capa única, un palimpsesto dónde unas estructuras se han conservado y otras han perecido; donde unas historias se narran, escenifican y ponen en valor y otras se esconden. En este trabajo abordaremos el estudio de estrategias de conservación y regeneración urbana, desde una perspectiva de profundidad. Se busca explorar el concepto de "ciudad profunda" (deep city) desarrollado recientemente por Fouseki, Guttormsen y Swensen, que analiza el valor de las transformaciones urbanas de forma multivocal. La ciudad de Barcelona, y su paulatina desindustrialización serán el telón de fondo de este trabajo reflexivo y conceptual. Aquí se introducirán algunos apuntes sobre sistemas dinámicos (SD) y nuevos enfoques acerca de la dimensión de los valores del patrimonio aplicados a la conservación social. / Abstract. Cities are complex, densely populated settlements in constant transformation. Do we protect cities as frozen images, oblivious to the processes taking place in them? What “heritages” do we preserve? These changes, which are the result of different sources, uses and interests, form a unique multi-layered entity, a palimpsest where some structures have been preserved and others have perished; in them some stories are narrated, staged, and enhanced, whereas others are hidden. This article addresses the study of urban conservation and regeneration strategies from a deep perspective. We seek to explore the concept of “deep city” recently developed by Fouseki, Guttormsen and Swensen by analysing the value of urban transformations in a multivocal way. The city of Barcelona and its gradual deindustrialisation are the backdrop for this reflective and conceptual work. Some notes on systems dynamics (SD) analysis or new approaches to the value dimension of heritage applied to social conservation will also be discussed. Keywords: Urban heritage, Deep cities, Social conservation, Dynamic Systems, Barcelona

The push for cities to be a part of international legal governance processes is tied to the promise of bridging international law's democratic deficit. However, the exercise of cities' personality in international law can end up replicating many of the same democratic deficits with which international law is usually charged. Therefore, cities as agents may be an unsatisfactory way of addressing international law's democratic deficits. Instead, cities as objects can raise the visibility of cities and the local communities that live therein, but without giving agency to a State actor. This visibility can then pave the way for communities themselves to be directly involved in international legal governance processes. This article uses the example of international heritage law, where cities are very significantly represented in international heritage lists and even a specific instrument (the 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape) to showcase the limitations and possibilities of the project of cities in international law. I argue that there is a paradox of visibility and agency that permeates international legal possibilities for cities, and placing the city simultaneously in the registers of object and subject ultimately defers the central question of community involvement in international law on global public goods.

Cities of the Lusophone World addresses diverse literary and cultural representations of urban settings produced in the period from the 1960s to the present day and originating from the Island of Mozambique, Lisbon, Luanda, Macau, Maputo, Porto Alegre and São Paulo. The volume contributes to the interdisciplinary research field of urban cultural studies, which lies at the crossroads between the social sciences and the humanities. The essays gathered here consider the city not only as a geographical configuration, but also as a historical discourse where space and time merge and where different individual and collective practices and actions take place. They explore how memories and identities are framed, how people at the margins create discourses of resistance, and how processes of migration and urban transformation disrupt established social and cultural borders.

This research explores the role of the local identity and cultural heritage in urban regeneration strategies and the conflicts caused by significant urban renewal and development projects that represent a negative impact on the local identity that is being promoted. This study analyses from the domain of heritage and identity, the conflict of two interventions in the city of Valparaiso, Chile, and establishes the importance of governance and civic society participation for the construction of heritage. It also considers the problematic caused by the institutional and policy framework of the case study whose centralism and lack of integral approach of current development policies, impact negatively in the development of cities and local aspects.

Tomando como ponto de partida a análise de dados sociodemográficos de 2000 e 2010 disponibilizados pelos censos do IBGE, propõe-se uma leitura crítica sobre a situação atual da preservação do patrimônio urbano em Florianópolis. A reflexão integra pesquisa de doutorado em curso, cujo tema é a preservação do patrimônio urbano no Brasil e cujo objetivo central é repensar os mecanismos tradicionais de abordagem e de gestão, considerando não apenas o histórico da urbanização e da preservação no Brasil, mas também o cenário sociodemográfico atual dos sítios urbanos históricos. Para isso, foram utilizados dados estatísticos de 62 conjuntos urbanos históricos tombados pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, além da Área de Preservação Cultural do centro de Florianópolis (de proteção municipal), cuja análise demonstra, dentre outros, um panorama geral de perda de população (apesar do crescimento demográfico das cidades em que os núcleos históricos se inserem) e de altos índices de vacância residencial. Trata-se, portanto, de um convite à reflexão sobre o modelo de preservação do patrimônio urbano em curso, a partir da análise do contexto atual de uso e ocupação dos conjuntos urbanos históricos, tomando como exemplo o caso de Florianópolis. Assim, sem negligenciar o histórico da preservação ou as particularidades de cada lugar, o que se propõe é uma análise crítica a partir da situação presente, que pode ser lida como o resultado de décadas de aplicação da teoria da restauração adaptada à escala urbana. Um convite a repensar algumas abordagens tradicionais de preservação urbana. Palavras-chave: Patrimônio urbano. Preservação. Florianópolis.

This chapter focuses on cultural tourism as a means of cultural heritage revitalisation representing specific soft models, which can help revive heritage sites. The visible trends of increasing cultural tourism together with the new profile of tourists interested in cultural heritage go hand in hand with the revitalisation needs of the cultural heritage sector. Still, not all heritage sites are equally attractive nor are they all successful in cultural tourism development. Current research has pointed out the leading principles of heritage revitalisation based on cultural tourism development. These can be applied in order to increase the attractiveness of a given site while maintaining its physical, economic and socio-cultural sustainability. The chapter discusses an integrated approach to revitalisation which entails social, territorial, economic as well as the knowledge/education component directly visible in participatory governance, public management of heritage and the gradual integration of sustainability aspects into heritage management. The strong involvement of the community in the revitalisation process is the key principle. The accumulated body of knowledge has further detected several success factors linked to modern storytelling in heritage interpretation for the cultural tourism market; these are the use of creative industries as bearers of symbolic cultural values, engaged activities through participatory experience tourism, and the creation of a tourism offer based on experience economy design principles. The need to involve all five senses in experience creation and to stir visitors’ emotions is emphasised.

This chapter focuses on cultural tourism as a means of cultural heritage revitalization representing specific soft models, which can help reviving heritage sites. The visible trends of increase of cultural tourism together with the new profile of tourists interested in cultural heritage go hand in hand with the revitalization needs in the cultural heritage sector. Still, neither all heritage sites are equally attractive nor they are successful in cultural tourism development. Current research has pointed out to leading principles of heritage revitalization based on cultural tourism development. These can be applied in order to increase attractiveness of a given site while maintaining its physical, economic and socio-cultural sustainability. The chapter discusses an integrated approach to revitalization which entails social, territorial, economic as well as knowledge/education component directly visible in the participatory governance, public management of heritage and gradual integration of sustainability aspects into heritage management. A strong involvement of the community in the revitalization process is the key principle. The accumulated body of knowledge has further detected several success factors linked to modern storytelling in heritage interpretation for the cultural tourism market ; these are the use of creative industries as bearers of symbolic cultural values, engaged activities through the participatory experience tourism, and creation of tourism offer based on experience economy design principles. The need to involve all five senses in experience creation and the intent to stir visitors’ emotions is emphasised.

The void is the key element of the urban configuration: an empty space identified by the work of man or nature, which is defined and transformed by civic, religious, and social events. It is the people moving, talking, living in the streets and squares, and identifying with the landscape which actually transforms geometrically or naturally defined spaces into cultural spaces. It is from here that we would move towards the proposal of an integrated approach to the study of cultural heritage in its substance, made of elements that are both tangible and intangible such as the spirit of places, celebrations, traditional skills, and the social memory of the urban spaces, which have been shaped by humanity through time.
Today, a crucial and innovative contribution to the approach sharped above is the practical possibility of direct involvement of the community, using innovative technologies, to map all the aspects and elements of their cultural heritage: as flexible, interactive maps (GIS-based) for the organization of different types of data about historic urban buildings and spaces, with specific reference to the strong links between tangible and intangible heritage.

In questo articolo si presentano in estrema sintesi i risultati di un lavoro di ricerca condotto da un gruppo di lavoro interdisciplinare nel corso del 2019 sulle condizioni economiche, istituzionali e regolative che consentono – o, al contrario, rendono difficile – la realizzazione di progetti di riuso adattivo di aree urbane caratterizzate da processi di abbandono funzionale e decadimento materiale (Lami, 2020).

This chapter examines how civil society in Chennai, India, aspires to bypass the influence of the state and post-political forms of urban governance by positioning itself outside of the city. It is posited that what the author terms ‘farming as urban heritage’ is one of the dominant tropes in Indian urban civil society’s imaginations of alternative forms of urban governance. This is seen in Chennai, a city that accommodates strong aspirational undercurrents of alternative urban living crystalizing around ‘organic’ food and a return to ancestral farming lifestyles. It is argued in this chapter that farming, aside from showcasing a collective local heritage and a holistic environmental awareness, represents a decisive breakaway from unsustainable urban lifestyles. Through participating in farming and its contingent ways of living, urban-educated elites circulate their own vision of governance that revolves around grassroots pedagogies and egalitarian, peer-to-peer food chains. The chapter claims that such non-institutionalized ‘return-to-the-land’ networks propagate and give shape to alternative forms of governance, bypassing conventional forms of post-political knowledge dissipation. It holds that if the post-political is to be used as a form of analytics, then such disparate yet widely entangled networks of knowledge circulation should be considered a component of urban civil society. At the same time, the chapter acknowledges that such attempts by civil society to evade state influence remain incomplete.

Complicated relationships. Dealing with historical city centres in Germany and Poland 1900–1950.

The city development in the second half of the 19th century, with its high tenements in different styles of historicism, unhygienic living conditions and big shop windows, was being criticized both in Poland and in Germany. As Poland was divided between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany 1795-1918 were German speaking universities very popular among Polish architects and art historians. Also the German architecture, city planning and heritage conservation became an important point of reference for the Polish people. This paper showcases examples of urban renewal projects realized by German and/or Polish architects in: Kalisz, Poznan, Lodz, Gdansk and Wroclaw during or after the First and the Second World War. Those five cities were often changing their political affiliation 1900–1950 becoming German or Polish, what usually have been followed by renewal campaigns in their old town quarters. Historical districts, crucial for the national identity, were not just supposed to be renovated but principally “Polonised” or “Germanised”. Even though these projects were serving extreme opposite political propaganda programs, they all had a lot in common from the professional point of view. The importance of the Polish-German exchange of ideas in creating urban renewal programs, due to their political connotations, have been underestimated in the art history so far.

Multisensory experience is an important part of the perception of sacred architecture. It is important to understand that the content of sacred architecture as cultural heritage, in the complex way of understanding, is not only its historical, artistic or cultural value, but also its symbolic value. One of its symbolic aspects is the multisensory experience it creates. This assertion is based on the theoretical framework of the phenomenology of architecture, an aspect of architectural theory that explores the experience of the built. Every experience of architecture is multisensory, and in the case of sacred space this aspect particularly influences the experience of the believer and of the visitor of cultural heritage because architecture relates, mediates and projects meanings anchored in a complex experience of space. Different phenomena such as light, sound, smell and touch directly affect the experience of sacred architecture. They create specific atmospheres that are intrinsic...

Resumen. Las ciudades son asentamientos complejos, densamente poblados, que se encuentran en constante transformación. ¿Protegemos las ciudades como imágenes congeladas, sin tener en cuenta los procesos que en ellas acontecen?, ¿qué "patrimonios" conservamos? Estos cambios, que atienden a distintos orígenes, usos e intereses, conforman una esencia multi-capa única, un palimpsesto dónde unas estructuras se han conservado y otras han perecido; donde unas historias se narran, escenifican y ponen en valor y otras se esconden. En este trabajo abordaremos el estudio de estrategias de conservación y regeneración urbana, desde una perspectiva de profundidad. Se busca explorar el concepto de "ciudad profunda" (deep city) desarrollado recientemente por Fouseki, Guttormsen y Swensen, que analiza el valor de las transformaciones urbanas de forma multivocal. La ciudad de Barcelona, y su paulatina desindustrialización serán el telón de fondo de este trabajo reflexivo y conceptual. Aquí se introducirán algunos apuntes sobre sistemas dinámicos (SD) y nuevos enfoques acerca de la dimensión de los valores del patrimonio aplicados a la conservación social.

Writing in Urban History in the spring of 1991, Peter Borsay considered how the gap between the ‘popular presentations of the urban past’ produced by the growing heritage industry and ‘the booming academic study of urban history’ might be bridged. Heritage, he argued, was ‘deeply bound up with the meanings and functions of towns’ and urban historians should play a crucial role within communities ‘engaged in a complex discourse with the past . . . that for many was fundamental to their livelihood and identity’. Borsay's concerns 27 years later continue to be mirrored in academic discussions surrounding heritage and materiality, echoing wider questions that surround the relevance of urban history beyond the academy. Recent conferences have also demonstrated the continued salience of Borsay's argument, considering the potential of the study of cities to shape approaches to their management through work with local communities, heritage partners, cultural institutions and professional groups. This emphasis on knowledge exchange and partnership has also attracted the support of funding bodies through collaborative doctoral awards that have sought to ‘increase opportunities for all researchers to develop their work in collaboration with public, private and third sector partners that increase the flow, value and impact of world-class arts and humanities research from academia to the UK's wider creative economy and beyond’. This has included the author's own work on the heritage of Middlesbrough's iron and steel industries, which has involved working collaboratively with local archives and heritage partners.

Desde 2011 la ciudad de Nápoles vive una fase de fuerte empuje cultural desde abajo en contraste con una política institucional y pública, que en los años anteriores había alejado a la población de las estrategias y decisiones en el ámbito cultural. Desde abajo surgen nuevas formas de gestión cultural que se proyectan como modelos futuros de desarrollo cultural. En el artículo se analiza el caso del “Asilo” un espacio en autogestión que fue ocupado a partir del fracaso organizativo y político de la edición de 2012 del evento Forum de las Culturas, organizado en la ciudad napolitana. A partir de este caso de estudio ¿se puede hablar de un nuevo modelo Nápoles, construido desde abajo?

Since 2011 the city of Naples has experienced a strong cultural boost from below. This contrasts with an institutional and public policy that in previous years had alienated the population from cultural strategies and decisions. From below, new forms of cultural management emerge that are projected as future models of cultural development. The article analyzes the case of the "Asylum" a space in self-management that was occupied because of the organizational and political failure of the Forum of Cultures event organized in Naples in 2012. From this case study can we talk of a new model of cultural management, called “Naples”, built from below?

Contents:

Chapter 1
Making Ancient Cities:  New Perspectives on the Production of Urban Places 
Kevin D. Fisher (Department of Classical, Near Eastern & Religious Studies, University of British Columbia)
Andrew T. Creekmore III (Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado)

Chapter 2
The social production of space in third millennium cities of Upper Mesopotamia
Andy Creekmore (Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado)

Chapter 3
North Mesopotamian Urban Space at Titriş Höyük in the Third Millennium B.C.
Yoko Nishimura (Department of Anthropology, U. of Pennsylvania)

Chapter 4
Swahili urban spaces of the East African coast
Stephanie Wynne-Jones (Dept. of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol
Jeffrey Fleisher (Dept. of Anthropology, Rice University)

Chapter 5
Urban Identities: Social and Spatial Production at Classic Period Chunchucmil, Yucatán, Mexico
Aline Magnoni (Tulane University)
Traci Arden (University of Miami)
Scott Hutson (University of Kentucky)
Bruce Dahlin (Ancient Maya Environmental Studies Center)

Chapter 6
Making the first cities on Cyprus: urbanism and social change in the Late Bronze Age
Kevin D. Fisher (Classical, Near Eastern & Religious Studies, U. of British Columbia)

Chapter 7
Urbanization and the emergence of the Greek Polis: The case of Azoria, Crete
Rodney Fitzsimons (Dept. of Ancient History and Classics, Trent University)

Chapter 8
The rise of a Neopalatial city and the (re)construction of its hinterlands: A view from Galatas
D. Matthew Buell (Dept. of Classics, SUNY Buffalo)

Chapter 9
Cahokia: The Processes and Principles of Creation of an Early Mississippian City
John Kelly (Dept. of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis)
James A. Brown (Dept. of Anthropology, Northwestern University)

Chapter 10
Comparing East and West: Aspects of urban manufacture and retail in the capitals of the Roman and Han Empires
Anna Razeto (University of Copenhagen)

Chapter 11
Ancient Open Space, Gardens, and Parks:  A Comparative Discussion for Mesoamerican Urbanism
Barbara L. Stark (School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University)

Chapter 12
Different Cities
Norman Yoffee (Departments of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas and University of New Mexico and Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University)