Ductility of cross-sections, especially in flexure, is the key to good performance of structure for seismic effects. This chapter is focused on provision an understanding of the factors that lead to good ductility, especially those of reinforced concrete sections. The definition and development of action–deformation curves especially moment–curvature ( M−ϕ M − ϕ ) curve is extensively discussed. The procedure to generate the moment–curvature curve, using the general formulation of axial–flexural response developed in Chapter 3, Axial–Flexural Response of Cross-Sections, is demonstrated. Various factors such as confinement, rebar distribution, and axial load effect on the ductility are shown through examples. The ductility of concrete-filled tuber is presented as special case. The use of moment–curvature curve to compute various section response parameters is also explained through equations and examples.
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