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2022, Hovorun, Cyril. “The Institutionalized Ecumenism and the Ukrainian War: A Critical Approach.” Religion in Praxis, October 25
The Expository Times, 2022
The war in Ukraine that began in February 2014 and escalated in February 2022 to the extent unseen in Europe since the World War II, cannot be adequately comprehended without taking into consideration its religious dimension. This article explores the evolution of the “Russian world” ideology, which the leaders and speakers of the Russian Orthodox Church render in quasi-theological terms. It explains why the Russian patriarch Kirill decided to back it and turned it from an elitist to mass ideologeme. These explanations are given in the sociological framework of the public space, social contract, and civil religion. The main argument of the article is that the church wanted to regain for itself a central place in the Russian public square after the decades of exile from it under the Communist regime. In result of supporting the war, however, the church is endangered to be marginalised in this square again.
The Churches and the War: Religions, Religious Diplomacy, and Russia's Agression Against Ukraine. , 2024
My paper tells what Russian political theologies contributed to the neocolonial dehumanizing ideology of Russky mir/Ruscism/Christian Fascism. These political theologies include Moscow as the Third Rome, the Cult of Stalin as a God-given leader, Sergianism, the ultranationalist theology of the metropolitan Ioann (Snychev), justification of the war against Ukraine as a divine act of cleansing violence, and other genocidal ideas. The volume includes the papers presented at the "Church Diplomacy and the Religious Dimension of the Russian-Ukrainian War" conference held in Lviv, Ukraine on June 29-30, 2023. The conference was part of the "Standing in Solidarity" (2022-2024) partnership between the University of Notre Dame and the Ukrainian Catholic University. The goal of this publication is to put the ongoing military conflict into the context of the religious past and present in both Ukraine and Russia, thus contributing to a theologically informed understanding of the current situation and its global effect. The papers presented in this volume also explore religious diplomacy and the ways it can play a positive role for the sake of ending the war with a just peace, as well as healing the conflict that threatens to destroy the international order. The Churches and the War: Religion, Religious Diplomacy, and Russia's Aggression against Ukraine / за ред. Ю. Авакумова, О. Турія. Львів: Видавництво УКУ 2024.-328 с.
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, 2022
This paper examines the enactment of soft/sharp/evil power by the Russian Orthodox Church and its leaders during a month before the major exertion of hard power by the Russian military and one month after the invasion of Ukraine. In the period from January 25 until March 25, 2022, 27 messages of the leading actors in the Church–Patriarch Kirill and Metropolitan Hilarion, head of the Department of External Church Relations (DECR)–are closely examined. The results are presented and discussed in four thematic sections: 1) soft power: the religious approach to the Russian World; 2) Sharp power: the territorial expansion of the Church with the help of the Russian state; 3) Evil power: Church leaders on war and peace; 4) Comparison with the messages of Russian political leaders (President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov). The soft power the Russian Church exercises for the benefit of Russian foreign relations is manifest in the strong emphasis on the spiritual unity of Russian and Ukrainian people within the religious narrative of the Russian World. This soft power takes the form of sharp power vis-à-vis the Ukrainian invasion and vis-à-vis those, who recognize the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine. The influence of the Russian Church in support of the Russian government’s invasion has also a dimension of evil power, that is, power exercised in service to immoral or unethical state actions such as the unwarranted invasion of Ukraine by Russian military forces. Finally, both religious and political leaders are similar in denying the agency (including autonomous existence) of the nation-state and the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, they consider both the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and post-2014 Ukrainian government to be tools of outside forces (be it the West, the United States, or the Ecumenical Patriarch), and they threaten and attempt to punish everyone who supports those whom they have selected out as targets.
Zurich University Working Paper , 2019
In January 2019, the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Istanbul issued a document of independence for the newly created Orthodox Church of Ukraine. Playing on an imagined Byzantine past, the document asserted the Patriarchate’s cultural leadership of the Orthodox com-monwealth. This was possible because of what could be called the Constantinopolitan Consensus, according to which the Orthodox churches recognize the Patriarchate in Istanbul as primus inter pares based on interpreta-tions of antique canon law, which remains terra incognitafor researchers of international politics. Ukrainian pres-ident Poroshenko made church autocephaly one of the three pillars of his 2019 re-election campaign (“Army, Language, and Faith”). In December 2018, he even imposed martial law in the country in order to convene the required church council and amend the Ukrainian Constitution’s provisions on future NATO membership. The leaders of the Moscow Patriarchate view such events as “combat actions” (военные действия) and are ready to resist, both parties instrumentalizing the church canons as the canons of war. As such, the decision to form an independent Orthodox Church of Ukraine has resulted in new tensions, both within Ukraine and between Ukraine and Russia.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2022
Marusiak O. Church War: Instrumentalization of the Russian Orthodox Church against Ukraine // Безпекові студії: концепції, методологія, освіта: матеріали Міжнародної конференції (м. Острог, 30-31 жовтня, 2023 р.) / за ред. Едуарда Балашова. Острог: Видавництво Національного університету «Острозька академія», 2023. С. 25-27 Міжнародна конференція «Студії безпеки: концепції, методологія, освіта» була організована в межах проєкту Жана Моне «Саморегульоване вивчення гібридних загроз і європейської безпеки» (101081342 – EuroHybSec – ERASMUS-JMO-2022-HEI-TCH-RSCН), що реалізується Національним університетом «Острозька академія» за співфінансування Європейського Союзу
Religions
Russia’s war against Ukraine, in which the aggressor has been making use of religion, including theological rhetoric, to achieve its aims, has sparked reactions from Orthodox Churches all over the world. This has led to a revitalisation of social teaching, including discussions on war and peace within the Orthodox tradition. This may well become a further impetus for more in-depth research on religion and international relations, and possibly for more reappraisals of the secular identity of IR studies. An analysis of the attitudes of Orthodox Churches towards this war indicated that the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church, which considers itself the most important centre of Orthodox culture and civilisation, is waning. The reaction of other local churches showed that it is difficult to recognise the Russian Orthodox Church as such an authority. These revaluations may have a significant impact on Russia’s place in the new international order, although much depends on the final o...
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
Ukrainian Autocephaly: Source of Confrontation or Conflict?, 2019
According to the Ukrainian Constitution, the country is secular, where its churches and all religious organisations are separated from the state and the legislative process. According to theologian Gennadiy Druzenko, in the regional scope, Ukraine might be described as one of the most religious countries in Europe. Demonstrated by the history of the Ukrainian Church, dating back to the time of the Kyivan Rus, when its Prince Volodymyr the Great received Christianity from Constantinople in 988. It was one of the most remarkable events in the creation of the Ukrainian state, that united the Ukrainian people spiritually. However, it further served as an instrument of manipulation and basis for lies from the Russian side so as to justify its right to exert control over Ukraine. This current paper aims to analyse the role of the Church in peace mediation versus conflict promotion in the case of Ukraine, addressing such issues as: - Official relations between and within different churches in the country and show impacts of this in reality; - The official position of the UOC KP and UAOC towards the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, the illegal annexation of Crimea, possible future reconciliation and current geopolitical challenges, reactions to fake news and disinformation; - The official position of the Church, position on the ground and the reaction on the discrimination against LGBT, religious and ethnic minorities; - Based on these points we will analyse whether the Church promotes peace or encourages conflicts in Ukraine, trying to answer whether the Church as an institution could serve as a powerful peace actor or not.
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