[go: up one dir, main page]

Academia.eduAcademia.edu
Ope n AI R@RGU Th e Ope n Acce ss I n st it u t ion a l Re posit or y a t Robe r t Gor don Un ive r sit y ht t p: / / openair.rgu.ac.uk This is an aut hor produced version of a paper published in I nt ernat ional Journal of Public Sect or Managem ent ( I SSN 0951- 3558) This version m ay not include final proof correct ions and does not include published layout or paginat ion. Cit a t ion D e t a ils Cit a t ion for t h e version of t h e w ork h eld in ‘Ope n AI R@RGU’: SPI CKER, P., 2 0 1 2 . “Le a de r sh ip”: a pe r n iciously va gu e con ce pt . Ava ila ble fr om Ope n AI R@RGU. [ on lin e ] . Ava ila ble fr om : h t t p:/ / open a ir .r gu .a c.u k Cit a t ion for t h e pu blish e r’s ve rsion : SPI CKER, P., 2 0 1 2 . “Le a de r sh ip”: a pe r n iciously va gu e con ce pt . I n t e rn a t ion a l Jou rna l of Pu blic Se ct or M a n a ge m e n t , 2 5 ( 1 ) , pp. 3 4 47 Copyr ight I t em s in ‘OpenAI R@RGU’, Robert Gordon Universit y Open Access I nst it ut ional Reposit ory, are prot ect ed by copyright and int ellect ual propert y law. I f you believe t hat any m at erial held in ‘OpenAI R@RGU’ infringes copyright , please cont act openair- help@rgu.ac.uk wit h det ails. The it em will be rem oved from t he reposit ory while t he claim is invest igat ed. ! "# & "$ # ) " $ % " " " " $ % & * $ % & # # & & "# " % # # & ' " " ## ' % +" +$ $ & ($ # # $ + " & $ " $ # ($ " # # & "$ # " % " " & +$ &&"' ($ " & "$ # %& $ & "," % % & +$* $ " ## " & " "$ & $ # " & & $ & "$ # " $ # $ * $ $ $ % " " +$ $ & "$ # $ $ * # " $ " % - * & & $ # ## & $ "," - & $ " % * % # " " " " " " % " & - $ " $ "" & $ ) $ % "" $ # "$ #" ($ & "$ # 0 &$ +# . "," " ", " "- $ + $ $ "' #$ " " / % " " % & & "$ # ' ' # & " $ " +$ $ " ## " " $ " % & "$ # " $ # " * # " " & & " ## " " "$ ** & " " $ # % +" $ % ' 0 $ " % $ + $ $ $ "' " & $ # " "$ & $ " " % " " "$ & +$ $ 11 "' 2 & * & % $ & " ' $ $ $ & +$ $ $# $ & ! ($ & +$ " # $ % & , ! , " " # $ $ # 7 # $ & & % ' ($ " # # " $ + " # " & +$ % &&"' ! " " " $ "" " & & $ # & " $ " & $ $ "" # % & # ## $ 6 & "$ # " & " & & ' +$ ($ " # # $ & $ "# " "' # . " ' " " # & "" " % # "" + & 5 # "$ $ " " & "$ # " # " ", " ' # " & "$ # " " " +$ " #' " " & * = , $ & 17 - & " & "$ # % & # 2 " * 8 &+ $ "" +$ " . &%& ' # > & " & "$ # = , " & # & +$ " % % " # & " "" " & & " " $ " $ $ & % " ($ " " "" " $ & # ' & "$ # $ " % " $ & "$ #" $ " '< " . & $ +$ $ " ; " $ " 11:- 5 # "" & $ & "$ # " $ "" " % 6 $ 34 & $ " % 117 % % " 8 "" 11 - 9 *& ($ "$ & $ 5 +6 + & "$ # * " * $ " $ # " #" " & " "" & % +" +$ "& "' 9 $ % " $ & " $ " " # "" $ & $ " $ " & . " & # " # $ +$ & $ "" * $ 6 " $ "" $ & " "$ " " & " & ' ($ " &$ % $ &" & " 117 # " # & "" $ " # $ % * 8 "" 11 " $ 11 # " 171 $ * '&' ' " " $ & " " " " " * # ? & " 117 $ ? % "# " " 171 # $" " ($ "" 8 &8 ";? " ? $ % * ($ " &+ $ $ $ & +$ $ "" + & "$ # @.# * " * * " & "$ # " $ : & & $ & " $ " " # & " # " $ $ +$ " $ " % # $ ' ! " # $ ! % ! ! & % ' " ( ) % -" * +, ." " / -" $ " $ ." % " + 0 1 $ 2' 4 + ' 3" " 4 " 0 6 & "$ # " "*" $ *' 5 6 ) " 7 " 8 4 & . % , 0 4 " " $ $ 9 ( 6 % ' : ! - " ! 7 & & " % + ; ! " ' " $ " & "$ # ($ " $ " * " "$ # " & " + 4 2 #"* $ & "+ $ .# " & ($ " * +$ $ #" "& " % & "" $ & + $# " $ $ $ $ " " $ $ 6 & "$ # " & "$ # 6 $ & "$ # # "$ # &%& $ $ $ % " "' 6 " " &" & "$ # " " " + $ + , +$ & " " +$ "$ " $ " & " + , . $ " % "# ($ " . # " % .' +$ # $ "' + , ' " " $ $ ' * ' "$ # $ " " " " 11 - ? " " & & & $ "# $ " " & $ # & + , & "$ # " & " # # " $ ? & & + , & "$ # " $ # & $ " & * $ " 0 $ $ #' " #$ " & ' ", & "$ # " & & "$ # # $ "$ #" " # # & " + " 8 , "$ #" + $ & & * $ " & "$ # +$ $ " "' "$ # +$ $ " % + & " "$ # & ' & "$ % # & & "$ # " 6 & " " " " $ " "$ # + $ " * & " " "" " # " % $ $ % "' 4 - ! 8 &" & & . "" " ' $ $ " " % 5 , $ " $ ($ 4 " & "# " "$ " # & " *' 0 4 0 6 ) / " % % ($ " " " * &" ' ($ & " * " " 9 " +$ " # >> " # * $ " $ &$ " " $ " * $ 9 " #" " $ * ' ($ "$ + $ + " $ " 1 7 ' & + "$ " & " " ." & & "$ # & # . : & "# +$ $ " " " " .# $ % * ' ($ " & " $ + % & # & "$ # "" & "$ # " A ! 6 & "$ # 4 # '' 9 ($ B > " 9 " " # $ " C $ $ #" 6 "" & # " " " & & "$ # 4 @. + & # * 8 " ; & " & $ #" $ $ 5 " * ''' ($ " " ' C% & , & ) & & $ " + % & $ $ # "# & ? & "$ # + $" $ * & $ "* " & ' $ & " # & " " " $ + ; * $ % $ & "$ # $ " $ "# " & + $ $ & , & "$ % $ & " " + " $ & " " & "$ # % $ +$ $ "" * & " "" "" + $ $ "' 0 " ! 7 " " " " 6 : " / / ! " 6 " " / " 6 " " 0 / ! -" " 4 ." " " 1 " +2 -" 6 7 ." % ! " " ! " 4 0 " " + 0 " ! " " " 2 0 * 0 $ $ ! ! 2' 7 ! ! " 3 ) 0 ! 0 ) 4 " " " " ! ! < " ! " 4 " . ! % " ) 0 0 ) " " " " )! 0 4 6 " " " ! ) " 1 - " / !) ! ) " " 34 7 " ! ! ! ! " ! " . " ! " < " ! ! ! 4 0 1 4 9 8 % % " " / 4 7 " " " ! 7 " 7 8 $ " # "" & $" % $" ) " $ # " +$ $ 0 " ! . * $" " ) " "* # $ " * +$ " & 5 # ", ' , & " * & $ "" &" ! " $ $ 5 # ""' < " $ " & ! ! " ) " 9 6 " " 0 6 " " " " ! - 4 6 " ,* 0 = " " ! 0 " 6 ( : /9 " > * " - 4 - " 6 " ! " 4 7 " ) " " 0 ? ! % " 2 . " " ! ! ) " ! ) 4 1 7 " ; " < 5 " 4 " / " " 6 @ ,% * 7 " 5 " " ! ( 6 " " 7 4 0 9 @ ! 9 4 " * /@ ! * 9 " =. 9 ( " 1 " " " " " % 9 @" " " * ! > " ) 7 ! ) 7 @ " / $ " ! ) 9 " / ! @ ! * 0 " / 4 0 " ! " " A 4 7 4 ) 1 ! 7 ' ! " " " " % 4 4 " - " " " " " 1 " " ! " B " 4 " ) 4 7 4 ! ) 0 ! 1 " " 9 % ,/ . * " ! ! 9 ( 6 . " % " /8 & . % , ) 4 0 7 4 4 " 4 A " 1 > " > - ! 0 " " 1 0 0 7 0 6 " " 0 " " ) ! ! @ 5 ! 4 A " " ! ) ! " ! " > " *2 ! 0 ! ! * " . * /. ! 4 ( " " / ! ! ! 0 4 " . " " / 4 4 " 6 " 7 " 3 ! 4 " ! ) " ) ! $ " $ 2' " + ' ! 0 " 6 0 " 0 0 ! 0 4 ) ) ) 4 ) 4 " " " 0 7 " 0 " 4 " ! " ! " " ? ! 3 1 $ ? ! % " %* 1 . " " ! % 7 4 " 4 ; " $ " 7 " " ! 4 " 0 **/ ? ! % " @ ! " " ! & 4 " " !1 ! " " % , ): ! % ! 2 ! 0 % *,): ) A" ! " ) " 7 2 ? ! % " " " " A " 9 ? ! 4 " 9 ! 9 8 7 % % ! 7 " 4 ! " / " > 6 " > 4 " ! " 6 ) ! ! ) " ! " 0 0 4 4 4 6 ) 0 4 7 " " ! ) " " " / " " & ! ( A ! ! 4 %* / " " 9 2 " 4 9 $ " 1 " " , ) 4 " 9 % % 0 0 ! ! " 0 " 1 7 " " " ) " 0 9 , 9 @ % + " " 7 ! 9 4 9 % + + 7 " ) 0 " ) 6 " ! > 1 . " > " *2 0 ! ! ! " " ! ( * 9 ) ! 4 $ @ .! 0 @ 4 " 4 < ( . " 7 ! % 0 " @ 34 " < C" : " - " ! ! D . 6 % % * 0 <(. 2 8 0 " ! 0 0 @ . 4 " - 7 " A > 8;> % @ . " * ; A 7 " 3 ( ! A % * 8 @ . " 1 7 ! . % 7 " " 1 " 7 " " " " 0 " " " " - ! - 7 - 7 4 6 16 4 4 " - ; 6 7 ! ! " " 5 ! / 4 / " " 0 ! " 0 7 " 6 0 " 4 1 " / " ! / ! " " ! " 9 " 1 " " / ! " " / 6 " " " 7 / 0 3 0 = 4 " " -" . ." A % $ -" . + % % & + E .9 ! " %, : . ." 1 " ) : ) ** 0 1 , + +' )+* 2 5 F , ' : 99 9 B9 * ; '* + % B9 . ! < " ? !1 5 G > > - B " )%%, % , - 13 9 ( " /9. * - B F * + ',): ;9 * ;9 % 9 B( ; . + A @ 6 % 5 1F )9 1> . 1 " E , ' ')', &9 % % > > " F . &9 A F8 $ > 99 $ > F9 % % 34 - + " . > B > 2 )% , 0 - G 2) %% * .9 * 1; $$ 0 , % 5 1 F 2)%%+ .- * 8 1( @ ,% * 18 @ & " 9@ ! B " * > > - '* + %%')%+ 8 0 % ( 2 @ % > <(. - + 5 @ % 0 < > 70 <(. 1HH 88 !H >& 3. % H % * H H H '+H '+ , E *'2)** 8;> 8 ; ! " % @ " !H && H FA ! A4 % * @ 3 1HH B& > ) - + % 1 = " B @ " 2 1 A4 . & > + @ F @ + , + 2) * & . " 1HH H & 2 = " H I ! H ! I 1 + % A4 1 A4 > & % 0 & % ' > A4 1 A4 ( 0( <9 <@ ! % = " > B '* ,:2) , , * 1. >( 9 8 " * . F +' : +,)', ! G 0 ( : 0 - 4 < ,2 ( % *,)% ; $ ( " 9> F3 % % " " B " +) 4 . ' > * 5 1; 1 . 9. E + 0 9 ) B ! - > > ' + F 9 2') " F - " -84 1. 9B % : 8 2 + %+%),' 3 >F ( % $ % - @9 ' +%+)' F= 5 >< 5 % - 6 1 ! 8> A 2 &< ! % B " ' 9 99@ B 2 , ( : F 1( 0 @ " !H 4 . " I " B % 1 1HH *I+ 1B 2' 0 > F ' A ! 1. A % * H,:'2H HF-BH6 I% - H I H I 3> ! (8 ! % * 9 1> > -> *2 @ 4 . F> F %, : :, )2 A " F 2 2* )* + @. F % * 8 " < @ ( . " F 1HH 6 !H " ) ) ) ) ) ) ) H '2 , , . . % 1HH + !H ,H H H% I :I % &. * B. . % >. ! >. ! < : F % 0 " <0 > 7 ' F ,+) '* 2)%2 > 2 ) ** 8 " . : % > +% - @ *2 @ -0 1B > ! E $ G ++ + +**), * 0 F '* 0 9 - ( ! 1 0 ; >; %:+* 9 : $ ! ! A4 19 . B" ! 1B &? ! % -# 9 $ % = 1 <F1 > G ( " 9 B " +