Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy Jean-François Caron Editor Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy Between Continuity and Rupture Editor Jean-François Caron Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan ISBN 978-981-13-6692-5 ISBN 978-981-13-6693-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933293 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore CONTENTS 1 Introduction Jean-François Caron 1 2 Political Culture in Kazakhstan: Extension and Reflection Aziz Burkhanov and Neil Collins 7 3 End of an Era? Kazakhstan and the Fate of Multivectorism Charles J. Sullivan 31 4 The Environmental Legacy of the Soviet Regime Beatrice Penati 51 5 Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan’s Criminal Justice Reforms Alexei Trochev and Gavin Slade 6 Comparing Political and Economic Attitudes: A Generational Analysis Barbara Junisbai and Azamat Junisbai 75 101 v vi 7 8 9 CoNTENTS Youth Organizations and State–Society Relations in Kazakhstan: The Durability of the Leninist Legacy Dina Sharipova 139 The Art of Managing Religion in a Post-Soviet Soft Authoritarian State Hélène Thibault 155 The Contemporary Politics of Kazakhisation: The Case of Astana’s Urbanism Jean-François Caron 181 Index 207 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Aziz Burkhanov is an assistant professor in the Graduate School of Public Policy at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan. His research interests include nationalism and identity theories, and national identity politics, policies, and practices, with a special focus on identity issues and their perceptions in the public narratives in the former Soviet area. He has worked in policy analysis and consulting as a research fellow at the IWEP, a think-tank advising the Kazakhstan government on policies, and as a senior associate at IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA). He has authored and co-authored “Kazakhstan’s National IdentityBuilding Policy: Soviet Legacy, State Efforts, and Societal Reactions,” Cornell International Law Journal (2017); “The Determinants of Civic and Ethnic Nationalisms in Kazakhstan: Evidence from the Grass-Roots Level” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics (2017); and “Kazakh Perspective on China, the Chinese, and Chinese Migration,” Ethnic and Racial Studies (2016), among others. Jean-François Caron is an associate professor and chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Nazarbayev University. His doctoral dissertation completed at the Université Laval (Canada) in 2010 focused on identity politics in multinational states. His articles on this topic have appeared in National Identities, Nationalism & Ethnic Politics as well as the Journal of Intercultural Studies. Neil Collins is Professor of Political Science at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan. He has held academic posts at universities in Ireland, the UK, and the United States. vii viii NoTES oN CoNTRIBUToRS Before moving to Kazakhstan, he was a professor and head of the Department of Government at the University College Cork (UCC) in Ireland. Neil Collins has a PhD in Political Sciences from Trinity College Dublin. His research interests include political marketing, Irish politics, public policy and regulation, corruption, the politics of China and of the European Union. Azamat Junisbai is Associate Professor of Sociology at Pitzer College. He holds a PhD in Sociology from the University of Indiana. His research focuses on social stratification and inequality, political sociology, postSoviet transitions, and survey research. Barbara Junisbai is Assistant Professor of organizational Studies at Pitzer College. She holds a PhD in Political Science from Indiana University. Her research focuses on comparative political organizations and institutions, authoritarianism, democratization, and post-Soviet politics and society. Beatrice Penati is a historian of Central Asia under Russian and Soviet rule. She specializes in the history of economic policies, taxation, agriculture, and the environment. She is a lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Liverpool. Dina Sharipova is Assistant Professor of Political Science in the Department of International Relations and Regional Studies at KIMEP University. Since 2016 she is also the research director of College of Social Sciences. Dina serves on the Board of the European Society for Central Asian Studies, an organization established in 1995 to promote research collaboration among scholars of Central Asia and Europe. Dr. Sharipova’s research interests include nation and state-building, formal and informal institutions, identity politics, and social capital in Central Asia. Gavin Slade is Associate Professor in Sociology at Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan. He researches criminal justice issues in the former Soviet Union with a specific interest in policing, prisons, and organized crime. His book Reorganizing Crime: Mafia and Anti-Mafia in Post-Soviet Georgia was published in 2013. Charles J. Sullivan is Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan. Dr. Sullivan specializes in Central Asian and Russian politics and political NoTES oN CoNTRIBUToRS ix violence. Dr. Sullivan received his PhD from The George Washington University in Washington, DC, and his articles have appeared in Canadian Slavonic Papers, East European Quarterly, REGION, The U.S. Army War College Quarterly—Parameters, Strategic Analysis, as well as Vedomosti. Hélène Thibault is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Nazarbayev University since 2016. Prior to that, she served as a lecturer at the University of ottawa and at the Université de Montréal. Her recent publications include a book Transforming Tajikistan: State-Building and Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia with I.B. Tauris and an article in “Labour Migration, Sex, and Polygyny: Negotiating Patriarchy in Tajikistan” in Ethnic and Racial Studies. She specializes in political ethnography, Islam, and gender in Central Asia. Apart from research activities, she also took part in multiple election observation missions with the organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (oSCE) in Ukraine and traveled extensively in the former USSR. Alexei Trochev is Associate Professor of Political Science at Nazarbayev University. He is the author of Judging Russia: The Constitutional Court in Russian Politics, 1990–2006 (Cambridge University Press, 2008) and many articles and chapters on post-communist law and politics, including pieces in Journal of Law and Courts, American Journal of Comparative Law, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, and International Political Science Review, to name a few. Dr. Trochev is editor of the journal Statutes and Decisions: The Laws of the USSR and Its Successor States, which has recently covered issues of judicial politics in Ukraine, police reform in Russia, and administrative justice in Kyrgyzstan. LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 5.1 Fig. 9.1 Fig. 9.2 Fig. 9.3 Fig. 9.4 Fig. 9.5 Incarceration rates in selected post-Soviet countries, 1992–2010. Source: International Centre for Prison Studies Kazakh Eli monument Khan Shatyr Baiterek Astana Barys arena Astana’s Triumphal Arch 86 191 193 194 195 198 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Table 6.6 Table 6.7 Table 6.8 Table 6.9 Table 6.10 Table 6.11 Changes in ethnic composition of Kazakhstan’s population in accordance with censuses of 1989, 1999 and 2009 Career paths of the Chairs of the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan Career paths of the Chairs of Province-Level Courts in Kazakhstan, 2017 Criminal justice indicators in the Rule of Law Index for Kazakhstan, 2014–2017 Judicial framework and independence in Kazakhstan, 1999– 2018 Apologies to President Nazarbayev in Criminal Trials, 2011– 2018 Economic outlook and youth optimism Views about economic inequality Views about root causes of wealth and poverty Attitudes toward the welfare state and the role of government in the economy Democratic values Trust in formal institutions Political eras in Kazakhstan’s history and corresponding age cohort Dependent variable definitions Independent variable definitions Results of oLS regressions for quantitative dependent variables Results of logistic regressions for binary dependent variables 15 80 81 84 85 92 107 107 108 109 110 111 123 124 126 127 128 xiii