IJMRA-RSS1013

May 2012 IJRSS Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ IMPACT OF MAHATHMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE SCHEME ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL PEOPLE IN SIVAGANGA REGION Dr. A. Muthusamy* __________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: The NREGA programmers typically provide unskilled manual workers with short-term employment on public works such as irrigation infrastructure, deforestation, soil conservation and road construction. The programmers provide income transfers to poor households during critical times and therefore enable consumption smoothing specially during slack agricultural seasons or years. The Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. This work guarantee can also serve other objectives like generating productive assets, protecting the environment, increased standard of living, and increased purchasing power of the rural people. In countries with high unemployment rates, transfer benefits from workfare programmers can prevent poverty from worsening, especially during lean periods. Durable assets that these programmers may create have the potential to generate a second – round of employment benefits as necessary infrastructure is developed. The need to evolve a mechanism to supplement existing livelihood sources in rural areas was recognized early during development planning in India. The NREGA programmers typically provide unskilled manual workers with short-term employment on public works such as irrigation infrastructure, deforestation, soil conservation and road construction. The programmers provide income transfers to poor households during critical times and therefore enable consumption smoothing specially during slack agricultural seasons or years. The Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural * Assistant professor, Department of International and commerce, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu-630003. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 234 May 2012 IJRSS Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. This work guarantee can also serve other objectives like generating productive assets, protecting the environment, increased standard of living, and increased purchasing power of the rural people. In countries with high unemployment rates, transfer benefits from workfare programmers can prevent poverty from worsening, especially during lean periods. Durable assets that these programmers may create have the potential to generate a second – round of employment benefits as necessary infrastructure is developed. The need to evolve a mechanism to supplement existing livelihood sources in rural areas was recognized early during development planning in India. INTRODUCTION: In a rural again labor surplus economy, sections of rural population depend on the wages they earn through unskilled, casual, manual labor. They are Vulnerable to the possibility of sinking from transient to chronic poverty in the event of inadequate labor demand or in the face of unpredictable crises that may be general in nature. Like natural disasters or personal, like illhealth, all of which adversely impact their employment opportunities. In the context of poverty and unemployment, workfare programmers have been important scheme interventions in developed as well as developing countries for many years. The programmers typically provide unskilled manual workers with short-term employment on public works such irrigation infrastructure, deforestation, soil conservation and road construction. The rationale for workfare programmers rests on some basic considerations. The scheme provides income transfers to poor households during critical times and therefore enables consumption smoothing specially during slack agricultural seasons or years. In countries with high unemployment rates, transfer benefits from workfare programmers can prevent poverty from worsening, especially during lean periods. Durable assets that these programmers may create have the potential to generate a second – round of employment benefits as necessary infrastructure is developed. The need to evolve a mechanism to supplement existing livelihood sources in rural areas was recognized early during development planning in India. The Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. This work guarantee can also A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 235 May 2012 IJRSS Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ serve other objectives like generating productive assets, protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural- urban migration and fostering social equity, among others. NREGA fosters conditions for inclusive growth ranging from basic wage security and recharging rural economy to a transformative empowerment process of democracy. NREGA is a right-based statute and its effectiveness lies eventually in the extent to which wage seekers can exercise their choice and assert their rights to claim entitlements under the Act. While the state is expected to play a pro-active role in communicating information and facilitating access to the employment opportunities under NREGA, in the long run, workers capacity to demand and negotiate employment is critical if the Act has to be an instrument in the hands of the worker for enhancing his/her level of employment and earnings. The issues involved in empowering workers are in the range of enhancement of knowledge levels, development of literacy skills and organizing workers. Enhancing social security level of workers also needs to be considered. Initially opening saving accounts of workers in banks and post offices that have been need to be support on a larger scale so that thrift and small savings can be encouraged among workers to be engaged in casual labour. Including NREGA workers under the cover of various life and health insurance schemes and improving the institutional capacity of Gram Panchayats will also rise to their security thresholds. This paper attempts to study the Impact of NREGA for socio economic development of rural people at Kalal black, Karaikudi SIVAGANGA DISTRICT. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The Sivaganga District in Tamil Nadu is chosen for the present study because it is a newly formed district and industrially backward region. Its entire economy depends almost totally on Government Sponsored employment Scheme. The various problems faced by the NREGA workers such as  Delay in distribution of job cards  Unsolicited fees being charged for work application forms  Non – Issue of receipts  Absence of worksite facilities A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 236 May 2012 IJRSS Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________  Presence of contractors  Non – availability of Muster rolls at the worksite  Shortage of staff and delay in appointments  Stopping of works  Delay in wage payments OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:  To examine the implementation of NREGA in improving employment opportunities and living conditions of the rural poor both in terms of qualitative and quantitative parameters.  To assess the role of the NREGA in reducing poverty of rural poor and improving the purchasing power of the NREGA workers.  To examine the systems and processes under the NREGA programme for execution of various fields like registration of workers, issue of job cards, preparation of plans. HYPOTHESIS:  There is no significant relationship between the age of the respondents and their level of satisfaction.  There is no significant relationship between gender of the respondent and their level of satisfaction.  There is no significant relationship between occupation of the respondents and level of satisfaction.  There is no significant relationship between community of the respondents and their level of satisfaction.  There is no significant relationship between educational qualification of the respondent and level of satisfaction. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 237 May 2012 IJRSS Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________  There is no equality on monthly expenditure of NREGA workers before and after coming NREGA. METHODOLOGY: This present study is an empirical research based on survey method. This study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data collected from110 sample NREGA workers from October 2010 to December 2010 ANALYSIS OF DATA: The data are analysis by adopting statistical tool such as. Factor analysis Garret ranking Chi – Square test Sign Test SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE NREGA MEMBERS: The NREGA scheme is specially based on bringing the assisted families above the poverty line by ensuring appreciable and sustained level of the problems connected with the implementation of the scheme and analyzes the prospects for development in future. AGE- WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS: The following Table.1 indicates the age-wise classification of the NREGA workers. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 238 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ Table 1 Age -wise classification of the Respondents S.No Age No. of Respondents Percentage 1 Below 20 - - 2 20 - 30 14 13.80 3 30 - 40 37 33.50 4 40 - 50 25 22.70 5 50 - 60 23 20.00 6 Above 60 11 10.00 Total 110 100 This survey reveals that the majority of the respondent 33.50 % come under the age group of 30-40 years. AGE AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF THE NREGA WORKERS: Ho : There is no significant relationship between the age of the respondents and their level of Satisfaction. Table 2 Age and Level of Satisfaction of NREGA workers Age Below 40 Years 40-50 Years 50-60 Years Above 60 Years Level of Satisfaction Total Low Medium High 5 40 6 51 (4.55%) (36.36%) (5.45%) (46.36%) 3 21 1 25 (2.73%) (19.09%) (0.91%) (22.73%) 1 19 3 23 (0.91%) (17.27%) (2.73%) (20.91%) 1 10 -- 11 A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 239 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ (0.91%) (0.09%) (0.0%) (10.00%) 10 90 10 110 (9.09%) (81.82%) (9.09%) (100%) Total Source: Primary Data Degree of Freedom = 6 Level of significance = 5% Calculated Value of x2 = 3.54 Table Value = 12.59 Since, the calculated value 3.54 is less than the table value at 5 per cent level of significance, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence it is concluded that the age of the respondents does not influence the level of satisfaction of the respondents. GENDER -WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS The following table 2 indicates the Gender-wise classification of the respondents. Table 2 Gender- wise classification of the Respondents S.No Gender No. of Respondents Percentage 1 Male 27 24.60 2 Female 83 75.40 Total 110 100 Source: Primary Data The above table 2 shows that 24.60 percent of the respondents are male and 75.40 percent of the respondents are female. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 240 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ SEX AND SATISFACTION LEVEL OF NREGA WORKERS Ho : There is no significant relationship between sex of the respondents and their level of Satisfaction. Table 3 Sex and Satisfaction level of NREGA workers S. No Sex Level of satisfaction Low 1 Male 2 Medium Total High 4 21 2 27 (3.64%) 19.09%) (1.82%) (24.55%) 6 69 8 83 (5.45%) (62.73%) (7.27%) (75.45%) 10 90 10 110 (9.09%) (81.82%) (9.09%) (100%) Female Total Source: Primary Data Degree of Freedom = 2 Level of significance = 5% Calculated Value of x2 = 1.47 Table Value = 5.99 Since the calculated value of 1 .47 is less than the table value at the five percent level of significance, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is concluded that there is no significant difference between the sex of the respondents and the level of Satisfaction of NREGA workers. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 241 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ MARITAL STATUS OF THE NREGA WORKERS The following table 3 indicates the marital status wise classification of the NREGA workers. Table 4 Marital status -wise classification of the Respondents S. No Marital Status No. of Percentage Respondents 1 Married 86 78.20 2 Unmarried 10 9.10 3 Widower 12 10.90 4 Divorced 2 1.80 Total 110 100 Source: Primary Data The above table 3 shows that out of 110 respondents, 78.20 percent of the respondents are married, 10.9 percent respondents are Widower, 9.10 percent of the respondents Unmarried and very less per cent(1.80) are divorced. OCCUPATION AND LEVELS OF SATISFACTION OF NREGA WORKERS Ho : There is no significant relationship between Occupation of the respondents and their Level of Satisfaction. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 242 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ Table 5 Occupation and Levels of Satisfaction of NREGA Workers S. No Occupation Level of Satisfaction Low 1 2 3 Fire Work Construction Work Medium Total High 1 8 (0.91%) (7.27%) 1 (0.91%) 5 2 8 (4.55%) (1.82%) (7.27%) 8 77 8 93 (7.27%) (70.00%) (7.27%) (84.55%) 10 90 10 110 (9.09%) (81.82%) (9.09%) (100%) Both Total -- 9 (8.18%) Source: Primary Data Degrees of freedom = 2 Level of significance = 0.05 Calculated value = 3.68 Table Value = 5.99 Since, the calculated value 3.68 is less than the table value 5.99 at five per cent level of significance, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is concluded that the Occupation of the respondents does not influence the level of Satisfaction of NREGA workers. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 243 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ COMMUNITY - WISE CLASSIFICATION The following table indicates the Community - wise classification of the NREGA workers. Table 6 Community - wise classification of the Respondents S. No Community No. of Percentage Respondents 1 F.C - - 2 B.C. 50 45.5 3 M.B.C 28 25.5 4 SC / ST 32 29.00 Total 110 100 Source: Primary Data The above table 4 shows that 29 per cent of SC/ ST community working in NREGA works, followed by backward community 45.50 per cent, Most backward community 25.50 percent of workers are working in NREGA work. COMMUNITY- WISE SATISFACTION LEVEL OF NREGA WORKERS Ho : There is no significant relationship between Community of the respondents and their Level of Satisfaction. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 244 IJRSS May 2012 Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ Table 7 Community- wise Satisfaction level of NREGA workers S. No 1 2 3 Community B.C M.B.C. SC/ST Total Level of Satisfaction Low Medium Total High 3 41 6 50 (2.73%) (37.27%) (5.45%) (45.45%) 3 23 2 28 (2.73%) (20.91%) (1.82%) (25.45%) 4 26 2 32 (3.64%) (23.64%) (1.82%) (29.10%) 10 90 10 110 (9.09%) (81.82%) (9.09%) (100%) Source: Primary Data. Degree of Freedom = 4 Level of significance = 5% Calculated Value of x2 = 1.88 Table Value = 9.49 Since, the calculated value 1.88 is less than the table value at five per cent level of significance. The null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is concluded that the Community of the respondents does not influence the level of Satisfaction. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE NREGA WORKERS The following table 5 indicates the Educational qualification - wise classification of the NREGA workers. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 245 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ Table 8 Educational qualification of the Respondents S. No Educational qualification No. of Respondents Percentage 1 Illiterate 28 25.50 2 Below 8th std 36 32.70 3 8 – 10th std 29 26.30 4 10 – 12th std 17 15.50 5 Above 12th std - - Total 110 100 Source: Primary Data The level of education of the respondent is shown in above table 5. It is observed that majority of the respondents 32.70 percent are below 8th standard. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF NREGA WORKERS Ho : There is no significant relationship between Educational Qualification of the respondents and their level of Satisfaction Table 9 Educational Qualification and Level of Satisfaction of NREGA workers S. No Educational Qualification Level of Satisfaction Low 1 Illiterate 2 Medium 24 Total High 2 28 A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 246 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ 2 3 4 (1.82%) (21.82%) (1.82%) (25.45%) 4 28 4 36 (3.64%) (25.45%) (3.64%) (32.73%) 3 24 2 29 (2.73%) (21.82%) (1.82%) (26.36%) 1 14 2 17 (0.91%) (12.73%) (1.82%) (15.45%) 10 90 10 110 (9.09%) (81.82%) (9.09%) (100%) Up to 10th Standard 10 - 12th Standard Above 12th Standard Total Source: Primary Data Level of significance = 0.05 Degree of Freedom = 4 Calculated Value of x2 = 3.68 Table Value of x2 0.05 = 9.49 Since, the calculated value 3.68 is less than the table value at 5% level of significance. The Null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is concluded that the Educational Qualification of the respondents does not influence the level of Satisfaction of NREGA workers. AWARENESS OF NREGA The following table indicates the awareness of the respondents to know about NREGA. Table 10 Classification according to Awareness of NREGA S. No Awareness No. of Percentage Respondents A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 247 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ 1 Television - - 2 Newspaper - - 3 Friends and relatives 29 26.40 4 Union Gram Panchayats 81 73.60 Total 110 100 Source: Primary Data The above table 4.7 shows that 81 respondents (73.60%) know about the NREGA through union and Gram Panchayats and 29 respondents have come to know about NREGA through friends and relatives. OTHER SOURCES OF INCOME EARNED BY THE RESPONDENTS The following table indicates the respondents earned income other than NREGA work. Table 11 Other Sources of Income S. No Income No. of Respondents Percentage 1 Own Land 18 16.40 2 Construction work 1 0.90 3 Other works 12 10.90 4 Agriculture 79 71.80 110 100 Total Source: Primary Data A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 248 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ The above table 11 shows that the majority of 71.80 per cent of the respondents have other sources of income through agriculture work. TYPE OF RECORD PRODUCED AT THE TIME OF GETTING JOB CARD The following table indicates the type of record that is produced for getting job card. Table 12 Classification According to identity S. No Working hours No. of Percentage Respondents 1 Ration card 90 81.80 2 Voter Identity 20 18.20 3 Bank Pass Book - - 4 House tax Receipt - - 110 100 Total Source: Primary Data The above table 12 clearly shows that the majority of 81.80 percent of respondents are to be produced the record in ration card and 18.20 percent of respondents are to be produced for voter identity card. FAMILY MEMBERS WORKING IN NREGA The following table shows the family members of working in NREGA. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 249 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ Table 13 Family members working in NREGA S. No Working No. of Percentage Respondents 1 Only one 97 88.20 2 2-3 Members 13 11.80 3 More than 3 - - 110 100 Total Source: Primary Data From the above table 4.10 shows the 88.20 per cent of the respondents working one person for NREGA. EXPECTED WAGES ON NREGA WORKERS The following table indicates the expected wages on NREGA workers. Table 14 Expected wages on NREGA workers S. No Expected wages No. of Percentage Respondents 1 100-150 10 16.70 2 150-200 33 55.00 3 200-250 17 28.30 A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 250 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ Total 60 100 Source: Primary Data Table 14 reveals that out of 110 respondents 50 respondents are satisfied, remaining 60 respondents expected wages are 16.70 percent of respondents expected on Rs. 100 to 150, 55 percent of respondents expected on Rs.150 to Rs.200 and Rs.28.30 percent of respondents expected on Rs.200 to Rs.250. The majority of the respondents 55 percent expected in wages on Rs.150 to 200 Rupees. BEFORE COMING INTO TO NREGA WORK The following table represents before coming to joining NREGA work. Table 15 Before coming to NREGA S. No Particulars No. of Percentage Respondents 1 Agricultural work 43 39.10 2 Own Land 12 10.90 3 Construction works 32 29.10 4 Others 23 20.90 110 100 Total Source: Primary Data A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 251 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ From the above table 4.15, it is seen that 39.10 percent of respondents worked in agricultural related work, 10.90 percent of respondents are worked our own land, 29.10 percent of respondents are worked in construction works, 20.10 percent of respondents are other works. This survey reveals that majority of respondent are agricultural work for before coming NREGA work. TYPE OF WORKS UNDERTAKEN BY NREGA WORKERS The following table indicates the work wise classification of the respondents. Table 16 Work- wise classification of the respondent Type of works No. of respondents Percentage Rank Formation of new Ponds 55 50 I Renovation of Existing Ponds, Kuttais, Kulams, Oooranies, Temple, Tank etc. 11 10 IV Desilting of Channels 1 13.60 II Desilting and Strengthening of Ponds of irrigation tanks 7 6.40 VI Formation of new roads 12 10.90 III Water Conservation 10 9.10 V 110 100 Total Source: Primary Data A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 252 IJRSS May 2012 Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ The NREGA engaged the various types of work. The type of work is in the first place since it has got 50 percent of formation of new ponds. Desiliting of channels has got second rank as it has secured 13.60 percent. The formation of new road has got third rank it has secured 10.90 percent. Renovation of existing ponds, Kuttais, Ooranies, temple ranks has got fourth rank it has secured 10 percent. The water conservation has got fifth rank it has secured 9.10 percent and the depilating and strengthening of ponds of irrigation ranks got sixth rank it has secured only 6.40 percent. MONTHLY SAVINGS OF RESPONDENTS The following table indicates the monthly savings wise classification of the NREGA workers before and after coming NREGA. Table 17 Monthly Savings of Respondents Total Savings of Respondents Before coming NREGA No. of Percentage respondents After coming NREGA No.of Percentage respondents Below Rs.200 55 50.00 15 14.00 Rs.200- Rs.400 33 30.00 20 18.00 Rs.400- Rs.600 15 13.60 43 39.10 Rs.600- Rs.800 7 6.40 20 18.00 Rs.800- Rs.1000 - - 12 10.90 110 100 110 100 Total Source: Primary Data A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 253 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ From the above table 17 could be seen that monthly savings for before coming NREGA workers are 50 percent of monthly savings with in 200 rupees. Only 6.40% of respondents monthly savings are rupees 600 to 800 rupees. Monthly savings for after coming NREGA workers 39.10 percent of respondent‟s monthly savings rupees 600 to 800 rupees and 10.90 percent of respondents are savings in rupees 800 to 1000 rupees. This out of 110 respondents before coming NREGA works are majority of 50 percent of respondents monthly savings are within 200 rupees, but the majority of 18 percent of after coming NREGA workers monthly savings are rupees 600 to 800 and 10.9% Rs 800-1000 rupees. So, monthly savings are increased after coming in to NREGA work. FAMILY EXPENDITURE Table 18 gives changes in family expenditure during of NREGA workers before and after coming NREGA. Null Hypothesis Ho: There is no equality in Monthly expenditure of NREGA workers before and after coming NREGA. Table 18 Family expenditure -wise classification of Respondents Maintenance of Before Percentage After Percentage Family (Rs. in NREGA NREGA Monthly) (workers) (workers) 1000 - 1500 3 2.73 6 5.45 1500 - 2000 4 3.64 14 12.73 2000 - 2500 10 9.09 29 26.36 2500 - 3000 52 47.27 45 40.91 A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 254 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ 3000 - 3500 37 33.64 14 12.73 3500 - 4000 4 3.63 2 1.82 Total 110 100 110 100 Source: Primary Data To find out whether their exist any equality in the family expenditure of the workers before and after NREGA or there is a significant variation sign test is applied. The formula used is x npo Z npo(1 po) Accepted region = -1.96 to 1.96 Calculated value = 0.535 Since the calculated value is less than the accepted region - 1.96 to 1.96. So the Null hypothesis is accepted. So there is no significant relationship between before and after coming NREGA. WORKING DAYS The following table indicates the working days wise classification of the respondents. Table 19 Working days-wise classification of the Respondents Years Working days Average 2007 - 08 % 2008 - 09 % 2009 - 10 % three years 0-20 65 59.09 8 7.27 5 4.55 78 20-40 26 23.64 9 8.18 7 6.36 42 A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 255 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ 40-60 12 10.91 26 23.67 18 16.36 56 60-80 6 5.45 28 25.45 17 15.45 51 80-100 1 0.91 39 35.43 63 57.28 103 Total 110 100% 110 100% 110 100% Source: Primary Data From the above table 19 it could be seen that maximum of 65 (59.09%) workers fall under the working days of 0 - 20 in 2007 - 08. A minimum 1(0.91%) worker comes under the working days 80 - 100 in 2007 - 08. Above table it could be seen that maximum of 39 (35.43%) workers fall under the working days 80-100. A minimum 8 (7.27%) workers come under the working days below 20 days in 2008 - 09. and Maximum of 57.28% (63) workers fall under the working days 80-100. Minimum 4.55% (5) workers come under the working days 0 - 20 in 2009-10. Purchasing power of NREGA workers The following table highlights the purchasing power of the NREGA worker after joining the work. Table 20 Purchasing power of NREGA workers Sl.No Reason Total Score Average Rank 1. T.V 4062 36.927 XI 2. Refrigerator 4858 44.164 IX 3. Mixcy 6444 58.582 IV A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 256 IJRSS May 2012 Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ 4. Cot 7657 69.609 II 5. Bureau 6816 61.964 I 6. Chair 7600 69.091 III 7. Fan 5844 53.127 V 8. Grinder 5371 48.827 VI 9. Jewel 5049 45.900 VII 10. Radio 4787 43.518 X 11. Cycle 4861 44.191 VII 12. Two wheeler 3767 34.245 XII Source: Primary Data The purchasing bower for NREGA workers is in the first place since it has got 69.901 percent of cot. Chair has got second rank as it has secured 69.091 percent. Bureau is in the third rank with 61.96 percent. Jewel has got seventh rank as it has secured 45.90 percent. Two wheeler has got twelfth rank it has secured 34.24 percent. So, after joined NREGA works purchasing power increased. FACTOR ANALYSIS: Any factor which relates to the training policy, wage policy, performance appraisal. Welfare measures, provision for special benefits and so on are called job factors. It plays an important role in job satisfaction. There are 14 factors identified by the researcher. These factors are inter related but not independent. Hence, in order to the group related variables and the factor analysis have been applied. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 257 May 2012 IJRSS ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ Factor analysis is a multi-variant statistical technique that explains the inter-relationship among the total set of observed variables. None of these variables is treated more differently than the others. Factor analysis is a way of grouping variables are based on the criterion of common characteristics which would serve as a common denominator for such a classification. It is an analytical tool which can aid preliminary investigations and in the interpretation of the relationship among the large number of inter-related and inter-dependent variable. There are several methods available for factor analysis. But the principle factor method with orthogonal varimax rotation is mostly used and widely available in factor analytic computer programme. One of the final outcome of the factor analysis is called rotated factor matrix, a table of coefficients that expresses the relation between the variables and the factors that have been prepared. The sum of squares factors are loading of variable is called communalities (h2) The communalities of a factor are its common factor variance. The factors where factor loading is 0.50 or greater are considered significant factors. This limit is chosen because it had been judged that factors with less than 50 per cent common variation with the rotated factor pattern are too weak to report it. In the present study, the principal factor analysis method with orthogonal varimax rotation is used to identify the significance of different variables. The estimated results are given in Table. The rotated factor is loading received by factors F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 are presented in Table. TABLE 21 Factor Analysis Opinion Getting wages is quiet difficult Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Communality -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 h2 0.691 -0.029 0.013 -0.060 0.169 0.510 0.639 0.127 -0.022 -0.003 0.021 0.425 0.556 0.123 -0.025 -0.121 -0.410 0.508 You are unable to work with full concentration and also disturbed by keep in your child beside Compensation given by the A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 258 IJRSS May 2012 ISSN: 2249-2496 Volume 2, Issue 2 _________________________________________________________ NREGA is very high Women are more involvement then men Working hours is very high -0.218 0.702 0.012 -0.071 -0.026 0.546 0.290 0.677 0.301 0.288 -0.026 0.716 -0.423 -0.594 0.006 -0.159 0.067 0.561 0.549 0.593 -0.163 -0.065 -0.002 0.684 -0.132 -0.143 0.804 0.105 -0.013 0.696 -0.347 -0.314 -0.634 0.052 -0.055 0.627 0.204 -0.194 -0.489 0.419 0.014 0.494 -0.048 0.188 -0.198 0.609 0.103 0.459 -0.224 0.002 0.146 0.564 -0.102 0.400 0.369 -0.036 0.153 0.449 -0.248 0.424 -0.032 0.025 -0.092 -0.177 0.815 0.706 0.383 -0.136 0.273 0.164 0.559 0.579 Wage given by the NREGA is very high After NREGA work the economic status is high or low Here is NREGA they allow only one Person in a family to work Work load is heavy The Place where you go for work is faraway Getting Job Card is easy Working equipment are at high level (working materials) Drinking Water is not sufficient in their work site Consolation provided by the NREGA is very high Working days or period is suitable and sufficient Source: Primary Data Table 21 represents the matrix of common factor coefficients or factor loadings. The number of factors was extracted five. The rations which have the highest loading ( =0.50) in each factor each grouped, that is, rations which are more closely related to the particular groups A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 259 May 2012 IJRSS Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ are boxed. The last column in the table is communality (h2) that is the variance explained by the factors. In the following section, these results have been interpreted by carefully examining the significant loading for rations and clustering on each factor. Factor I (F1) In the first factor, variables like getting wages is quiet difficult (0.691), unable to work with full concentration and also disturbed by keep in your child beside (0.639) and compensation given by the NREGA. It is very high (0.556) and have been examined. „Getting wages is quiet difficult‟ (0.691) it has the highest significant positive loadings. Hence, factor one is characterized as “payment of wages”. Factors II (F2) The second factor consists of two variables namely women are more involvement than men (0.702) and working hours is very high (0.677) of the two variables, the highest significance of the positive loading is women are more involvement than men. Hence the two factors can be termed as “nature of work”. Factor III (F3) The third factor consists of three variables namely the like wages given by the NREGA is very high (0.006), After NREGA work and your economic status is high (-0.163) and they allow only one person in a family to work (0.804). The NREGA allow only one person in a family to work (0.804) has the highest significance of the positive loadings. Factor III is characterized as „working condition‟. Factor IV (F4) The fourth factor consists of the variables namely, work load is heavy (0.052), the place where you go for work is for (0.419), Getting a job card is easy (0.609) working equipment are at high level (0.564) and drinking water is not sufficient in their work side (0.449). Getting a job card is easy (0.609) to has the highest significant positive loadings. These variables are characterized as “Employees welfare measures”. Factor V (F5) A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 260 IJRSS May 2012 Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________ The last factor consists of consolation provided by NREGA is very high (0.815) and working days or period is suitable and sufficient (0.559). Hence the fifth factor can be termed as “Perquisites”. FINDINGS: 1. Majority of respondents 37 (33.60%) belong to the age group of 30-40. 2. 83 (75.45%) of the respondents are female members. 3. Majority 50 (45.5%) of the respondents are backward communities 4. Majority of the respondents 36 (32.70%) educational qualification were below at 8th standard. 5. 81 respondents (73.60%) know about the NREGA through union and Gram Panchayats 6. Majority of the respondents 93 (84.50%) are depending upon the firm work and construction work either directly or indirectly to meet the requirements of their life. 7. The Majority of the respondents 86 (78.20%) were married. 8. The Majority of the respondents 52 (47.27%) incurred monthly expenditure of the family Rs. 2500-3000. 9. The Majority 65 (59.09) of the respondents enrolled in NREGA in the year 07-08. 10. The Majority 36.40 percent of the respondents belong to nuclear family. 11. The Majority of 60% of NREGA worker opinion that daily wages are not adequate per day to meet the family expenditure. 12. The majority of 71.80 percent of respondents other sources of income through agriculture. 13. At the time of getting job card, the majority of 81.80 percent to produced the record on family card. SUGGESTIONS: A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 261 IJRSS May 2012 Volume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 _________________________________________________________  It is not sufficient to implement the facilities such as drinking water, shade for children, periods of rest and a first aid box care should be maintained property.  Temporary shelters must be built for keeping the children at the time of undertakes NREGA work.  The rough note books and diaries are issued to mark attendance and make wage payments.  The application forms are issued to the people in the government schools, pubic distributor system (PDS), Post Office, SHG to make in easer way.  NREGA team supervisors (Makkal Nala Paniyalar) should be guides the workers and motivate them to work properly.  The working days are extended to two hundred days instead of one hundred days.  It is said that workers are supposed to get at least 50% of cash even of employment is not provided in 15 days but this daily unemployment allowance should be paid properly.  On the basis of consumer price index the wage rate most be fixed by the Government.  The Panchayat create awareness among the local people about NREGA.  Special incentive also given for one who is working 100 days under NREGA work. CONCLUSION: Economics development refers to increase in the standard of living of a nation‟s population associated with sustained growth from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high-income economy. Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. The NREGA addresses itself is chiefly used to working people and their fundamental right to live with dignity. The success of the NREGA, however, will depend on people‟s realization of the Act as a right. Effective levels of awareness and sustained public pressure are crucial to ensure that the implementation problems are addressed and the objectives should be achieved. A Quarterly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 262