The landscape study from Geography. Contributions to reflections multidisciplinary practices order territorial. “It is said that the landscape is a state of mind, that whatever landscape we see with the eyes from within, it will be because those extraordinary view internal organs failed to see these plants and these hangars, these fumes that devour the sky, these toxic dusts, sludge eternal, these crusts of soot, the sweep of yesterday's trash daily, morning trash sweep of today, here would be sufficient the simple eyes of the face to teach more satisfied souls venture to doubt that supposed to indulge”. Introduction The study of landscape is approached by various disciplines it frequently arise when study objectives and thematic multi projects or multidisciplinary research or when performing diagnostics and outline proposals for intervention planning practices and land management. This paper aims to present the views from where the landscape is studied in Geography differentiating the two approaches present in the history of this discipline. The landscape was and is regarded as an object of study and / or unit of analysis from the different approaches that characterize the discipline: from historicist approaches - cultural - perceptive - symbolic of the discipline as well as positivist perspectives - spatial - systemic -environmental. Given this to conduct a study of the landscape, as with other objects of study, there is always the need to make it clear epistemological assumptions, theoretical and conceptual, methodological and procedural where research is done while maintaining consistency within the work . Considering lawful and useful reflection on the use of the term in academic, we believe that the implementation of this article can be a contribution to land to offer, professionals from other disciplines, a clarification of the different meanings that can to have the concept of landscape from Geography. 1 The landscape in the current geographical studies. Throughout the history of geography as a scientific discipline have been happening paradigm shifts-the pace of overall changes occurring in science, which can be found in literature concerning the evolution of geographical thought and theory of geography (Capel, 1981, Gomez Mendoza et al, 1982; Vila Valenti, 1983, Randle, 1984, Garcia Ramon, 1985; Haggett 1988; Buzai 1999; Valcárcel Ortega, 2000, Delgado Mahecha, 2003). From the social sciences can say that any new approach has succeeded in displacing previous approaches and, therefore, coexisted and coexist geographical schools adhere to different approaches and different visions to their frames paradigmatic epistemological, theoretical, methodological, technical and procedural. In some discussions related to the territorial organization, these different views or approaches seem to be "incommensurable paradigms" in Kuhn's words or "competing scientific research programs" in the words of Lakatos, these limitations should be overcome to achieve based on contributions to troubleshoot and provide territorial problems. In synthetic form shows that geographical studies fluctuate between two approaches or visions groups: Cutting visions historicist - romantic - cultural - perceptive - symbolic characterized by geographic studies idiographic nature which denies the possibility of human science generalizations, which is to study the unique characteristics of a particular place and especially exceptional caused by association phenomena that occur in it, which began to emphasize daily relations of individuals to their environment, where the term space is replaced by "place" or "living space", space as a social product, and where the "landscape" (cultural landscape, landscape perceived symbolic landscape - because often the natural physical landscape is completely absent in the analysis-) forms the object of study and / or the units by which discusses these specific spaces. Positivist visions – neo-positivist - naturalist - systemic - environmentalist characterized by a conception of science that studies the generalities, which seeks to establish regularities, which adheres to the hypothetical deductive method empirically by insisting on the need to go to previous theories, which uses to study methods and quantitative and qualitative methods, which uses existing spatial 2 models to build new models or theories prior to contrast particular studies. A vision which combines the spatial-locational approach-to put the emphasis on the formulation of laws governing phenomena distributions in terrestrial space-withenvironmental-ecological approach that interrelates human and environmental variables in seeking to analyze relations between man and the environment within a limited geographical area-usually from a systemic and looking for the special present she generalities regarding the study-guide and focus chorological which identifies regional and spatial units through differentiation of areas to establish the flows and relationships between them and where the landscapes are proposed as basic units for analysis, diagnosis and proposed land use model. The scenery from a cultural perspective. The landscape emerges as a study of Geography under the influence of principles proposed by the romantic movement of the second half of the nineteenth century and the historicism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century philosophies based on defined as idealists, spiritualists, vitalistic, existential, critical and opposing perspectives radical positivist scientific rationalism and rejecting the goal of stating laws, finding regularities, the claim system, determining a method. "Character is thus claimed" artistic "of geography. Geography is conceived as an aesthetic discipline, linked to the mere description unique, emotional enjoyment, to the sensitivity of the subject. It advocated geography understood as expressive art. Geography as a literary exercise, the result of a perception or overall survival, aesthetics and intuitive environment of the landscape. The region becomes region-landscape, the region is identified with the landscape and the landscape defines the region. The landscape represents a sensory point through which the subject captures the entire area, as the author mentioned, the critique of positivist approach of environmental-investment led to make a methodological and landscape geography is based on consideration of existing cultural units as the starting point of geographic inquiry on the influence of physical factors making landscape morphology in geographical research objective according to perspective historic. So then, the geography of the landscape represents the drift towards historical and cultural geography with its focus of attention in the study of landscape or landscape morphology and understood as a cultural landscape (Ortega Valcarcel, 2001). The situation of cultural geography analyzing their evolution and current view of the cultural approach has been presented in a concise and very educational by 3 Fernandez Christlieb (2006), in this work we turn to extend some issues especially for its clarity to introduce an approach which is frequently attends land studies but not in such work are clear epistemological assumptions, methodological and procedural of the same. Indicates the author cited as cultural geography is a branch of geographical science but a way to study space, a position from which the researcher notes. The cultural approach assumes then that the spatial reality is complex and that all space is the product of both natural phenomena and the social group activity. Stresses that to take the position that demands cultural geography in their comments have to be romantic because from the art and science romanticism wondered otherness, on the other, for which the method of cultural geography is to be in the "feet of others". In the analysis of the evolution of cultural geography Fernandez Christlieb (2006) shows how this cultural approach in geography renewed again in the late decade of the seventies and not reflecting on the communities but about the individuals that make up this new approach focusing time cultural perceptions of the individual mainly in English-speaking countries. Meanwhile the French did not abandon altogether the richness of the description of an emerging landscapes ethno geography referring to the way in which the various peoples ordered and reordered its territory. Before a "cultural turn" of geography and the "wave postmodern" the New Cultural Geography meant "a rethinking that took into account not only the material expressions of culture on a given area but also the symbolism that the inhabitants had some of landscape features. From the late eighties, specialists in cultural geography and not merely described, like his predecessors in Berkeley, the way in which different peoples physically marked their territory and human elements of the landscape. Also worked to understand the meaning of what is represented by individuals and the way they perceive and understand its environment. For the first time the Geography seemed to make a new life as had been suggested by macroeconomic and sociological approaches to make proposals methodical readings of landscapes. "(Fernandez Christlieb, 2006: 228). Notes the author mentioned that under this new "cultural turn" and "wave postmodern" is taken up with great force one of the most valuable traditions of German romanticism: curiosity for "the other". So then to characterize the cultural approach in geography the author believes that cultural geography studies the space by defining units called "landscape" defined as an accurate representation of a space, either as such precise space analyzed by an observer. Indicate and production of printed features are noted landscape by humans and natural forces 4 metaphors carried to the field of ontological explanation of the group itself then importing tacit or explicit agreements throughout the local community, not individual perceptions but claims group. Matter and symbolic representations in the landscape. From this cultural approach geographer seeks to understand the landscape-the production of a landscape-based primarily on participatory fieldwork of anthropology itself suggesting the need to stay in place during peak study prolonged enough to assimilate with the environment and go relatively unnoticed work also drawing maps and other representations espaciales5. It thus seeks to understand the reasons that lead to cultural group recognized at the site or place orient it, mark the location, naming and institutionalizing. The view from a systemic perspective. The landscape-as a science of analysis, also continued to exist from a perspective or approach and positivist hand Physical Geography. An analysis of the evolution of the concept of physical geography landscape from a naturalistic systems view is presented by Frolova and Bertrand (2006) in an article on Geography and paisaje6 dissemination. The authors consider the landscape as a concept that is at the iterfaz between the scientific model and representation, clarifying that: "It is the appearance of things, but they themselves are of interest to scientists therefore propose models landscape based on the interaction between various elements of space, trying to get them operational models available for use in scientific experiments. But looking for better access to the complex world around us, geographers inevitably build abstract objects and idealize reality, because the essence of the world around us is not perceived either directly, or empirically. The geographer's view directly focuses on understanding the field, in which the concrete melts into the visible. (Frolova and Bertrand, 2006: 258-259). The landscape is regarded as one of the scientific concepts "integrators" of emerging environmental geography that focus on Soviet geography. By the 1930s Soviet geography begins to address the need to analyze the "geographic complexes" or "natural territorial complexes" expression "physical-geographical process together." It mentions the geographer A. A. Grigoriev and who argues these concepts and forms of analysis, based on the study of the processes that determine the dynamics of the physical environment to be understood as the set of environmental processes that approximates the systemic paradigm, different process concept treated as binary relations between the elements of the physical 5 environment. We understand that these statements are made in line with the principle of comprehensive analysis of territory posed by the Russian soil scientist VV Dokuchaiev. Towards the end of the thirties the bio geographer Carl Troll enters horizontal space studies landscape, traditional geography, and vertical functional dimension botanists and proposes the concept of translated Landschaftsoecologie Geoecology and / or Landscape Ecology. According Bolos’ (1992) defined Troll Landscape Ecology Geo-ecology subsequently called. The assimilation of systems theory in physical geography would have resulted, as Frolova and Bertrand (2006), a conceptual renewal integrated analysis of the physical environment by introducing the concept of geosistema. Sochava Victor is mentioned as one proposed in 1978, from Russia, geosistema-theory or system of natural elements located in space-derived concepts originating in the geochemistry and geophysics of the landscape and of the theories of information and systems. Meanwhile Georges Bertrand, from France, in the seventies propose their own methodology of geographical study of the environment based on the concept of Soviet geosystem but also draws inspiration from American ecology and the German Science Landscape but geosistema adapting the concept of anthropogenic landscapes and proposing a more qualitative and humane compared with quantitative model and Soviet naturalist (Frolova and Bertrand, 2006: 264). Indicates Matthew Rodriguez (2005) that in recent decades the introduction of environmental issues and the concept of environment is not only to achieve greater integration within physical geography but also between it and human geography seeking to overcome the dichotomy Nature-Society. He argues that under the "environmental paradigm" is part of the concepts of Jean Tricart Eco geography postulated in France in 1960, the Geoecology made by Carl Troll in Germany and the Geography of Soviet geographer’s landscapes. These studies analyze geographic environmental systems understanding them as the relationship Nature - Company specific physical spaces, favoring joint spatiotemporal different categories of environmental systems taking nature as the center of the interrelationships and the concept of natural landscape as basic and fundamental category of study but by accepting this notion of natural landscape of social and cultural landscape. Thus, at the scientific structure of geography get to propose, within the General Geography-boarding a new direction: the Geoecology of Landscapes, which is added to the traditional division since object-based or thematic criteria between 6 Physical Geography and Geography human. This Geoecology of Landscapes is defined from a global and integrated based on the concepts of geosistema and landscape (from its meaning of natural landscape or anthropological training naturally) assimilating as synonymous to Geography, Landscape. According to Matthew Rodriguez, (2005) this Geoecology of Landscapes inherits the legacy of Geography and Landscape Complex Physical Geography being near the Ecogeography and Environmental Geography. Beside the Geoecology of Landscapes believes that there are two other addresses that have the landscape as its nodal concept: Landscape Ecology (like cutting mainly biological discipline) and Cultural Geography of Landscape (focusing on the socio - ecological, in perception of the landscape, and analysis of the cultural landscape) forming between the three so-called Science of Landscape. As final considerations: Landscape as land base. We have seen how the concept of landscape, very different definitions presented under geographical approach which adheres. As argued by Ramón y Muñoz Garcia Jiménez (2002) considered the landscape from approaches almost "opposite" is necessary to make it clear as we define it in terms of the conceptual and methodological implications. In the two large geographical visions raised we need to rescue and strengthen a systemic view of the landscape defined from the Geoecology and Geography, Landscape and Landscape Ecology in land management practices. Under this view, the landscape is conceived as a geosistema and seen as support of land to consider regional planning, environmental understood as a strategic instrument in order to plan and schedule the use of the territory, productive activities, the management of human settlements and social development, consistent with the natural potential of the land, the sustainable use of natural resources and human protection and environmental quality. As indicated Salinas Chavez (2010), the process of reaching landscape studies based integrated land use planning was long and meant the contribution from different disciplines: from the Earth Sciences in land management practices in public institutions and agencies in Sweden, Australia , UK, Netherlands, France, Canada, since geography with geographic contributions made by schools, initially in the former USSR, former East Germany, Eastern European countries (Poland and former Czechoslovakia) and physical geography departments and analysis regional geographic universities in Spain, Cuba, Costa Rica, Mexico and Brazil, 7 and from the Landscape Ecology with biologists, ecologists, geographers, agronomists and foresters. From multi input, or multidisciplinary landscape, as a basis for planning, "... can be considered as subject and object of human activity. Object to the extent that the landscape has a number of features that support basic socio-economic development of the territory and subject as human activity transforms it. This dual function of the landscape, it is then the foundation for understanding the natural and social dynamics from the perspective of planning. "(Salinas Chavez (2005:6-7) So then under this systemic view landscapes are used as basic units of territorial projects for analysis, diagnosis and proposed land use model will our action for research in the course de Gutenberg University . X MARIOMALBERTO RODRIGUEZ ZAMORA traslation by Professor END 8