Emploi particulier du nombre dix

The Egyptian origin of the Greek alphabetic numerals, 2003

Traditionally, it has been assumed that the Greek alphabetic numerals were independently invented in the sixth century BC. However, the author finds a remarkable structural similarity between this system and the Egyptian demotic numerals. He proposes that trade between Asia Minor and Egypt provided the context in which the Greek numerals were adopted from Egyptian models.

[Errata: Please of course read snwj instead of Snwj for the number ' two' in Ancient Egyptian] The study, using mainly comparative linguistic, establishes that several ancient Egyptian numerals are cognates of equivalents in several “Indo-European” languages, as well as in Proto “Indo-European”; i.e. that these numerals, some attested since the First Dynasty, share a common etymology for historical reasons which are yet to be unravelled and which may have been decisive in the formative process of the ancient Egyptian civilisation. It also formulates the hypothesis, despite the widely accepted ‘”African-Asiatic” (previous Hamito-Semitic”) identity of Ancient Egyptian, that there is an “Indo-European” and/or Proto “Indo-European” linguistic stratum in Ancient Egyptian which will have to be better distinguished in the future.

Peter Lang, 2022

Introduction and front matter to Number Names, The Magic Square Divination of Cai Chen 蔡沈 (1167-1230)

Shedet, 2023

The numbering system was an uncommon scribal practice throughout the Ancient Egyptian documents; however, it was used in some texts from different periods. So different types of numbering will be presented in this paper, such as papyrus rolls numbering, pagination, line numbering, chapter numbering, vignettes, and mummy bandages numbering…. etc. This paper will also display the methods of numbering used by the scribes throughout the Egyptian texts

An introduction to numbers and simple arithmetic as used in Ancient Egypt. Based on text from an online textbook aimed at College freshmen.

egyptian fractional numerals the grammar of egyptian nps and statements with fractional number expressions 1 Helena Lopez palma, university of a coruña abstract egyptian fractional numerals are partitive expressions of two types: (a) a simple substantive specific for naming the natural fractions 'half' gÈ, 'quarter' HÈb, 'third' r, 'two thirds' r.wj. (b) a complex partitive numeral formed with the substantive r 'part' and a number, r-num (meaning 'the nth-part'), which became generalized – also for 'quarter' and 'third' – as the standard Middle egyptian denomination for fractional numbers. fractional numerals documented in Middle egyptian hieratic mathematical papyri are related to their argument by means of geni-tival syntax: gÈ n r.wj 'half of two parts'; oHo, r.wj=f 'a quantity, two parts of it'. We propose a syntactic structure for Egyptian fractional numerals that specifies the lexical and grammatical categories and the linguistic operations used to build the numeral and its relation with the argument operated over.

The Egyptian Demotic and Late Hieratic numerals are seen as the origin of the Hindu-Arabic numerals and Demotic ephemerides, similar to the Stobart Tables, are put forward as the means of conveyance of these numerals.

Signs of Writing: The Cultural, Social, and Linguistic Contexts of the World’s First Writing Systems, 2014

Across multiple disciplines, written numerical notation is a topic of keen interest, yet several unresolved issues in its analysis are either elided or taken as settled. Numerical notation is a complex phenomenon with multiple independent histories—more than 100 distinct systems used over the past 5,500 years, interweaving with, rather than strictly paralleling, the histories of writing systems. Social, semiotic, and cognitive approaches are brought to bear on six incompletely answered questions about numeration in relation to the earliest writing. Is numerical notation a necessary precursor to writing? Does the earliest numerical notation initially serve a bookkeeping function for early states? What is the relationship between tallying and numerical notation? Does the use of numerical notation change human cognition about the domain of number? How does the emergence of numerical notation relate to linguistic representations of number? Finally, among all domains of knowledge, why is number so widely represented using graphic notations? Recognizing that these issues are not resolved, and identifying different possible resolutions, must be preliminary to fully integrating numerical notation within the broader history of writing.

A concise account of the early history of numbers and numerals