सक्षम भारत ममशन
EnglishWale.com
presents
SPOKEN
English Guru
English Speaking eBook
YouTube Video Lectures ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks uhps fn;s fyad ij fDyd dfj, www.YouTube.com/c/SpokenEnglishGuru
Fully Revised & Reprint Edition: Year 2018-19
(Designed & Developed by a Team of Englishwale.com Professionals; comprising British
Grammar Experts, Call Center Voice & Accent Trainers, TOEFL/IELTS Trainers)
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TradeMark & Book copyright © 2016-19, All rights reserved – Englishwale.com
ISBN – 9788193074305
1
esjs fiz; fo|kfFkZ;ksa]
eSa vki lHkh dk “Spoken English Guru” YouTube channel dh
bl bafXy‛k Lihfdax dkslZ bZ&cqd esa Lokxr djrk g¡wA
vki lHkh ds fy, cukbZ x;h bl bZ&cqd esa eSaus gj lEHko iz;kl fd;k gS fd
vkidks gj VkWfid vPNs ls le>k ikš] dkWUlsIV ds lkFk&2 izSfDVl ,Dljlkbt+ o VSLV
isilZ ds t+fj,A tc Hkh vki esjk dksbZ Hkh ohfM;ks ySDpj YouTube ij ns[krs gS]a rks
mlds ckn bl bZ&cqd ls izSfDVl t+:j fd;k dfj,] rkfd ml VkWfid ij vkidh idM+
etcwr gks ik;sA
vkt Hkh dbZ ,sls xk¡o o NksVs ‚kgj gSa tgk¡ bafXy‛k lh[kus ds fy, vPNs bafLVV~;wV
ugha gSa vkSj fgUnh ehfM;e Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys cPpksa dks rks ekgkSy rd ugha fey ikrkA
eSa ;s le> ldrk gw¡ D;ksafd eSaus Hkh ml nkSj dks eglwl fd;k gSA
,d xjhc o fefMy Dykl O;fDr ds thou esa f‛k{kk gh ,dek™k t+fj;k gS viuh
[kqn dh igpku cukus dk vkSj bl la?k’kZ esa bafXy‛k dk egRo dkSu ugha tkurkA ns‛k ds
dbZ ,sls cPpksa dks bafXy‛k fl[kkus esa eSa viuk NksVk lk ;ksxnku ns ikÅ¡] pkgs
YouTube ds ek/;e ls ;k fQj viuh bl fdrkc ds ek/;e ls] cl ;gh esjk y{; gSA
blh lksp us tUe fn;k & EnglishWale.com vkSj “Spoken English Guru”
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vkils cl bruh lh vihy gS fd bl bZ&cqd dks gj xk¡o o ‚kgj rd igq¡pkus esa
esjh enn dfj,A WhatsApp vkSj Facebook ds ek/;e ls ‚ks;j o QkWjoMZ dfj,]
D;k irk vkidk o esjk ,d NksVk lk iz;kl fdlh ds thou ds fy, egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksA
vkids lg;ksx ds fy, fny ls /kU;oknA
vkids vkHkkjh]
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2
Course Content (dkslZ dh varoZLrq)
Lesson ¼ikB½
(Page No.)
1) Before we start ¼‚kq#vkr djus ls igys½
Letters of Hindi & English Alphabet ¼fgUnh o vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds v{kj@o.kZ½
Greeting ¼vfHkoknu½
Manners ¼f‛k’Vkpkj½
What is the time? ¼le; fdruk gqvk½ & vaxzst+h esa le; crkuk
Numerals & Their Pronunciations ¼la[;k,¡ o muds mPpkj.k½
Punctuation Marks ¼fojke fpUg½
Seven Days of a Week ¼g¶rs ds lkr fnu½
Twelve Months of a year ¼lky ds ckjg eghus½
8-17
2) Few Basics of English (vaxzsth+ dh dqN ewy ckrsa)
Sentences & Their Types ( okD; o mlds izdkj½
Parts of a sentence ¼fdlh okD; ds Hkkx½
18-28
Subjects Types ¼Subjects(drkZ) ds izdkj½
1st Person, 2nd Person, 3rd Person “Singular-Plural” Concept
Use of “This, That, These, Those” ¼“This, That, These, Those” dk iz;ksx½
Difference between Living & Non Living ¼ltho o futhZo ds chp QdZ½
Use of Apostrophe s ¼ ‟s dk iz;ksx ½
Let‟s cram a few things ¼vkb, dqN pht+sa jV ysa½
3) Pronunciation ¼izuufl,‛ku½ & mPpkj.k
Pronunciation of vowels ¼Lojksa dk mPpkj.k½
Sound of „A‟ („A‟ dh /ofu½
Sound of „E‟ („E‟ dh /ofu½
Sound of „I‟ („I‟ dh /ofu½
Sound of „O‟ („O‟ dh /ofu½
Sound of „U‟ („U‟ dh /ofu½
Miscellaneous Pronunciation ¼fofo/k mPpkj.k½
Pronunciation of “l” and “'k” ¼“l” vkSj “'k” dk mPpkj.k½
Sound of “'k” - Few exceptions (‚k dh /ofu & dqN viokn½
Sound of “t”, “t+” and “'k+” (“t”, “t+” vkSj “'k+”dh /ofu½
29-35
Words starting with „S‟, not followed by „h‟
4)
5)
6)
7)
(„S‟ ls ‚kq# gksus okys ‚kCn ftuesa „S‟ ds rqjUr ckn „h‟ u vk;s½
Sound of TH – „da‟ & „tha‟ (TH dk mPpkj.k & „n‟ vkSj „Fk‟)
„S‟ follows „tion‟ – Sound „shcha‟ („S‟ ds ckn „tion‟ gks & ^‚p^ dh /ofu½
Pronunciation of „C‟ – „sa‟ & „ka‟) ( „C‟ dk mPpkj.k & ^l^ vkSj ^d^½
Pronunciation of „G‟ – „ga‟ & „ja‟) ( „G‟ dk mPpkj.k & ^x^ vkSj ^t^½
Vocabulary & Pronunciation Exercises & ‚kCnkoyh ,oa mPpkj.k dk vH;kl
WH Family (WH ifjokj½
Parts of Speech- ‚kCn Hksn
Noun ¼laKk½
Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk½
3
36-49
50-52
53
54-58
Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk½
Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½
Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk½
Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk½
Gerund¼tSjUM½ & ¼fØ;kokpd laKk½
Countable & Uncountable Noun ¼x.kuh; o vx.kuh; laKk½
The Noun: Gender (fyax)
The Noun: Number ¼opu½
The Noun: Always ending with „s‟ ¼ftuds vUr esa „s‟ gks½
8) Pronoun ¼loZuke½
Subjective, Objective, Possessive & Reflexive Pronoun
Difference between possessive cases e.g. My – Mine, Our – Ours
9) Adjective ¼fo‛ks’k.k½
Three degrees of adjectives - Use of „er‟ / „est‟
Three degrees of adjectives - Use of more/most
Three degrees of adjectives - Irregular pattern
10) Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½
Types of Verbs - Main Verb & Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb
59-60
61-63
64-67
¼fØ;k ds izdkj & eq[; fØ;k ,oa lgk;d fØ;k½
Three forms of the verbs ¼fØ;kvksa ds rhu #i½
11) Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k½
68-71
Three degrees of adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa dh rhu Jsf.k;k¡½
Few Examples of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k½
12) Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½
72
13) Articles (A{,}, An{,su}, The{n ;k nh})
73-77
When to use „A‟ and when to use „An‟ ¼dgk¡ ij „A‟ vkSj dgk¡ ij „An‟½
How to pronounce – „the‟ or „thee‟ (“The” dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa½
When to use „The‟ („The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij½
When not to use „The‟ („The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha½
14) Prepositions ¼lEcU/k lwpd vO;; vFkok iwoZlxZ½
78-92
15) Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & ¼fu/kkZjd½
93-95
Articles (A, An, The)
Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its)
Quantifiers (Each, Every, Few, Some, Little, Any, All, More, Less etc.)
16) Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½
96-109
Simple Present
Category I: „Is/Am/Are‟
Category II: „Has/Have‟
Simple Past
Category I: „Was/Were‟
Category II: „Had‟
Simple Future
Category I: „Will be‟
4
Category II: „Will have‟
Simple Sentences-Practice Exercise
Simple Sentences-Test Papers
17) There ¼nsvj½
Concept
Concept No 1
Concept No 2
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
18) Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
19) Tense & ¼dky½
Concept
Present Indefinite Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Indefinite Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Indefinite Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
20) It ¼bV½ & ¼;g] ;s½
Concept
Concept No 1
Concept No 2
Concept No 3
Concept No 4
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
21) Modals ¼eksMkYl½ & #ikRed fØ;k,¡
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
22) Conjunctions ¼dutaD‛kUl½ & leqPp; cks/kd vO;;
Concept
Practice Exercise
5
110-117
118-123
124-156
157-166
167-178
179-202
Test Papers
23) Imperative Sentences & ¼vkKklwpd okD;½
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
24) Let & ¼djus nsuk½
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
25) Causative Verbs (Get & Make)
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
26) Active & Passive Voice
Concept
Passive of „Tenses‟
Passive of „Modals‟
Passive of „Let‟
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
27) Special Cases
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
28) Fillers
29) Question Tags
30) Phrasal Verbs
31) Prepositional Phrases
32) Confusing Similar Words ¼Hkzfer djus okys ,d tSls ‚kCn½
Exercise – I
Exercise – II
33) One Word Substitution ¼iwjk okD; flQZ ,d ‚kCn es½a
34) Special & Complex Sentences
35) Extensive Translation Exercise
36) Objective Exercises
Verbs
Articles
Prepositions
37) Sentence Correction Exercises
Exercise – I
Exercise – II
38) Mixed Practice Exercises
39) Mixed Test Papers
40) Translation Exercises
6
203-210
211-218
219-226
227-239
240-249
250
251-252
253-260
261-262
263-268
269-270
271-282
283-294
295-307
308-319
320-321
322-331
332-337
English to Hindi Translation Exercises
Hindi to English Translation Exercises
41) Written Conversations
338-364
Conversation-1 ¼okrkZyki & 1½ & Rakesh at Dr. Bansal‟s Clinic
Conversation-2 ¼okrkZyki & 2½ & Shopping (Seema is buying a Teddy Bear)
Conversation-3 ¼okrkZyki & 3½ & Teacher & Student
Conversation-4 ¼okrkZyki & 4½ & Two friends: Sagar & Kamal
Conversation-5 ¼okrkZyki & 5½ & Two friends: Ram & Shyam
Conversation-6 ¼okrkZyki & 6½ & Rohit & Shalini
Conversation-7 ¼okrkZyki & 7½ & Teacher & Student (Priya)
Conversation-8 ¼okrkZyki & 8½ & Gyming
Conversation-9 ¼okrkZyki & 9½ & Living away from Home
Conversation-10 ¼okrkZyki & 10½ & Mr. Goyal & his servent
Conversation-11 ¼okrkZyki & 11½ & A Family
Conversation-12 ¼okrkZyki & 12½ & Brother & Sister
Conversation-13 ¼okrkZyki & 13½ & Two friends
Conversation-14 ¼okrkZyki & 14½ & Professor & his student
Conversation-15 ¼okrkZyki & 15½ & Two passengers
Conversation-16 ¼okrkZyki & 16½ & Two friends over the phone
Conversation-17 ¼okrkZyki & 17½ & Banker & Customer
Conversation-18 ¼okrkZyki & 18½ & Bus conductor & Aman
Conversation-19 ¼okrkZyki & 19½ & Manager & his employee Pooja
Conversation-20 ¼okrkZyki & 20½ & Shopping (Ruby is purchasing a suit)
Conversation-21 ¼okrkZyki & 21½ & A family conversation
Conversation-22 ¼okrkZyki & 22½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Pavitra (Student)
Conversation-23 ¼okrkZyki & 23½ & Sagar at Doctor‟s clinic
Conversation-24 ¼okrkZyki & 24½ & Two friends (Ravi & Saleem)
Conversation-25 ¼okrkZyki & 25½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Vivek (Student)
Conversation-26 ¼okrkZyki & 26½ & Abhishek & Ayushi (Chat on a social site)
Conversation-27 ¼okrkZyki & 27½ & Friends (Boby, Himanshu, Nikhil, Sagar)
Conversation-28 ¼okrkZyki & 28½ & Husband & Wife
Conversation-29 ¼okrkZyki & 29½ & Bikrant & his uncle (Pushkar Singh Rana)
Conversation-30 ¼okrkZyki & 30½ & Families meeting in a party.
42) Few Passages
365-367
43) Idioms & Proverbs
368-371
44) Englishwale Certification - Written/Telephonic/Recording Assessment
372
45) Written Interviews
373-381
46) English – Hindi Dictionary (vaxzst+h&fgUnh “kCndks”k)
382-400
7
Lesson – 1
Before we start (‚kq#vkr djus ls igys)
vkb,] bl dkslZ ds Concept pSIVlZ dks ‚kq# djus ls igys ge vkidks vaxzst+h Hkk’kk dh dqN NksVh&2 ckrksa
dh tkudkjh nsAa
Before we start concept chapters, we would like to let you know about a few basics of
English language.
vkils gekjk igyk iz‛u gS fd vaxzst+h esa fdrus Alphabet gksrs gSa \ gesa mEehn gS fd vkiesa ls dbZ dgsx
a s 26A ;g lgh
mŸkj ugha gSA lgh mŸkj gS & ,d (one). Alphabet rks dsoy ,d ‚kCn (word) gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS o.kZekykA
Alphabet ¼o.kZekyk½ rks ,d gh gS] 26 rks v{kj@o.kZ (letters) gksrs gSaA
Our first question to you is “How many alphabets are there in English?” Most of you would answer
“26”. Not really! The correct answer is 1. Why so???? You must wonder!! Alphabet is just a name
given to the group of all the Letters in a language; comprising vowels & consonants.
vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa dqy 26 v{kj@o.kZ gksrs gSa (There are 26 letters in English Alphabet) –
A
,
P
ih
B
ch
Q
D;w
C
lh
R
vkj
D
Mh
S
,sl
E
bZ
T
Vh
F
,sQ
U
;w
G
th
V
oh
H
,p
W
MCY;w
I
vkb
X
,sDl
J
ts
Y
ok;
K
ds
Z
t+SM
L
,sy
M
,se
N
,su
O
vks
vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & Loj (vowel) o O;atu (consonant)
: There are 5 vowels. ¼5 Loj gksrs gSa½ & a, e, i, o, u
Vowels (Loj)
Consonants (O;atu)
: Rest 21 are consonants. ¼ckdh cps 21 O;atu dgykrs gSa½
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
fgUnh o.kZekyk esa dqy 46 o.kZ gksrs gSa &
There are 46 letters in Hindi Alphabet –
fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu (Hindi‟s vowels and consonants)
Loj (Vowels)
v
a
vk
aa
b
e/i
Ã
ee
m
u/o
Å
,
oo/u e/ai
,s
ai
vks
o
d
ka
[k
kh
x
ga
?k
gha
³
nga
p
cha
N
chha
t
ja
÷k
jha
u
na
i
pa
Q
pha/fa
c
ba
Hk
bha
=
tra
K
gya
vkS
au/ou
va
ang
v%
ah
´
yan
V
ta
B
tha
M
da
<
dha
e
ma
;
ya
j
ra
y
la
o
va/wa
O;atu (Consonants)
r
Fk
n
th/t th/tha da/th
‘k
sh
l
sa
g
ha
Ëk
dha
{k
ksh
8
.k
ana
‚k
sh
vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gS &
–
Upper Case (Capital Letters) cM+s o.kZ
–
Lower Case (Small Letters) NksVs o.kZ
A, B, C, D, E……… W, X, Y, Z.
a, b, c, d, e……… w, x, y, z.
vaxzst+h ds Loj vkSj O;atu ds lkFk lkFk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu dh tkudkjh gksuk Hkh csgn t+#jh gSA tc ge vkidks
Articles Chapter i<+k;saxs rks fcuk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu tkus vki dHkh lgh Article (A, An, The) dk iz;ksx
ugha dj ik;saxsA “The” dks “n” vkSj “nh” nksuksa rjhds ls cksyk tkrk gS ij dgk¡ “n” cksyuk gS vkSj dgk¡ “nh”, ;s Hkh vki
“Article” chapter esa i<+sxs ij fcuk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu tkus ;s lEHko gh ugha gSA
You must know about vowels & consonants of Hindi Alphabet as well, because when we‟ll teach
you about “Articles” i.e. A, An, The; you would understand how significant it is to know about it.
Ë;ku nhft, (Please pay attention) &
fiNys ist esa geus crk;k fd “Å” dks “oo/u” fy[ksaxsA ij vxj vki ns[ksa rks ,d ‚kCn gS “cook”. ;gk¡ ij “oo” gS ij
bldk mPpkj.k “dwd” ugha cfYd “dqd” gSA ;kfu cM+h “Å” ugha cfYd NksVh “m” dk iz;ksx gqvkA blls ;s irk pyrk gS
fd gj ckj fl[kk;k x;k fu;e gh lgh ugha gksrk] dbZ viokn (exceptions) Hkh gksrs gSaA
¼t+½
vkSj dgha ij ÞtÞ ds
blh rjg vkius ns[kk gksxk fd dgha ij ÞtÞ ds uhps ,d fcUnq yxk;k gksrk gS tSls
uhps fcUnq ugha gksrkA nksuksa ds mPpkj.k esa cgqr T+;knk QdZ gksrk gS !
‚kCnksa ds mPpkj.k (Pronunciation) dks vki vkus okys Pronunciation pSIVj esa foLrkj (detail) ls i<+us okys gSaA
D;k vki tkurs gSa (Do you know?) &
v{kjksa ls feydj 'kCn curk gSA
'kCnksa ls feydj okD; curk gSA
okD;ksa ls feydj iSjkxzkQ curk gSA
Letters form a word.
Words form a sentence.
Sentences form a paragraph.
mnkgj.k &
“Mojib is a good guy. He is my best friend. I love him a lot.”
Åij fn;s x;s iSjkxzkQ esa rhu okD; gSa & There are 3 sentences in above paragraph 1) Mojib is a good guy. 2) He is my best friend. 3) I love him a lot.
15 ‚kCn vkSj 43 v{kj gSaA There are 15 words and 43 letters.
Mojib
Is
A
Good
Guy
He
Is
My
Best
Friend
I
Love
Him
A
lot
vfHkoknu (Greeting)
vfHkoknu dk rjhdk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ftl O;fDr dk vki vfHkoknu djuk pkgrs gSa oks vkils mez es]a fj‛rs
esa ;k fQj vksgns esa cM+k gS] NksVk gS ;k fQj gemez ;kfu leku mez dk gSA
Choosing words while Greeting someone depends on the age, relation and position of
the person whom you need to greet at time.
vDlj vius ls cM+s o ftuls vki T+;knk reht+ ls is‛k vkrs gSa tSls eqgYys ds dksbZ vady vkaVh] vkWfQl esa ckWl ;k dksbZ
lhfu;j] muds lkFk vkidks le; ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, &
9
lqcg ls ysdj nksigj 12 cts rd&
Good Morning (feyus ij)
Bye / Take care / See you / Have a nice day (fonk ysus ij)
nksigj 12 cts ls ysdj ‚kke 5 cts rd& Good Afternoon (feyus ij)
Bye / Take care / See you / Have a nice day (fonk ysus ij)
‚kke 5 cts ls lksus rd&
Good Evening (feyus ij)
Good Night / Take care / Bye / See you (fonk ysus ij)
eku yhft, vki jkr ds 8 cts fdlh ls feys rks feyrs oDr D;k dgsx
a s \ ;s er lksfp, fd vaËksjk gks x;k gS rks vki
Good night dgsx
a sA tSlk crk;k x;k gS fd jkr ds 11 cts Hkh vxj vfHkoknu djuk iM+s rks feyus ij Good
Evening gh dguk gksxk vkSj fonk ysus ij Good Night dguk lcls csgrj fodYi gSA
gk¡] vxj vki vius fdlh nksLr ;k HkkbZ&cgu ;k fQj dksbZ [kkl ftlds lkFk vki cgqr frank gksa ;k fQj vkils mez esa
;k vksgns (position) esa NksVk dksbZ] ls feysa rks vki Hi, Hello dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
Basically, if you need to be formal with someone whom you greet, you can use Good
Morning / Good Afternoon / Good Evening, however in informal/casual meet, you can
certainly use “Hi”, “Hello” etc.
f‛k’Vkpkj (Manners)
vPNs f‛k’Vkpkj dks fn[kkus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk csgn Ë;ku j[ksa &
To show your good manners, keep in mind –
1- vki fdlh ls dqN ek¡x jgs gksa rks “Please”, “Kindly” tSls ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx dfj,A
If you are asking someone for something, use “Please”, “Kindly” sort of words.
2- vkidks dqN fn;k x;k ;k vkidh fdlh ckr dks egRo fn;k x;k rks “Thanks” dguk er Hkwfy,A
If your were given something or given importance , always say “Thanks”.
( “Thank you” is more formal than “Thanks”.)
3- vxj dksbZ vkidk /kU;okn djs rks dgsa “Welcome” ;k “Mention not” ;k “My pleasure” ;k “It‟s
ok” vkfnA
If someone thanks you for something, you can say: “Welcome”, “Mention not”, “My
pleasure”, “It‟s ok”, “It‟s alright” etc.
4- tc vki fdlh ls Qksu ij ckr dj jgs gksa vkSj dksbZ ckr ;k ‚kCn vki lqu ugha ik;s rks dqN bl rjg dfg, &
“I beg your pardon” ;k “I am sorry” ;k “I didn‟t get it” ;k “Excuse me” ;k uezrk ls dg
ldrs gSa “Will you please repeat, I didn‟t get you” vkfnA
While talking over the phone, if you couldn‟t hear something, you can say – “I beg
your pardon” or “I am sorry” or “I didn‟t get it” or “Excuse me” or you may politely
say “Will you please repeat, I didn‟t get you” etc.
5- vki fdlh efgyk ;k fdlh vius ls cM+s dks ;k fdlh cqtqxZ dks jkLrk nsrs oDr dgsa & “After you” bldk vFkZ
gS fd vki dguk pkgrs gSa igys vki] fQj eSaA
While giving a way/path to a lady, someone older/elder or elderly person, politely
say “After you”. It simply implies that you respect that person and gives him/her
more importance than yourself.
10
6- vxj dksbZ vkils iwNs “How are you?” rks vkerkSj ij vki dgrs gSa “I am fine.” ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk
vkidks ml O;fDr dk gky pky Hkh iwNuk pkfg,A vki dg ldrs gSa & “I am fine. What about you?”
;k “Great. You tell?” ;k “Fine and you?” vkfnA
If someone asks you “How are you?”; it‟s pretty common, you say “I am fine.” But it‟s
better to ask him/her as well about how he/she is. You can rather say - “I am fine.
What about you?” or “Great. You tell?” or “Fine and you?” etc.
7- vxj vki fdlh dh ckr chp esa gh jksddj viuh ckr dguk pkgsa rks dqN bl rjg dfg, & “Sorry to
interrupt you” or “Sorry to intervene” vkSj tc oks O;fDr vki ij /;ku ns rks viuh ckr jf[k,A
If you wish to cut someone short or interrupt, say politely – “Sorry to interrupt you”
or “Sorry to intervene” and then proceed.
tc vki yksxksa ds lkFk ckr djrs gSa vkSj vPNk O;ogkj fn[kkrs gSa rks vkidks lekt esa bT+t+r nh tkrh gSA ;s Hkh ;kn jgs
fd dsoy bu ‚kCnksa ;k okD;k‛kksa dk iz;ksx djuk gh dkQh ugha] cfYd tks Hkh cksysa] uezrk vkSj izse ls cksyAsa f‛k’Vkpkj ;gha
ij [kRe ugha gksrk] cfYd tSls&2 oDr ds lkFk vki vaxzsth Hkk’kk dh xgjkbZ dks vkSj csgrj le÷ksaxs] dbZ u;h ckrsa vkids
lkeus vk;saxhA
When you behave civilized & cultured, you are given respect in society. Just a mere use of
such words or phrases is not enough, you need to be polite and humble in your speaking as
well. It doesn‟t end here, rather newer ideas will emerge with time when you delve more
into this foreign language.
le; fdruk gqvk (What is the time?)
vkb, lh[ksa fd vxj dksbZ vkils iwNs fd “fdrus cts gSa \” rks bafXy‛k esa vki dSls crk;saxsA fgUnh esa vki dqN bl rjg
dgrs gSa & “ik¡p cts gSa” ;k “ik¡p ctdj nl feuV” ;k “lkr ctus esa nks feuV” ;k “lok nks” ;k “lk<+s rhu” vkfnA
igys lef÷k, &
vc lef÷k, &
2 cts dks dgsaxs & 2 o‟clock ( 2 vks DykWd)
11 cts dks dgsaxs & 11 o‟clock ( 11 vks DykWd)
7 cts dks dgsaxs & 7 o‟clock ( 7 vks DykWd)
“brus ctdj brus feuV” dk QkWeqZyk gS & { feuV + past + ?k.Vk }
vxj vkidks dguk gS “ik¡p ctdj nl feuV” gq, gSaA lksfp, feuV fdrus gq, gSa & 10 vkSj ?kaVs fdrus gq, gSa & 5 rks
QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 10 past 5.
vxj
vxj
vxj
vxj
“vkB ctdj chl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
“lkr ctdj iPphl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
“nks ctdj ckbZl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
“ik¡p ctdj N% feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
&
&
&
&
20 past 8. V~oUs Vh ikLV ,sV
25 past 7. V~osUVh Q+kbo ikLV lsou
22 past 2. V~osUVh Vw ikLV Vw
6 past 5. flDl ikLV Q+kbo
“brus ctus esa brus feuV” dk QkWeZqyk gS & { feuV + to + ?k.Vk }
vxj vkidks dguk gS “ik¡p ctus esa nl feuV” gSaA lksfp, feuV fdrus cps gSa & 10 vkSj dkSu lk ?kaVk gksus ds fy, &
5 rks QkWeZwys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 10 to 5.
vxj
vxj
vxj
vxj
“vkB ctus esa chl feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
“nks ctus esa ckjg feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
“X;kjg ctus eas ckjg feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
“rhu ctus es ik¡p feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
11
&
&
&
&
20 to 8.
12 to 2.
12 to 11.
5 to 3.
V~osUVh Vq ,V
V~osYo Vq Vw
V~osYo Vq bysou
Q+kbo Vq Fkzh
uksV & 1 ?kaVs esa 60 feuV gksrs gSaA 60 feuV dk vk/kk 30 feuV gksrk gS blfy, 30 feuV dks gkQ (half) dgrs gSa vkSj
30 feuV dk Hkh vk/kk 15 feuV gksrk gS blfy, 15 feuV dks DokVj (quarter) dgrs gSaA lef÷k, &
tSlk fd vkius i<+k
vxj “vkB ctdj iUnzg feuV” ;kfu “lok vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 15 past 8 ¼fQ+¶Vhu ikLV ,V½
;gk¡ ij 15¼fQ+¶Vhu½ dh txg vki DokVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gSa
& Quarter past 8 ¼DokVj ikLV ,V½
blh rjg
vxj “vkB ctus esa iUnzg feuV” ;kfu “ikSus vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 15 to 8. ¼fQ+¶Vhu Vq ,V½
;gk¡ ij 15¼fQ+¶Vhu½ dh txg vki DokVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gSa
& Quarter to 8 ¼DokVj Vq ,V½
Bhd blh rjg
vxj “vkB ctdj rhl feuV” ;kfu “lk<+s vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 30 past 8. ¼FkVhZ ikLV ,V½
;gk¡ ij 30¼FkVhZ½ dh txg vki gkQ+ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gSa
& Half past 8 ¼gkQ+ ikLV ,V½
vxj dkWUlSIV dks i<+dj le÷kus esa t+jk Hkh fnDdr vk jgh gks rks ?kcjkb, ugha ] uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.k le÷kus dk iz;Ru
djs]a vkWfM;ks ySDpj Hkh lqfu;s] fQ+j Hkh dksbZ ijs‛kkuh vk;s rks www.englishwale.com ds LVwMSUV gSYiMSLd esa viuk
iz‛u jf[k;s ;k gesa bZesy ds t+fj, lEidZ dfj;sA
vkb, ns[ksa dqN mnkgj.k &
11 cts
5 cts
7 cts
11 ctdj chl feuV
1 ctus esa lkr feuV
2 ctdj rhl feuV
lok vkB
10 ctus esa 10 feuV
ikSus 5
lk<+s 10
<kbZ cts
– 11 o‟clock
– 5 o‟clock
– 7 o‟clock
– 20 past 11
– 7 to 1
– Half past 2 ;k Half to 3
(D;ksafd 2 ctdj rhl feuV dks 3 ctus esa rhl feuV Hkh rks dg ldrs gSaA)
– 15 past 8
– 10 to 10
– Quarter to 5
– Half past 10
– Half past 2
jkr ds ckjg cts ds ckn ls nksigj ds ckjg cts ls igys rd ds le; ds lkFk “AM” dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa tcfd
nksigj ds ckjg cts ds ckn ls jkr ds ckjg cts ls igys rd ds le; ds lkFk “PM” dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
jkr ds 12 cts
jkr ds 1 cts
lqcg ds 5 cts
lqcg ds 10 cts
lqcg ds 11 cts
lqcg ds 11 ctdj 59 feuV
- 12 AM
- 1 AM
- 5 AM
- 10 AM
- 11 AM
- 11.59 AM
nksigj ds 12 cts
nksigj ds 1 cts
‚kke ds 5 cts
‚kke ds 7 cts
jkr ds 11 cts
jkr ds 11 ctdj 59 feuV
12
- 12 PM
- 1 PM
- 5 PM
- 7 PM
- 11 PM
- 11.59 PM
la[;k,¡ o muds mPpkj.k (Numerals & their Pronunciations)
(ou)
(Vw)
(Fkzh)
(Q+ksj)
(Q+kbo)
(flDl)
(lSou)
(,V)
(ukbu)
(VSu)
(bySou)
(V~oSYo)
(FkVhZu)
(Q+ksVhZu)
,d
nks
rhu
pkj
ik¡p
N%
lkr
vkB
ukS
nl
X;kjg
ckjg
rsjg
pkSng
1000
Thousand
100000
Lac / Lakh
1000000
Ten Lacs
10000000 Crore
1000000000 Arab
(Fkkmt+SUM)
(ySd@yS[k )
(VSu ySDl)
(djksj)
(vjc)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
Twenty
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Sixty
Seventy
Eighty
Ninety
Hundred
(fQ+¶Vhu)
(flDlVhu)
(lSouVhu)
(,Vhu)
(ukbuVhu)
(V~osUVh)
(FkVhZ)
(Q+kWVhZ)
(fQ+¶Vh)
(flDlVh)
(lSouVh)
(,Vh)
(ukbuVh)
(gUMªSM)
iUnzg
lksyg
l«kg
vBkjg
mUuhl
chl
rhl
pkyhl
ipkl
lkB
lRrj
vLlh
uCcs
lkS
gt+kj
yk[k
nl yk[k ;k ,d fefy;u (Million)
djksM+
vjc ;k ,d fcfy;u (Billion)
vki dkSu lh Dykl esa gSa & Which class you are in –
First
1st
Second
2nd
Third
3rd
Fourth
4th
Fifth
5th
Sixth
6th
;k fQj (or in)
Graduation
Post Graduation
Q+LVZ
lsdM
a
FkMZ
Q+ksFkZ
fQ+¶Fk
flDlFk
igyh
nwljh
rhljh
pkSFkh
ik¡poh
NBh
Seventh
Eight
Nineth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelth
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
lSoUFk
,V~Fk
ukbUFk
VSaFk
bySoUFk
V~oSYFk
lkroha
vkBoha
uoha
nloha
X;kjgoha
ckjgoha
xzStq,‛ku
Lukrd
iksLV xzStq,‛ku LukrdksŸkj
fxykl fdruk Hkjk gS & How much is the glass filled –
1/2
1/3
1/4
Half
vk/kk
One third ,d frgkbZ
One fourth ,d pkSFkkbZ
1/5
2/3
3/4
One fifth
Two third
Three fourth
,d dk ik¡pok Hkkx
nks frgkbZ
rhu pkSFkkbZ
fdrus xquk gS & “How fold” or “How many time” ,d xquk
nks xquk ¼nqxquk½
rhu xquk
,d xquk
flaxy
Mcy ;k V~okbl ;k Vw Q+kYs M
Fkzh Vkbe ;k Fkzh Q+ksYM ;k Fkzkbl
Q+ksj Vkbe ;k Q+ksj Q+ksYM
Single
Double / Twice / Two fold
Three times/ Three fold/ Thrice
Four times/ Four fold
13
fojke fpUg (Punctuation Marks)
fdlh Hkh ckr dks fy[krs oDr fojke fpUg dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ jksy gksrk gSA fojke fpUgksa ds ek/;e ls okD; ds izdkj o
Bgjko (Pauses & Stops) dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA fdlh ds }kjk dgh x;h ckr dks flQZ fy[k nsus ls ;g irk ugha
pyrk fd og ckr fdl vankt+ esa cksyh x;hA fojke fpUgksa ds ek/;e ls ;g irk py tkrk gS fd og okD; pkSadrs gq,
cksyk x;k ;k fQj dqN iwNk x;k ;k dqN crk;k x;kA vkb,] dqN izk;% iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys fojke fpUgksa dks i<+rs gSa &
1) Question Mark Dos‛pu ekdZ ( ? ) – iz‛uokpd fpUg
;g fpUg iz‛uokpd okD;ksa ds vUr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSsls fd &
This mark is used at the end of Interrogative Sentences. For example -
a) Who are you?
b) What is he doing?
c) Do you love your mom?
2) Exclamation Mark
gw vkj ;w \
oV bt+ gh Mwbax \
Mq ;w yo ;kSj ekWe \
rqe dkSu gks \
oks D;k dj jgk gS \
D;k vki viuh eEeh ls I;kj djrs gks \
,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ ( ! ) – foLe;kfn cks/kd fpUg
;g fpUg ,sls okD;ksa ds vUr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa vPkkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr fd;k tk;sA vpkud gqbZ
fdlh ?kVuk ls eu dh Hkkoukvksa dk O;Dr gksuk tSls [kq‛kh ;k nq[k izdV djuk] gSjku gksuk] ukjkt+xh t+kfgj djuk] ‚kkck‛kh
nsuk] nqvk nsuk vkfnA uhps fn;s x;s dqN mnkgj.kksa dks ;kn dj yhft, vkSj tc ekSdk feys] iz;ksx dhft,A
Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn ns!
God bless you!
xkWM CySl ;w!
okg! ] xt+c! ] cgqr cf<+;k!
Wow! , Wonderful!
oko! oUMjQ+qy!
Hkxoku dh n;k ls!] izHkq dh —ik ls! By God‟s grace !
ck; xkWM~l xzsl!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS!] fdruk nq[kn! How sad! , How tragic!
gko lSM! gko VªSftd!
mldh bruh fgEer!
How dare he!
gko Msvj gh!
vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½ Oh honey! , Oh dear!
vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
cgqr cM+h xyrh!
Terrible mistake!
VSfjcy feLVsd!
vfo‛oluh;!] cgqr gh tcjnLr!
Incredible!, Amazing!, Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax! vkWle!
cdokl!
Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful!
,sCt+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS!
Thank God!
FkSad xkWM!
;s gqbZ u ckr! ¼thr dh [kq‛kh½
Hurry! , That‟s it!
gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
ut+j u yxs!
Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!
t+#j!] D;ksa ugha! iDdk!
Sure! , Why not!, of course!
‚;ksj! ] ok; ukWV! ] vQ+ dkst+!
‚kkckl!
Well done!
oSy Mu!
D;k [kcj gS! ¼[kq‛kh ls dguk½
What a news!
oV v U;wt+!
lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½
Really! , Is it!
fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!
cgqr&2 /kU;okn!
Thanks a lot!
FkSaDl v ykWV!
c/kkbZ gks!
Congratulations!
dkWUxzSpqys‛kUl!
D;k vkbfM;k gS!
What an idea!
oV ,su vkbfM;k!
3) Full Stop
Q+qy LVkWi ( . ) – iw.kZ fojke
Qqy LVkWi dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh ,sls okD; ds vUr esa fd;k tkrk gS tks u gh iz‛uokpd gks vkSj u gh foLe;kfn cks/kd okD;]
cfYd ftl okD; esa ckr iw.kZr% lekIr gksA QqyLVkWi yxkus dk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd okD; [kRe gks x;k gSA tSls &
14
Full stop indicates the end of a sentence; used with sentences which are neither interrogative
nor exclamatory.
eSa vk jgk g¡wA
jke vPNk yM+dk gSA
I am coming.
vkbZ ,se dfeaxA
Ram is a good boy. jke bt+ v xqM ckW;A
Qqy LVkWi dk iz;ksx Abbreviations ¼vczhfo;s‛kUl½ ds lkFk Hkh gksrk gSA vki ;s tkuuk pkgsaxs fd Abbreviations D;k
gksrs gSa \ Abbreviations fdlh Hkh ‚kCnksa ds lewg dk laf{kIr #i gksrs gSaA
Full stops are used with abbreviations too. Abbreviations are basically the short form of a
group of words. Examples are given below:
M.P. M.L.A.P.M. B.A. e.g. -
Member of Parliament
Member of Legislative Assembly
Prime Minister
Bachelor of Arts
exempli gratia (a latin word)
i.e.
etc.
id est (a latin word)
etcetera ¼,sVlSVªk½
-
lkaln
fo/kk;d
iz/kkuea«kh
vkV~Zl esa Lukrd
bldk eryc gksrk gS “for example” ;kfu “mnkgj.k
ds rkSj ij”
bldk eryc gksrk gS “that is” ;kfu “tks gaS”
bR;kfn] vkfn
eSa dbZ ;¡«k ctk ldrk g¡w mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fxVkj] flrkj] fi;Suks vkfnA
I can play many instruments e.g. Guitar, Sitar, Piano etc.
eSa dsoy 3 ;¡«k ctk ldrk g¡w tks gSa fxVkj] flrkj vkSj fi;kuksA
I can play only 3 instruments i.e. Guitar, Sitar and Piano.
4) Comma
dkSek ( , ) – vYi fojke
tc vkidks fdlh okD; dks cksyrs gq, chp esa t+jk lk fojke nsuk gks rks dkSek dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA uhps dqN mnkgj.k
fn;s x;s gSa &
While speaking, when you need to give a short pause in a sentence, “comma” is used. Few
examples are given below:
i)
Ram, come here.
jke] ;gk¡ vkvksA
ii)
I have many friends such as Aman, Amit, Sandeep etc.
esjs dbZ nksLr gSa tSls veu] vfer] lanhi vkfnA
iii)
He will come on Monday, 20th September.
oks@og lkseokj] 20 flrEcj dks vk;sxkA
iv)
If he comes, I will not come.
vxj oks vk;k rks eSa ugha vkšxkA
v)
Ram, my best friend, is his brother.
jke] esjk lcls vPNk nksLr] mldk HkkbZ gSA
15
dksVs‛ku ekdZ
5) Quotation mark
( “ ) – ‚kq# esa At the beginning
( ” ) – vUr esa At the end
fdlh dh dgh gqbZ ckr dks dksV‛s ku ekdZ ds vUnj fy[k ldrs gSaA
Saying of someone can be written inside the quotation marks.
a) Ram said, “I am the best”.
jke us dgk] “eSa lcls vPNk g¡w”A
b) Manager says, “Customer is very important”. eSustj dgrs gSa] “dLVej cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS”A
vxj vki /;ku nsa rks dksVs‛ku ekdZ dks fy[kus dk rjhdk okD; ds ‚kq#vkr o vUr esa vyx&2 gksrk gSA okD; ds ‚kq# esa
( “ ) gS tcfd vUr esa ( ” ) gSA
If you notice, the way you write inverted comma at the beginning of the quoted sentence and
at the end of the quoted sentence; both are different.
6) Colon
dksyu
(:)
izk;% dksyu dk eryc gS “tSls fd”A dksyu dk iz;ksx vf/kdrj rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vki O;fDr;ks]a phtksa ;k txgksa
vkfn dh lwph ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa dks /;ku ls lef÷k,A
Colon is often used when you enumerate a list of persons, things, places etc. Look at the
following examples.
a) I met many people: Binita, Anjali, Kuldeep, Dimpal, and Seema.
eSa dbZ yksxksa ls feyk tSls fd fcuhrk] vatfy] dqYnhi] fMEiy vkSj lhekA
b) I have many things: book, pen, vegetables, sugar, rice etc.
esjs ikl dbZ phtsa+ gSa tSls fd fdrkc] iSu] lfCt+;k¡] phuh] pkoy bR;kfnA
7) Semicolon
lsehdksyu
( ; ) – v/kZ fojke
lsehdksyu dks le÷kus ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.k ij /;ku nsaA
Semicolon‟s basic usage can be understood through following example:
a) Meeting was held on 25th October, 2008, 15th January, 2010 and 23rd March, 2012. (Incorrect)
b) Meeting was held on 25th October, 2008; 15th January, 2010; and 23rd March, 2012. (Correct)
ehfVax 25th vDVwcj 2008] 15th tuojh 2010 vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dks gqbZA
okD; (a) xyr gS tcfd okD; (b) lghA nsf[k, ;s ckr lkQ gS fd ehfVax rhu vyx&2 fnuksa esa gqbZ : 25th vDVwcj 2008]
15th tuojh 2010 vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dksA ysfdu vxj okD; (a) dks /;ku ls ns[ksa rks dkSek ds iz;ksx dh otg ls ,slk
yxrk gS fd ehfVax rhu vyx&2 fnuksa esa ugha cfYd ik¡p vyx&2 fnuksa esa gqbZ : 25th vDVwcj dks] 2008 esa] 15th tuojh
dks] 2010 esa vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dksA blfy, okD; (b) esa 2008 ds ckn dkSek dh ctk; lsehdksyu dk iz;ksx djuk iM+kA
8) Apostrophe
(‟)-
vikslVªkWQh
vikslVªkWQh dk iz;ksx izk;% nks ekSdksa ij gksrk gS&
Apostrophe is generally used in two situations –
16
i)
ii)
tc vki dgrs gSa & jke dk] fdrkc dk] cPpksa dk] eEeh dk vkfnA bls bafXy‛k esa (possession) it+‛s ku
dgrs gSaA
jke dk & Ram‟s, fdrkc dk & Book‟s, cPpksa dk& Children‟s, eEeh dk& Mother‟s
nks ‚kCnksa dks ,d cukus ds fy,A bu nks ‚kCnksa esa ls ,d ‚kCn lgk;d fØ;k gksuh pkfg, o nwljk ‚kCn ;k rks
loZuke gks ;k “not”
To make two words one. One of these words needs to be a helping verb and the other
one either a “pronoun” or “not”
Does not
Is not
Do not
Has not
I have
You are
(Mt+ ukWV)
(bt+ ukWV)
(Mw ukWV)
(gSt+ ukWV)
(vkb gSo)
(;w vkj)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Doesn‟t
Isn‟t
Don‟t
Hasn‟t
I‟ve
You‟re
(Mt+UV) ;k (Mt+u)
(bt+UV) ;k (bt+u)
(MksUV)
(gSt+UV) ;k (gSt+u)
(vkbo)
(;ksj)
;gk¡ ij “does”, “is”, “do”, “have”, “are”, “has” lgk;d fØ;k,¡ (helping verbs) gSa vkSj “I” o “you” loZuke
(pronoun) gSaA loZuke ds ckjs esa ge vkus okys loZuke pSIVj esa foLrkj ls i<+asxsA
g¶rs ds lkr fnu (Seven Days of a Week)
lkseokj
eaxyokj
cq/kokj
c`gLifrokj
‚kqØokj
‚kfuokj
jfookj
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
eaMs
V~;t
w +Ms
osUt+Ms ¼ osMuslMs o osUt+Ms nksuksa rjhdksa ls mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ½
Fkt+ZMs
ÝkbMs
lSVjMs
laMs
lky ds ckjg eghus (Twelve Months of a year)
tuojh
Q+jojh
ekpZ
vizSy
ebZ
twu
&
&
&
&
&
&
January
February
March
April
May
June
tSU;qjh
Q+Scjjh
ekpZ
,fizy
es
twu
tqykbZ
vxLr
flrEcj
vDVwcj
uoEcj
fnlEcj
&
&
&
&
&
&
July
August
September
October
November
December
tqyk;
vkWxLV
lSIVSEcj
vkWDVkscj
uoSEcj
fMlSEcj
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
17
Lesson – 2
Few Basics of English (vaxzst+h dh dqN ewy ckrsa)
vkb,] vaxzst+h ds Basics dh FkksM+k vkSj tkudkjh ysAa bl pSIVj ds vUr esa fn;s x;s NksVs&2 ‚kCnksa ds lewgksa
dks Hkh vPNh rjg ;kn dj yhft,A vkidks budk egRo vkus okys pSIVlZ dks le÷krs oDr eglwl gksxkA
Sentences ¼okD;½
gj Hkk’kk esa dqN Hkh dgus ;k fy[kus ds fy, ‚kCnksa ds lewgksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ‚kCnksa dk og lew g ftlesa fdlh ckr dk
Hkko iw.kZr% Li’V gks] mls okD; dgrs gSaA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd okD; os gSa ftuls lquus okys dks iw.kZ lans‛k dk
irk py ik;sA
In every language, there is a need of group of words to communicate. Such group of words that
communicate a complete message is called a sentence.
eku yhft, vkius eq÷kls iwNk “D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\”, eSaus mÙkj fn;k “ugha”. vki le÷k x;s fd eSa vkWfQl ugha tkÅ¡xkA
vkidk iz‛u “D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\” Hkh ,d okD; gS vkSj esjk mÙkj “ugha” Hkh ,d okD; gSA ;s ckr vyx gS fd esjk okD;
flQZ ,d ‚kCn ls cuk gS] dbZ ‚kCnksa ls ughaA egRoiw.kZ ;g ugha fd okD; esa ‚kCn fdrus gSa] egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd dgs x;s
okD; }kjk fn;k x;k lans‛k i;kZIr gS ;k ughaA vxj vki /;ku ls lkspsa rks esjs dgus dk rkRi;Z Li’V Fkk fd “eSa vkWfQl
ugha tkÅ¡xk” ] blfy, esjk okD; iw.kZ o i;kZIr gSA
Sentence Types:
Classification 1
okD;ksa dks muds Hkko o vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr 4 oxksZa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS &
On the basis of their sense & meaning, sentences are classified in following 4 categories –
1. Assertive or Declarative Sentences (LohdkjkRed ;k dFkkRed okD;):
,sls okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k tkrk gS ;k fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ckr pkgs oks ,d rF; gks ;k ,d lkspA
Such sentences state a fact, opinion or idea.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ayansh is my son.
Aman is not at home.
Arnavi doesn‟t go to school.
Mom scolds me.
¼v;k¡‛k esjk csVk gSA½
¼veu ?kj ij ugha gSA½
¼vjuoh Ldwy ugha tkrh gSA½
¼eEeh th eq÷ks Mk¡Vrh gaSA½
Åij fn;s x;s lHkh okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gSA vke cksypky esa lcls vf/kd tks okD;
iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa os blh oxZ ds gksrs gSaA
18
2. Interrogative Sentences (iz‛uokpd okD;):
,sls okD; ftuesa dksbZ iz‛u iwNk tkrk gSA
Sentences, where a question is asked.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Is Aman not at home?
2. Do you play?
¼D;k veu ?kj ij ugha gS\½
¼D;k rqe [ksyrs gks\½
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa iz‛u iwNs x;s gSaA bl rjg ds okD; ge vDlj lqurs gSaA
3. Imperative Sentences (vkKklwpd okD;):
,sls okD; tks vkKk] vkns‛k ;k izkFkZuk O;Dr djsAa
Sentences, which are used to permit, command or request are known as imperative sentences.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Sit there. ¼ogk¡ cSBksA½
2. Let me go. ¼eq÷ks tkus nksA½
Åij fn;s x;s igys okD; esa vkns‛k fn;k x;k gS tcfd nwljs okD; esa izkFkZuk vFkkZr fuosnu fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg ds
okD; ge vkxs vkus okys “Imperative Sentences” pSIVj esa i<+asxsA
4. Exclamatory Sentences (foLe;kfncks/kd okD;):
,sls okD; ftuesa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa tSls nq[k] [kq‛kh] gSjkuh] Mj vkfn dh vfHkO;fDr gksA
Sentences, which are used to express sudden emotions such as joy, grief, shock, fear etc.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Wow!
¼xtc! ;k cgqr cf<+;k!½
2. Thank God!
¼Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS!½
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa eu esa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA bl rjg ds okD; ge fiNys pSIVj esa i<+
pqds gSa vkSj vkxs vkus okys “Interjection” pSIVj esa Hkh i<+saxsA
Classification 2
nwljs oxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj okD; fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa &
Sentence ds izdkj
(Sentence Type)
Affirmative¼ldkjkRed½
,sls okD; ftuesa u “ugha” dk iz;ksx gks] u gh dksbZ iz‛u iwNk x;k gksA
Negative¼udkjkRed½
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx rks gks ij dksbZ iz‛u u iwNk x;k gksA
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx u gks ij iz‛u iwNk x;k gksA
Negative Interrogative¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx Hkh gks vkSj iz‛u Hkh iwNk x;k gksA
19
mnkgj.k 1
Example-1
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA
Ram is a good boy.
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA
Ram is not a good boy.
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\
Is Ram a good boy?
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gS\
Is Ram not a good boy?
okD; ds rhu Hkkx (Three parts of a sentence)
1. Subject ¼lctSDV½ & drkZ
Subject oks gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa okD; esa ;k rks ckr gks jgh gks ;k fQj oks tks fdlh fØ;k ;kfu dke dks dj
jgk gksA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa] Subject fdlh Hkh okD; dk izeq[k dsUæ gksrk gSA
Subject is the one whom/which we talk about or the one who performs an action.
2. Verb ¼fØ;k½ & deZ] dke ;k dk;Z
fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.
vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand) &
ekuk eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA” bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & v;k¡‛k vkSj Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa
Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA” Subject gS & v;k¡‛kA ;gk¡ ij v;k¡‛k dksbZ dk;Z ugha
dj jgk cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd
voLFkk@fLFkfr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq,
dy esa ;k fQj vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk@fLFkfr esa gSA
xkSj dfj, &
Ayansh is sleeping. ¼v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA½
¼v;k¡‛k lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh is 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA½
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh was 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk FkkA½
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh will be 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gksxkA½
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; “Tenses(dky)” esa vkrs gSa vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD; “Simple
Sentences(ljy okD;)” esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+x
sa sA
fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa (Verbs are of two types):
a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)
;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk]
xkuk] lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to
write, to see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.
20
t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls fd;k tk jgk gks ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp jgs gSa rks
Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk gS ;kfu Mental work rks gks gh jgk gS blfy, lkspuk Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA
Action doesn‟t only mean the physical work. When you think, your brain works, so „to think‟
is also an action ; hence it is a verb.
b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)
;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA Subject ds vuqlkj o le;dky ¼orZeku] Hkwr o Hkfo’;½ ds
vuqlkj budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls le÷ksaxsA
Examples:
is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.
3. Object ¼vkWctSDV½ & dkjd
dkjd og gksrk gS ftl ij drkZ ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk dk izHkko iM+rk gSA
Object is the one, which gets affected by the action or the state of the subject.
uhps nh x;h rkfydk esa dqN mnkgj.k fn;s x;s gSa (A few examples are appended in the table) &
Main Verb
Sentence ¼okD;½
Subject
Object
jke esjk nksLr gSA
oks ikxy ugha gSA
ge lc eEeh ds lkFk FksA
jkgqy ;gk¡ ugha gSA
ikik [ksyrs gSaA
ikik ikdZ esa [ksyrs gSaA
jke vk;sxkA
jke
oks
ge lc
jkgqy
ikik
ikik
jke
esjk nksLr
Ikkxy
eEeh
;gk¡
&
ikdZ
&
&
&
&
&
[ksyuk
[ksyuk
vkuk
eSa rqEgsa ;kn djrk g¡wA
eSa
Rkqe
;kn djuk
jkgqy ds ikl iSls ugha gSaA
jf'e dh pkj cgusa FkhA
jke ikdZ esa FkkA
rqe esjs fny esa jgrs gksA
oks Ldwy ugha tkrk FkkA
cPps D;k ns[krs gSa\
jkgqy
jf'e
jke
rqe
oks
cPps
iSls
pkj cgusa
ikdZ
esjk fny
Ldwy
&
&
&
¼eq[; fØ;k½
jguk
tkuk
ns[kuk
Subjects nks rjg ds gksrs gSa (Subjects are of two types) –
Singular - flUxqyj ¼,dopu½
tc Subject ,d O;fDr] ,d oLrq ;k ,d LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA
When the subject refers to one person/place/thing.
Plural
– IY;wjy ¼cgqopu½
tc Subject ,d ls T+;knk O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA
When the subject refers to more than one person/place/thing.
21
Singular ¼,dopu ½
Plural ¼cgqopu ½
Ram ¼,d yM+dk gS½
Shyam ¼,d yM+dk gS½
Sky ¼vkleku ,d gS½
This- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds fy,½
That- og] oks ¼,d ds fy,½
It- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds fy,½
Pen ¼,d iSu dh ckr gks jgh gSA½
Ram & Shyam ¼,d ls T+;knk ;kfu nks yM+ds gS½
People¼yksx½
Crowd¼HkhM+½
These- ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
Those og] oks] os ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
Pens ¼,d ls T+;knk iSuksa dh ckr gks jgh gSA½
Personal Pronoun Subjects: Singular & Plural
First Person, Second Person & Third Person
Person
Singular
Plural
First Person
The person or people speaking
I ¼eSa½
We ¼ge½
You¼rqe ;k vki
{,d ls T+;knk
(Obsolete now & replaced with
„You‟ in present English)
O;fDr}½
He ¼og {,d yM+ds ds fy, }½
They - os ¼,d
She ¼og {,d yM+dh ds fy, }½ ls T+;knk yksxksa ds
fy, ½
Thou¼rqe ;k vki {,d O;fDr}½
Second Person
The person or people being spoken to
Third Person
The person or people being spoken about
ekuk eSa vkils jke ds ckjs esa ckr djk g¡w] rks ;gk¡ ij eSa¼I½ First Person g¡w , vki ¼You½ Second Person gks vkSj
jke¼Ram½ Third Person gSA
/;ku nhft,] vki ¼You½ pkgs ,d O;fDr gksa ;k ,d ls vf/kd] vaxzst+h Hkk’kk esa You dks cgqopu dh rjg gh iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS o You ds lkFk ogh lgk;d fØ;k,¡ iz;ksx dh tkrh gSa ftUgsa cgqopu subject ds lkFk iz;ksx djrs gSa tSls are,
have, do etc.
“You” is always treated as a plural subject & its singular form is obsolete now. That‟s why, “You”
is always followed by the helping verbs, which are used with Plural subjects.
“This, That, These, Those” dk iz;ksx (Use of “This, That, These, Those”)
vkb, le>sa fd This, That, These & Those dk iz;ksx dSls djuk gSA
Let‟s understand how to use This, That, These & Those.
Singular ¼,dopu½
Plural ¼cgqopu½
Near ¼ikl½
This ¼;s] ;g½
These ¼;s] ;g½
Far ¼nwj½
That ¼og] oks] os½
Those ¼og] oks] os½
22
vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku gekjs lkeus gS] rks Åij nh x;h Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks „this‟ dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k
fQj „these‟ dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks „this‟ vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks „these‟ A blh rjg vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k
LFkku gels nwj gS] rks Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks „that‟ dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k fQj „those‟ dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks
„that‟ vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks „those‟ A
If a person, place or thing is nearby, as per the table we must use either „this‟ or „these‟. If it is
singular then „this‟ and if plural then „these‟. Similarly if a person, place or thing is afar, we must
use either „that‟ or „those‟. If it is singular then „that‟ and if plural then „those‟.
bls vkSj csgrj le÷kus ds fy, uhps nh x;h rkfydk dks le÷ksaA
This concept can be better understood with the help of the table below:
;g@;s fdrkc
This book
og@oks fdrkc
That book
;s@;g fdrkcsa
These books
Okks@og@os
fdrkcsa
Those books
os cPps
Those/They
children
;s eNfy;k¡
These fishes
;s lc yM+ds
These all
boys
Those/They
both boys
oks nksuksa yM+ds
fdrkc ikl gS vkSj ,dopu gS blfy, „this‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA vxj fdrkc
nwj gksrh rks eSa Þ;g@;s fdrkcÞ ugha cfYd Þoks@og fdrkcÞ dgrkA
Book is near and singular, hence used „this‟.
fdrkc nwj gS vkSj ,d gS blfy, „that‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Book is afar and singular, hence used „that‟.
fdrkcsa ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Books are near and plural; hence used „these‟.
fdrkcsa nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Books are afar and plural, hence used „those‟.
cPps nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡wfd cPps
ltho gSa blfy, „they‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Children are afar and plural, hence used „those‟. Since
Children are living being so we can also use „they‟.
eNfy;k¡ ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Fishes are near and plural, hence used „these‟.
yM+ds ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Boys are near and plural, hence used „these‟.
yM+ds nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡wfd
yM+ds ltho gSa blfy, „they‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
Boys are afar and plural, hence used „these‟. Since boys
are living being so we can also use „they‟.
ltho o futhZo dk QdZ (Difference between Living & Non-Living)
ltho mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku gksrh gS ;kfu tks lk¡l ysrk gSA
Living is the one that breathes.
futhZo mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku ugha gksrh ;kfu tks lk¡l ugha ysrk gSA
Non-living is the one that doesn‟t breath.
ltho ds mnkgj.k & bUlku] tkuoj] isM+ ikS/ks vkfnA
futhZo ds mnkgj.k & dksbZ pht@oLrq vkfnA
23
rkTtqc gksrk gS fd isM+ ikS/ks ltho dSls gSa ! ij lR; ;gh gS fd os ltho gSa D;ksfa d oks Hkh bUlku dh rjg lk¡l ysrs gSA
QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd bUlku lk¡l ysrs oDr vkWDlhtu vUnj ysrk gSa vkSj dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM ckgj fudkyrk gSa tcfd
isM+ ikS/ks dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM vUnj ysrs gSa vkSj vkWDlhtu ckgj fudkyrs gSaA
lHkh ltho uhps fn;s x;s lkrksa dk;Z djrs gSa] tcfd futhZo ughaA
1. Feeding
2. Breathing
3. Excretion(Removal of waste)
4. Growth
5. Reproduction
‟s dk iz;ksx (Use of Apostrophe S)
jke dk iSu
Ram‟s pen / Pen of Ram
egRoiw.kZ ckr & tSlk fd Åij fy[kk x;k gS] pkgs Ram‟s pen dgsa ;k fQj Pen of Ram] ckr ,d gh gS ij
egRoiw.kZ QdZ ;g gS fd igys rjhds ls fy[kus esa jke dks T+;knk egRo fn;k x;k gS iSu dks ugha tcfd nwljs rjhds esa iSu
dks T+;knk egRo fn;k x;k gS jke dks ughaA
lhrk dk HkkbZ
jkgqy dh eEeh
yM+dh dk HkkbZ
yM+fd;ksa ds HkkbZ
esjs ikik ds nksLr dh csVh
esjs HkkbZ dk iSu
esjs HkkbZ;ksa ds iSu
esjs fny dh ckr
rqEgkjs eksckbZy dh vkokt+
‚ksj dh ngkM+
xhrk dh vkokt+
Seeta‟s brother / Brother of Seeta
Rahul‟s mother / Mother of Rahul
Girl‟s brother / Brother of the girl
Girls‟ brothers / Brothers of the girls
My father‟s friend‟s daughter / The daughter of my father‟s friend
My brother‟s pen / The pen of my brother
My brothers‟ pen / The pens of my brothers
My heart‟s feelings / The feeling of my heart
Your mobile‟s sound / The sound of your mobile
Lion‟s roar / Roar of the lion
Geeta‟s voice / Voice of Geeta
/;ku nhft,] vxj eSa dg¡w ÞyM+dh dk HkkbZÞA yM+dh ,d gh gS blfy, ÞyM+dh dkÞ ds fy, ge girl‟s dgsaxsA ij vxj eSa
dg¡w ÞyM+fd;ksa dk HkkbZÞA yM+fd;k¡ ,d ls T+;knk gS blfy, ÞyM+fd;ksa dkÞ ds fy, ge girls‟s ugha dgsaxs cfYd flQZ
girls‟ dgsaxsA gksrk ;s gS fd vxj dksbZ cgqopu ‚kCn ftlds vUr esa s gks vkSj ml ‚kCn ds lkFk ‟s yxkuk gks rks
apostrophe( ‟ ) ds ckn okyk s ugha yxk;k tkrkA
If I say „girl‟s brother‟, it is clear that there is only one girl but if there are more than
one girl, then I can‟t say „girls‟s brother‟, rather I would say „girls‟ brother‟. Whenever
we need to use ‟s after a plural word ending with s, as per the rule we must not use „s‟
after apostrophe.
24
vkb, dqN pht+as jV ysa (Let‟s cram a few things)
uhps fn;s x;s NksV&
s 2 ‚kCn lewgksa dks ;kn dj ysus ls vkidks dkQh enn feyxh vkus okys pSIVlZ esAa
Words or group of words given below will help you in coming chapters so you are
requested to learn them.
Both ¼nksuks½a
ge nksuksa
rqe nksuksa
os@oks nksuksa
We both / Both of us
You both / Both of you
They both / Both of them
All ¼lc ;k lHkh½
ge lHkh
rqe lHkh
;s lHkh
oks lHkh
os@oks lHkh
;s lHkh fdrkcsa
oks lHkh iSu
oks lHkh yksx
We all / All of us
You all/ All of you
These all ¼ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
Those all ¼ ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
Those/They all ¼ltho ds fy,½ (For living being)
These all books / All of these books
Those all pens / All of those pens
Those / They all people
oh cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ vl
;w cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ ;w
ns cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ nSe
ftruk gks lds] ;kn dj yhft,A buls vkidks dkQh enn feysxhA ;s lHkh okD;ksa esa vDlj iz;ksx esa vkrs gSaA
Learn the following. It will help you significantly while making sentences.
ge rhuksa
ge pkjksa
oks ik¡pksa
rqEgkjh vkokt+
jke dh vkokt+
rqEgkjs eksckby dh vkokt+
rqEgkjs dEI;wVj dh vkokt+
,slk rksgQk
,sls rksgQs
,slh dgkuh
,slh dgkfu;k¡
,slk fnu
,sls fnu
,sls yksx
rqEgkjh ckrsa
esjh ;knsa
rqEgkjk xqLlk
vkidk cM+Iiu
esjh et+hZ
esjh bPNk
ml yM+ds ds iSls
bu cPpksa ds fy,
esjs [okc
We three / Three of us
We four / Four of us
They five/Those five
Your voice
Ram‟s voice
Your mobile‟s Sound
Your computer‟s sound
Such a gift
Such gifts
Such a story
Such stories
Such a day
Such days
Such people
Your words
My memories
Your anger
Your kindness
My will
My desire
That boy‟s money
For these children/kids
My dreams
25
oh Fkzh@Fkzh vkWQ+ vl
oh Q+kjs @Q+ksj vkWQ+ vl
ns Q+kbo@nkst+ Q+kbo
;kSj okWbl
jkEl okWbl
;kSj eksckbZYl lkmUM
;kSj dEI;wVlZ lkmUM
lp v fx¶V
lp fx¶V~l
lp v LVksjh
lp LVksjht+
lp v Ms
lp Mst+
lp ihiy
;kSj oM~Zl
ek; eSejht+
;kSj ,sUxj
;kSj dkbUMusl
ek; foy
ek; fMt+k;j
nSV ckW;t+ euh
Q+kj nht+ fpYMªu@fdM~l
ek; MªhEl
mldh ckrsa
ge nksuksa dh fdrkcsa
dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡
eNfy;ksa dk [kkuk
gj iy dh [kcj
fdlh dk nksLr
fdlh ds lkFk
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk
fdlh dk HkkbZ
dqN@FkksM+k ikuh
esjs eksckby dh dher
fdlh vkSj dh dgkuh
fdlh vkSj dk ?kj
dksbZ vkSj
dksbZ vkSj ugha
fQj dHkh
vkSj fdlh fnu
,slk gh dqN
,slk dqN ugha
Qkyrw esa
Tkkucw>dj
vuTkkus esa
fny yxkdj
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk
fny dk nnZ
ek¡ dk fny
cPPkksa dh lksp
esjk HkkbZ
esjs HkkbZ
mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+ds ds½
mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+dh ds½
rqEgkjk crkZo
rqEgkjk jkLrk
rqEgkjs tSlk
fcYdqy rqEgkjs tSlk
mldh dgkuh
mlds fcuk
rqEgkjs fcuk
rqEgkjs fy,
flQZ rqEgkjs fy,
ml yM+ds ds lkFk
esjs fy,
rqEgkjs ckjs esa
fdlh ds ihNs
nhokj ds ihNs
unh ds fdukjs
unh ds ml ikj
His/Her words
fgt+@gj oM~Zl
Books of we both
cqDl vkWQ+ oh cksFk
Room‟s windows
dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡
Fishes‟ food
fQ+‛kt+ QwM
Every moment‟s news
,ojh ekWeSUV~l U;wt+
Someone‟s friend
leoUl ÝSUM
With someone
fon leou
With someone else
fon leou ,sYl
Someone‟s brother
leoUl cznj
Some water
le okWVj
My mobile‟s cost
ek; eksckbYl dkWLV
Someone else‟s story
leou ,sYlt+ LVksjh
Someone else‟s house
leou ,sYlt+ gkÅl
Someone else
leou ,sYl
No one else
uksou ,sYlt
Some other time
le vnj VkbZe
Some other day
le vnj Ms
Something like this
lefFkax ykbd fnl
Nothing as such
ufFkax ,st+ lp
Unnecessarily
vuuSlslSfjyh
Knowingly
uksbaxyh
Unknowingly
vuuksbaxyh
Whole heartedly
ÝkWe n dksj vkWQ+ ek; gkVZ@gksy gkVZsMyh
With someone else
fon leou ,sYl
The pain of heart
n isu vkWQ+ gkVZ
Mother‟s heart
enlZ gkVZ
Thinking of children
fFkafdax vkWQ+ fpYMªu
My brother / Brother of mine ek; cznj@cznj vkWQ+ ekbu
My brothers/ Brothers of mineek; cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ ekbu
His brothers / Brothers of his fgt+ cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ fgt+
Her brothers / Brothers of hersgj cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ glZ
Your behaviour
;kSj fcgsfo;j
Your way
;kSj os
Like you
ykbd ;w
Just like you
tLV ykbd ;w
His story
fgt+ LVksjh
Without him
fonkmV fge
Without you
fonkmV ;w
For you
Q+kWj ;w
Only for you
vksUyh Q+kWj ;w
With that boy
fon nSV ckW;
For me
Q+kj eh
About you
vckmV ;w
Behind Someone
fcgkUM leou
Behind the wall
fcgkUM n okWy
At the bank of river
,sV n cSad vkWQ+ fjoj
Across the river
vØkWl n fjoj
26
lM+d ds ml ikj
isM+ ds ihNs
gekjh rjQ
rqEgkjs ?kj dh rjQ
esjs vkxs
lc yksxksa ds vkxs
esjs lkeus
jfo ds cxy esa
Across the road
vØkWl n jksM
Behind the tree
fcgkUM n Vªh
Towards us
VqoM~Zl vl
Towards your home
VqoM~Zl ;kSj gkse
Ahead of me
vgsM vkWQ+ eh
Ahead of all the people
vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy n ihiy
In front of me
bu ÝUV vkWQ+ eh
Next to Ravi / Adjacent Ravi / Beside Ravi / By Ravi
uSDLV Vq jfo @,tlSUV jfo@fclkbM jfo@ck; jfo
dqN yksxksa ds ckjs esa
About few people
vckmV ¶;w ihiy
esjh gFksyh ij
On my palm
vkWu ek; ike
Vscy ds uhps
Under the table
vUMj n Vscy
esjs ikik ds ckjs esa
About my dad
vckmV ek; MSM
lcls vkxs
Ahead of all
vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy
fiadh ds lkeus
In front of Pinki/Before Pinki bu ÝUV vkWQ+ fiadh@fcQksj fiadh
phrs ds cxy esa
Next to tiger
uSDLV Vw Vkbxj
esjs ckjs esa
About me
vckmV eh
ml Vscy ij
On that table
vkWu n Vscy
fnYyh dh rjQ
Towards Delhi
VqoM~Zl MSgyh
lcls ihNs
Behind all
fcgkUM vkWy
rqEgkjs I;kj ds fy,
For your love
Q+kj ;kSj yo
esjs flj ds Åij
On my head
vkWu ek; gSM
‚;ke ds cxy esa
Next to Shyam
uSDLV Vw ‚;ke
jke ds lkFk
With Ram
fon jke
mldh dgkuh ds fy,
For his story
Q+kj fgt+ LVksjh
VwVk gqvk fny
Broken heart
czkd
s u gkVZ
VwVk gqvk dk¡p
Broken glass
czkd
s u XYkkl
gekjh [okfg‛ksa
Our desires
vkj@voj fMt+k;lZ
f‛ko dh iwtk
Worship of Lord Shiva
ojf‛ki vkWQ ykWMZ f‛kok
lkspus dk rjhdk
The way of thinking
n os vkWQ+ fFkafdax
[kkus dk rjhdk
The way of eating
n os vkWQ+ bZfVax
pyus dk rjhdk
The way of walking
n os vkWQ+ okWfdax
rqEgkjh otg ls
Due to you / because of you M~;w Vq ;w@fcdt+ vkWQ ;w
jke dh otg ls
Due to Ram / because of Ram M~;w Vq jke@fcdt+ vkWQ jke
cPpksa ds dkj.k
Due to children / because of children M~;w Vq fpYMªu@fcdt+ vkWQ fpYMªu
iSls ds dkj.k
Due to money / because of money M~;w Vq efu@fcdt+ vkWQ efu
cPps dh otg ls
Due to the kid / because of the kid M~;w Vq n fdM@fcdt+ vkWQ n fdM
esjs lkFk
With me
fon eh
rqEgkjs lkFk
With you
fon ;w
mlds lkFk
With him/her
fon fge@gj
gekjs lkFk
With us
fon vl
muds lkFk ¼T+;knk yksxksa ds lkFk½ With them
fon nSe
fdlh ds lkFk
With Someone
fon leou
lks;k gqvk
Asleep
vLyhi
txk gqvk
Awake
vosd
Fkdk gqvk
Tired
Vk;MZ
pkSadk gqvk
Shocked
‚kkWDM
27
[kks;k gqvk
fiVk gqvk
Mjk gqvk
VwVk gqvk
eqM+k gqvk
QVk gqvk
fy[kk gqvk
:dk gqvk
cSBk gqvk
[kM+k gqvk
x<+k gqvk] nQuk;k gqvk
fNik gqvk
j[kk gqvk
ltk gqvk
ykWLV
chVu
Lds;MZ] VSjhQ+kbM
czkd
s u
cSUV
VkWuZ
fjVu
LVkWIM
flfVax
LVSfUMax
cjhM
fgMu
dSIV
MSdjsVM
Lost
Beaten
Scared, Terrified
Broken
Bent
Torn
Written
Stopped
Sitting
Standing
Buried
Hidden
Kept
Decorated
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Don't let the fear of losing be greater than the excitement of winning.
gkjus ds Mj dks thrus dh [kq‛kh ls T+;knk er c<+us nksA
2. If you think of something difficult, that means you have not understood it well.
vxj vkidks dqN eqf‛dy yxrk gS] rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd vkius mls <ax ls le÷kk ughaA
3. What's the point of being alive if you don't try to do something remarkable.
thfor jgus ds D;k ek;us vxj vki dqN vlk/kkj.k djus dk iz;Ru u djsAa
4. There are two types of people who will tell you that you cannot make a difference
in this world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed.
nks rjg ds yksx vkidks ;s dgsx
a s fd vki bl nqfu;k esa dqN vyx ugha dj ldrs & ,d oks tks [kqn iz;kl djus ls
Mjrs gSa vkSj nwljs oks ftUgsa vkids lQy gksus dk Mj gSA
5. Don't wish it were easier, wish you were better.
;s er pkgks fd dke vklku gks] cfYd ;s pkgks fd vki csgrj gksAa
EnglishWale.com “l{ke
Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
28
Lesson – 3
Pronunciation ¼izuufl,‛ku½ & mPpkj.k
lgh mPpkj.k ds fcuk fdlh Hkh Hkk’kk dk egRo de gks tkrk gSA vki Hkys gh fdruh Hkh vPNh baxfy‛k
fy[kuk o cksyuk lh[k ysa ysfdu lgh mPpkj.k ds fcuk vki g¡lh dk ik«k cu ldrs gSaA bl pSIVj ds ek/;e
ls vki vaxzst+h ‚kCnksa ds mPpkj.k dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le÷k ik;sx
a sA gj pSIVj esa vaxzst+h okD;ksa ds lkFk mPpkj.k
Hkh fn;k x;k gS vkSj bl ckr dk Hkh csgn /;ku j[kk x;k gS fd mPpkj.k fcYdqy xyr u fy[kk gks D;ksfa d
ge ij vkidk vkSj vki tSls djksM+ks fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dk tks fo‛okl gS] ogh gekjh lQyrk gSA
There is no significance of a language without proper pronunciation. Irrespective of how
good you are in Grammar or even how fluently you speak, incorrect pronunciation of
words can make people laugh at you. This lesson will help you improve your
pronunciation.
t+#jh gS fd ge tc Hkh fdlh ‚kCn dks cksysa rks mls lgh rjhds ls cksysaA xyr rjhds ls cksyus ij mldk vFkZ cny tkrk
gSA Always pronounce a word properly or else the meaning of the word can change.
,d ‚kCn gS – Cheek, ftldk eryc gS “xky”A bls cksysaxs – “phd” ij vxj vkius cksyk “fpd” rks fpd(chick)
eryc “eqxhZ dk cPpk”A NksVh b ;k cM+h bZ ls gh dkQh QdZ iM+ tkrk gSA Bhd blh rjg ,d ‚kCn gS – Sleep, ftldk
eryc gS “lksuk”A bls cksysaxs – Lyhi A ij vxj vkius cksyk fLyi rks fLyi (slip) eryc fQlyukA pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks
vkidks nh x;h gSA mls lqudj vki bl pSIVj dks vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxsA
,d ckr vkSj] igys rks ;s tkfu, fd “Pronunciation” dk lgh mPpkj.k “izuufl,‛ku” gS] u fd “izukmufl,‛ku”A
yksx vDlj xyrh djrs gSaA gk¡ ;s ckr lgh gS fd “Pronounce” dk lgh mPpkj.k “izukmUl” gS] “izuUl” ughaA
dksbZ Hkh ijQ+SDV gksus dk nkok ugha dj ldrk ij ge ijQ+SD‛ku ds cgqr djhc rks tk ldrs gSa uA rks vkb, iz;kl djsAa
lcls igys tkfu, vaxzsth+ o fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu ds ckjs esAa
First of all, Let‟s have a look at vowels and consonants of English & Hindi language.
vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa dqy 26 o.kZ gksrs gSa &
There are 26 letters in English Alphabet -
A
,
B
ch
C
lh
D
Mh
E
bZ
F
,sQ
G
th
H
,p
I
vkb
J
ts
K
ds
P
ih
Q
D;w
R
vkj
S
,l
T
Vh
U
;w
V
oh
W
MCY;w
X
,sDl
Y
ok;
Z
t+SM
L
,sy
M
,se
N
,su
O
vks
vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & Loj (vowel) o O;atu (consonant)
Vowels (Loj)
Consonants (O;atu)
: There are 5 vowels. ¼5 Loj gksrs gSa½ & a, e, i, o, u
: Rest 21 are consonants. ¼ckdh cps 21 O;atu dgykrs gSa½
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
29
fgUnh o.kZekyk esa dqy 46 o.kZ gksrs gSa &
There are 46 letters in Hindi Alphabet –
Loj (Vowels)
v
a
vk
aa
b
e/i
Ã
ee
m
u/o
Å
,
oo/u e/ai
,s
ai
vks
o
vkS
va
au/ou ang
v%
ah
³
nga
u
na
=
tra
p
N
cha chha
i
Q
pa pha/fa
K
gya
t
ja
c
ba
÷k
jha
Hk
bha
´
yan
e
ma
B
tha
j
ra
O;atu (Consonants)
d
[k
x
ka
kh
ga
r
Fk
n
th/t th/tha da/th
‘k
l
g
sh
sa
ha
?k
gha
Ëk
dha
{k
ksh
V
ta
;
ya
M
da
y
la
<
dha
o
va/wa
.k
ana
‚k
sh
izk;% fdlh Hkh ‚kCn dk mPpkj.k ml ‚kCn esa vkus okys Loj ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA gkyk¡fd viokn gj txg gSa ysfdu tc
vki fdlh Hkk’kk dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa vkxs c<+rs tkrs gSa rks [kqn c [kqn vki bu vioknksa dks tkuus yxrs gSaA Lojksa dk
jksy vge gksus dh otg ls ge ‚kq#vkr Lojksa ds mPpkj.k ls djrs gSa mlds ckn dqN ,sls O;tauksa ds mPpkj.k dks le÷ksx
a s
ftuds fcuk vaxzsth+ Hkk’kk dks lgh rjhds ls cksyuk ukeqefdu gSA
Often, pronunciation of a word depends on the sound of the vowel in the word itself.
Exceptions are certainly there, but when you keep learning a language, you come to
know such exceptions yourselves. Since the vowels are the base of pronunciation, we
start with vowels first; however, we‟ll cover those consonants too, without knowing
their pronunciation, it is next to impossible to pronounce correctly.
Lojksa dk mPpkj.k (Pronunciation of vowels)
bafXy‛k ds ik¡p Loj & a, e, i, o, u
A dk mPpkj.k
lcls igys ;s tkfu;s fd tc Hkh „a‟ fdlh okD; esa vdsys vkrk gS] rks mls „,‟ ugha cfYd ges‛kk „v‟ dgrs gSaA
v eSu bt+ LVSfUMax nsvjA
A man is standing there.
He is a good boy.
gh bt+ v xqM ckW;A
A, AI, AY – „,‟ ¼ s ½
Name ¼use½ & uke
Shame¼‛kse½ & ‚keZ
Pain ¼isu½ & nnZ
Fame ¼Q+es ½ & izflf)
Ape ¼,i½ & yaxwj
Rain ¼jsu½ & ckfj‛k
Game ¼xse½ & [ksy Rate ¼jsV½ & ewY;
Shape¼‛ksi½ & vkdkj Same ¼lse½ & leku
Day ¼Ms½ & fnu Say ¼ls½ & dguk
A – „,s‟ ¼ S ½
Ash ¼,sl½ & jk[k
Gas ¼xSl½ & xSl
At
¼,sV½ & ij] esa
Map ¼eSi½ & eSi
An ¼,su½ & ,d
Anchor ¼,sd
a j½ & ,sadj
Man ¼eSu½ & vkneh Cat ¼dSV½
& fcYyh
A – „,v‟ ¼ sv ½
Rare ¼jsvj½ & nqyZHk
Dare ¼Msvj½ & fgEer djuk
Share ¼‛ksvj½ & feydj djuk
A – „v‟ ¼ k ½
Alert ¼vyVZ½ & lpsr
Agree ¼vxzh½ & lger gksuk
Ajar ¼vtkj½ & v/k[kqyk
30
A – „vk‟ ¼ kk ½
Are ¼vkj½ & ,d lgk;d fØ;k
After ¼vk¶+Vj½ & ckn esa
Far ¼Q+kj½ & nwj
A, AW – „vkW‟ ¼ W ½
Tall ¼VkWy½ & yEck
Awesome ¼vkWle½ & cgqr cf<+;k
Hall ¼gkWy½ & cM+k dejk
Aweful ¼vkWQ+y½ & cgqr csdkj
Call ¼dkWy½ & Q+ksu djuk] iqdkjuk
Awkward ¼vkWdoMZ½ & vViVk
E dk mPpkj.k
E, EE, EA – „ bZ ‟ ¼ h ½ cM+h bZ
Me
¼eh½ & eq÷ks
Week ¼ohd½ & lIrkg
Weak ¼ohd½ & det+kjs
He ¼gh½ & og
Teen ¼Vhu½ & fd‛kksj
Heap ¼ghi½ & <sj
E – „,s‟ ¼ S ½
Hen ¼gSu½ & eqxhZ
Pen
E – „ b ‟ ¼ f ½ NksVh b
Example ¼bXtS+Eiy½ & mnkgj.k
Eleven¼bySou½ & X;kjg
Be
¼ch½ & gksuk
Keep ¼dhi½ & j[kuk
Sea ¼lh½ & lkxj
¼iSu½ & izflf)
Enter ¼,sUVj½ & izos‛k djuk
Engagement ¼baxstesaV½ & lxkbZ
I dk mPpkj.k
I – „ b ‟ ¼ f ½ NksVh b
It ¼bV ½ & ;g
Sin ¼flu½ & iki
Is ¼bt+½ & lgk;d fØ;k
Hindustan ¼fgUnqLrku½ & fgUnqLrku] Hkkjr
I – „ vk; ‟
Hi ¼gk;½ & gSyks] vfHkoknu djuk
Expire ¼,Dlik;j½ & le; lhek [kRe
Hire ¼gk;j½ & fdjk;s ij ysuk
Attire ¼vVk;j½ & iks‛kkd
Injury ¼bUtjh½ & pksV
Hill ¼fgy½ & igkM+
Retire¼fjVk;j½ &fjVk;j gksuk
Dire ¼Mk;j½ & Hk;kud
I – „ vkb ‟
File ¼Q+kby½ & Q+kby Nile ¼ukby½ & uhy unh
Grind ¼xzkbUM½ & ihluk
Pile ¼ikby½ & <sj
Chile¼pkby½ & fpyh ¼,d ns‛k½ Strike ¼LVªkbd½ & gM+rky
Hide ¼gkbM½ & fNikuk
Kite ¼dkbV½ & irax
I–„v ‟
Flirt ¼¶yVZ½ & ¶yVZ djuk
Dirt ¼MVZ½ & xanxh
First ¼QLVZ½ & izFke] igyk
Shirt ¼‛kVZ½ & deht+
Third ¼FkMZ½ & r`rh;] rhljk
Shirk ¼‛kdZ½ & Hkkxuk ¼ft+Eesnkjh ls½
IE – „ bZ ‟ ¼ h ½ cM+h bZ
Niece ¼uhl½ & Hkrhth
Piece ¼ihl½ & VqdM+k
Believe ¼fcyho½ & ekuuk] fo‛okl djuk
IO – „ vk; ‟
Lion ¼yk;u½ & ‚ksj
Riot ¼jk;V½ & naxk
Ion ¼vk;u½ & v.kq ¼HkkSfrdh (physics) es½a
O, OW – „ vks ‟ ¼ ks ½
Om ¼vkse½ & Å¡
More ¼eksj½ & T+;knk
Bow ¼cks½ & /kuq’k
O dk mPpkj.k
Old ¼vksYM½ & cw<k+
Bold ¼cksYM½ & lkglh] lkgfld
Snow ¼Luks½ & fgeikr] cQZ
31
Only ¼vksUyh½ & dsoy] bdykSrk
Rope ¼jksi½ & jLlh
Eyebrow ¼vkbczk½s & HkkSgsa
Yellow ¼;yks½ & ihyk jax
OO – „ m ‟ ¼ q ½ NksVh m
Cook ¼dqd½ & jlksb;k
Look ¼yqd½ & ns[kuk
Good ¼xqM½ & vPNk
To ¼Vq½ & dks
OO – „ Å ‟ ¼ w ½ cM+h Å
Too ¼Vw½ & Hkh
Shoot ¼‛kwV½ & xksyh ekjuk
Groom ¼xzwe½ & nwYgk
Loot ¼ywV½ & ywVuk
O–„v‟
Done ¼Mu½ & gks x;k
Slow ¼Lyks½ & /khek
Pillow ¼fiyks½ & rfd;k
Oppose ¼vikst½+ & fojks/k djuk
O – „ vkW ‟
Opt ¼vkWIV½ & pquuk On ¼vkWu½ & ds Åij] ij
Chop ¼pkWi½ & dkVuk Hop ¼gkWi½ & dwnuk
OW – „ vko ‟
Cow ¼dko½ & xk;
Shower ¼‛kkoj½ & ugkuk ds fy,
OU – „ vkm ‟
Doubt ¼MkmV½ & lansg
Shout ¼‛kkmV½ & fpYykuk
OI – „ vkWb ‟
Join ¼tkWbu½ & ‚kkfey gksuk
Occur ¼vdj½ & ?kfVr gksuk
Son ¼lu½ & csVk
Stop ¼LVkWi½ & #dks] #duk
Shop ¼‛kkWi½ & nqdku
Lot ¼ykWV½ & cgqr
Rob ¼jkWc½ & ywVuk
Tower ¼Vkoj½ & ehukj
About ¼vckmV½ & ckjs esa
How ¼gko½ & dSlk
Rout¼jkmV½& HkxnM+
Coin ¼dkWbu½ & flDdk
OY – „ vkW; ‟
Enjoy ¼,sutkW;½ & ets djuk Boy ¼ckW;½ & yM+dk
Royal ¼jkW;y½ & jktlh
Loyal¼ykW;y½& oQ+knkj
U dk mPpkj.k
U – „ m ‟ ¼ q ½ NksVh m
Bull ¼cqy½ & cSy
Full ¼Q+qy½ & Hkjk gqvk
Raipur ¼jk;iqj½ & txg dk uke
U–„v ‟
Shut ¼‛kV½ & cUn
Utter ¼vVj½ & dguk
Run ¼ju½ & nkSM+uk
Urgent ¼vtsZUV½ & t+#jh
Bulb ¼cYc½ & cYc
Cut ¼dV½ & dkVuk
Under ¼vUMj½ & ds uhps
But ¼cV½& ysfdu
U – „ ;w ‟
Use ¼;wt+½ & iz;ksx djuk
Salute ¼lY;wV½ & lyke
Tube ¼V~;wc½& V~;wc
Uniform¼;wuhQ+keZ½ & onhZ
U – „ ;ks ‟
Cure ¼D;ksj½ & bykt
Tenure ¼VSU;ksj½ & dk;Zdky Sure ¼‛;ksj½& iDdk
Allure ¼vY;ksj½ & Qqlykuk
fofo/k mPpkj.k (Miscellaneous Pronunciation)
“l” vkSj “'k” dk mPpkj.k
vxj fdlh ‚kCn esa S ds Bhd vkxs H vk;s rks ßlÞ ugha cfYd Þ'kÞ dk mPpkj.k gksxkA
If in a word, S is followed by H, there will not be „s‟ sound, but „sh‟ sound.
32
l dh /ofu (Words with „S‟ sound)
S (l)
Sun¼lu½ & lwjt
Salute¼lY;wV½ & lyke
Safety¼ls¶Vh½ & lqj{kk
Satire¼lVk;j½ & O;ax
Saturn¼lSVuZ½ & ‚kfu xzg
Salt¼lkWYV½ & ued
Sound¼lkmUM½ & /ofu
Sweet¼LohV½ & ehBk
Saline¼lykbu½ & [kkjk
Taste¼VsLV½ & Lokn
Curse¼dlZ½ & vfHk‛kki
Sweat¼LoSV½ & ilhuk
CE (l)
Peace¼ihl½ & ‚kkfUr
Ice ¼vkbl½ & cQ+Z
Cell¼lSy½ & lSy
Center¼lSUVj½ & dsanz
Century ¼lSUpqjh ½ & lnh
Nice ¼ukbl½ & vPNk
‚k dh /ofu (Words with „SH‟ sound)
SH (‚k)
Shirt¼‛kVZ½ & deht+
Fish¼fQ+‛k½ & eNyh
Shelter¼‛kSYVj½ & vkJ;] ?kj Shoot¼‛kwV½ & xksyh ekjuk
Crush¼Ø‛k½ & pkgr
Trash¼VªS‛k½ & dpjk
TIO (‚k)
Nation¼us‛ku½ & jk’Vª
Ratio¼js‛kks½ & vuqikr
Diction¼fMD‛ku½ & cksyus dk <ax
Rational¼jS‛kuy½ & rdZlaxr
Reaction¼fj,sD‛ku½ & izfrfØ;k
Action¼,sD‛ku½ & dk;Z
(‚k dh /ofu) - Few exceptions ¼¶;w ,sDlsI‛kUl½ & dqN viokn
dqN ,sls ‚kCn Hkh gksrs gSa ftuesa S ds Bhd vkxs H ugha vkrk fQj Hkh mPpkj.k esa ÞlÞ ugha cfYd Þ‛kÞ gksrk gSA
Sugar –
phuh] bls lqxj ugha cfYd ‚kqxj dgrs gSaA
Sure –
iDdk] bls L;ksj ugha cfYd ‚;ksj dgrs gSaA
Passion¼iS‛ku½ & tks‛k
Pressure¼izS‛kj½ & ncko
Sugar ¼‛kqxj½ & phuh
Sure¼‛;ksj½ & iDdk
Asia¼,f‛k;k½ & ,f‛k;k
Russia ¼jf‛k;k½ & #l ¼ns‛k dk uke½
vUrj lef÷k, & Understand the difference:
See
Sea
She
lh
lh
‚kh
Seat lhV
Sheet ‚khV
ns[kuk
leqnz
og ¼,d yM+dh ds fy,½
cSBus dh txg
pknj
Sign lkbu gLrk{kj
Shine ‚kkbu ped
Sip fli
Ship f‛ki
?k¡wV
tgkt+
Save lso
Shave ‚kso
cpkuk
gtker
So
lks
Show ‚kks
blfy,
izn‛kZu
Suit lwV
Shoot ‚kwV
lwV
xksyh ekjuk
Sell lSy
Sale lsy
Shell ‚kSy
cspuk
fcØh
[kksy
Sigh lk;
Shy ‚kk;
÷kkSadk
‚kehZyk
Sort lkWVZ
Short ‚kkWVZ
izdkj
de
Shower ‚kkoj ugkuk
Sour lkoj [kV~Vk
Shame 'kse
33
'keZ dh ckr
Same lse
s
leku
cgqr egRoiw.kZ mPpkj.k ¼t dh /ofu½
t
t+
'k+
1st type
2nd type
3rd type
D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd t ds uhps fcUnq gksus dk D;k eryc gSA
nwljs okys t ds uhps ,d fcUnq (point) gS vkSj rhljs okys esa 'k ds uhps fcUnq (point) gSA
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk fd ‚k ds uhps fcUnq gksus ls bldk mPpkj.k t dh rjg dSls gks tkrk gSA vki bUgsa dsoy lqudj
gh igpku ldrs gSa vkWfM;ks ,Dljlkbt+ esAa uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ds ek?;e ls dsoy fy[kus dk rjhdk lef÷k,A
t
t+
‚k+
1st type2nd type3rd type-
t&
Gadget¼xStV½ ;a«k
Jealous¼tSyl½ tyu
Courage¼djst½ lkgl
Edge¼,st½
fdukjk] dksuk
& ikuh dk tx
& ,d rjg dk xhr vankt+
& Vhoh
Pigeon¼fitu½
Jewellery¼Tkwyjh½
Budge¼ct½
Bulge¼cYt½
dcwrj
tsoj
fgyuk
mHkjk gqvk
Z, S, X
Music¼E;wft+d½
laxhr
Maze¼est+½
my÷ku
Lizard¼fyt+MZ½
fNidyh
Example¼bXt+SEiy½ mnkgj.k
‚k+ &
Jug ¼tx½
Gazal ¼xt+y½
Television ¼VSyhfo'k+u½
J, G, DG
Magic¼eSftd½ tknw
Japan¼tSiSu½ tkiku
Judge¼tt½ tt
Age¼,t½
mez
t+ &
&
&
&
Magazine¼eSxt+hu½
Zoo¼t+w½
Was¼okWt+½
Xerox¼t+hjkWDl½
if«kdk
fpfM+;k?kj
Fkk] Fks] Fkh
QksVksdkWih
Rise¼jkbt+½
c<+uk
Buzz¼ct+½
fHkufHkukuk
Wizard¼fot+MZ½ tknwxj
Reason¼jht+u½ dkj.k
S, SU, SIO
Vision¼fo‛k+u½ n`f’V
Provision¼izkfs o‛k+u½ izko/kku
Pleasure¼IyS‛k+j½ vkuan
Leisure¼yS‛k+j½vodk‛k] [kkyh
Elusion¼bY;w‛k+u½Nykok] tks u gks oks yxuk
Treasury¼VªS‛k+jh½ [kt+kuk
Television¼VSyhfo‛k+u½ Vhoh
Revision¼fjfo‛k+u½
la‛kks/ku
Measure¼eS‛k+j½
ukiuk
“S” ls ‚kq# gksus okys ‚kCn ij “S” ds rqjUr ckn “H” u vk;s
Words starting with “S”, not immediately followed by “H”
tc Hkh fdlh ‚kCn dh 'kq#vkr “s” ls gksrh gS (ij “s” ds ckn “h” u vk;s) rks ml ‚kCn dks cksyrs oDr mldh 'kq#vkr
vk/ks l ;kfu “L” ls gksrh gS tcfd dbZ yksx mlds vkxs b yxk nsrs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd vki Hkh ;s xyrh djrs gksAa blds
mnkgj.k Hkh vkWfM;ks ySDpj esa fn;s x;s gSaA
School Smile Style Smile ¼Lekby½
Stoll ¼LVksy½
Spice ¼Likbl½
Screw¼LØw½
;s Ldwy gS] u fd bLdwy
;s Lekby gS] u fd bLekby
;s LVkby gS] u fd bLVkby
eqLdqjkuk
‚kkWy
elkyk
isap
School¼Ldwy½ fo|ky;
Stool ¼LVwy½ LVwy
Strange¼LVªsat½ vuks[kk
Strain¼LVªsu½ ruko] VSa‛ku
34
Style ¼LVkby½ ‚kSyh] vankt+
Start ¼LVkVZ½ ‚kq# djuk
Slow ¼Lyks½ gYdk] /khek
Stress¼LVªSl½ ruko] VSa‛ku
Storm¼LVkWeZ½
vka/kh
Skill ¼fLdy½ dkS‛ky] dyk
Skull ¼Ldy½ [kksiM+h
TH dk mPpkj.k (Sound of TH)
n
Fk
TH – n
The ¼n ;k nh½ & n ;k nh
There ¼nsvj½ & ogk¡
That ¼nSV½ & og
TH – Fk
Threat ¼FkzSV½ & /kedh
Think ¼fFkad½ & lkspuk
Theme¼Fkhe½ & fo’k; Thank¼FkSad½& /kU;okn nsuk
This¼fnl½& ;g
S ds ckn TION gks rks mPpkj.k
‚p
Question ¼Dos‛pu½ & iz‛u
Suggestion ¼ltS‛pu½ & lq÷kko
Digestion ¼MkbtS‛pu½ & ikpu
C dk mPpkj.k
l
C (l)
Peace¼ihl½ & ‚kkfUr
Ice ¼vkbl½ & cQ+Z
C (d)
Cool ¼dwy½ & BaMk
d
Cell¼lSy½ & lSy
Center¼lSUVj½ & dsanz
Cute¼D;wV½ & I;kjk
Century ¼lSUpqjh ½ & lnh
Nice ¼ukbl½ & vPNk
Shock ¼‛kkWd½ & ÷kVdk
Crime ¼Økbe½ & vijk/k
G dk mPpkj.k
x
t
G (x)
Gold¼xksYM½ & lksuk
Give¼fxo½ & nsuk
Get¼xSV½ & ikuk
Singer¼flaxj½ & xk;d
Gate ¼xsV½ & xsV
Golf ¼xkWYQ½ & ,d [ksy
G (t)
Magic ¼eSftd½ & tknw
Cage¼dst½ & fiatjk
Courage¼djst½ & lkgl
mPpkj.k ;gha ij [kRe ugha gqvk] ;s rks ,d ‚kq#vkr gSA vkius flQZ dqN fu;eksa o vioknksa dks le÷kk gSA vkus okys pSIVjksa esa
vki dbZ ,sls ‚kCnksa ls #c# gksx
a s ftuesa vkidks dbZ vkSj mPpkj.k ns[kus dks feysaxsA
35
Lesson – 4
Vocabulary & Pronunciation Exercises
¼odScyjh ,aM izuufl,‛ku ,Dljlkbt+t+½ & ‚kCnkoyh ,oa mPpkj.k vH;kl
vxj vki bl dkslZ dks vPNh rjg ls lh[kuk pkgrs gSa rks gekjh lykg ;s gS fd bl pSIVj dh ‚kCnkoyh
,Dljlkbt+t esa fn;s x;s ‚kCnksa dks fn;s x;s mPpkj.k ds lkFk ;kn djus dk iz;Ru djsAa vxj lHkh ‚kCn ugha
rks de ls de 10 ‚kCn jkst+ ;kn djus dh dksf‛k‛k djsAa D;ksafd vkxs vkus okys dkWUlsIV pSIVjksa] izSfDVl
,Dljlkbt+t o VSLV isijlZ esa bu ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksxk vkSj vxj vkidks vf/kdrj ‚kCn ;kn gksa oks Hkh lgh
mPpkj.k ds lkFk] rks dkWUlsIV le÷kus] izSfDVl djus ;k VSLV isij lkWYo djus esa vklkuh gksxhA
EnglishWale.com “l{ke
Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
Exercise-I
;gk¡ fn;s x;s 'kCn dkQh vklku gSaA gks ldrk gS fd vki bUgsa igys ls gh tkurs gkas] fQj Hkh ,d ckj ns[k yhft,] gks
ldrk gS dqN u;s 'kCnksa ls vki #c# gksaA
The words out here are pretty easy. However, have a look at these once, It is possible that you
might not know a few.
1. Move
2. Go
3. Eat
4. Walk
5. Drink
6. See
7. Look
8. Watch
9. Write
10. Read
11. Think
12. Speak
13. Talk
14. Get Up
15. Sleep
16. Stand
17. Sit
ewo
xks
bZV
okWd
fMªd
a
lh
yqd
okp
jkbV
jhM
fFkad
Lihd
VkWd
xSV vi
Lyhi
LVSUM
flV
fgyuk ;k fgykuk
tkuk
[kkuk
?kweuk] iSny pyuk
ihuk
ns[kuk
ns[kuk (/;ku ls)
ns[kuk ¼fgyrh pht@O;fDr½
fy[kuk
i<+uk
lkspuk
ckr djuk
ckr djuk
mBuk ;k txuk
lksuk
[kM+s gksuk
cSBuk
18. Come
19. Laugh
20. Learn
21. Ask
22. Say
23. Tell
24. Cheat
25. Push
26. Pull
27. Play
28. Game
29. Home
30. Deaf
31. Dumb
32. Lame
33. Alive
34. Stay
36
de
ykQ
yuZ
vkLd
ls
VSy
phV
iq‛k
iqy
Iys
xse
gkse
MSQ+
Me
yse
vykbo
LVs
vkuk
g¡luk
lh[kuk
iwNuk
dguk
crkuk
/kks[kk nsuk
/kDdk nsuk
[khapuk
[ksyuk
[ksy
?kj
cgjk
xw¡xk
y¡xM+k
thfor
Bgjuk
35. Find
36. Buy
37. Here
38. There
39. Give
40. Take
41. Beat
42. Win
43. Scold
44. Knife
45. Sword
46. Cut
47. Bite
48. Bow
49. Arrow
50. Spoon
51. Open
52. Close
53. Close
54. Smile
55. Brave
56. Coward
57. Forever
58. Radish
59. Carrot
60. Pain
61. Lion
62. Tiger
63. Cheetah
64. Fox
65. Tall
66. Short
67. My
68. Mine
69. His
70. Her
71. Hers
72. Their
73. Theirs
74. Our
75. Ours
76. Then
77. Few
78. Some
79. Blanket
80. Bring
81. Bunch
QkbUM
ikuk] <w¡<uk
ck;
[kjhnuk
fgvj
;gk¡
nsvj
ogk¡
fxo
nsuk
Vsd
ysuk] ys tkuk
chV
ihVuk
fou
thruk
LdkWYM
Mk¡Vuk
ukbQ
pkdw
lksMZ
ryokj
dV
dkVuk
ckbV
nk¡r ls dkVuk
cks
/kuq"k
,sjks
rhj
Liwu
pEep
vksiu
[kksyuk
Dyksl
[kkl ;kfu djhch
Dykst+
cUn djuk
Lekby
eqLdqjkuk
czso
cgknqj
dkWoMZ
dk;j
QjSoj
ges‛kk
jSfM‛k
ewyh
dSjV
xkt+j
isu
nnZ
yk;u
'ksj
Vkbxj
ck?k ;k ydM+cX?kk
phrkg
phrk
QkWDl
ykseM+h
VkWy
yEck
'kkWVZ
NksVk
ek;
esjk
ekbu
esjk
fgt+
mldk
gj
mldk
glZ
mldk
nsvj
mudk (T;knk yksxksa dk)
nsvlZ
mudk (T;knk yksxksa dk)
voj
gekjk (T;knk yksxksa dk)
volZ
gekjk (T;knk yksxksa dk)
nSu
rc
¶;w
FkksMk+] dqN ¼ftls fxu ldrs gSa½
le
FkksMk] dqN ¼ftls fxu ugha ldrs½
CySUdSV
dEcy
fczax
ykuk] ys tkuk
cUp
xqPNk
82. Cage
dst
83. Cave
dso
84. Den
MSu
85. Deep
Mhi
86. Dust
MLV
87. Early
vYkhZ
88. Keep
dhi
89. Towards VqoMZ~l
90. Threaten FkzSVu
91. Enter
,sUVj
92. See Off
lh vkWQ
93. Look For yqd QkWj
94. Look After yqd vk¶Vj
95. Mosquito ekWfLdVks
96. Sour
lkWj ;k lkoj
97. Bitter
fcVj
98. Hope
gksi
99. Hop
gkWi
100. Miss
fel
101. About
vckmV
102. Send
lSUM
103. Gorgeous xkWTkZl
104. Perhaps ijgSIl
105. Maybe esch
106. Probably izkcs SCyh
107. Blame Cyse
108. Roof
#Q+
109. Terrace VSjl
110. Against vXksaLV
111. Loose
Ykwt+
112. Lose
Ykwt+
113. Loss
YkkWl
114. Lonely
yksUyh
115. Tired
Vk;ZM
116. Remind fjekbUM
117. Remember fjeSecj
118. Leave
yho
119. Beg
csx
120. Postpone iksLiksu
121. Purchase ijpst+
122. Break
czsd
123. Succeed lDlhM
124. Ascribe vLØkbc
125. Buyer
ck;j
126. Seller
lSyj
127. Mouse ekml
128. Rat
jSV
37
fiatjk
xqQk
xqQk (jgus dh) tSls 'ksj dh
xgjk
/kwy
tYnh
j[kuk
dh rjQ+
/kedh nsuk
?kqluk] izo‛s k djuk
fonk djuk
<¡w<uk
ns[kHkky djuk
ePNj
[kV~Vk
dM+ok
vk‛kk] mEehn
dwnuk
;kn djuk
ckjs esa
Hkstuk
cgqr lqUnj
'kk;n
'kk;n
'kk;n
nks"k nsuk
Nr ¼?kj ds vUnj dh rjQ+½
Nr ¼?kj ds Åij dh½
fo#)
<hyk
[kksuk
uqdlku] gkfu
vdsyk
Fkdk gqvk
;kn fnykuk
;kn djuk
NksM+uk] NqV~Vh
ek¡xuk
jn~n djuk] fujLr djuk
[kjhnuk
rksM+uk
lQ+y gksuk
Js; nsuk
[kjhnus okyk
cspus okyk
pqfg;k
pwgk
129.
130.
131.
132.
Past
ikLV
Future ¶;wpj
Amazing vesft+ax
Awesome vkWle
chrk gqvk
vkus okyk dy
tcjnLr
csgrjhu
133. Awful
vkWQ+y
134. Awkward vkWdoMZ
135. Marriage eSfjt
cdokl] csdkj
vViVk
‚kknh
Exercise – II
1. tgk¡ dgha
2. When
3. Then
4. Few
5. Above
6. ,slk D;ksa
7. iwNuk
8. Able
9. dghsa Hkh
10. Her
11. Blanket
12. Below
13. Bit
14. ykuk
15. Bunch
16. Cage
17. Cave
18. ,slk D;ksa
19. Den
20. Dust
21. Early
22. Get up
23. Below
24. In front of
25. yVdkuk] yVduk
26. Hold
27. dgk¡ ls
28. Keep
29. Memorize
30. dc rd
31. Towards
32. Threaten
33. Fist
34. Sound
35. Suggestion
36. Enough
37. Much
38. dbZ
39. fcydqy ughsa
40. Achieve
ikuk] izkIr djuk
41. dgha ugha
Nowhere
42. Somewhere dgha
43. Patrol
x‛r yxkuk tSls iqfyl dh x‛r
44. Hop
mNydwn djuk
45. tks dqN Hkh
Whatever
46. tc dHkh
Whenever
47. Little
FkksM+k] NksVk
48. Enter
izo‛s k djuk] ?kqluk
49. vc ls
From now, Now onwards
50. His
mldk ¼yM+ds dk½
51. Ever
dHkh
52. See off
fonk djuk
53. dkSu lk
Which
54. fdldk
Whose
55. Footfall
dneksa dh vkokt+
56. Look for
<¡w<uk
57. ns[kHkky djuk
Look after, see after
58. Remind
;kn fnykuk
59. Awake
txk gqvk] mBk gqvk
60. ePNj
Mosquito
61. Rainbow
bUnz/kuq"k
62. HkkSaduk
Bark
63. Petrol
isVªksy ¼xkM+h dk½
64. Sour
[kV~Vk
65. Hope
mEehn djuk
66. Miss
;kn djuk
67. ihNs
Behind
68. Right now
bl oDr
69. Something
dqN
70. Cheat
/kks[kk nsuk
71. cky >M+uk
Hair fall
72. Hkstuk
Send
73. Tremble
dk¡iuk] FkjFkjkuk
74. Escape
cp fudyuk] Hkkx tkuk
75. dM+ok
Bitter
76. Extremely
cgqr T+;knk
77. Gorgeous
cgqr lqUnj
78. Perhaps
‚kk;n
Wherever
tc ;k dc
rc
dqN
Åij
Why so
Ask
;ksX;] leFkZ
Anywhere
mldk ¼yM+dh dk½
dEcy
uhps
FkksM+k] VqdM+k
Bring
xqPNk
fiatjk
xqQk
Why so
xqQk ¼jgus dh½
/kwy
tYnh
mBuk
uhps
ds lkeus
Hang
idM+uk
From where
j[kuk
;kn djuk
Until when
dh rjQ
/kedh nsuk
eqB~Bh
vkokt+
lq>ko
dkQh
T+;knk
Many
Not at all
38
79. deh
Lack, Discrepancy
80. gYdk
Light
81. Feverish
cq[kkj tSlk
82. Drop in
come (vkuk)
83. pkjksa rjQ
All around
84. Fully packed [kpk[kp Hkjk gqvk
85. Forever
ges‛kk ds fy,
86. Absolutely
fcYdqy] iwjh rjg ls
87. /;ku nsuk
Pay attention
88. A lot
cgqr T+;knk
89. Hence
blfy,
90. [kjk mrjuk
Live up to
91. Regret
[ksn gksuk] nq[k gksuk
92. vlqfo/kk
Inconvenience
93. Finalize
QSlyk djuk
94. Blame
nks"k nsuk
95. Very first
lcls igyk
96. dks;y
Cuckoo
97. tYn gh
Soon, very soon
98. Unwell
rfc;r Bhd u gksuk
99. Against
fo#)
100. n`<+ fu‛p;
Firm determination
101. Surely
iDdk
102. igys ls gh
Already, beforehand
103. Your place rqEgkjs ;gk¡
104. At this time bl le;] bl iy
105. At the moment bl le;] bl iy
106. As per
ds vuqlkj
107. tc ls
Ever since
108. tc rd
By the time
109. rc rd
Till then, By then
110. HkxnM+
Stampede
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
Pretty
lqUnj] cgqr
gkj ekuuk
Give in
cxy esa
Beside, next to, adjacent
Ekkeyk
Matter, issue, concern
However
fQj Hkh
Than
rqyuk esa
Lonely
vdsyk
yxHkx
Almost, approximately
mnklhu
Aloof
Learner
lh[kus okyk
Ckpiu
Childhood
vkokt+
Voice, Sound
rc Hkh
Then also/ Even then
Asleep
lks;k gqvk
Away
nwj
Ban
izfrca/k yxkuk
jt+kbZ
Quilt
Bow
/kuq"k
Tired
Fkdk gqvk
lqjk[k
Hole
Drain
ukyk
Flock
ny] xqPNk
uk[kqu
Nail
Spread
QSykuk
ekQ djuk
Forgive
Crazy
ikxy ¼fdlh pht+ ;k O;fDr ds fy,½
fdl ls
From whom
Ascribe
Js; nsuk
Kind
n;kyw
Keen
mRlqd gksuk
Alternative fodYi
Incredible csgrjhu] tcjnLr
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Definiteness of purpose is the starting point of all achievement.
mn~ns‛; dk izcy gksuk lHkh miyfC/k;ksa dh igyh lh<+h gSA ¼MCY;w DySesUV LVksu½
2. Fortune favors the brave.
fdLer cgknqjksa dk lkFk nsrh gSA
3. In most of the cases, you will have to fight a battle more than once to win it.
vf/kdka‛kr%] fdlh yM+kbZ dks thrus ds fy, vkidks mls ,d ls vf/kd ckj yM+uk gksxkA
39
Exercise – III
,d lkFk
we shouted at once.
FkksM+h nsj esa
I will come in a while.
FkksM+h nsj ds fy,
Give me your mobile for a while.
vDlj
I go there quite often.
iwjh rjg ls
I am quite well now.
blh izdkj
I went and met him. Similarly, he met too.
,d gh le; ij] ,d gh lkFk
I am studying, working simultaneously.
t+:jr ugha
Needless to say that he is mad.
Needless to ask, he already knows.
yxkrkj
It is raining continuously.
:d :d dj
It is raining continually.
cxy ls xqtjuk
She passed by me.
dksbZ Qk;nk ugha
I went to doctor but of no use.
This money is of no use.
Qk;ns dk lkSnk] ykHknk;d
It‟s not worthwhile.
Is it worthwhile going there?
cgqr nsj ckn
Ram came after a long.
cl dh ckr gksuk
It is not my cup of tea.
Call center job is not my cup of tea.
iwjs fnu] iwjs oDr] lkjk oDr
I kept on studying all the while.
He was watching TV all the while.
ywVuk] csodwQ cukuk
Vegetable seller was ripping me off.
th pqjkuk] Hkkxuk
I never shirk responsibilities.
idM+ ls ckgj
Criminal is at large.
1) At once
ge ,d lkFk fpYyk;sA
2) In a while
eSa FkksM+h nsj esa vk tkšxkA
3) For a while
eq>s FkksM+h nsj ds fy, viuk eksckby ns nksA
4) Quite often
eSa vDlj ogk¡ tkrk gw¡A
5) Quite
vc eSa iwjh rjg Bhd gw¡A
6) Similarly
eSa x;k vkSj mlls feyk] blh rjg ls oks Hkh feykA
7) Simultaneously
eSa i<+ jgk gw¡A lkFk esa tkWc Hkh dj jgk gw¡A
8) Needless
dgus dh t+:jr ugha] fd oks ikxy gSA
iwNus dh t+:jr ugha] oks igys ls gh tkurk gSA
9) Continuously
Ckkfj‛k yxkrkj gks jgh gSA
10) Continually
Ckkfj‛k :d :d dj gks jgh gSA
11) Pass by
oks esjs cxy ls xqtjhA
12) Of no use/avail
eSa MkWDVj ds ikl x;k ij dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gqvkA
;s iSls fdlh dke ds ughaA
13) Worthwhile
;s Qk;ns dk lkSnk ugha gSA
D;k ogk¡ tkuk Qk;nsena gS \
14) After a long
jke cgqr nsj ckn vk;kA
15) Cup of tea
;s esjs cl dh ckr ugha gSA
dkWy lsUVj dh tkWc esjs fy, ugha gSA
16) All the while
eSa lkjs fnu i<+rk jgkA
oks lkjs oDr Vhoh ns[k jgk FkkA
17) Rip off
lCt+h okyk eq>s ywV jgk FkkA
18) Shirk
eSa ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ls dHkh th ugha pqjkrkA
19) At large
vijk/kh idM+ ls ckgj gSA
40
Fkksiuk
You are imposing your will on me.
fcuk fdlh rS;kjh ds
I went for interview off hand.
cknyksa ls Hkjk gqvk
The sky is over cast.
pSu dh lk¡l ysuk
I sighed of relief.
Now you can sigh of relief.
‚kkSdhu
I am fond of cars.
csotg] Qkyrw esa
You are unnecessarily sitting here.
tku cw>dj
He hurt me knowingly.
vutkus esa
He hurt me unknowingly.
;kn fnykuk
You remind me of Ram.
Your face reminds me of someone.
ykijokgh
You will be punished for negligence.
iwjh rjg ls
We are different altogether.
cq>kuk
Put out the fire.
fdlh okgu esa p<+uk
I got in/on the bus.
fdlh okgu ls mrjuk
I got off the bus.
lkFk nsuk
I always stand by you.
ikyuk] ikyu iks"k.k djuk
My maternal uncle brought you up.
I was brought up in Delhi.
lp dj nsuk] lkdkj dj nsuk
He thought and materialized.
I will materialize the dreams.
eqR;qZ gks tkuk] xqt+j tkuk
His father passed away last year.
ets djuk] VSa‛ku u ysuk
I am chilling out these days.
Js; nsuk
I ascribe my success to my real ones.
pyuk
What is going on these days?
20) Impose
rqe eq> ij viuh et+hZ Fkksi jgs gksA
21) Offhand
eSa bUVjO;w esa fcuk fdlh rS;kjh ds x;kA
22) Over cast
vkleku cknyksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA
23) Sigh of relief
eSaus pSu dh lk¡l yhA
rqe vc pSu dh lk¡l ys ldrs gksA
24) Fond of
eSa dkjksa dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A
25) Unnecessarily
rqe Qkyrw esa ;gk¡ cSBs gksA
26) Knowingly
mlus tkucw>dj esjk fny nq[kk;kA
27) Unknowingly
mlus vutkus esa eq>s nq[k igq¡pk;kA
28) Remind
rqe eq>s jke dh ;kn fnykrs gksA
rqEgkjk psgjk eq>s fdlh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA
29) Negligence
rqEgsa ykijokgh dh ltk feysxhA
30) Altogether
ge iwjh rjg ls vyx gSaA
31) Put out
vkx cq>k nksA
32) Get in / on
eSa cl esa p<+kA
33) Get off
eSa cl ls mrjkA
34) Stand by
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk lkFk nsrk gw¡A
35) Bring up
esjs ekek us rqEgsa ikykA
eSa fnYyh esa iyk c<+kA
36) Materialize
mlus lkspk vkSj lp dj fn;kA
lius lkdkj dj nw¡xk eSaA
37) Pass away
mlds ikik fiNys lky xqt+jsA
38) Chill out
vktdy eSa dksbZ VSa‛ku ugha ys jgk gw¡A
39) Ascribe
eSa viuh lQyrk dk Js; esjs viuksa dks nsrk gw¡A
40) Go on
vktdy D;k py jgk gS \
41
fdlh nzo ;k fyfDoM dk fudyuk
Blood is oozing from the wound.
rqrykuk
Small kids lisp.
gdykuk
He was stammering.
QqlQqlkuk
What are you whispering in his ear?
yM+[kM+kuk
India is tottering against Pakistan.
VVksyuk
I am fumbling something in Almirah.
fNydk mrkjuk] fNyuk
Seeta is peeling off the potatoes.
cqjh rjg
He is working hard like anything.
He fought like anything.
de ls de
Come at least once.
vkfn] bR;kfn
I have many things such as pen, book etc.
41) Ooze
?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA
42) Lisp
NksVs cPps rqrykrs gaSA
43) Stammer
oks gdyk jgk FkkA
44) Whisper
rqe mlds dku esa D;k QqlQqlk jgs gks \
45) Totter
Hkkjr ikfdLrku ds fo#) yM+[kM+k jgk gSA
46) Fumble
eSa vyekjh esa dqN VVksy jgk gw¡A
47) Peel off
lhrk vkyw Nhy jgh gSA
48) Like anything
oks cqjh rjg esgur dj jgk gSA
oks cgqr tcjnLr rjhds ls yM+kA
49) At least
de ls de ,d ckj rks vkvksA
50) Etcetera (Full form of etc.)
esjs ikl dbZ pht+sa gaS tSls iSu] fdrkc bR;kfnA
Exercise-IV
1. Hair
gsvj
2. Head
gSM
3. Forehead QksjgSM
4. Skull
Ldy
5. Eyebrow vkbczks
6. Eyelid
vkbfyM
7. Eyelash vkbyS‛k
8. Eyeball vkbckWy
9. Eyes
vkbt+
10. Ear
bvj
11. Nose
ukst+
12. Mouth ekmFk
13. Tooth
VqFk
14. Face
Qsl
15. Tongue Vax
16. Lips
fyIl
17. Cheek phd
18. Jaw
tkW
19. Chin
fpu
20. Mustache eq‛VSp
21. Beard fc;MZ
22. Neck
uSd
cky
flj
ekFkk
[kksiM+h
HkkSgsa
iyd
iyd dk cky
vk¡[k dh iqryh
vk¡[ksa
dku
ukd
eq¡g
nk¡r
psgjk
thHk
gksBa
xky
tcM+k
Bks<+h ;k BqM~Mh
ew¡N
nk<+h
xnZu
23. Throat FkzkVs
xyk
24. Shoulders 'kksYMj~l da/ks
25. Collar dkWyj
xnZu vkSj da/ks ds chp
dk fgLlk
26. Arms vkEl
Hkqtk] ckgq
27. Hand gSUM
gkFk (dykbZ ls uk[kqu rd
dk fgLlk)
28. Elbow ,sYcks
dksguh
29. Wrist fjLV
dykbZ
30. Palm ike
gFksyh
31. Fist
fQLV
eqV~Bh
32. Finger fQUxj
m¡xyh
33. Thumb FkEc
v¡xwBk (gkFk dk)
34. Nail usy
uk[kqu
35. Chest pSLV
Nkrh (iq#"k dh)
36. Breast czSLV
Nkrh (efgyk dh)
37. Stomach LVed isV
38. Belly CkSyh
rksna
39. Abdomen ,scMkseu mnj
40. Waist osLV
dej
41. Leg
ysx
iSj
42. Thigh Fkkb
tk¡?k
42
43.
44.
45.
46.
Knee
Calf
Feet
Toe
uh
dkQ+
QhV
Vks
?kqVuk
?kqVus o ryos ds chp dk fgLlk
ryok
iSj dk v¡xwBk
47.
48.
49.
50.
Bone cksu
Skeleton LdSySVu
Lungs yaXl
Lever fyoj
gM~Mh
dadky
QsQM+s
xqnkZ
Exercise – V
1) Materialize ¼eVhfjvykbt+½ lp@lkdkj dj nsuk
2) Allure
¼,sY;kSj½
ykyp nsuk] yqHkkuk
3) Momentous ¼ekWeSUVl½
egRoiw.kZ] cgqr t+#jh
4) Exonerate ¼bXt+kujsV½
funzks"k djkj dj nsuk
5) Sneeze
¼Luht+½
Nhaduk
6) Testy
¼VSLVh½
fpM+fpM+k] xqLlSy
7) Aspect
¼vkliSDV½
igyw
8) Futile
¼¶;wVkby½
Qkyrw] fujFkZd
9) Confluence ¼dkWU¶yqvUl½ laxe tSls ufn;ksa dk
10) Conquer ¼dUDoSj½
thruk] dCt+k djuk
11) Consequence¼dkWfUlDosUl½ ifj.kke
12) Conservative¼dUTk+josfVo½ #f<+oknh] tks
iqjkus [;kykrksa esa thrk gks
13) Conservatory¼dUt+josVjh½ ,d ,slh txg
tgk¡ ukt+qd isM+ ikS/kksa dks mxk;k tkrk gS
14) Absolutism¼,scLY;wfVt+e½ fujadq‛krk ;kfu
tgk¡ fdlh vkSj dh ckr u lquh tk;s
15) Waist
¼osLV½
dej
16) West
¼oSLV½
if‛pe fn‛kk
17) Affluence ¼v¶yw,Ul½
vehjh
18) Protest
¼izkVs sLV½
fonzksg
19) Ailment ¼,yesUV½
chekjh
20) Imitate
¼bfeVsV½
udy djuk
21) Debris
¼MScfjl½
dpjk] eyck
22) Mist
¼feLV½
dksgjk
23) Fog
¼QkWx½
dksgjk] /kq¡?k
24) Hail
¼gsy½
vksys] vksys iM+uk
25) Brutal
¼czqVy½
fuZn;h] Øwj
26) Masticate ¼eSLVhdsV½ pckuk] dwVuk] ihluk
27) Credulous ¼ØSMqyl½
Hkksyk Hkkyk
28) Accomplish ¼vdfEIy‛k½ iwjk@lQy dj nsuk
29) Rapture ¼jSIpj½
[kq‛kh
30) Though ¼nks½
;|fi] gkyk¡fd
31) Extensive ¼,sDlVSfUlo½
foLr`r] O;kid
32) Retaliate ¼fjVSfy,V½
djkjk tokc nsuk
33) Thoroughfare¼FkjQs;j½ vke jkLrk
34) Tribute ¼fVªC;wV½
J)k¡tfy
35) Admire ¼,Mek;j½
iz‛kalk djuk
36) Proximity ¼izkSfDlfeVh½
fudVrk
37) Destroy¼fMLVªkW;½
cckZn dj nsuk
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
72)
73)
74)
75)
76)
43
Groom ¼xzwe½
nwYgk
Bride
¼czkbM½
nqYgu
Worship¼ojf‛ki½
iwtk djuk
Pliers ¼Iyk;lZ½
Iykl
Corrupt¼djIV½
Hkz"V] csbZeku
Spendthrift¼LiSUMfFkz¶V½
[kphZyk O;fDr
Genuine¼tSuqvu½
vlyh
Ridiculous¼fjMhfdyl½
cdokl] csdkj
International¼bUVjuS‛kuy½ vUrZjk"Vªh;
Zoo¼t+w½
fpfM+;k?kj
Extraordinary¼,DlVªkWMujh½ vlk/kkj.k
Unbelievable¼vufcyhoscy½ vfo‛oluh;
Engineer ¼baftfu;j½
baftfu;j
Entertaining¼,UVjVsfuax½
euksjatd
Astrology ¼,LVªkWyth½
T;ksfr"k foKku
Australia¼vkWLVªsfy;k½
,d ns‛k dk uke
Belgium¼cSfYt;e½
,d ns‛k dk uke
Shoot
¼‛kwV½
xksyh ekjuk] ‚kwfVax djuk
Russia ¼jf‛k;k½
,d ns‛k dk uke
Rural
¼#jy½
xzkeh.k
Algorithm ¼,syxkWfjne½
eSFkseSfVDl dk VkWfid
Necessarily ¼uSlslSfjyh½ t+#jh gS] vfuok;Zr%
Unnecessarily¼vuuSlslSfjyh½ t+#jh ugha gS
Perfect ¼ijQSDV½
,dne lgh
Present ¼izStSV+a ½
mifLFkr gksuk] fx¶V
Enhance ¼,sugkUl½
c<+kuk] T+;knk dj nsuk
Window ¼foUMks½
f[kM+dh
Fantastic¼QSUVSfLVd½
cgqr gh cf<+;k
Zebra ¼tS+czk½
tkuoj dk uke
Z ¼tS+M½
vaxzst+h dk v{kj
Shy ¼‛kk;½
‚kehZyk] ‚kekZuk
Shameless¼‛kseySl½
cs‛keZ
Exile
¼,sXt+kby½
cuokl
Standard¼LVSUMMZ½
Lrj] #rck
Shelter ¼‛kSYVj½
‚kj.k] iukg
Zodiac Sign¼tkSfM;sd lkbu½ jkf‛k dk uke
Pisces ¼ikbflt+½
ehu jkf‛k
Abortion ¼vckW‛kZu½
xHkZikr
Foeticide¼QhVlkbM½
Hkzw.kgR;k
77) Example¼bXt+SEiy½
mnkgj.k
78) Exams ¼bXt+SEl½
ijh{kk
79) Poison ¼ikWbt+u½
t+gj
80) Discriminate¼fMfLØfeusV½
i{kikr djuk
81) Infanticide ¼buQSfUVlkbM½
f‛k‛kq gR;k
82) Mortality¼ekWVSZfyVh½
e`R;qnj
83) Abnormality¼,cukeSZfyVh½ vViVk O;ogkj gksuk
84) Generations¼tujs‛kUl½
ihf<+;k¡
85) Suggestion¼ltS‛pu½
lq>ko
86) Question¼DoS‛pu½
iz‛u
87) Literacy¼fyVªSlh½
lk{kjrk
88) Majority¼eStkWjsVh½
cgqer
89) Poverty ¼ikWoVhZ½
90) Evil ¼bfoy½
91) Permission¼ifeZ‛ku½
92) Ingredient¼buxzhfM,UV½
93) Harass ¼gjkl½
94) Television¼VSyhfo‛k+u½
95) Melt ¼eSYV½
96) Prefer
¼izSQj½
97) Priority ¼izk;kSfjVh½
98) Politics¼ikWfyfVDl½
99) Gasp ¼xSLi½
100) Facial ¼Qsf‛k;y½
xjhch
cqjkbZ
vkKk
iz;ksx dh lkexzh
rax djuk] lrkuk
Vhoh
xyuk
roTtks nsuk
roTtks nsuk
jktuhfr
gk¡Quk
psgjs dh ekfy‛k
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Dream big and dare to fail.
cM+k liuk ns[kks vkSj gkj lgus dh fgEer j[kksA
2. The only way to do great work is to love what you do.
(Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½
3. People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never
forget how you made them feel.
yksx Hkwy tk;sx
a s vkius D;k dgk] yksx Hkwy tk;sx
a s vkius D;k fd;k] ij yksx dHkh ugha Hkwyx
sa s fd vkius mUgsa dSlk
eglwl djok;kA
4. I am not a product of my circumstances. I am a product of my decisions.
eSa gkykrksa ls fufeZr izk.kh ugha] esjk fuekZ.k esjs QSlyksa ls gqvk gSA
5. What's the point of being alive if you don't try to do something remarkable.
thfor jgus ds D;k ek;us vxj vki dqN vlk/kkj.k djus dk iz;Ru u djsAa
6. There are two types of people who will tell you that you cannot make a difference in this
world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed.
nks rjg ds yksx vkidks ;s dgsx
a s fd vki bl nqfu;k esa dqN vyx ugha dj ldrs & ,d oks tks [kqn iz;kl djus ls
Mjrs gSa vkSj nwljs oks ftUgsa vkids lQy gksus dk Mj gSA
7. Don't wish it were easier, wish you were better.
;s er pkgks fd dke vklku gks] cfYd ;s pkgks fd vki csgrj gksAa
8. When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off
against the wind, not with it. (Henry Ford)
tc lc dqN vkids f[kykQ gks jgk gks] rks ;s ckr ;kn djuk fd gokbZtgkt Hkh gok ds fo#) gh mM+ku Hkjrk gS]
mlds lkFk ughaA ¼gSujh QksMZ½
9. Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.
(Abraham Lincoln)
vki eq÷ks ,d isM+ dkVus ds fy, 6 ?kaVs nsaxs rks eSa igys 4 ?kaVs dqYgkM+h dh /kkj rst djus esa yxkÅ¡xkA¼vczkge
fyadu½
10. He that has patience can achieve anything that he wants.
ftlds ikl /kS;Z gS oks tks pkgs ik ldrk gSA
44
Exercise – VI
1. Military ¼fefyVjh½
lsuk
2. Opportunity¼vkWijP;wfuVh½ volj] ekSdk
3. Bicycle
¼ckbfldy½
lkbZfdy
4. Tiffin box ¼fVfQu ckWDl½
fVfQu ckWDl
5. Heel¼ghy½
,M+h
6. Sugar¼‛kqxj½
phuh
7. Water¼okWVj½
ikuh
8. Was¼okWt+½
Fkk] Fks] Fkh
9. Because¼fcdt+½
D;ksfa d
10. Gorgeous¼xkWjtl½
cgqr lqUnj
11. Government¼xoesaV½
ljdkj
12. Pressure ¼izS‛kj½
ncko
13. Wednesday¼osUt+Ms½
cq/kokj
14. Saturday¼lSVjMs½
‚kfuokj
15. April¼,fizy½
vizSy dk eghuk
16. May¼es½
ebZ dk eghuk
17. August ¼vkWxLV½
vxLr dk eghuk
18. November¼uoSEcj½
uoEcj dk eghuk
19. December¼fMlSEcj½
fnlEcj dk eghuk
20. January ¼tSU;qjh½
tuojh dk eghuk
21. Development¼fMoSyIkeSUV ;k MoyieSUV½fodkl
22. Phenomenal¼fQukWfeuy½ tcjnLr
23. Secondary¼lSdsUMjh½
nwljk
24. Guardian ¼xkjfM;u½
laj{kd] vfHkHkkod
25. Question¼DoS‛pu½
iz‛u
26. Suggestion¼lts‛pu½
lq>ko
27. Aries¼,vjht+½
es"k jkf‛k
28. Technology¼VSDukWyth½
rduhd
29. Soil¼lkWby½
t+ehu] feV~Vh
30. Spoil¼LikWby½
cckZn@[kjkc dj nsuk
31. Thoroughfare¼FkjQs;j½ vke jkLrk
32. Though ¼nks½
;|fi] gkyk¡fd
33. Mountain ¼ekmuVsu½
ioZr
34. Telecommunication¼VSyhdE;wfuds‛ku½ nwjlapkj
35. Data¼MsVk½
vk¡dM+s
36. Grammar ¼xzSej½
O;kdj.k
37. Typhoid ¼VkbQkbM½
,d chekjh
38. Penniless¼iSfuYkSl½
daxky] iSls u gksuk
39. Perhaps ¼ijgSIl½
‚kk;n
40. Determine¼fMVjfeu½
fu/kkZfjr djuk
45
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Niece¼uhl½
Hkk¡th ;k Hkrhth
Nephew ¼usO;w½
Hkk¡tk ;k Hkrhtk
Agree¼vxzh½
lger gksuk
Musician¼E;wt+hf‛k;u½
laxhrK
Essential¼blSfU‛kvy½
cgqr t+#jh
Spacious ¼LiS‛kl½
cM+h txg
Zoom¼t++we½
vkdkj esa c<+kuk
Shift¼f‛k¶V½
f[klduk
Echo¼,sdks½
vkokt+ xw¡tuk
University¼;wfuoflZVh½
fo‛ofo|ky;
Noise¼ukWbt+½
gYyk] ‚kksj
Altogether¼vkWyVqxSnj½
iwjh rjg ls
Yamaha ¼;ekgk½
,d dEiuh
Honda¼gksUMk½
,d dEiuh
And¼,sUM½
vkSj
End¼,UM½
vUr] vkf[kj
Sit¼flV½
cSBuk
Stand¼LVSUM½
[kM+k gksuk
Communication¼dE;wfuds‛ku½ lapkj.k
Enjoy ¼,UtkW;½
ets djuk
Neither ¼uhnj ;k ukbnj½ ugha
Also
¼vkWYlks½
Hkh
Although¼vkWYnks½
;|fi] gkyk¡fd
However ¼gkoSoj½
fQj Hkh] tcfd
Idle¼vkbMy½
[kkyh gksuk
Ideal¼vkbfM;y½
vkn‛kZ
Idol¼vkbMy½
ewfRkZ
Pour¼iksj½
mM+y
s uk
Feverish ¼Qhofj‛k½
cq[kkj tSlk
Rumour ¼j~;wej½
vQokg
Quarrel ¼D+okjy½
>xM+k
Headache¼gSMsd½
fljnnZ
Holiday ¼gkWfyMs½
NqV~Vh
Vegetable¼oSftVscy½
lCt+h
Afar¼vQkj½
cgqr nwj
Aloof¼vywQ½
vdsyk o pqi&pqi
Forty¼QkWVhZ½
40
Fourteen¼QksVhZu½
14
Exaggerate¼bXt+StjsV½
c<+k p<+kdj dguk
Almirah ¼,yfejk½
vyekjh
Exercise – VII
1. Sell
¼lSy½
cspuk (Verb)
2. Sale
¼lsy½
fcØh (Noun)
3. Shall
¼‛kSy½
,d lgk;d fØ;k
4. Again
¼vxSu½
nksckjk
5. Bother
¼ckWnj½
ijs‛kku djuk
6. Ooze
¼Åt+½
fdlh nzo dk fudyuk
7. Leisure time¼yS‛k+j VkbZe½
[kkyh le;
8. Negligence ¼uSXyhtSUl½
ykijokgh
9. Dowry
¼Mkmjh½
ngst+
10. Proposal ¼Ikzikst+y½
izLrko
11. Would
¼oqM½
,d lgk;d fØ;k gS
12. Guardian ¼xkjfM;u½
vfHkHkkod
13. Pity
¼fiVh½
n;k
14. Skill
¼fLdYk½
gquj] dkfcfy;r
15. Least
¼yhLV½
lcls de
16. Seek
¼lhd½
<w¡<uk] dksf‛k‛k djuk
17. Cooperate¼dqvkWijsV½
lg;ksx djuk
18. Obey
¼vkscs½
ikyu djuk
19. Correspondence¼dkWjLikWUMSUl½i«kkpkj
20. Memory ¼eSejh½
;kn] Le`fr
21. Quotient ¼dks‛ksUV½
HkkxQy
22. Certain
¼ljVsu½
fuf‛pr
23. Recognize ¼jSdXukbt+½
igpkuuk
24. America ¼veSfjdk½
,d ns‛k dk uke
25. Portugal ¼ikSpZqxy½
,d ns‛k dk uke
26. Kerala
¼dSjyk½
,d jkT; dk uke
27. Foreign
¼QkWjSu½
fons‛k
28. Executive ¼bDtS+D;fVo½
izfrfuf/k] dk;Zdkjh
29. Employee ¼beIykWb½
deZpkjh
30. Vision
¼fo‛k+u½
lksp] n`f"Vdks.k
31. Favourite ¼QsojsV½
lcls T+;knk ilUn
32. Machine ¼e‛khu½
e‛khu
33. Deodorant ¼fM;ksMªsUV½
ij¶;we
34. Success
¼lDlSl½
lQyrk
35. General ¼tSujy½
lk/kkj.k
36. Possessive ¼it+sflo½
vf/kdkj le>uk
37. Departure ¼fMikpZj½ fdlh txg ls fudyuk
38. Bear
¼csvj½
fc;j tks ih tkrh gS
39. Bear
¼csvj½
Hkkyw
40. Bear
¼fcvj½
lguk
41. Hour
¼vkoj ;k vkj½
?kaVk
42. Our
¼voj ;k vkj½
gekjk
43. Flour
¼¶ykWj½
vkVk
44. Floor
¼¶yksj½
eafty] Q‛kZ
45. The
¼n ;k nh½
,d vkfVZdy gSA
46. Wind
¼foUM½
gok
47. Able
¼,cy½
;ksX; gksuk
48. Society ¼lqlkbVh½
lekt
49. Didn‟t
¼fMUV ;k fMMUV½ lgk;d fØ;k
50. Formality¼QkWjeSfyVh½
vkSipkfjdrk
51. Conversation¼dkWUojls‛ku½ okrkZyki
52. Usage
¼;wlst½
mi;ksx
53. Ancient ¼,uf‛k,UV½
izkphu] iqjkuk
54. Island ¼vk;ySUM½
,d }hi
55. Only
¼vksUyh½
dsoy
56. Hospitality¼gkWfLiVSfyVh½ esgeku uokth
57. Vehicle ¼Okfgdy½
okgu] xkM+h
58. Enough ¼,uQ ;k buQ½ dkQh
59. Alarm ¼vykeZ½
?kaVh
60. Sheep
¼‛khi½
HksM+
61. Ship
¼f‛ki½
tgkt
62. Project ¼izkStSDV½
izkStSDV
63. Seven
¼lSou½
lkr
64. Millionaire¼feyusvj½
y[kifr
65. Billionaire ¼fcyusvj½
djksM+ifr
66. Towel
¼VkWoy½
rkSfy;k
67. Bottle
¼ckWVy½
cksry
68. Deposit ¼fMikWft+V½
tek djuk
69. Agree
¼vxzh½
lger gksuk
70. Restaurant¼jSLVªka½
jsLVªka
71. Square ¼LD+oS;j½
oxkZdkj
72. Voice
¼okWbl½
vkokt+ ¼ltho dh½
73. Sound ¼lkmUM½
vkokt+ ¼futhZo dh½
74. Oral
¼vksjy½
tqckuh ckr
75. Confirmation¼dkWUQesZ‛ku½ iqf"V djuk
76. Permanent¼ijekuSUV½
LFkk;h
77. Rapport ¼jSiks½
viuh izfr"Bk
rd
78. Driven ¼fMªou½
3 form of Drive
79. Psychology¼lkbdkWyth½ ekuo eu dk foKku
80. Astrology ¼,LVªkWyth½
T;ksfr"k ‚kkL«k
81. Biology ¼ckbvkWyth½
tho foKku
82. Social
¼lks‛ky½
lkekftd
83. Wallet
¼okWysV½
cVqvk (of male)
84. Purse
¼ilZ½
cVqvk (of female)
85. Another ¼vunj½
nwljk
86. Bad
¼cSM½
cqjk
87. Bed
¼C;M½
fcLrj
88. Annual ¼,suqvy½
lkykuk
89. Yours
¼;kslZ½
rqEgkjk
46
90. Escape ¼bLdsi½ cp fudyuk] Hkkx tkuk
91. Liquor ¼fydj½ ‚kjkc
92. Fidelity ¼fQMSfyVh½ oQknkjh
93. Use
¼;wt+½
iz;ksx djuk
94. Direction ¼fMjSD‛ku ;k Mk;jsD‛ku½ fn‛kk
95. Broom ¼czwe½
>kM+w
¼iqyhl½
97. Whistle ¼foly½
98. Wholesome¼gksyle½
99. Own
¼vksu½
100. Financial ¼QkbuSfU‛k;y½
96. Police
iqfyl
lhVh ctkuk
ykHknk;d
viuk
foŸkh;
Exercise – VIII
1. Tourism ¼VwfjTk+e½ i;ZVu
2. Wash
¼okW‛k½
/kksuk
3. Breakfast ¼czSdQLV½ lqcg dk Hkkstu
4. Feast
¼QhLV½ mRlo] nkor
5. Shower ¼‛kkoj½ ckSNkj] Qqgkjk
6. Vein
¼osu½
‚kjhj dh ul] jx
7. All
¼vkWy½
lc
8. Onion
¼vfu;u½ I;kt+
9. Potato
¼iVSVks½ vkyw
10. Tomato ¼VeSVks½ VekVj
11. Rainbow ¼jsucks½ bUnz/kuq"k
12. Relative ¼jSySfVo½ lxs laca/kh
13. Year
¼;h;j½ lky] o"kZ
14. Ear
¼bvj½
dku
15. Air
¼,;j½
gok
16. Ocean ¼vksf‛ku½ egklkxj
17. Sure
¼‛;kSj½
iDdk
18. Continuous¼dkWufVuqvl½ yxkrkj
19. Everybody¼,sojhcMh½ gj dksbZ
20. Begin ¼fcfxu½ ‚kq# djuk
21. Began ¼fcxSu½ fcfxu dh nwljh QkWeZ
22. Hide
¼gkbM½ fNiuk
23. Later
¼ysVj½
ckn esa
24. Letter ¼ySVj½
i«k
25. Won
¼ou½
thrk
26. Want
¼okWUV½
pkguk
27. Adjacent ¼,stlSUV½ cxy esa
28. Alternative¼vkWYVjusfVo½ fodYi] nwljk rjhdk
29. Percent ¼ijlSUV½ izfr‛kr
30. Associate¼vlksf‛k,V½ lg;ksxh] lk>snkj
31. Career ¼dfj;j½ is‛kk] Hkfo";
32. Towards ¼VqoMZl½ dh rjQ
33. Palm
¼ike½
gFksyh
34. Calf
¼dkQ½
xk; dk cPpk
35. Woman ¼oqeu½
,d vkSjr
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
47
Women ¼fofeu½ ,d ls T+;knk vkSjrsa
Man
¼eSu½
,d vkneh
Men
¼E;u½
,d ls T+;knk vkneh
Equal ¼bZDoy½ cjkcj] ,d tSlk
Skull
¼Ldy½ [kksiM+h
Violence ¼okW;ySUl½ fgalk
War
¼okWj½
yM+kbZ] ;q)
Altogether¼vkWyVqxSnj½ iwjh rjg ls
Colleague¼dyhx½ lkFkh
Tiny
¼Vk;uh½ cgqr NksVk
Chew
¼P;w½
pckuk
Tap
¼VSi½
uy
Said
¼lsM½
dgk
Shade ¼‛ksM½
Nk;k
Sad
¼lSM½
nq[kh
Spread ¼LizSM½
QSykuk
Honesty ¼vkWuSLVh½ bZekunkjh
Hesitate ¼gSt+hVsV½ fgpfdpkuk
Leave ¼yho½
NksM+uk
Die
¼Mk;½
ejuk
Dye
¼Mkb½
flj ij yxkus okyk jax
Live
¼ykbo½ tks bl oDr gks jgk gks
Live
¼fyo½
jguk
Namesake¼uselsd½ ,d tSlk uke okyk
Handshake¼gSUM‛ksd½ gkFk feykuk
Appetite ¼,siSVkbV½ Hkw[k] vfHkyk"kk] bPNk
Realize ¼fjvykbt+½ eglwl djuk
Scissors ¼lht+lZ½ dSaph
Talkative¼VkWdSfVo½ ckrwuh tks cgqr ckr djs
During ¼M~;wfjax½ nkSjku
Yet
¼;V½
vHkh rd] fQj Hkh
Huge
¼g~;wt½ cgqr cM+k] fo‛kkydk;
Binoculars¼ckbukWdqylZ½ nwjchu
Premises¼izSeSflt+½ ifjlj] nk;jk
Hurt
¼gVZ½
nq[k igq¡pkuk] pksV igq¡pkuk
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Heart ¼gkVZ½
fny
Breed ¼czhM½
tUe nsuk
Bread ¼cSzM½
cSzM tks ge [kkrs gSa
Chapati ¼pikrh½ jksVh
Sweat ¼LoSV½
ilhuk vkuk
Sweet ¼LohV½ ehBk
Sweets ¼LohV~l½ feBkbZ
Always ¼vkWYkost½+ ges‛kk
Puppet ¼iiSV½
dBiqryh
Shiver ¼f‛koj½ dk¡iuk
Suppose ¼likst+½ ekuk] eku yksA
Almost ¼vkWYeksLV½ yxHkx
Familiar ¼QSehfyvj½ igys ls gh tkudkjh gksuk
Occupy ¼vkWD;wik;½ ?ksjuk] vf/kdkj esa ys ysuk
Endeavor¼bfUM,oj½ iz;kl ;k iz;Ru djuk
Ointment¼vkWbUVeSUV½
Auspicious¼vkWfLi‛kl½
Enigma ¼bfuXek½
Footfall ¼QqVQkWy½
Bulge ¼cYt½
Fatal
¼QsVy½
Consent ¼dUlSUV½
Stampede¼LVSEihM½
Indebted ¼bUMSfVM½
Smile
¼Lekby½
Music ¼E;wft+d½
School ¼Ldwy½
Saline ¼lykbu½
99. Recipe ¼jSflih½
100. Volkswagen¼QksDlosxu½
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
?kko dk ejge
‚kqHk
igsyh
dneksa dh vkokt+
mHkjk gqvk
?kkrd
lgefr
HkxnM+
dtZnkj] _.kh
eqLdqjkuk
laxhr
fo|ky;
[kkjk
[kkus dk uqL[kk
dkj dh dEiuh
Exercise – IX
1. Acrid¼,sfØM½ [kkus esa dM+ok ;k LoHkko esa dM+ok
2. Betray¼fcVªs½ fo‛okl?kkr djuk ;k /kks[kk nsuk
3. Turmeric ¼VeZfjd½ gYnh
4. Prosperity ¼izkSLiSjVh½ vehjh
5. Disparity ¼fMLiSjVh½ i{kikr] vlekurk
6. Obstinate ¼vkWfCLVusV½ vfM+;y ] ft+n~nh
7. Keen
¼dhu½
mRlqd
8. Coriander ¼dkWfj,sUMj½ /kfu;k
9. Arrogant ¼,sjxsUV½
?kaeaMh
10. Dazzling ¼MSt+fyax½ pdkpkSa/k dj nsuk
11. Dormitory¼MkWehZVfj½ fuokl LFkku] ‚k;ud{k
12. Dupe
¼M~;wi½
/kks[kk nsuk
13. Arid
¼vkfjM½
catj] lw[kk] uhjl
14. Delude
¼fMY;wM½
/kks[kk nsuk
15. Guava
¼Xokok½
ve#n
16. Embellish ¼becSfy‛k½ ltkuk] laokjuk
17. Virulent ¼fo:ySUV½ izpUM
18. Stumble ¼LVecy½ Bksdj yxuk] gdykuk
19. Stammer ¼LVSej½
gdykuk
20. Consequence¼dkWfUlDoSUl½ ifj.kke
21. Abduct
¼,cMDV½ vigj.k djuk
22. Dorm
¼MkWeZ½
fuokl LFkku] ‚k;ud{k
23. Carrot
¼dSjV½
xkt+j
24. Radish
¼jSfM‛k½
ewyh
25. Exhilarating¼,sfDt+yjsfVax½ [kq‛k djuk
26. Bizarre ¼fct+kj½
vuks[kk] cgqr gh cf<+;k
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
48
Avid
¼avfoM½
ykyp djuk
Deplete
¼fMIyhV½ [kkyh@de dj nsuk
Forbid
¼QkWjfcM½ euk@fu"ks/k djuk
Anguish ¼,afXo‛k½
cgqr nq[k] osnuk
Reign
¼jsu½
‚kklu djuk
Garnish ¼xkjfu‛k½ ltkuk
Constitution¼dk¡fLVV~;‛w ku½lafo/kku
Deduce
¼fMM~;wl½ fu"d"kZ fudkyuk
Deluge
¼fMY;wt½ ck<+
Cabbage ¼dScSt½
iRrkxksHkh
Vague
¼osx½
/kq¡/kyk
Prohibit ¼izkfs gfcV½ euk@fu"ks/k djuk
Flaw
¼¶ykW½
deh
Fictitious¼fQfDV‛kl½ dkYifud
Ginger
¼ftatj½
vnjd
Garlic
¼xkfyZd½ yglqu
Agony
¼,sxuh½
cgqr nq[k ;k nnZ
Theology¼fFk;kWyth½
/kkfeZd Kku
Provoke ¼izkos ksd½
mdlkuk] HkM+dkuk
Civilized ¼flfoykbT+M½ lH;
Bliss
¼fCyl½
cgqr T+;knk [kq‛kh
Fascinate¼QSfLkusV½
cgqr [kq‛k dj nsuk
Abrupt
¼,sCjIV½
vpkud] vdLekr
Splendid ¼LIySfUMM½ ‚kkunkj
Riot
¼jk;V½
naxs
Flood
¼¶+YM½
ck<+
Epigram ¼bfixze½
pqVdqyk
Authentic ¼vkWFkSfUVd½ vlyh] fo‛oluh;
Apparent ¼,sijSUV½
tkfgj lh ckr] Li"Vr;k
Barren
¼cSju½
catj
Captive ¼dSifVo½ canh
Stubborn ¼LVcuZ½
ft+n~nh
Petrified ¼iSV~fjQkbM½ Mjk gqvk
Cordial ¼dkWfMZ;y½ gkfnZd] Lusgiw.kZ
Unique ¼;wuhd+½
vuks[kk] tcjnLr
Massacre ¼eSlSdj½
gR;kdk.M] [kwu[kjkck
Outstanding¼vkmVLVSfUMax½ tcjnLr
Pinnacle ¼fiudy½ f‛k[kj] pksVh] ‚kh"kZ
Conceited ¼dUlhfVM½ ?keaM
Jovial
¼tksfo;y½ cgqr [kq‛k
Antique ¼,sUVhd½
izkphu] iqjkus le; dk
Bitter
¼fcVj½
dM+ok
Infertile ¼bUQVkZby½ catj] lw[kk
Diversity ¼Mk;ofLkZVh½ fofo/krk] dbZ pht+ksa@/keksaZ
dk ,d lkFk gksuk
71. Hostage ¼gkWLVSt½ ca/kd] canh
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Phobia
¼Qksfc;k½ Mj
Scrutinize ¼LØwfVukbt+½ tk¡puk ij[kuk
Refrain ¼fjÝsu½
ijgst+ djuk
Ravishing¼jSfof‛kax½ csgrjhu
Oath
¼vksFk½
‚kiFk ysuk
Convivial ¼dUohfo;y½ feyulkj
Dilemma ¼Mk;yek½ nqfo/kk] vleatl
Haughty ¼gkWVh½
?keaMh
Glitter
¼fXyVj½ pedus okyh pht+
Obsolete ¼vkWClksyhV½ iz;ksx esa ugha
Delusion ¼fMY;w‛k+u½ Hkze
Discord ¼fMLdkWMZ½ >xM+k] eueqVko
Debase
¼Mhcsl½
vieku djuk
Omnipotent¼vkseuhiksVsUV½ loZ‛kfDreku
Intercept ¼bUVjlSIV½ chp esa dkVuk
Terrified ¼VSfjQkbM½ Mjk gqvk
Curious ¼D;wfj;l½ mRlqd] ftKklw
Eclipse
¼bfDyIl½ xzg.k tSls lw;Z xzg.k
Adobe
¼vMksc½
dPpk edku
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Opportunities are not always given, but created.
volj ges‛kk feyrs ugha cfYd cuk;s tkrs gSaA
2. Winning isn‟t everything, but strong desire to win is.
thruk ugha cfYd thrus dh izcy bPNk djuk lcdqN gSA
3. Certain things catch your eyes, but you pursue only those that touch the heart.
dqN pht+as vkidh ut+jksa dks Hkkrh gSa ysfdu vki ihNk mUgha pht+ksa dk djrs gks tks vkids fny dks Nw ysA
4. Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing. (Benjamin
Franklin)
;k rks dqN ,slk fy[kks tks i<+us yk;d gks] ;k fQj dqN ,slk djks tks fy[kus yk;d gksA ¼cSatfeu ÝSadfyu½
5. Don't let the fear of losing be greater than the excitement of winning.
gkjus ds Mj dks thrus dh [kq‛kh ls T+;knk er c<+us nksA
6. If you think of something difficult, that means you have not understood it well.
vxj vkidks dqN eqf‛dy yxrk gS] rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd vkius mls <ax ls le÷kk ughaA
7. Dream big and dare to fail.
cM+k liuk ns[kks vkSj gkj lgus dh fgEer j[kksA
8. The only way to do great work is to love what you do.
(Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½
49
Lesson – 5
WH Family (WH ifjokj)
WH Family ds vUrZxr os ‚kCn vkrs gSa ftuesa W vkSj H v{kjksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk ftUgsa izk;% iz‛u
iwNus gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ‚kCn gSa & What, When, Where, Whose, Who, How,
Whom, Why o Which.
bl pSIVj esa ;s ‚kCn vkSj buds iz;ksx ds lkFk cus vf/kdrj iz;ksx esa vkus okys ‚kCn lewg fn;s x;s gSa ftUgsa
vPNh rjg ;kn dj yhft, rkfd vkus okys ikBksa esa vki budk iz;ksx vklkuh ls le÷k ik;saA
vki bu ‚kCnksa o ‚kCn lewgksa dk mPpkj.k vkWfM;ks ySDpj ds ek?;e ls lqfu;sA
,d ckr vkSj] tSlk fd igys mnkgj.k esa fn;k x;k gS „What‟ dk vFkZ gS „D;k ‟ ;k „tks ‟] vkids eu esa
,d ckr vk;sxh fd „What‟ dk vFkZ gS „D;k‟ ] ;s ckr rks eq÷ks irk gS] ij „What‟ dk ,d vkSj vFkZ gS
„tks‟ ] ;s ckr dqN le÷k ugha vk;hA rF; ;g gS fd tc „What‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh iz‛uokpd okD; esa fd;k
tkrk gS rks ogk¡ ij „What‟ dk vFkZ gksrk gS „D;k ‟ vkSj tc „What‟ dk iz;ksx „Conjunction‟
dh rjg gksrk gS rks „What‟ dk vFkZ gksrk gS „tks ‟A vc vki lkspx
sa s fd „Conjunction‟ D;k gS! tc
vki „Conjunction‟ pSIVj i<+ax
s s] lc le÷k vk tk;sxkA /kS;Z jf[k;s] fQygky bUgsa vPNh rjg ;kn dj
ysAa
WH Family words are those, which comprise the letters “W” & “H” and used
primarily in Interrogative sentences. These are: What, When, Where, Whose,
Who, How, Whom, Why and Which.
WH family words & related group of words given in this lesson must be learnt by
heart. Listen to its pronunciation too.
In the very first example, you can see two different meanings of „What‟; one is „D;k
‟ and another one is „tks ‟. Fact is, when „What‟ is used in interrogative sentences,
it‟s meaning is „D;k ‟ but when „What‟ is used as a conjunction, it‟s meaning is „tks‟.
You will be taught about „Conjunctions‟ in detail a bit later.
1. What
2. Why
3. When
4. Where
5. How
6. Who
7. Which
8. Whose
9. Whom
10. How many
11. How much
12. Until when
okWV ¼oV½
ok;
oSu
os;j
gko
gw
fop
gwt+
gwe
gko eSuh
gko ep
vafVy oSu
D;k] tks
D;ksa
dc] tc
dgk¡] tgk¡
dSls
dkSu] tks ¼fdlh O;fDr+ ds fy,½
dkSu lk] tks ¼fdlh pht+ ds fy,½
fdldk] ftldk
fdls] fdlls] fdldks
fdrus (ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS)
fdruk (ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk)
dc rd
50
13. Since when
14. From when
15. For how long
16. With whom
17. For whom
18. About whom
19. Towards whom
20. By whom
21. From where
22. For what
23. What for
24. How beautiful
25. How far
26. How good
27. How long
28. How old
29. How soon
30. In what way
31. At what way
32. What else
33. Whatever
34. Whatsoever
35. What then
36. What type of
37. Whenever
38. When so ever
39. Whence
40. Whereas
41. Where in
42. Whichever
43. Which so ever
44. Which type
45. Whoever
46. Whosoever
47. Why so
48. From which office
49. From whose office
50. With which boy
51. Towards which city
52. From which street
53. For which company
54. By which gun
55. In which glass
56. With who people
57. For whose son
flUl oSu
ÝkWe oSu
QkWj gko yk¡x
fon gwe
QkWj gwe
vckmV gwe
VqoMZ~l gwe
ck; gwe
ÝkWe os;j
QkWj oV
oV QkWj
gko C;wfVQqy
gko Qkj
gko xqM
gko yk¡x
gko vksYM
gko lwu
bu oV os
,V oV os
oV ,sYl
oVSoj
oVlks,soj
oV nSu
oV Vkbi vkWQ
oSuSoj
oSuSlks,os j
oSUl
os;j,st
os;j bu
fop,soj
foplks,soj
fop Vkbi
gw,os j
gwlks,soj
ok; lks
ÝkWe fop vkWfQl
ÝkWe gwt+ vkWfQl
fon fop ckW;
VqoMZ~l fop flVh
ÝkWe fop LVªhV
ÝkWe fop dEiuh
ck; fop xu
bu fop Xykl
fon gw ihiy
QkWj gwt+ lu
dc ls
dc ls
dc ls
fdlds lkFk
fdlds fy,
fdlds ckjs esa
fdldh rjQ+
fdlds }kjk
dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls
fdlfy,] ftlfy,
fdlfy, ] ftlfy,
fdruh lqUnj
fdruk nwj
fdruk vPNk
fdruk yEck
fdruk iqjkuk ;k fdruk cM+k ¼mez esa½
fdruh tYnh
fdl rjg ls
fdl rjg ls
vkSj D;k
tks dqN Hkh
tks dqN Hkh
rks D;k] rc D;k] fQj D;k
fdl rjg dk
tc dHkh
tc dHkh
dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls
tcfd
ftlesa
tks dqN Hkh
tks dqN Hkh
fdl rjg dk] fdl izdkj dk
tks dqN Hkh
tks dqN Hkh
,slk D;ksa
fdl vkWfQl ls
fdlds vkWfQl ls
fdl yM+ds ds lkFk
fdl 'kgj dh rjQ+
fdl xyh ls
fdl dEiuh ds fy,
fdl cUnwd ls
fdl fxykl esa
fdu yksx
a ksa ds lkFk
fdlds csVs ds fy,
51
58. Which brother of mine fop cznj vkWQ ekbu
59. Which sister of yours fop flLVj vkWQ ;kSlZ
60. How many brothers
gko eSuh cznlZ
61. How many hairs
gko eSuh gsvlZ
62. How many stars
gko eSuh LVklZ
63. How much money
gko ep euh
64. How many such people gko eSuh lp ihiy
65. How much sugar
gko ep ‚kqxj
66. What kind of people oV dkbZUM vkWQ ihiy
67. How come
gko de
68. At what time
,sV oV Vkbe
69. What kind of book
oV dkbUM vkWQ cqd
70. Which girl’s brother
fop xYlZ cznj
71. Which school’s student fop LdwYl LVwMSaV
72. How many Kilograms of sugar
gko eSuh
73. How many glasses of milk
gko eSuh
74. How many brothers of mine
gko eSuh
75. How many brothers of yours
gko eSuh
esjk dkSu lk HkkbZ
rqEgkjh dkSu lh cgu
fdrus HkkbZ
fdrus cky
fdrus rkjs
fdruk ikuh
,sls fdrus yksx
fdruh phuh
fdl rjg ds yksx
fdl rjg / dSls
fdl le;
fdl rjg dh fdrkc
fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ
fdl Ldwy dk fo/kkFkhZ
fdyksxSzEl vkWQ ‚kqxj fdrus fdyksxzke phuh
Xyklst+ vkWQ feYd
nw/k ds fdrus fxykl
cznlZ vkWQ ekbu
esjs fdrus HkkbZ
cznlZ vkWQ ;kSlZ
rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
52
Lesson – 6
Parts of Speech- “kCn Hksn
fdlh Hkh okD; dks fy[kus o cksyus ds fy, ‚kCnksa ds lewg dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA okD; esa iz;ksx bu lHkh ‚kCnksa dks
dksbZ u dksbZ uke fn;k tkrk gSA tSls & laKk] loZuke] fØ;k vkfnA
‚kCnksa ds lgh iz;ksx dks le÷kus ds fy, gh bUgsa 8 oxksZa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS ftUgsa ‚kCn Hksn dgrs gSaA
Group of words are used together in a specific manner to write or speak a sentence. Every single
word in a sentence is given a name i.e. Noun, Pronoun, Verb etc.
To understand the sequence of words so that the sentence delivers the correct message, these
words are categorized in 8 categories, which are called the “Parts of Speech”.
8 Parts of speech; with their one-liner definitions are:
1. Noun (laKk)
2. Pronoun (loZuke)
3. Verb (fØ;k)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA
loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA
fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k)
tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh fo‛ks’krk crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
Adverb (fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k)
tks fdlh fØ;k dh] fdlh fo‛ks’k.k dh ;k fdlh nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k dh
fo‛ks’krk crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
Preposition (lEcU/k lwpd vOo; ;k iwoZlxZ) Prepositions oks ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj
okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds lac/a k dks n‛kkZrs gSaA
;g nks ‚kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+ nsrs gSaA blls okD; NksVk gks tkrk gS
Conjunction (la;kstd)
fcuk vFkZ cnysA
Interjection (foLe;kfncks/kd)
Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr djus okys ‚kCn o ‚kCnksa ds lewgA
vki buds ckjs esa vkus okys ikBksa esa foLrkj ls le÷kus okys gSaA
egRoiw.kZ rF; (Important Facts):
1. dgha dgha Articles (A/An vkSj The) dks Hkh vyx ‚kCn Hksn ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu vf/kdka‛kr% ;s Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k)
gh dgs tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
tSls & ,d iSu (A Pen)A ;gk¡ ij “iSu” ,d laKk gS vkSj “A” dk iz;ksx djus ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd iSu
fdrus gSa vFkkZr “A” dk iz;ksx djus ls “iSu” ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g ckr vki rc csgrj le÷k ik;saxs
tc vki vkus okys pSIVjksa esa lHkh ‚kCn Hksnksa dks vPNh rjg le÷k ysx
a sA
Generally, Articles are not considered a separate part of speech; rather classified as adjectives because
they modify nouns by mentioning their quantity i.e. as a number (A pen means one pen).
2. tc ge fdlh laKk dh ek«kk ds ckjs esa crk;sa tSls 1 vkneh] 2 iSu] 3 yksx] 50 dcwrj vkfnA rks bl rjg ls laKk dh
ek«kk ds ckjs esa crkus okyh ;s la[;k,¡ Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ dgykrh gSaA ;g Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ Hkh
Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) gh ekus tkrs gSa D;ksfa d buds dkj.k fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g dkWUlsIV Hkh
vki vkxs vkus okys Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ pSIVj esa i<+saxsA
Determiners are also classified as adjectives because they modify a noun.
53
Lesson – 7
Noun ¼laKk½
ge cpiu ls ;gh i<+rs gq, vk jgs gSa fd laKk fdlh O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA ;s ifjHkk"kk xyr
ugha gS ij FkksM+k vf/kd tkuus dh t+:jr gSA vxj ;s ifjHkk’kk lgh eku yh tk,] fQj rks fdlh tkuoj dk
uke tSls fdlh dqRrs dk uke „ VQh ‟ Hkh laKk ugha gSA ij ,slk fcYdqy ugha gSA uke pkgs fdlh O;fDr dk gks
;k fQj fdlh tkuoj dk] mls laKk gh ekuk tkrk gSA
,d ckr vkSj & ,d ‚kCn gS „I;kj ‟A ;g ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSA gekjk iz‛u ;g gS fd ;s rks fdlh O;fDr]
LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke ugha gS fQj bls laKk D;ksa ekurs gSa ! ;s lc ckrsa vkidks bl pSIVj dks i<+us dk ckn o
vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks lquus ds ckn le÷k vk tk;saxhA bl pSIVj dks /;ku ls if<+;As
Since childhood, we have been taught that a noun is the name of a person,
place or thing. This definition is not incorrect but we need to know a little
more. Even if, for an instance we assume, this definition is correct, then
why is the name of a dog or any animal for that matter considered a noun
! The fact is, name of any creature is a noun; be it a human or an animal.
Similarly, „love‟ is an example of abstract noun. It‟s not a name of a
person, place or thing , then why do we take it as a noun ! There are lot
many examples as such. Let‟s understand.
1) Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk ½
O;fDrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA
Proper Noun is the name of a Creature, place or thing.
Ram
Tuffy
Dehradun
Parker pen
Usha Fan
¼fdlh
¼fdlh
¼fdlh
¼fdlh
¼fdlh
izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
txg dk uke gS½ (Name of a Place)
oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)
oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)
2) Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk ½
tkfrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dh tkfr ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA
Common Noun denotes the class of a Creature, Place or thing.
1- pfy, le>sAa ekuk vkids lkeus nks eksckby j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS uksfd;k eksckbZy vkSj nwljk gS lSelax eksckbZyA
nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa eksckby gSaA blfy, ÞeksckbyÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr
ÞeksckbyÞ gSA
Suppose, there are two mobiles. One is nokia‟s and another one is Samsung‟s. What is
common in both? They both are mobile. So „mobile‟ is a common noun.
2- ekuk vkids lkeus nks yM+ds [kM+s gSaA ,d gS jke vkSj nwljk gS jktwA nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa yM+ds gSaA
blfy, ÞyM+dkÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr ÞyM+dkÞ gSA
Suppose there are two boys; Ram and Raju. What is common in both? They both are
boys. So „boy‟ is a common noun.
54
3- ekuk vkids lkeus rhu QSu j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS m"kk QSu] nwljk gS [ksrku QSu vkSj rhljk gS gSoYl QSuA rhuksa esa
D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa QSu gSaA blfy, ÞQSuÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞQSuÞ gSA
There are three fans; one is Usha‟s, second one is Khaitan‟s and the third one is
Havel‟s. What is common in them? They all are fans. So „fan‟ is a common noun.
4- rhu jkT; gSaA ,d gS fnYyh] nwljk gS gfj;k.kk vkSj rhljk gS fcgkjA rhuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa jkT; gSaA
blfy, ÞjkT;Þ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞjkT;Þ gSA
Let‟s think about three states; Delhi, Hariyana and Bihar. What is common in these?
These all are states. So „State‟ is a common noun.
3) Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½
lewgokpd laKk izkf.k;ksa ds] txgksa ds ;k oLrqvksa ds lewg dks n‛kkZrk gSA
Collective Noun denotes the group of creatures, places or things.
People(yksx)
Crowd(HkhM+)
Batch(cSp)
Team(Vhe)
Bunch(xqPNk)
Family(QSfeyh)
- dbZ yksxksa dk lewg
(group of persons)
- dbZ yksxksa dk lewg
(group of persons)
- dbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg (group of students)
- dbZ f[kykfM+;ksa dk lewg(group of players)
- vaxwj dk
(group of grapes)
- ifjokj
(group of members)
Few other examples are: Army, Class, Committee, Council, Department,
Society, Majority, Minority, Audience, Jury, Company, Corporation etc.
4) Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk ½
inkFkZokpd laKk fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dk uke gksrk gSA
Material Noun denotes the Name of a material.
lksuk (Gold), pk¡nh (Silver), rk¡ck (Copper), Xykl (Glass), ydM+h (Wood), iRFkj (Stone) etc.
5) Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk ½
Hkkookpd laKk oks gksrh gS ftls ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs] flQZ eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Abstract Noun is something that we can‟t touch or see; we can only feel it. In other
words, A person can‟t physically interact such things. We can‟t see, touch, hear, smell
or taste these nouns.
bZekunkjh (Honesty), I;kj (Love), pksjh (Theft), ?k`.kk (Hate), oDr (Time), lksp (Thinking),
Hkkouk,¡ (Feelings), xf.kr (Mathematics), mEehn (Expectation) etc.
vkids eu esa ‚kk;n ,d loky vk;s fd „Love‟ rks ,d fØ;k gS fQj ;s Hkkookpd laKk dSls gS ! dqN ,sls ‚kCn
gksrs gSa tks fØ;k o laKk nksuksa dh rjg iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA Love ds nks eryc gSaA ,d gS *I;kj* vkSj nwljk gS
*I;kj djuk*A igyk okyk Abstract Noun gS rks nwljk okyk fØ;k gSA D;ksafd nwljs okys esa *djuk* dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;s irk yxrk gS fd fdlh dke dks djus dh ckr gks jgh gSA *I;kj djuk* ,d dke ;kfu
fØ;k gSA
55
You must be thinking that „Love‟ is a verb then how come it‟s an abstract Noun.
Let me tell you. There are a few words, which can function as nouns in some cases and
verbs in other cases, „Love‟ is one of them.
Love is life. I;kj ft+Unxh gSA ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSALove as an „Abstract Noun‟½
I love you. eSa rqEgsa I;kj djrk g¡Aw ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d fØ;k gSA
Love as a „Verb‟½
cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ckr (Very Important point)–
fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ls lef÷k,A
In a sentence, Subject is either a noun or a pronoun.
1- lQyrk cgqr t+#jh gSA
Success is very important.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Success‟. ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS
fd ;s dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s u fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k txg dk uke gS] u dksbZ tkfr gS] u dksbZ lewg gS] u gh dksbZ
inkFkZ gS rks fQj D;k cpkA vjs gk¡ „Success‟ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gSa] fcYdqy lkQ gS fd ;s
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Success‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
is! It‟s not a name of any person, place or thing; it‟s neither a class; neither a group; nor
a material, then what it is? Oh yes!, „Success‟ can‟t be touched or seen, it is abstract
noun.
2- jke esjk nksLr gSA
Ram is my friend.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Ram‟. ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS fd ;s
dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s ,d O;fDr dk uke gS] blfy, ;s ,d O;fDrokpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Ram‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
is! It‟s a name of a person, so it is a proper noun.
3- oks esjk HkkbZ gSA
He is my brother.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „He‟. ;s ,d loZuke gSA
In above example, Subject is „He‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. It‟s a pronoun.
4- bZekunkjh esjs [kwu esa gSA
Honesty is in my blood.
Subject gS & „Honesty‟. igys mnkgj.k dh rjg „Honesty‟ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gSa] ;s ,d
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
Subject is „Honesty‟. Just like the first example, it can‟t be experienced by any of our 5
senses, hence it‟s clear, it‟s an abstract noun.
5- i<+uk vPNh vknr gSA
Reading is a good habit.
Subject gS & „Reading‟. vkb, lkspsa fd ;g Subject laKk gS ;k fQj loZukeA ;s u gh loZuke gS vkSj u
gh Åij nh xbZ dksbZ Hkh laKkA vkidks FkksM+k dU¶;wt+u gks jgk gksxk fd Read dk eryc rks gksrk gS i<+ukA ;s rks
fØ;k gSA
ysfdu /;ku nhft, fd Read ds lkFk ing yxkdj bls Subject dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA geus vkidks
crk;k Fkk fd fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA rdZ ;g gS fd vxj fdlh fØ;k ds
vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks ml ‚kCn dks tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs gSaA
tks fd bl pSIVj esa vkidk vxyk VkWfid gSA
56
Subject is „Reading‟. It‟s neither a pronoun nor a noun that we have discussed above.
You might be getting little confused because „Read‟ is a verb. But you must notice that
„read‟ is attached with „ing‟ and used as a subject. We had told you that the subject
can either be a noun or a pronoun. It can‟t be a verb. The fact is; If a verb is added
with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟. It‟s your next
topic in this chapter.
Gerund¼tSjUM½ fØ;kokpd laKk
vxj fdlh fØ;k ds vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks mls tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs
gSaA
If a verb is added with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟.
Verb ¼fØ;k½
Verb is used as a Noun.
Gerund ¼fØ;kokpd laKk ;kfu tSjUM½
Loving you is a part of my life.
I love you.
I think about them.
I read books.
Thinking so much is not good for
health.
Reading is a good habit.
I run 5 kilometers a day.
Running daily is good for health.
Rahul smokes.
Smoking is injurious to health.
Noun: Two types (in another classification)
Countable Noun
ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gSA
That can be counted.
Uncountable Noun
ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrkA
That can‟t be counted
x.kuh; laKk
vx.kuh; laKk
Example: Pen, Boy, Book, Hair,
Star, Girl, Man, Cow, City, Paper
etc.
Example: Milk, Sugar, Honesty,
Delhi, Money, Love, Hate etc.
vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd „Hair‟ vkSj „Star‟ rks vufxur gksrs gSa fQj bUgsa Countable Noun D;ksa dgk x;kA nsf[k,]
vufxur blfy, dgrs gSa D;ksafd cgqr vf/kd gksrs gSa] fxuuk eqf‛dy gS ij vlEHko rks ugha gS ukA fxu rks ldrs gh gSaA
nwljh ckr geus „Money‟ dks Uncountable Noun dgk gS tcfd iSls dks ge fxu ldrs gSaA ij /;ku nhft, fd
vaxzt
s +h ds bl ‚kCn „Money‟ dks ge 1 money, 2 money, 3 money vkfn ugha dg ldrs blfy, bls
Uncountable ekuk tkrk gSA
You must be thinking that „Hair‟ and „Star‟ are not possible to count. In fact, counting them is
difficult because they are huge in numbers but it‟s not impossible to count them; we can count
them like 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars, 1 hair, 2 hairs, 3 hairs etc. That‟s why they are called
countable nouns. Secondly, „Money‟ is an English word which is considered to be an
uncountable noun because we can‟t say “I have 1 money, 2 money, 3 money etc” so can‟t count
it in numbers.
57
The Noun: Gender (fyax)
Masculine Gender
Feminine Gender
Neuter Gender
¼iqfYyax½
It denotes a male.
¼;g iq#"k tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½
¼L«khfyax½
It denotes a Female.
¼;g L«kh tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½
¼uiqaldfyax½
It denotes neither male
nor female but non living.
¼u iq#"k tkfr u L«kh tkfr] cfYd
;g futhZo phtksa dk cks/k djkrk gSA½
Example:
Book, Pen, Mobile,
Laptop, Chair etc.
Example:
Boy, Uncle, Brother
Gents, Actor etc.
Example:
Woman, Girl, Aunt,
Sister, Ladies, Actress,
Cat, Cow etc.
The Noun: Number ¼opu½
Singular ¼,dopu½
tc laKk fdlh ,d izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk cks/k djk;sA
It denotes one Creature, Place or Thing.
Plural ¼cgqopu½
tc laKk ,d ls vf/kd izkf.k;ksa] txgksa ;k oLrqvksa dk cks/k
djk;sA
It denotes more than one Creature, Place
or Thing.
Rats ¼,d ls T+;knk pwgs½
Mice ¼,d ls T+;knk pqfg;k½
Teeth ¼,d ls T+;knk nk¡r½
Men ¼,d ls T+;knk vkneh½
Women ¼,d ls T+;knk vkSjrsa½
Girls ¼,d ls T+;knk yM+fd;k¡½
Rat ¼pwgk½
Mouse ¼pwfg;k½
Tooth ¼,d nk¡r½
Man ¼,d vkneh½
Woman ¼,d vkSjr½
Girl ¼,d yM+dh½
The Noun: Always ending with „s‟
dqN ,sls Noun Hkh gksrs gSa ftuds vUr esa ges‛kk „s‟ yxrk gSA ij ;s cgqopu ugha gksrsA
There are a few nouns, which always end with „s‟, but they are always plurals.
Scissors ¼lht+lZ½
Trousers ¼VªkÅt+lZ½
Binoculars ¼ckbuksdqylZ½
Spectacles ¼LiSDVsdYl½
Mathematics ¼eSFkseSfVDl½
News ¼U;wt+½
dSaph
iSaV
nwjchu
p‛ek
xf.kr
lekpkj
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
58
Lesson – 8
Pronoun ¼loZuke½
“loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA”
“Pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun.”
uhps fn;s x;s nks mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷kus dk iz;Ru dfj, &
1- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA jke esjk nksLr gSA jke ds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. Ram is my friend. Ram‟s father works with my father.
2- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA oks esjk nksLr gSA mldss ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. He is my friend. His father works with my father.
ckj&2 „jke‟ dgus ds ctk;] nwljs mnkgj.k esa „oks‟ o „mlds‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftlls okD; ds vFkZ esa dksbZ
cnyko ugha vk;k gS] cfYd okD; T+;knk csgrj gks x;k gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, okD; esa jke dh txg ij
iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys ‚kCn „oks‟ o „mlds‟ loZuke gSaA
„He‟ & „His‟ are being used as substitutes of „Ram‟ in example no.2, which doesn‟t
change the meaning of the sentence. These such words, replacing noun; „He‟ & „His‟ are
called pronouns.
bl pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks ySDpj t+#j lqfu, rkfd lHkh dkWUlsUV o mnkgj.k csgrj rjhds ls le÷k ik;sAa
Types ¼izdkj½
uhps nh x;h rkfydk ij xkSj dfj;sA (Look at the table below)
Subjective
Pronoun
Objective
Pronoun
Possessive
Pronoun
;g Subject esa iz;ksx
fd;s tkrs gSaA
;g Object esa iz;ksx
fd;s tkrs gSaA
bl rjg ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx ;s
crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g
fdldk gS & esjk] rqEgkjk] mldk] mudk
;k fQj fdlh vkSj dkA
I
eSa
He
og] oks
¼,d iq:"k½
She
og] oks
¼,d L=h½
Me
eq÷ks ;k esjs
Him
mls] mldks] mudks
¼,d iq:"k dks½
Her
mls] mldks] mudks
¼,d L=h dks½
My
esjk
His
mldk
¼,d iq:"k dk½
Her
mldk
¼,d L=h dk½
Mine
esjk
His
mldk
¼,d iq:"k dk½
Hers
mldk
¼,d L=h dk½
You
You
Your
Yours
rqe] vki
¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr
gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls
T+;knk O;fDr gks ldrs
gks½
rqEgsa] rqEgkjs@vkidks]
vkids
¼rqe@vki ,d gks ldrs
gks ;k ,d ls T+;knk gks
ldrs gks½
rqEgkjk@vkidk
¼rqe@vki ,d gks
ldrs gks ;k ,d
ls T+;knk gks
ldrs gks½
rqEgkjk@vkidk
¼rqe@vki ,d gks
ldrs gks ;k ,d ls
T+;knk O;fDr gks
ldrs gks½
59
Reflexive
Pronoun
bl Pronoun dk
iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk
gS tc Subject
[kqn ds ckjs esa crkrk
gksA
Myself
eSa [kqn
Himself
oks [kqn
¼,d iq:"k½
Herself
oks [kqn
¼,d L=h½
Yourself/
Yourselves
rqe@vki [kqn
¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr
gks ldrs gks ;k ,d
ls T+;knk O;fDr gks
ldrs gks½
They
os] oks
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
We
ge
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
Them
muds
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa
ds½
Us
gekjs
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa
ds½
Their
mudk
¼,d ls T+;knk
O;fDr;ksa dk½
Our
gekjk
¼,d ls T+;knk
O;fDr;ksa dk½
Difference between possessive cases
My, Mine
esjk
Our, Ours
gekjk
Her, Hers
mldk ¼,d L=h dk½
Theirs
mudk
¼,d ls T+;knk
O;fDr;ksa dk½
Ours
gekjk
¼,d ls T+;knk
O;fDr;ksa dk½
Your, Yours
His
Their, Theirs
Themselves
Okks [kqn@os [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
Ourselves
ge [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
rqEgkjk
mldk ¼,d iq:"k dk½
mudk ¼,d ls T+;knk yksxksa dk½
„My‟ vkSj „Mine‟ nksuksa dk eryc *esjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞesjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Mine dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vxj
*esjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% esjk HkkbZ] esjs nksLr vkfn rks *esjk* ds fy, „My‟ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA fcYdqy blh
rjg] „Your‟ vkSj „Yours‟ nksuksa dk eryc *rqEgkjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞrqEgkjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Yours dk iz;ksx
djrs gSa vkSj vxj *rqEgkjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% rqEgkjk HkkbZ] rqEgkjk nksLr vkfn rks *rqEgkjk* ds fy,
„Your‟ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Example:
rqe esjs HkkbZ gksA
rqe esjs gksA
;s esjh fdrkc gSA
;s fdrkc esjh gSA
You are my brother. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk HkkbZ yxk gqvk gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
You are mine.
¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
This is my book. ¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk fdrkc gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
This book is mine.¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS] fdrkc rks Subject dk fgLlk gS
blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;kA½
1- oks ikxy gSA
2- ge nsgjknwu esa FksA
Subjective Pronoun Example
He is mad.
We were in Dehradun.
1234-
Objective Pronoun Example
Ram was with me.
jke esjs lkFk FkkA
ikik us eq÷ks Mk¡VkA
Dad scolded me.
cPpk rqEgsa ns[k jgk gSA
Baby is watching you.
ikik us muds fy, cgqr dqN fd;kA
Papa did a lot for them.
12345-
Possessive Pronoun Example
jke esjk lcls NksVk csVk gSA
Ram is my youngest son.
fny rqEgkjk gS] esjk ughaA
Heart is yours, not mine.
esjk fny jks jgk FkkA
My heart was crying.
HkkbZ mldk gS] jke dk ugha gSA
Brother is his/hers, not Ram‟s.
rqe esjs ugha FksA
You were not mine.
1- eSa ;s [kqn d:¡xkA
2- oks ogk¡ vius vki tk;sxkA
3- ;s vki [kqn dfj,A
Reflexive Pronoun Example
I will do it myself.
He will go there himself.
Do it yourself.
60
Lesson – 9
Adjective ¼fo‛ks’k.k½
fo‛ks"k.k oks ‚kCn ;k 'kCnksa dk lewg ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh fo‛ks"krk crkrs gSa ;k
fQj ml laKk ;k loZuke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ;s Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd fo‛ks’k.k fdlh
laKk ;k loZuke dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
Adjectives are the words or the group of words that show the quality of
noun/pronoun or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun.
vkb, dqN mnkgj.k ns[ksAa
Let‟s see some examples.
1) Ram is brave. ( jke cgknqj gS)
„cgknqj‟ gksuk jke dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of Ram. Since Ram is a noun, hence Brave is an adjective.
2) He was brave. ( og cgknqj gS)
„cgknqj‟ gksuk mldh ;kfu „He‟ dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd ÞogÞ ;kfu „He‟ ,d loZuke gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d
fo‛ks"k.k gSA
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of „He‟. Since „He‟ is a pronoun, hence Brave is an adjective.
3) I have some/much water. ( esjs ikl FkksMk+ @cgqr ikuh gS)
ikuh ,d laKk gS blds lkFk „FkksMk+ ‟ ;k „T+;knk‟ yxkus ls ikuh dh ek=k ds ckjs esa irk py jgk gSA ;kfu ;g ‚kCn
ikuh ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns+ jgk gS blfy, „some/much‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, we have used „some/much‟ with water. It gives an idea about the amount of
water. So using „some‟ or „much‟ gives some additional information about water. „Water‟
is a noun so „some/much‟ is an adjective.
4) Aman is my brother who plays with you. (veu esjk HkkbZ gS tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS)
bl okD; esa tSls gh dgk x;k fd “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS” ] blls veu ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk
yxrh gS fd oks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS] p¡wfd veu ,d O;fDr dk uke ;kfu laKk gS blfy, laKk ds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g okD; “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
In this sentence, when said “who plays with you”, it provides additional information
about Aman that he plays with you. Since Aman is the name of a person, means a
noun, hence, the clause „who plays with you‟, which provides additional information
about a noun is an adjective clause.
5) He is Ram who is older than I. (oks jke gS tks eq>ls cM+k gS)
tc ge ;s dgrs gSa fd “tks eq>ls cM+k gS” ] rks geas jke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk yxrh gS blfy, ;g
okD; “tks eq>ls cM+k gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
When We say “who is older than I”, it gives us some additional information about Ram,
who is a noun. Hence, this clause „who is older than I‟ is an adjective clause.
61
izk;% fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa&
Generally, There are three degrees of adjectives1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative
Use of „er‟ / „est‟
Positive
1. Tall ¼dn esa yEck½
2. Short ¼dn esa NksVk½
3. Big ¼cM+k½
4. Small ¼NksVk½
5. Great ¼egku½
6. Lengthy¼yEck½
7. Long ¼yEck½
8. Wide ¼pkSM+k½
9. High ¼Å¡pk½
10. Deep ¼xgjk½
11. Black ¼dkyk½
12. White ¼lQ+ns ½
13. Bitter ¼dM+ok½
14. Sweet ¼ehBk½
15. Sour ¼[kV~Vk½
16. Clean ¼lkQ½
17. Dirty ¼xank½
18. Cold ¼BaMk½
19. Hot ¼xeZ½
20. Fast ¼rst+½
21. Slow ¼gYdk½
22. Hard ¼dBksj½
23. Tough ¼dBksj½
24. Soft ¼eqyk;e@dksey½
25. Rich ¼vehj½
26. Poor ¼xjhc½
27. Strong ¼etcwr½
28. Weak ¼detksj½
29. Heavy¼Hkkjh½
30. Light ¼gYdk½
31. Young¼mez esa NksVk] toku½
32. Old ¼mez esa cM+k] iqjkuk½
33. Bright¼pedhyk½
34. Clever¼pkykd½
35. Dear¼I;kjk½
Comparative
Superlative
Taller¼T+;knk yEck½
Tallest¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
Shorter¼T+;knk NksVk½
Shortest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
Bigger¼T+;knk cM+k½
Biggest ¼lcls T+;knk cM+k½
Smaller¼T+;knk NksVk½
Smallest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
Greater¼T+;knk egku½
Greatest ¼lcls T+;knk egku½
Lengthier¼T+;knk yEck½
Lengthiest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
Longer¼T+;knk yEck½
Longest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
Wider¼T+;knk pkSM+k½
Widest ¼lcls T+;knk pkSM+k½
Higher¼T+;knk Å¡pk½
Highest ¼lcls T+;knk Å¡pk½
Deeper¼T+;knk xgjk½
Deepest ¼lcls T+;knk xgjk½
Blacker¼T+;knk dkyk½
Blackest ¼lcls T+;knk dkyk½
Whiter¼T+;knk lQ+ns ½
Whitest ¼lcls T+;knk lQ+sn½
Bitterer¼T+;knk dM+ok½
Bitterest ¼lcls T+;knk dM+ok½
Sweeter ¼T+;knk ehBk½
Sweetest ¼lcls T+;knk ehBk½
Sourer¼T+;knk [kV~Vk½
Sourest ¼lcls T+;knk [kV~Vk½
Cleaner¼T+;knk lkQ½
Cleanest ¼lcls T+;knk lkQ½
Dirtier¼T+;knk xank½
Dirtiest ¼lcls T+;knk xank½
Colder¼T+;knk BaMk½
Coldest ¼lcls T+;knk BaMk½
Hotter¼T+;knk xeZ½
Hottest ¼lcls T+;knk xeZ½
Faster¼T+;knk rst+½
Fastest ¼lcls T+;knk rst+½
Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½
Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
Harder¼T+;knk dBksj½
Hardest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
Tougher ¼T+;knk dBksj½
Toughest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
Softer¼T+;knk eqyk;e@dksey½ Softest ¼lcls T+;knk eqyk;e½
Richer¼T+;knk vehj½
Richest ¼lcls T+;knk vehj½
Poorer¼T+;knk xjhc½
Poorest ¼lcls T+;knk xjhc½
Stronger¼T+;knk etcwr½
Strongest ¼lcls T+;knk etcwr½
Weaker¼T+;knk detksj½
Weakest ¼lcls T+;knk detksj½
Heavier¼T+;knk Hkkjh½
Heaviest ¼lcls T+;knk Hkkjh½
Lighter¼T+;knk gYdk½
Lightest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
Younger ¼mez esa T+;knk NksVk½ Youngest ¼mez esa lcls NksVk ½
Older/Elder¼T+;knk cM+k@iqjkuk½ Oldest/Eldest¼lcls cM+k@iqjkuk½
Brighter ¼T+;knk pedhyk½
Brightest ¼lcls T+;knk pedhyk½
Cleverer ¼T+;knk pkykd½
Cleverest ¼lcls T+;knk pkykd½
Dearer ¼T+;knk I;kjk½
Dearest ¼lcls T+;knk I;kjk½
62
36. Loud ¼Å¡ph vkokt½
37. Near ¼djhc½
38. Soon ¼tYnh½
39. Wise ¼cqf)eku½
40. Pure ¼ifo=] lkQ½
41. Brave ¼cgknqj½
Louder¼T+;knk Å¡ph vkokt½
Nearer¼T+;knk djhc½
Sooner¼T+;knk tYnh½
Wiser¼T+;knk cqf)eku½
Purer¼T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½
Braver¼T+;knk cgknqj½
Loudest ¼lcls Å¡ph vkokt½
Nearest ¼lcls T+;knk djhc½
Soonest ¼lcls T+;knk tYnh½
Wisest ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
Purest ¼lcls T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½
Bravest ¼lcls T+;knk cgknqj½
Use of more/most
1. Active¼rstrjkZj½
2. Beautiful ¼lqUnj½
3. Careful¼lko/kku½
4. Cheerful ¼[kq‛k½
5. Dangerous ¼[krjukd½
6. Difficult¼eqf‛dy½
7. Diligent ¼esgurh½
8. Famous¼izfl)½
9. Foolish¼ew[kZ½
10. Harmful¼gkfudkjd½
11. Honest¼bZekunkj½
12. Important¼egRoiw.kZ½
13. Industrious¼esgurh½
14. Intelligent¼cqf)eku½
15. Interesting¼jkspd½
16. Popular¼izfl)½
17. Powerful¼‛kfDr‛kkyh½
18. Patient¼/kS;Zoku½
19. Urgent¼t+#jh½
20. Useful¼mi;ksxh½
More Active ¼T+;knk rstrjkZj½
More Beautiful¼T+;knk lqUnj½
More Careful ¼T+;knk lko/kku½
More Cheerful ¼T+;knk [kq‛k½
More Dangerous ¼T+;knk [krjukd½
More Difficult ¼T+;knk eqf‛dy½
More Diligent ¼T+;knk esgurh½
More Famous ¼T+;knk izfl)½
More Foolish ¼T+;knk ew[kZ½
More Harmful ¼T+;knk gkfudkjd½
More Honest ¼T+;knk bZekunkj½
More Important ¼T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
More Industrious ¼T+;knk esgurh½
More Intelligent ¼T+;knk cqf)eku½
More Interesting ¼T+;knk jkspd½
More Popular ¼T+;knk izfl)½
More Powerful ¼T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½
More Patient ¼ T+;knk /k;Zoku½
More Urgent ¼ T+;knk t+#jh½
More useful ¼ T+;knk mi;ksxh½
Most Active ¼lcls T+;knk rstrjkZj½
Most Beautiful ¼lcls T+;knk lqUnj½
Most Careful ¼lcls T+;knk lko/kku½
Most Cheerful ¼lcls T+;knk [kq‛k½
Most Dangerous ¼lcls T+;knk [krjukd½
Most Difficult ¼lcls T+;knk eqf‛dy½
Most Diligent ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
Most Famous ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
Most Foolish ¼lcls T+;knk ew[kZ½
Most Harmful ¼lcls T+;knk gkfudkjd½
Most Honest ¼lcls T+;knk bZekunkj½
Most Important ¼lcls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
Most Industrious ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
Most Intelligent ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
Most interesting ¼lcls T+;knk jkspd½
Most Popular ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
Most Powerful ¼lcls T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½
Most Patient ¼lcls T+;knk /k;Zoku½
Most urgent ¼lcls T+;knk t+#jh½
Most Useful ¼lcls T+;knk mi;ksxh½
Some adjectives have their comparative and Superlative degrees in an irregular pattern:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Good, Well ¼vPNk] Bhd½
Bad, ill ¼cqjk½
Much, Many¼T+;knk] dbZ½
Little ¼FkksMk+ ] de½
Better ¼csgrj½
Worse¼T+;knk cqjk½
More ¼vkSj T+;knk½
Less, Lesser¼vkSj FkksMk+ de½
Best¼lcls T+;knk vPNk½
Worst¼lcls T+;knk cqjk½
Most¼lcls T+;knk½
Least¼lcls T+;knk de½
uhps fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa fo‛ks"k.k ‚kCnksa ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD;ksa dks xgjs dkys v{kjksa esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
Following are the sentences, where adjectives are written in bold letters.
It is a bright day.
Dehradun is a huge city.
She is a very nice girl.
They are cute.
They both are in a difficult situation.
6. I am taller than you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
63
Lesson – 10
Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½
eku yhft, vki fcLrj ij ysVs gq, fdlh dks ;kn dj jgs gSaA vki lkspx
sa s fd eSa dksbZ dke rks dj ugha jgk]
eSa rks flQZ fcLrj ij ysVk g¡wA ;w¡ rks fdlh dks ;kn djrs le; vkids gkFk iSj fLFkj gks ldrs gSa ysfdu
fnekx rks py jgk gS uA blfy, „;kn djuk‟ Hkh ,d fØ;k gS ftls vaxzst+h esa dgrs gSa „miss‟. Miss
eryc ;kn djukA
blfy, ;s er lksfp, fd fØ;k dk eryc flQZ oks dke gS ftlesa vkids gkFk&iSj iz;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs gksAa
lgh ek;us esa fØ;k dk vFkZ gS dksbZ Hkh dkeA fQj pkgs oks dsoy fnekx ls gh D;ksa u fd;k tk jgk gksA
Suppose, you are lying on the bed and missing someone. You might think of doing no
physical work but still you must remember that your brain is functioning, hence such a
work „miss‟, even if being performed by your brain, is also considered as a verb.
fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.
vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand) &
ekuk eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA” bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & v;k¡‛k vkSj Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa Subject ds
dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA” Subject gS & v;k¡‛kA ;gk¡ ij v;k¡‛k dksbZ dk;Z ugha dj jgk
cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd voLFkk
dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq, dy esa ;k fQj
vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk esa gSA
xkSj dfj, &
Ayansh is sleeping. ¼v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA½
¼v;k¡‛k lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh is 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA½
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh was 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk FkkA½
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
Ayansh will be 8 months old.
¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; “Tenses(dky)” esa vkrs gSa vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD; “Simple
Sentences(ljy okD;)” esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+x
sa sA
64
fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa (Verbs are of two types):
a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)
;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk] xkuk]
lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to write, to
see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.
t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp Hkh jgs gSa rks Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk
gS ;kfu Mental work gks jgk gS blfy, lkspuk Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA
Action doesn‟t only mean the physical work. When you think, your brain works, so „to think‟ is also
an action ; hence it is a verb.
b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)
;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA subject ds vuqlkj Helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples: is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.
Main verbs dh rhu forms gksrh gSa] dqN egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa –
1st form
Go (tkuk)
Meet (feyuk)
Come (vkuk)
Leave (NksM+uk)
Find (ikuk)
Live (jguk)
Get (ikuk)
Stay (Bgjuk)
Dance (Makl djuk)
Play ([ksyuk)
Sit (cSBuk)
Tear (QkM+uk)
Stand ([kM+s gksuk)
Start (‚kq# djuk)
Laugh (g¡luk)
Fill (Hkjuk)
Smile (eqLdqjkuk)
Send (Hkstuk)
Write (fy[kuk)
Prepare (rS;kj djuk)
Read (i<+uk)
Weep (jksuk)
Eat ([kkuk)
2nd form
went
met
came
left
found
lived
got
stayed
danced
played
sat
tore
stood
started
laughed
filled
smiled
sent
wrote
prepared
read (jSM)
wept
ate
65
3rd form
gone
met
come
left
found
lived
got, gotten
stayed
danced
played
sat
torn
stood
started
laughed
filled
smiled
sent
written
prepared
read (jSM)
wept
eaten
Shout (fpYykuk)
Drink (ihuk)
Run (nkSM+uk)
Wear (iguuk)
Get up (mBuk)
Cost (ewY; gksuk)
Thank (/kU;okn nsuk)
Move (fgyuk] fgykuk)
Sound (lquus esa yxuk)
See (ns[kuk)
Touch (Nwuk)
Look (ns[kuk)
Learn (lh[kuk)
Watch (ns[kuk)
Cook ([kkuk idkuk)
Catch (idM+uk)
Teach (i<+kuk)
Hang (yVduk] yVdkuk)
Bring (ykuk)
Comb (cky cukukk)
Take (ysuk)
Ride (2 wheeler pykuk)
Give (nsuk)
Drive (4 wheeler pykuk)
Break (rksMu+ k)
Open ([kksyuk)
Hold (idM+uk)
Close (cUn djuk)
Shiver (dk¡iuk)
Sleep (lksuk)
Bother (ijs‛kku djuk)
Sing (xkuk)
Know (tkuuk)
Cut (dkVuk)
Think (lkspuk)
Put (j[kuk)
Speak (ckr djuk)
Walk (pyuk] ?kweuk)
Seem (yxuk)
Talk (ckr djuk)
Feel (eglwl djuk)
Say (dguk)
Work (djuk)
Tell (crkuk)
Want (pkguk)
Ask (iwNuk)
Feed (f[kykuk)
shouted
drank
ran
wore
got up
cost
thanked
moved
sounded
saw
touched
looked
learned
watched
cooked
caught
taught
hung
brought
combed
took
rode
gave
drove
broke
opened
held
closed
shivered
slept
bothered
sang
knew
cut
thought
put
spoke
walked
seemed
talked
felt
said
worked
told
wanted
asked
fed (QSM)
66
shouted
drunk
run
worn
got up
cost
thanked
moved
sounded
seen
touched
looked
learned/learnt
watched
cooked
caught
taught
hung
brought
combed
taken
ridden (fjMu)
given
driven (fMªou)
broken
opened
held
closed
shivered
slept
bothered
sung
known
cut
thought
put
spoken
walked
seemed
talked
felt
said
worked
told
wanted
asked
fed (QSM)
Complain(f‛kdk;r djuk)
Creep(jsaxuk)
Seek (<¡<+w uk)
Dig([kksnuk)
Dip(Mqcksuk)
Flee(Hkkx tkuk)
Bite (nk¡r ls dkVuk)
Hide (fNiuk)
Begin (‚kq# djuk)
Dream (liuk ns[kuk)
Show (fn[kkuk)
Hit (ekjuk)
Beat (ihVuk)
Marry(‚kknh djuk)
Peep (÷kk¡duk)
Plough(gy yxkuk)
Rest(vkjke djuk)
Rise (mxuk ;k c<+uk)
Spit(Fkwduk)
Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk)
Throw (Qsd
a uk)
Fly (mM+uk)
Abuse(xkyh nsuk)
Add(tksM+uk)
Tie(ck¡/kuk)
Weave(cquuk)
Bathe(ugkuk)
Bid(cksyh yxkuk)
Wring(fupksMu+ k ;k ejksMu+ k)
Fall (fxjuk)
Bear (tUe nsuk)
complained
crept
sought (lkWV)
dug
dipped
fled
bit
hid (fgM)
began (fcxSu)
dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV)
showed
hit
beat (chV)
married
peeped
ploughed
rested
rose(jkst+)
spat
hurt
threw
flew
abused
added
tied
wove(okso)
bathed(csn~M)
bade (csM)
wrung(jax)
fell
bore
complained
crept
sought (lkWV)
dug
dipped
fled
bitten
hidden
begun (fcxu)
dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV)
showed
hit
beaten (chVu)
married
peeped
ploughed
rested
risen (fjt+u)
spat
hurt
thrown
flown
abused
added
tied
woven(oqou)
bathed(csn~M)
bidden (fcMu)
wrung(jax)
fallen
born
Very Important:
Lay(j[kuk)
Lie (>wB cksyuk)
Lie (ysVuk)
laid(ysM)
lied(ykbM)
lay(ys)
67
laid(ysM)
lied(ykbM)
lain(ysu)
Lesson – 11
Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k½
fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa dk lewg ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fØ;k dh ;k fQj fo‛ks"k.k dh ;k fQj fdlh
nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k dh fo‛ks"krk crkrs gSa ;k fQj muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa ge
dg ldrs gSa fd fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k fdlh fØ;k dks ;k fdlh fo‛ks"k.k dks ;k fdlh nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k dks rjk‛krk
gS ;k fQj mldk o.kZu djrk gSA
Adverbs are the words or a clause (group of words) that show the quality of
verb/adjective/another adverb or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, An Adverb polishes/describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Let‟s understand with the help of a few examples.
vkb, dqN mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷ksa &
1) Ram runs fast. ( jke rst nkSM+rk gS)
„rst‟ ‚kCn dk iz;ksx djus ls nkSM+us ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd nkSM+uk(run) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn „rst‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
When we add the word „fast‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Run‟. Hence the word „fast‟
is an adverb.
2) I study till late. ( eSa nsj rd i<+rk g¡)w
„nsj rd‟ dk iz;ksx djus ls Þi<+uÞs ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd i<+uk (study) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn lewg „nsj rd‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
When we add the word „till late‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Study‟. Hence „till late‟
is an adverb.
3) He is a very good boy. ( oks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSA)
;s dguk fd Þoks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSAÞ ;gk¡ ÞvPNk gksukÞ mldh¼He½ fo‛ks"krk gSA p¡wfd ÞogÞ ;kfu He ,d
loZuke gS blfy, „good (vPNk)‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA vc tc ge dgrs gSa „very good (cgqr vPNk)‟ rks „very‟
dguk „good‟ dh Hkh fo‛ks"krk crkrk gSA pw¡fd „good‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gS blfy, „very‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, being „good‟ is the quality of „He‟, so „good‟ is an adjective because „He‟ is a
pronoun. But when we use „very‟, then basically „very‟ is showing even the quality of
„good‟. Since „good‟ is an adjective so „very‟ is an adverb because it is polishing an
adjective(good).
4) Ram runs very fast. (jke cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA)
„fast‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gS D;ksafd ;g ,d fØ;k (run) dks rjk‛k jgk gS ;kfu mldk xq.k crk jgk gSA „very‟
yxkus ls „fast‟ dks Hkh rjk‛kk tk jgk gS „very‟ Hkh ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here „fast‟ is an adverb because it polishes a verb „run‟ and using „very‟ polishes „fast‟ so
„very‟ is basically polishing another adverb(fast), hence „very‟ is also an adverb.
68
5) Ram runs fast, which is good for us. (jke rst+ nkSM+rk gS tks gekjs fy, vPNk gSA)
;gk¡ ij ;s dguk fd Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ mlds rst nkSM+us ds xq.k ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns jgk gS
blfy, Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
Saying that „which is good for us‟ is basically giving extra information about his quality
of running fast. Hence “which is good for us” is an adverb clause.
izk;% fØ;k fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa & Positive, Comparative and Superlative. ij dqN fØ;k
fo'ks"k.kksa dh degrees ugha gksrh gSaA tSls & “very”, “quite” vkfnA
Generally, an adverb has three degrees: Positive, Comparative and Superlative. But
few adverbs don‟t have degrees e.g. “very”, “quite” etc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Positive
Fast ¼rst+½
Slow ¼gYdk] /khjs½
Often(vDlj½
Late ¼ckn es]a nsj ls½
In ¼vUnj½
Up ¼Åij½
Far ¼nwj½
Comparative
Faster¼T+;knk rst+ ½
Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½
More often(T+;knk vDlj½
Later ¼T+;knk nsj ls½
Inner ¼T+;knk vUnj½
Upper ¼T+;knk Åij½
Farther¼T;knk nwj½
Superlative
Fastest¼lcls T+;knk rst+ ½
Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
Most often (lcls T+;knk vDlj½
Last ¼lcls T+;knk nsj ls½
Innermost ¼lcls T+;knk vUnj½
Uppermost ¼lcls T+;knk Åij½
Farthest ¼lcls T;knk nwj½
Few Examples of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k½
uhps lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa ml fØ;k dks xgjk dkyk o frjNk fd;k x;k gS ftldh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s fØ;k
fo‛ks’k.k iz;ksx fd;s x;s gSaA (The verbs, which are being modified by the use of following
adverbs are written bold & italic.)
Afterwards ¼ckn esa½@Soon afterwards ¼rqjUr ckn½
1) I will come afterwards if you are busy now.
eSa ckn esa vkšxk vxj vki vHkh O;Lr gSaA
2) You left at 4 pm and soon afterwards, we left. vki 4 cts fudys vkSj mlds rqjUr ckn ge
fudysA
Again ¼nksckjk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Again & again ¼ckj ckj½
1) That girl will go again.
oks yM+dh nksckjk tk;sxhA
2) I will think once again.
eSa ,d ckj fQj lkspw¡xkA
3) You are doing the same mistake again and again. rqe ckj&ckj ,d gh xyrh dj jgs gksA
Ago ¼igys½s
2) They left one hour ago.
3) He had come here about two years ago.
os ,d ?kaVs igys fudysA
oks ;gk¡ yxHkx nks lky igys vk;k FkkA
Already ¼igys ls gh½
1) I have already told you about this.
2) I have already listened to the this song.
eSa rqEgsa igys gh bl ckjs esa crk pqdk g¡wA
eSa igys ls gh ;s xkuk lqu pqdk gw¡A
69
Away ¼nwj½
1) You can‟t go away from me.
2) Stay away from that girl.
rqe eq÷kls nwj ugha tk ldrsA
ml yM+dh ls nwj jgksA
Early ¼tYnh½
1) I get up early in the morning.
2) He reached office pretty early.
eSa lqcg tYnh mBrk gw¡A
og vkWfQl cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA
Else ¼dqN@dgha@dksbZ vkSj½
1) He went somewhere else. / He went elsewhere. og dgha vkSj x;kA
2) I don‟t want anything else. / I want nothing else.eSa dqN vkSj ugha pkgrkA
3) I am wearing someone else‟s shirt.
eSaus fdlh vkSj dh ‚kVZ iguh gSA
Enough ¼dkQh½
1) They are preparing enough for the exams.
2) He said enough to me .
os ijh{kk ds fy, dkQh rS;kjh dj jgs gSaA
mlus eq÷ks dkQh dqN dgkA
Ever ¼dHkh½
1) Did you ever think about this?
2) Do you ever go there?
3) This is the best book that I have ever read.
D;k rqeus dHkh bl ckjs esa lkspk \
D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tkrs gks \
;s lcls vPNh fdrkc gS tks eSaus dHkh i<+h gSA
Far ¼nwj] cgqr½
1) He is far more experienced than you.
2) He swims far better than you.
3) He lives far away.
4) How far can you see?
mls rqels dgha@cgqr T+;knk vuqHko gSA
oks rqels cgqr vPNk rSjrk gSA
oks cgqr nwj jgrk gSA
rqe fdruh nwj rd ns[k ldrs gks \
Hardly/Rarely/Seldom ¼eqf‛dy ls gh] ‚kk;n gh dHkh] ‚kk;n gh dqN½
1) He hardly/rarely/seldom comes here.
oks eqf‛dy ls gh dHkh ;gk¡ vkrk gSA
2) I could hardly hear you.
eSa eqf‛dy ls gh rqEgkjh ckr lqu ldkA
3) I hardly ate anything yesterday.
eSaus dy ‚kk;n gh dqN [kk;k A
4) We seldom meet each other these days.
ge bu fnuksa eqf‛dy ls dHkh ,d nwljs ls
feyrs gSaA
Just ¼cl vHkh½
1) I am just coming.
2) The bus has just left.
3) He has left just now.
4) How did he just solve this question?
eSa cl vHkh vk jgk gw¡A
cl vHkh&2 fudyh gSA
oks cl vHkh fudyk gSA
mlus ;s iz‛u cl vHkh dSls dj fn;k \
Never ¼dHkh ugha½
1) I never said anything to you.
2) I never thought to hurt you.
3) She never cares for me.
eSaus rqEgsa dHkh dqN ugha dgkA
eSaus rqEgsa nq[k igq¡pkus dh dHkh ugha lksphA
oks esjh fpUrk dHkh ugha djrhA
70
Often/ Pretty often/Quite often/Very often ¼vDlj½/ How often ¼vDlj fdruh ckj½
1) I visit his home pretty often.
eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A
2) How often do you go office?
vki vDlj fdruh ckj vkWfQl tkrs gks \
Once ¼,d ckj½@At once ¼,d lkFk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Once more ¼,d ckj vkSj½
1) I had gone there once.
eSa ,d ckj ogk¡ x;k FkkA
2) They all shouted at once.
os lkjs ,d lkFk fpYyk,sA
3) I thought once again.
eSaus ,d ckj fQj lkspkA
4) You must read this book once more.
rqEgsa ;g fdrkc ,d ckj vkSj i<+uh pkfg,A
Only ¼dsoy] bdykSrk½
1) He is only going there.
2) They were only drinking the water.
3) Aman only ate 5 grapes.
oks dsoy ogk¡ tk jgk gSA
os dsoy ikuh ih jgs FksA
veu us dsoy ik¡p vaxwj [kk;sA
Quite ¼cgqr] dkQh½
1) She was quite a daring girl.
2) Dad is doing it quite easily.
3) That was quite a touching moment.
oks dkQh fgEer okyh yM+dh FkhA
ikik bls cgqr vkjke ls dj jgsa gSaA
oks cgqr gh fny Nwus okyk iy FkkA
So ¼cgqr] ,slk½
1) Why are you saying so?
2) Do you think so?
rqe ,slk D;ksa dg jgs gks \
D;k rqe ,slk lksprs gks \
Together ¼lkFk es½a
1) They always work together.
2) We go to class together.
3) It is not possible to work together.
os ges‛kk lkFk dke djrs gaSA
ge Dykl lkFk esa tkrs gSaA
lkFk esa dke djuk lEHko ugha gSA
Very ¼cgqr½
1) He runs very fast.
2) I reached very early today.
oks cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA
vkt eSa cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA
,d ckr /;ku jgs fd vf/kdrj ftu ‚kCnksa ds vUr esa LY dk iz;ksx gksrk gSa os fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k gksrs gSaA
Kindly note that mostly the words ending with LY are Adverbs.
Examples - Quickly, nicely, firstly, clearly, sincerely etc.
,d ckr vkSj /;ku nhft,xk] ftrus Hkh ‚kCn Åij mnkgj.k esa fn;s x;s gSa tSls Quick, nice, first, clear,
sincere vkfn] ;s lHkh adjective gSa tks fdlh noun dh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, yxk, tkrs gSa ij tc ;gh ‚kCn
fdlh fØ;k dh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus gksa rks buds vUr esa LY yxkrs gh ;s ‚kCn adverb cu tkrs gSaA
jke vPNk gSA
jke ,d noun gS blfy, vPNk (nice) ,d adjective gSA
Ram is nice.
He danced nicely. oks vPNh rjg ukpkA ukpuk ,d verb gS blfy, vPNh rjg (nicely) ,d adverb gSA
Åij fn;s okD;ksa esa vPNk gksuk (nice) fdldh fo‛ks’krk gS & jke dh vkSj vPNh rjg (nicely) fdldh fo‛ks’krk gS &
ukpus dhA
71
Lesson – 12
Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½
Interjections dk iz;ksx viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA vpkud gqbZ fdlh ?kVuk
ls eu dh Hkkoukvksa dk O;Dr gksuk tSls [kq‛kh ;k nq[k izdV djuk] gSjku gksuk] ‚kkck‛kh nsuk vkfnA Hkkoukvksa
dks O;Dr djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s x;s ,sls ‚kCn ;k okD;ka‛kksa ds vUr esa ,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ ¼ ! ½yxk;k tkrk
gSA
Interjections are used to express sudden feelings or emotions that
originate due to sudden joy, grief, surprise, approval etc. Such words or
phrases are followed by an exclamation mark (!).
Interjections may express:
Joy: ¼[kq‛kh O;Dr djus gsrq½
Hurrah!, Great!, Wow!, Thanks! etc.
Grief: ¼nq[k O;Dr djus gsrq½
Alas!, Oh my God!, So sorry!, What a tragedy!, How tragic!, Oh no!, How sad! etc.
Surprise:
¼pkSadrs gq, Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
What! , Ha!, Oh my God!, My Goodness!, Amazing!, Fantastic!, Wow! , Is it! etc.
On Consent: ¼viuh lgefr O;Dr djus gsrq½
Bravo! , Please! , Certainly! , True! , Well done!, Sure! etc.
On Mistake: ¼viuh xyrh dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
Oh! , Oops!, My God!, No! etc.
,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ iz;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k– Few Examples of exclamation mark usageHkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn ns!
okg! ] xtc! ] cgqr cf<+;k!
Hkxoku dh n;k ls! ] izHkq dh —ik ls!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS! ] fdruk nq[kn!
mldh bruh fgEer!
vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½
cgqr cM+h xyrh!
fo‛okl ugha gks jgk! ] cgqr gh tcjnLr!
cdokl!
Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS!
;s gqbZ u ckr! ¼thr dh [kq‛kh½
ut+j u yxs!
t+#j! ] D;ksa ugha! ] iDdk!
‚kkckl!
D;k [kcj gS! ¼[kq‛kh ls dguk½
lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½
cgqr&2 /kU;okn!
c/kkbZ gks!
D;k vkbfM;k gS!
God bless you!
xkWM CySl ;w!
Wow! , Wonderful!
oko! oUMjQ+qy!
By God‟s grace !
ck; xkWM~l xzsl!
How sad! , How tragic!
gko lSM! gko VªSftd!
How dare he!
gko Msvj gh!
Oh honey! , Oh dear!
vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
Terrible mistake!
VSfjcy feLVsd!
Incredible! , Amazing! Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax! vkWle!
Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful! ,sCt+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Thank God!
FkSad xkWM!
Hurry! , That‟s it!
gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!
Sure! , Why not!, of course! ‚;ksj! ] ok; ukWV! ] vQ+ dkst+!
Well done!
oSy Mu!
What a news!
oV v U;wt+!
Really! , Is it!
fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!
Thanks a lot!
FkSaDl v ykWV!
Congratulations!
dkWUxzSpqys‛kUl!
What an idea!
oV ,su vkbfM;k!
72
Lesson – 13
Articles (A{,}/An{,su}, The{n ;k nh})
A, An vkSj The - ;s rhuksa Articles dgykrs gSaA ;s Hkh Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk
ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ysfdu bUgsa vyx ikB esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;k tk jgk gS rkfd vki buds
iz;ksx dks T;knk csgrj le÷k ldsAa
A, An and The – These three are called Articles. They are also classified as adjectives
because they modify nouns or provide additional information about them.
Before we start, Pay attention to:
Point 1
The dks *nh* cksysaxs
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½
vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
The dks *n* cksysaxs
The will be pronounced as „the‟ ¼*n*½
vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA
if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
The university – n ;wfuoflZVh] The umbrella – nh vEczSyk] The year – n ;h;j] The ear – nh bvj
Point 2
geus vDlj i<+k gS fd „an‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks
vkSj „a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q,
r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) ls gkssA vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
„hour‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (h) ls gkssrh gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa
fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „University‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr
Loj ;k O;atu ls ‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;atu dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA
We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is
used when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or
„A university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t we
use „an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather it‟s
all about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.
Articles nks rjg ds gksrs gSa &
There are two types of Articles –
1) Definite Article [The]Definite Article „The‟ generally points out a particular person, place or thing.
eq[;r% “THE” dk iz;ksx fdlh fo‛ks’k O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa igys ls gh tkudkjh gksA
2) Indefinite Article [A/An]Indefinite Article „A/An‟ does not point out any particular person or thing.
eq[;r% “A/An” dk iz;ksx fdlh ,sls O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa igys ls tkudkjh u gksA
73
Read the following. ¼uhps fn;s x;s rF; dks lef>,½
Ekku yhft,] vki ?kj ij gSaA vpkud ,d yM+dk njoktk [kV[kVkrk gSA vki njokts ij x;s vkSj ns[kk fd oks yM+dk
vkids ikik ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSA vki ikik ds ikl tkdj dqN ;w¡ dgsaxs Þikikth] njokts ij ,d@dksbZ yM+dk gS]
tks vki ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSAÞ bl okD; ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd vkids ikik us vkidks ml yM+ds ds ckjs esa igys
ls dqN ugha crk;k Fkk blhfy, vkius dgk Þ ,d@dksbZ yM+dk ÞA vPNk lksfp,] vxj vkids ikik us vkidks igys gh
crk;k gqvk gksrk fd dksbZ yM+dk muls ckr djus vkus okyk gS rks vki Þ,d@dksbZÞ dk iz;ksx ugha djrs cfYd vki rks
fQj dqN bl rjg dgrs u fd Þikik] njokts ij oks yM+dk vk x;k gS tks vki ls ckr djus vkus okyk FkkAÞ
,d@dksbZ yM+dk
&
A boy
oks yM+dk
&
The boy
tc fdlh vutku O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds ckjs esa igyh ckj ckr gks jgh gks] rks Þ,d@dksbZÞ ds fy, A/An dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj tc fdlh ,sls O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dh ckr gks ftlds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gks] rks ,sls esa
The dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Assume that You are at home. Suddenly, a boy knocks at the door and wants to talk to your dad.
You go to your dad and say „Dad, a boy is at the door, who wants to talk to you.‟ Since your
father hadn‟t told you beforehand that there was some boy about to come, that‟s why you used
„a‟. Just imagine, if your father had already told you about that boy then you would have instead
said „Dad, the boy is at the door, who had to come to talk to you.‟
If the person, place or thing is unknown or being talked about for the first time,
then we need to use indefinite article i.e. “a” or “an”, however if the person, place
or thing is known and already been talked about, then we need to use definite
article i.e. “the”.
dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &
;gh rks fdrkc gS ftlds ckjs esa eSa ckr dj jgk FkkA
;g ,d fdrkc gSA
igys okys okD; esa ml fdrkc ds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gS] blhfy, fdrkc ls igys „The‟ dk iz;ksx
1) This is the book I was talking about.
2) This is a book.
fd;k x;k gSA
3) A Mr. Rahul is at the door.
dksbZ fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA
4) Mr. Rahul is at the door.
fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA
nwljs okD; esa fe0 jkgqy ls igys „The‟ blfy, ugha yxk;k D;ksafd O;fDrokpd laKk ds lkFk „The‟ ugha
yxrkA
egRoiw.kZ rF; (An important fact)
geus vDlj i<+k gS fd „an‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks vkSj
„a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z) ls gksAs vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „hour‟ ,d
,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (h) ls gksrs h gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd „University‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr Loj ;k O;atu ls
‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;atu dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA
We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is used
when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or „A
university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t we use
„an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather it‟s all
about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.
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Loj dh /ofu (vowel sound)
O;atuksa dh /ofu (consonant sound)
- v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%A
- d [k x ………………….{k = KA
dgk¡ ij “A” vkSj dgk¡ ij “An”
(When to use “A” and when to use “An”)
An dk iz;ksx
An will be used
vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
A dk iz;ksx
A will be used
vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA
if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
Examples:
A boy
A pen
A university
A year
An ear
A bucket
An honest
An hour
An MLA
A union
An orange
ckW;
iSu
;wfuoflZVh
;h;j
bvj
cdSV
vkWuSLV
vkoj
,e ,y ,
;wfu;u
vkWjsUt
O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼i½ so used „a‟
O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼b½ so used „an‟
O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼,½ so used „an‟
O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
“the” dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa
(When to pronounce “the” and when to pronounce “thee”)
The dks *nh* cksysaxs
vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
The dks *n* cksysaxs
The will be pronounced as „the‟¼*n*½
vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA
if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
Examples:
the boy
ckW;
O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx
a sA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as „the‟
a sA Consonant sound ¼i½ so pronounce as „the‟
the pen
iSu
O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx
the university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgssaA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce as „the‟
the year ;h;j
O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx
a sA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce as „the‟
the ear
bvj
Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx
a sA Vowel sound ¼b½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the bucket cdSV
O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx
a sA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as „the‟
the hour vkoj
Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx
a sA Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the MLA ,se ,sy , Loj ¼,s½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx
a sA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟
a sA Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the orange vkWjUs t Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx
the end
,UM
Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx
a sA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟
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„The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij (Where to use „The‟):
Few Cases:
With unique People/objects. ¼;wuhd yksxksa ;k oLrqvksa ds lkFk tks ,d gh gSa½
The Sun, The Earth, The Moon, The president, The CEO, The world, The sky etc.
With adjectives referring to a whole group of people.
¼tks fo‛ks’k.k iwjs ,d xzqi ;k tkfr dk cks/k djk;a½s
The old, The young, The rich, The poor, etc.
With famous buildings, museums and monuments.
¼izfl) Hkou] laxzgky;ksa o Lekjdksa ds lkFk½
The Taj Mahal, The Qutub Minar, The Lal Quila, The Eiffel Tower, The Globe etc.
With superlative degrees of an adjective.
¼fdlh fo‛ks’k.k dh superlative degrees ds lkFk½
The highest, The most, The lowest, The youngest, The oldest, The poorest etc.
With ordinal numbers. ¼Øeokpd la[;kvksa ls igys½
The last chapter, The first time, The second occasion, The third member etc.
With countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic.
¼ftu ns‛kksa ds uke esa fdaxMe] LVsV~l ;k fQj fjifCyd vk;sA ½
The United States, The United Kingdom, The Republic of Ireland etc.
With rivers, canals & oceans. ¼unh] ugj o lkxjksa ds lkFk½
The Gangas, The Nile, The Atlantic, The pecific etc.
With countries that have plural names.
¼mu ns‛kksa ds lkFk ftuds uke cgqopu gksa ;kfu vUr esa s yxk gks½
The Netherlands, The Philippines etc.
With the names of families. ¼ifjokjksa ds ukeksa ds lkFk½
The Ranas, The Khans, The Rawats, The Guptas, The Jacksons etc.
Before the word „only‟ if in the sentence the meaning of „only‟ is „only one‟.
¼the dk iz;ksx only ls igys dsoy rc fd;k tkrk gS tc okD; esa only dk eryc „bdykSrk‟ gks ½
The only son, The only friend, The only batsman etc.
„The‟ dk iz;ksx „whole‟ ls igys o „all‟ ds ckn gksrk gSA
„The‟ is used before the word „whole‟ and after the word „all‟.
I am reading whole book.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
I am reading the whole book.
All books are kept on the table.
All the books are kept on the table.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
76
„The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha (Where not to use „The‟):
Few Cases:
„The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh chekjh ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before the name of any disease.
He is suffering from the fever.
He is suffering from fever.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh ns‛k ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before the name of any country.
I live in the India.
I live in India.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkk’kk ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before the name of any language.
I speak the Hindi.
I speak Hindi.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;ksx Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner.
I had the breakfast at 7 o‟clock.
I had breakfast at 7 o‟clock.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
„The‟ dk iz;ksx O;fDrokpd laKk ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before proper noun.
The Ram, The Delhi, The India, The Rahul
(Incorrect)
vaxzsth+ flQZ ,d fo"k; ugha] ,d Hkk"kk Hkh gS vkSj dsoy fu;e lh[k ysuk gh dkQh ugha cfYd izSfDVl djus ls gh
vkidh le> vkSj csgrj gksrh tk;sxhA /kS;Z jf[k, vkSj vius lHkh pSIVj ,d ds ckn ,d iwjh rjg le>rs gq, i<+rs
tkb;sA
English is not only a subject, but also a language, hence you can‟t learn everything just
using certain rules. There is a saying, practice makes a man perfect. We request you to
practice as much as possible. Read newspapers, learn new words, try to use learned
sentences in day to day life.
77
Lesson – 14
Prepositions – lEcU/k lwpd vO;;@iwoZlxZ
“Preposition oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa dk lewg gS tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds
lEcU/k dks n‛kkZrk gSA vkerkSj ij bls fdlh laKk ;k loZuke ls igys fLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ckr vkSj] ftl laKk
;k loZuke ds lkFk Preposition dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og laKk ;k loZuke bldk Object dgykrk gSA”
“Preposition is the word or group of words that is generally placed before a noun or a
pronoun to express its relation with other part of the sentence. The noun or pronoun used
with the preposition is called its object.”
Examples:
1. I am coming from Delhi. ¼eSa fnYyh ls vk jgk g¡Aw ½
;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “from”. Noun gS & “Delhi”, tks fd “from” dk “object” dgykrk gSA
2. Ram depends on you. ¼jke rqe ij fuHkZj gSA½
;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “on”. Pronoun gS & “You”, tks fd “on” dk “object” dgykrk gSA
vkb, lHkh Prepositions dks ,d ,d djds i<+as o le÷ksA
bl pSIVj esa ‚kkfey fd;s x;s okD; vkxs vkus okys pSIVj tSls Simple Sentences, Tenses, Modals,
There, It vkfn ls fy;s x;s gSaA gekjh lykg gS fd vki tc vkus okys bu pSIVjksa dks i<+ ysaxs rks bl pSIVj dks
,d ckj fQj if<+;sxkA blls okD;ksa dks vki vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxsA
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. I am coming from Dehradun.
¼eSa nsgjknwu ls vk jgk g¡wA½
fdlh txg ls (From some place)
2. They came from park.
¼os ikdZ ls vk;sA½
1. I will work from tomorrow.
¼eSa dy ls dke d#¡xkA½
From
¼ls½
fdlh le; ls (Point of time)
2. Ram will work from 10 o‟clock.
¼jke nl cts ls dke djsxkA½
1. I heard it from Ram.
¼eSaus jke ls ;s lqukA½
2. I wrote it from the book.
¼eSaus ;s fdrkc ls fy[kkA½
fdlh lzkrs ls (From any source)
78
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
fdlh lrg ls vyx gksukA
Off ¼ls½
vxj eSa dg¡w fd iSu dks Vscy ls mBk yks rks tc iSu
mBk;k tk;sxk rks oks Vscy dh lrg ls vyx gksxkA
blh rjg] ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd cUnj isM+ ls dwnk rks cUnj
isM+ dh lrg dks NksMs+xkA okgu ls mrjus dks “Get
off” dgrs gSaA dHkh lkspk gS fd off D;ksa yxk;k\
D;ksfa d mrjrs oDr ge okgu dh lrg dks NksM+rs gSaA
blh rjg] fdlh gokbZtgkt ds ,;jiksVZ ls mM+us dks
“Take off” dgrs gSaA blfy, D;ksfa d ,;jiksVZ ls
mM+ku Hkjrs oDr gokbZtgkt ,;jiksVZ dh lrg dks
NksM+rk gSA
Leaving a surface.
It may be a pen leaving the surface of
table while being picked up, a monkey
leaving the surface of tree while
jumping from there, we leaving the
surface of a vehicle while getting off or
a plane leaving the surface of airport
while taking off.
Since
¼ls½
1. I picked the mobile off the
bed.
¼eSaus eksckby dks fcLrj ls
mBk;kA½
2. I am wiping the dust off
the screen.
¼eSa LØhu ls /kwy gVk jgk g¡wA½
3. Monkey jumped off the
tree.
¼cUnj isM+ ls dwnkA½
4. Move the cup off the
table.
¼Vscy ls di gVk nksA½
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
„since‟ dk iz;ksx fuf'pr le; ds lkFk gksrk gS
tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA
(„since‟ is used for point of time when
the sentence is in continuous form)
1. I have been working since
mnkgj.k &
morning.
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o‟clock/ 3
¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
o‟clock
2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012
2. He has been trying since
3. Since Monday, Tuesday,…….,
Monday.
Sunday
¼oks lkseokj ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gSA½
4. Since morning/
evening/afternoon/night
5. Since yesterday(dy)/day before
yesterday(ijlks)a
6. Since childhood(cpiu ls)/ Since
birth (tUe ls)
79
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
¼ls½
„For‟ dk iz;ksx vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk
gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA
(„For‟ is used for duration of time when the
sentence is in continuous form)
1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls)
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls)
4. For many days/hours/months/years
For ds fy, (For any purpose)
1. I have been studying for
2 hours.
¼eSa 2 ?kaVs ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
2. He has been trying for
many days.
¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk
gSA½
1. I did it for you.
¼eSaus ;s rqEgkjs fy, fd;kAa½
mnkgj.k &
2. He came to me for
money.
i<+us ds fy,] ns[kus ds fy,] iSls ds fy,] fdrkc ds fy,A
¼oks esjs ikl iSls ds fy, vk;kA½
fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj (For exchange)
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSaus 20 # dh fdrkc [kjhnh rks bldk eryc ;g
gS fd eSaus 20 # ds cnys esa fdrkc yhA lkspks vxj fdlh us eq>s
esjs nks eksckbZyksa ds cnys esa eq>s ,d dEI;wVj ns fn;k rks ;g Hkh
rks fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj ysuk gh gSA
1. I gave a mobile for Rs.
500.
¼eSaus 500 # esa eksckbZy fn;kAa½
2. He bought a pen for Rs.
5.
¼mlus 5 # esa ,d iSu [kjhnkA½
fu;e (Usage)
¼ea½s le; ds lkFk (With time)
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. I was born in January.
mnkgj.k &
¼eSa tuojh esa iSnk gqvk Fkka½
nks lky esa (in 2 years) ] ,d fnu esa (in one day)
2006 esa (in 2006)] 2012 esa (in 2012)
xfeZ;ksa esa (in summers)] lfnZ;ksa esa (in winters)
lqcg esa (in the morning)] 'kke esa (in the evening)
fdlh eghus esa (in any month)
tSls & tuojh esa (in January)] ekpZ esa (in March)
In
2. He will come home in 2015.
¼oks 2015 esa ?kj vk;sxkA½
3. I left the company in June
2009.
¼eSaus twu 2009 esa dEiuh NksM+hA½
4. I will leave in half an hour.
¼eSa vk/ks ?kaVs esa fudyw¡xkA½
¼ea½s cMh txg ds lkFk ¼fdlh ns‛k es]a fdlh 'kgj esa vkfn½
¼ea½s With large places (Country, city, town etc)
1. I live in Delhi.
yUnu esa ] 'kkgnjk esa] ckt+kj es]a nsgjknwu esa] fnYyh esaA
2. He will study in America.
mnkgj.k &
(in London, in Shahdara, in Dehradun, in
Delhi)
¼ea½s fdlh oLrq ds vUnj
¼ea½s In some object
¼eSa fnYyh esa jgrk g¡Aw a½
¼oks vesfjdk esa i<+kbZ djsxkA½
1. I found no songs in this
mobile.
¼eq>s bl eksckbZy esa xkus ugha feysA½
mnkgj.k &
2. We have read it in book.
tx esa ] fdrkc es]a eksckby esaA
(in Jug, in book, in mobile)
¼geus ;s fdrkc esa i<+k gSA½
80
fu;e (Usage)
¼ea½s xfr‛khy voLFkk (motion)
Into
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. Pour the coffee into the cup.
¼dkWQh dks di esa Mkyks½
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa dejs esa tk jgk g¡w rks vUnj ?kqlrs 2. He is going into the room.
oDr dh fLFkfr dks „into‟ dgsaxs D;ksfa d ml oDr eSa
¼oks dejs esa tk jgk gSA½
xfr‛khy voLFkk esa gksÅ¡xkA
fu;e (Usage)
igys
mnkgj.k (Example)
2 cts ls igys] ‚kke ls igys] eq>ls igys] esjs
dgus ls igys
(before 2 o‟clock, before evening,
before me, before I say)
Before lkeus
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk D;ksafd lkeus dks rks “in
front of” dgrs gSaA ij vc tku yhft, fd
before Hkh dgrs gSaA
fu;e (Usage)
ckn esa
1. This train will reach before
time.
¼;g Vªus le; ls igys igq¡psxhA½
2. I will come before you leave.
¼eSa rqEgkjs fudyus ls igys vkÅ¡axkA½
1. Now I am standing before
you.
¼vc eSa vkids lkeus [kM+k g¡wA½
2. He was sitting before his
dad.
¼ oks vius ikik ds lkeus cSBk FkkA½
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. I will meet you after 10.
¼eSa rqels 10 cts ds ckn fey¡x
w kA½
2. I reached after them.
¼eSa muds ckn igq¡pkA½
fdlh ds ihNs iM+uk
After
tSls &
iqfyl dk pksj ds ihNs iM+uk] fdlh dks ikus ds fy,
ihNs iM+ukA
Example –
Police chasing thief, chase someone/
something to acquire.
81
1. I was after my professor for
getting some help.
¼eSa enn ikus ds fy, vius izkQ
s slj ds
ihNs iM+ x;k FkkA½
2. He was unnecessarily after
that girl.
¼oks csotg ml yM+dh ds ihNs iM+k gqvk
FkkA ½
3. My father has denied thrice
but I am still after him.
¼esjs ikik us rhu ckj euk dj fn;k gS
ij eSa vHkh Hkh muds ihNs iM+k gqvk g¡wA½
fu;e (Usage)
}kjk (In passive voice)
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. I was stopped by someone.
¼eq>s fdlh ds }kjk jksdk x;kAa½
2. He can be sent by his
father.
¼mls vius ikik }kjk Hkstk tk ldrk
gSA½
mnkgj.k &
jke ds }kjk ] fdlh ds }kjkA
(by Ram, by someone)
ls
¼fdlh okgu ls lQj djuk½
(travel by some vehicle)
1. I travelled by bus.
¼eSaus cl ls ;k=k dhAa½
2. He is coming by noon flight.
¼oks nksigj dh ¶ykbV ls vk jgk gSA
mnkgj.k &
By
cl ls] dkj ls] Iysu lsA
(by bus, by car, by plane)
rd
¼le; ds lkFk&dsoy future indefinite tense esa½
(With time – only in future indefinite tense)
mnkgj.k &
2 cts rd] lqcg rdA
(by 2 o‟clock, by morning)
cxy esa
Þcxy esÞa ds fy, by ds vykok beside, next to,
adjacent Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa tks vki vkxs i<+us okys
gSaA
fu;e (Usage)
ls
¼fdlh pht dk iz;ksx djds dqN djuk½
(Perform a task with the help of
something)
mnkgj.k &
pkdw ls] iSu ls] ryokj lsA
(with a knife, with a pen, with a sword)
With lkFk
¼fdlh ds lkFk½
(accompany someone or something)
mnkgj.k &
jke ds lkFk] rqEgkjs lkFk] fdlh oLrq ds lkFk vkfnA
(with Ram, with you, with a thing etc.)
82
1. I will leave by 4 o‟clock.
¼eSa 4 cts rd fudy tkÅ¡xkA½
2. We will finish it by
morning.
¼ge lqcg rd ;s [kRe dj nsaxsA½
1. I was standing by him.
¼eSa mlds cxy esa [kM+k FkkA½
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. I cut the cake with a knife.
¼eSaus pkdw ls dsd dkVkA½
2. He wrote the letter with a
blue pen.
¼ mlus uhys iSu ls i= fy[kkA½
3. He killed the bird with a
stone.
¼mlus iRFkj ls fpfM+;k ekjhA½
1. I am with Ram in this
matter.
¼bl ekeys esa eSa jke ds lkFk g¡wA½
2. We will be with you.
¼ge vkids lkFk jgsaxsA½
3. My dad went to his office
with the laptop.
¼esjs ikik vius vkWfQl ySiVkWi ys ds
x;sA½
fu;e (Usage)
fuf'pr le; ds lkFk (With point of time)
mnkgj.k &
nks cts (at 2 o‟clock) ] 'kke 4 cts (at 4 PM)
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. I was born at 2.
¼eSa 2 cts iSnk gqvk Fkka½
2. He will come home at
10 AM.
¼oks lqcg 10 cts ?kj vk;sxkA½
¼ea@
s ij½ NksVh txg ds lkFk (with small places)
mnkgj.k &
cl LVki esa@ij ] dqlhZ esa@ijA
(at bus stop, at the chair)
vxj NksVh vkSj cM+h nksuksa txgksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS rks
igys NksVh txg at ds lkFk vkSj fQj cM+h txg in ds lkFk
fy[ksaxsA vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa jksfg.kh esa jgrk g¡w tks fnYyh esa gS]
rks /;ku nhft, fd igys NksVh txg Rohini “at” ds lkFk
vkSj fQj cM+h txg Delhi “in” ds lkFk fy[ksaxsA dqN bl
rjg & I live at Rohini in Delhi. ij vxj eSa ;s dg¡w
fd eSa jksfguh esa jgrk g¡w rks jksfguh vius vki esa ,d cM+h
txg gh gS blfy, eSa dg¡wxk & I live in Rohini.
At
jkr vkSj nksigj ds lkFk (With night/noon)
ewY; crkus esa (to tell the cost of something)
fdlh R;ksgkj ;k [kkl volj ij
( in any festival / event)
mnkgj.k &
gksyh ij] nhokyh ij] tUefnu ij] ikVhZ esa
(at holi, at diwali, at birthday, at the party)
83
1. I stayed at a hotel.
¼eSa ,d gksVy esa #dkAa½
2. He was standing at the
bus stop.
¼oks cl LVki ij [kM+k FkkA½
3. Rahul works at a
store.
¼jkgqy ,d LVksj esa@ij dke
djrk gSA½
1. I was there at noon.
¼eSa nksigj esa ogk¡ FkkA½
2. We study at night.
¼ge jkr ess i<+rs gSaA½
1. This fruit is selling at
Rs. 10 per kg.
¼;g Qy 10 # fdyks fcd jgk
gSA½
2. I am buying onion at
Rs 20 per kg.
¼eSa I;kt+ 10 # fdyks [kjhn jgk
g¡Aw ½
1. I will come home at
Holi.
¼eSa gksyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
2. I will come home at
Diwali.
¼eSa nhokyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
3. He will go there at his
birthday.
¼oks mlds tUefnu ij ogk¡
tk;sxkA½
fu;e (Usage)
ls ¼fdlh pht+ ds vkj ikj ns[kuk½
(to see through some object)
Through
mnkgj.k (Example)
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa f[kM+dh ls rqEgsa ns[k jgk g¡w] rks okLro esa
eSa f[kM+dh ds ikj gh rks ns[k jgk g¡w D;ksafd eSa bl rjQ g¡w
vkSj rqe ml rjQA
1. I can see through the
glass as it is
transparent.
¼eSa Xykl ls ns[k ldrk g¡w
D;ksfa d ;s ikjn‛khZ gSA½
If I am in a room and you are outside. I
am able to watch you through a window. I
am this side and you are the other side of
the window so it is basically a see
through.
2. I can see inside
through this hole.
¼eSa bl Nsn ds tfj;s vUnj
ns[k ldrk g¡Aw ½
fdlh ,slh pht ls xqtjuk tks Åij] uhps vkSj fdukjksa ls
cUn gks
To move through a structure with limits
on top, bottom and both sides
tSls&
fdlh xyh ls xqtjuk & through a street
fdlh ikbi ls xqtjuk & through a pipe
fdlh ladjs jkLrs ls xqtjuk & through a narrow
passage
1. I was passing through
a street.
¼eSa ,d xyh ls xqtj jgk FkkA½
2. We went through the
underground way.
¼ge Hkwfexr jkLrs ls x;sA½
3. Water is passing
through this pipe.
¼ikuh bl ikbi ls xqtj jgk gSA½
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
ds ikj ¼tks fn[k u jgk gks½ (very far; not 1. There is a temple
beyond this mountain.
visible)
¼bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj
vxj eSa vkils dgw¡ fd bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj
gSA½
gSA efUnj gesa fn[k ugha jgkA
;k fQj eSa iwNw¡ fd uhy unh ds ikj dkSu lk ns‛k gS \ ;gk¡
2. What is there beyond
ij Hkh ns‛k gesa fn[k ugha jgkA ,slh txgksa ij beyond
that river?
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
¼ml unh ds ikj D;k gS \½
Beyond ,slh pht+ ds ikj ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs (beyond
something that is abstract; neither
touch nor see)
vxj eSa vkils iwNw¡ fd bl thou ds ikj D;k gS \ thou
dks Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrsA ;k fQj eSa dgw¡ fd mEehnksa ds
ikj Hkh ,d nqfu;k gSA mEehn dks Hkh ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha
ldrsA
84
1. There
is
something
beyond this universe.
¼bl czgek.M ds ikj dqN gSA½
2. There is nothing beyond
love.
¼I;kj ds ikj dqN ugha gS ;k I;kj
ds cjkcj dqN ugha gSA½
fu;e (Usage)
fo;k @ok;k ¼ds jkLrs] ls½s
Via
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. This train will go to Delhi via
Kanpur.
CywVFw k ds jkLrs ;k CywVwFk ls] dkuiqj ds jkLrs ;k
¼;g Vªus dkuiqj ls gksrs gq, fnYyh tk;sxhA½
dkuiqj ls gksrs gq,A
2. I sent him my picture via
(via Bluetooth, via Kanpur)
bluetooth.
¼ eSaus mls viuh QkssVks CywVFw k ls HksthA½
3. He came to Delhi via Bijnor.
¼oks fctukSj ds jkLrs fnYyh vk;kA½
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
Bhd Lkkeus nwljh rjQ
vxj eSa dgw¡ ÞlkeusÞ] rks Opposite, in
1. My home is opposite your
shop.
front of ;k before; bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh
¼esjk ?kj rqEgkjh nqdku ds Bhd lkeus
dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
gSA½
eSa rqEgkjs lkeus gw¡A
2. He was standing opposite
I am in front of you.
you.
I am before you.
¼oks rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk½
I am opposite you.
Opposite foijhr ¼mYVk½
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd vki vPNs gks ij jke dgs fd
vki vPNs ugha gks] rks bldk eryc gS fd
vkids izfr jke dh lksp esjh lksp ds foijhr
gSA
If I say “You are good” but Ram
says “You are not good”, that
means Ram thinks opposite to
what I think about you.
Above
¼Åij½
1. Ram does opposite what you
say.
¼tks rqe dgrs gks jke mldk mYVk djrk
gSA½
2. His thinking is opposite
yours.
¼mldh lksp rqEgkjh lksp ls Bhd mYVh
gSA½
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. fyLV esa ÅijA (up in a list)
1. My name is above
your name in the list.
2. ,slh pht ls Åij ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs tSls
¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA (above the abstract
ds Åij gSA½
noun; such as love, honesty, cruelty
2. Money is above love.
etc)
¼iSlk I;kj ls Åij gSA ;kfu
3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls ÅijA (above the level
iSlk igys] I;kj ckn esa½
of some surface)
3. Only his eyes were
above water.
¼ dsoy mldh vk¡[ks ikuh ds
Åij FkhA½
85
fu;e (Usage)
fdlh ds uhps ij fcuk iwjh rjg Nq,
(Subject & object not fully touched)
Under
¼uhps½
1. Ram is hidden under
the bed.
¼jke fcLrj ¼[kkV½ ds uhps fNik
vxj eSa isM+ ds uhps cSBk g¡w rks isM+ dh lk[k eq>s Nw
gqvk gSA½
ugha jgh gSaA blh rjg vxj eSa Vscy ds uhps fNik
gqvk gw¡ rks Vscy eq>s iwjh rjg Nw ugha jgkA gk¡ vxj
eSa dgw¡ fd i= rfd;s ds uhps gS rks blesa i= rfd;s 2. Ram lives under the
dks iwjh rjg Nw jgk gSA ;gk¡ under ugha cfYd
roof but Shyam
beneath/underneath vk;sxkA
doesn‟t even have a
house.
If I say I am sitting under the tree, then
¼jke Nr ds uhps jgrk gS ij
the branches of the tree are not touching
';ke ds ikl rks ?kj gh ugha
me. Similarly, I am hidden under the
gSA½
table, again the table is not touching me
fully. But, if I say “A letter is under the
pillow.” It would be correct because
letter and pillow are being fully touched
so the correct sentence would be “A
letter is beneath/underneath the pillow.”
fdlh ds uhps ij iwjh rjg Nwrs gq,
(Subject & object fully touched)
Beneath/
Underneath
¼uhps½
Below
¼uhps½
mnkgj.k (Example)
3. Mom is sitting under
the tree.
¼eEeh th isM+ ds uhps cSBh gSaA½
1. My house is underneath
your house.
¼esjk ?kj vkids ?kj ds uhps gSA½
2. Her photograph is
beneath my book.
¼mldh rLohj esjh fdrkc ds
uhps gSA½
1. My name is below your
1. fyLV esa uhpsA (below in a list)
name in the list.
2. ,slh pht ls uhps ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs
¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
tSls I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA
ds uhps gSA½
(below the abstract noun; such as
2. Money is below love.
love, honesty, cruelty etc)
¼iSlk I;kj ds uhps gSA ;kfu
3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls uhpsA
I;kj igys] iSlk ckn esa½
(below the level of some surface)
3. His mouth was below
water but nose was
above.
¼mldk eq¡g ikuh ds uhps Fkk ij
ukd ÅijA½
Down
¼uhps½
uhps dh fn‛kk dks n‛kkZuk
(indicate the downwards
movement)
1. Prices are going
down.
¼dhersa uhps tk jgh gaSA½
2. Water level is going
down.
¼ikuh dk Lrj uhps tk jgk
gSA ½
86
fu;e (Usage)
nks ds chp esa
(between two objects)
Between
¼chp es½a
nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k x;k
gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa
(more than two objects but given;
how many)
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd jke 20 yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks
;gk¡ ij crk;k x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa
among dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA ij ;fn eSa dgw¡ fd jke
dqN yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks ;gk¡ ij crk;k ugha
x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa among dk
ugha cfYd amongst dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA
Among
¼chp es½a
nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k ugha
x;k gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa
Amongst
¼chp es½a
(more than two objects but not
given; how many)
;s dguk fd eSa HkhM+ ds chp esa gw¡] ;g ugha crkrk
fd yksx fdrus gSa blfy, gesa amongst dk iz;ksx
djuk gksxkA
fu;e (Usage)
ckgj fudyuk] fdlh txg dks NksMu+ k
(to go out/leave some place)
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. She is sitting
between Yash &
Vaibhav.
¼oks ;‛k vkSj oSHko ds chp esa
cSBh gSA½
2. Pen is lying between
two computers.
¼iSu nks dEI;wVjksa ds chp esa
iM+k gqvk gSA ½
1. I was among 50
people.
¼eSa 50 yksxksa ds chp esa FkkA½
2. Her photograph was
kept among 3 other
items.
¼mldh rLohj rhu vkSj phtksa
ds chp j[kh gqbZ FkhA½
1. I was amongst the
crowd.
¼eSa HkhM+ ds chp FkkA@eSa HkhM+ esa
Fkk½
2. My dad was amongst
many people.
¼esjs ikik dbZ yksxksa ds chp FksA½
mnkgj.k (Example)
1. I am getting out of my
home.
¼eSa ?kj ls ckgj fudy jgk g¡wA½
2. He has gone out of Delhi.
¼og fnYyh ls ckgj tk pqdk gSA½
Out of
bruh la[;k esa ls
(out of certain numbers)
1. Rahul scored 90 out of
100.
¼jkgqy us 100 esa ls 90 uEcj izkIr
fd;sA½
2. There are only 2
students out of 15.
¼ 15 esa ls dsoy 2 gh fo/kkFkhZ gSaA½
87
fu;e (Usage)
Åij ;k ij] j[kk gqvk gksuk
mnkgj.k (Example)
,d cM+s object ds Åij ,d NksVs object dk j[kk gksuk
(a smaller object on a bigger one)
tSls &
eksckby dk Vscy ds Åij j[kk gksukA eksckby Vscy dh rqyuk
esa ,d NksVk object gSA
On
iSu dk fdrkc ds Åij gksukA iSu fdrkc dh rqyuk esa ,d
NksVk object gSA
Day vkSj Date ds lkFk
On Monday, Tuesday,……., Sunday etc
On 25th Aug, on 15th, on 20th etc.
fdlh rjQ ( certain side)
tSls & nk¡;h rjQ (on the right)
ck¡;h rjQ (on the left)
2. Rohit is sitting on the
Elephant.
¼jksfgr gkFkh ds Åij cSBk gqvk gSA ½
1. I went on Sunday.
¼eSa laMs dks x;kA½
2. He came on 20th Dec‟12.
¼oks 20 fnlEcj 2012 dks vk;k½
1. I was standing on the
right.
¼eSa nk¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½
2. I was standing on the left.
¼eSa ck¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½
fu;e (Usage)
Åij
mnkgj.k (Example)
,d NksVs object dk Åij dh fn‛kk esa xfr‛khy
gksdj ds ,d cMs object ds Åij vkuk
Upon/
Onto
1. Pen is kept on the table.
¼iSu Vscy ij j[kk gqvk gSA½
(a smaller object showing upwards
movement to come on a bigger object)
1. I jumped onto the horse.
¼eSa dwn dj ?kksM+s ij cSB x;kA½
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd ,d fcYyh Vscy ds Åij dwnh rks
fcYyh us Åij dh rjQ Nyk¡x yxkbZ fQj oks Vscy ds
Åij vk x;hA
2. Broom came upon the
table by itself.
¼>kM+w vius vki Vscy ij vk x;kA ½
,d vkSj ckrA ekuk fd ,d cUnj t+ehu ij cSBk Fkk
vkSj mlus Åij dh vksj Nyk¡x yxkbZ vkSj isM+ ds Åij
vk x;kA
88
fu;e (Usage)
Against
About
Of
fo#)] fojks/k esa (opposite)
ckjs esa
dk (show the relation)
dks ¼fdlh txg dks½
To
Towards
Over
,d txg ls nwljh txg dks
From one place to another
Why is Ram against you?
¼jke rqEgkjs fo#) D;ksa gS\½
He is talking about me.
¼oks esjs ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gSA½
He is the brother of Ram.
¼oks jke dk HkkbZ gSA½
1. I am going to school.
¼eSa Ldwy tk jgk gw¡A½
2. Seeta is coming to our
home.
¼lhrk gekjs ?kj vk jgh gSA½
dh rjQ
1. I am going towards
vxj eSa dgww¡ fd eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡ rks school.
;s t+#jh ugha fd eSa Ldwy tkšA gks ldrk gS
¼eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡A½
fd Ldwy ds jkLrs esa gh vkxs esjs nksLr dk ?kj
Hkh gks vkSj eSa ogha tk jgk gw¡A blfy, „to 2. He was coming towards
school‟ eryc Ldwy tkuk vkSj „towards
you.
school‟ eryc Ldwy dh rjQ tkuk ij irk
¼oks rqEgkjh rjQ vk jgk FkkA½
ugha dgk¡A
Åij fcuk Nq, (Above without
1. I jumped over the rope.
¼eSa jLlh ds Åij ls dwnkA½
touch)
2. There is a roof over our
heads.
¼gekjs flj ds Åij Nr gSA½
3. There is a bridge over
the river.
¼unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA½
le;kof/k ds vUnj
Within a time period
Within
rqyuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(used for comparison)
Than
Throughout
mnkgj.k (Example)
lkjk] iwjk
tSls & lkjs fnu Hkj] iwjh ft+Unxh Hkj
Throughout the day, throughout
the life
89
1. I will come within 5
minutes.
¼eSa 5 feuV esa vk tkÅ¡xkA½
2. He has come back
within just 2 days.
¼ oks 2 fnu esa gh okil vk x;k
gSA½
1. I am better than you.
¼eSa rqels csgrj gw¡A½
2. We are taller than he.
¼ge mlls yEcs gSaA½
1. I loved him/ her
throughout my life.
¼eSaus ft+Unxh Hkj mls I;kj fd;kA½
2. We worked throughout
the night.¼ geus jkr Hkj dke
fd;kA½
fcuk
1. I am nothing without
you.
¼eSa rqEgkjs fcuk dqN ugha gw¡A½
Åij
1. Prices are rising up.
¼dhersa c<+ jgha gSaA½
2. Baloon is going up.
¼xqCckjk Åij tk jgk gSA½
1. He threw the stone
upwards.
mlus iRFkj Åij dh rjQ Qsd
a kA
Without
Up
Åij dh rjQ
Upwards
uhps dh rjQ
1. He threw the stone
downwards.
mlus iRFkj uhps dh rjQ QsadkA
igys ¼le; ds lkFk½
1. He came 2 years ago.
¼oks 2 lky igys vk;kA½
2. Ram had done B. Tech 6
years ago.
¼jke us ch Vsd 6 lky igys fd;k
FkkA½
vUnj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ds vUnjA
(be in an enclosed structure)
vxj eSa dg¡w fd vki ?kj ds vUnj gSa rks Hkh vki
“inside” gh gSa D;ksafd ?kj Hkh ,d cUn vk—fr gSA
1. What
is
inside
computer?
¼dEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS \½
Home is also a kind of enclosed
structure so if you are in, means you
are actually inside.
2. He was inside and I was
outside.
¼ oks vUnj Fkk vkSj eSa ckgj FkkA½
ckgj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ls ckgjA
1. He was standing outside
the home.
¼oks ?kj ds ckgj [kM+k FkkA½
2. He was outside the school
premises.
¼ oks Ldwy ifjlj ds ckgj FkkA½
Downwards
Ago
Inside
(be out of an enclosed structure)
Outside
Next to,
Adjacent,
Beside,
By
cxy esa
the
oks esjs cxy esa [kMk FkkA
He was standing next to me.
He was standing adjacent me.
He was standing beside/by me.
ihNs
1. I was behind Ram in the
queue.
¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds ihNs FkkA½
Behind
2. There is nobody standing
behind him.
¼mlds ihNs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½
90
Ahead
of
vkxs(
1. I was ahead of Ram in the
queue.
yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj
¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds vkxs FkkA½
ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA lkspks vki ,d
ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS]
mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs gS] 2. There is no one standing
bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu
ahead of him.
¼mlds vkxs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½
BehindA ij vxj vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa
mldks ns[krs gq, rks vki mlds in front of ;kfu
lkeus gSaA
dks NksMd
+ j] ds vYkkok
1. This shop opens every day
except Sunday.
¼;g nqdku jfookj dks NksM+dj lHkh
fnu [kqyrh gSA½
Except
2. I can scold anyone except
you.
¼rqEgkjs vykok eSa fdlh dks Hkh Mk¡V
ldrk gw¡A½
ds vfrfjDr (Extra)
1. Do you eat anything else
besides this?
¼blds vfrfjDr dqN vkSj [kkrs gks
D;k \½
Besides
ds nkSjku ( in a particular duration of 1. I was in Delhi during
vacations.
time)
¼NqV~fV;ksa ds nkSjku eSa fnYyh esa FkkA½
2. We can meet Sachin during
the break.
During
¼ge czsd ds nkSjku lfpu ls fey
ldrs gSaA½
rd
Till/
Until
1. I will work till 9.
¼eSa 9 cts rd dke d#¡xkA½
le; ds lkFk] fnu ds lkFk vkfnA
with time, with a day etc.
2. We stayed till Monday.
¼ge lkseokj rd BgjsA½
3. I was there until Saturday.
¼eSa 'kfuokj rd ogk¡ FkkA½
rd
1. I just went up to Dehradun.
fdlh nwjh rd (up to certain distance) ;k
fdlh txg rd (up to certain place) ;k
fdlh mez rd (up to certain age)
2. Seeta ran up to 5 kms.
¼eSa cl nsgjknwu rd x;kA½
Up to
¼lhrk 5 fdyksehVj rd nkSM+hA½
3. You shouldn‟t keep mobile
up to 18.
¼rqEgsa 18 dh mez rd eksckbZy ugha
j[kuk pkfg,A½
91
pkjksa vksj
(covered in all the
directions)
1. People were around me, yet I was
lonely.
¼yksx esjs pkjksa vksj Fks] fQj Hkh eSa rUgk FkkA½
lkFk esa
(with a person/thing)
2. The Earth is revolving around
the Sun.
¼i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ?kwe jgh gSA½
1. Will you come along?
¼D;k rqe lkFk vkvksxs \½
Around
Along
2. You will get this pen along the
mobile.
¼rqEgsa ;s iSu eksckby ds lkFk feysxkA½
fdukjs lkFk esa
1. There is a road alongside the
river.
¼unh ds lkFk lkFk ,d jksM gSA½
tSls &
unh ds lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d jksM
Alongside
(A road alongside the river)
lM+d ds fdukjs lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d
dkj
2. A truck is parked alongside the
road.
¼jksM ds fdukjs ,d Vªd [kM+k gSA½
(A car parked alongside the
road)
ds ikj ¼fdlh pht+ ds ikj½
(across something)
1. Can you swim across the river?
¼D;k rqe unh rSj dj ikj dj ldrs gks \½
2. There was a man standing across
the road.
¼,d vkneh lM+d ds ikj [kM+k FkkA½
Across
3. My shop is across the road.
¼esjh nqdku lM+d ds ml ikj gSA½
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
92
Lesson – 15
Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & fu/kkZjd
Determiners ,sls ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh okD; esa laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj bl ckr
dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa fd fdldh ckr gks jgh gS ;k fQj fdruh ckr gks jgh gSA pw¡fd ;g Hkh laKk ds ckjs esa
dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSa blhfy, ;s Hkh fo‛ks’k.k dgykrs gSaA
A Determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give additional
information about that noun and that‟s why they are also classified as
Adjectives.
eku yhft, vki dguk pkgrs gSa „;g yM+dk jke gSA‟ ;gk¡ ij „yM+dk‟ ,d laKk gSA „yM+dk‟ ls rqjar igys
„;g‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA „;g‟ ,d Determiner gS D;ksafd ;s bl ckr dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd fdl
yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS & bl yM+ds dh ;k ml yM+ds dhA
bl yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS blfy, vki „;g yM+dk‟ dgrs gSa ojuk vxj ml yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh
rks vki „og yM+dk‟ dgrsA
blh rjg]
vxj ,d yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs &
vxj fdlh fo‛ks’k yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs &
vxj lHkh yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs &
vxj 5 yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs &
A boy
The boy
All the boys
5 boys
v ckW;
n ckW;
vkWy n ckWbt+
Qkbo ckWbt+
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa Determiners gSa & A, The, All, 5
Determiners ds pkj izdkj gSa (Determiners are of four types):
1. Articles (A, An, The)
A/An v@,su
The n ;k nh
vki „Articles‟ pSIVj esa buds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa fd fdlh Hkh laKk ls rqjra igys fdl rjg vkSj dc iz;ksx fd;s tkrs
gSa] ;s Hkh Determiners gSaA
You‟ve already read about Articles & its usage just before a noun, these are also
known as Determiners.
2. Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
vaxzst+h esa This, That, These vkSj Those dks Demonstratives dgrs gSaA
This, That, These and Those are called Demonstratives.
This That These Those -
fnl
nSV
nht+
nkst+
&
&
&
&
;g]
og]
;g]
og]
;s
os]
;s
os]
¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
oks ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
oks ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
93
;s demonstratives nks rjg ls iz;ksx esa vkrs gSa &
These demonstratives are used as -
loZuke dh rjg ;k fQj determiners dh rjgA
either Pronoun or Determiners.
tc fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s x;s gksa rks ;s Determiners dgykrs gSaA vkSj tc Hkh fcuk laKk ds iz;ksx
fd;s tk;sa rks ;s Pronouns dgykrs gSaA
If a demonstrative is followed by a noun it modifies, it‟s called a determiner;
however, if it‟s not followed by a noun, it‟s called a pronoun.
le÷kus dk iz;kl dfj, &
Try to understand –
This is a book.
loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun)
bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn dksbZ laKk ugha gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative pronoun gSA
In this sentence, „this‟ is not followed by any noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
pronoun here.
Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)
This book is mine.
bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn book dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tks fd ,d laKk gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative
determiner gSA
Here, „this‟ is followed by „book‟, which is a noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
determiner here.
dqN mnkgj.k (Few Examples)
I love this.
This is a cute baby.
These are my books.
That man is my dad.
Those people are mad.
loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun)
(not followed by a noun)
loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun)
(not followed by a noun)
loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun)
(not followed by a noun)
Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner) (followed by a noun: MAN)
Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)(followed by a noun: PEOPLE)
3. Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, its)
His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its dks determiners dgrs gSaA bu ‚kCnksa ds rqjar ckn ges‛kk ,d laKk
gksrh gSA
His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its are known as determiners. These words are always
followed by a noun.
mnkgj.k (Example):
His friend is a teacher.
My brother will not go.
Our books are kept on the table.
Their parents were not present.
94
4. Quantifiers
Quantifiers ,sls ‚kCn ;k ‛kCnksa dk lewg gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa o laKk dh ek=k
(amount) ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA
Quantifiers are Such words or group of words, which are used before a noun to
indicate the amount or quantity of that noun.
1. Few
FkksM+k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS½ tSls dqN yM+d]s dqN cPps vkfnA Few boys
2. Less, Little FkksM+k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ tSls FkksM+k ikuh] dqN iSVªky
s vkfnA Little water
3. Some FkksM+k] dqN ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Some boys/
water
4. Any dksbZ] dqN ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Any boys/water
uksV & „some‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% ldkjkRed okD;ksa esa tcfd „any‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% udkjkRed okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
Note: „some‟ is mostly used in positive sentences while „any‟ is often used in negative sentences.
5. Every
gj dksbZ
Every person/Every book/Every boy
6. All
lHkh] lc
All the friends/All the people/All the books
7. Each
izR;sd] gj ,d Each friend/Each book/Each boy
8. Both
nksuksa
Both the friends/Both the books
9. Enough
dkQh
Enough money/Enough people
10. Full
iwjk
Full glass
11. Half (1/2)
vk/kk
Half the glass
12. Quarter(1/4)
,d pkSFkkbZ
Quarter the glass
13. Whole
iwjk
Whole world/Whole the day
14. More T+;knk ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS o ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ More boys/water
15. Less
de ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Less water
16. Many
dbZ ¼ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS½ Many boys
17. Much
T+;knk ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk gS½ Much water
18. 1,2,3,4,5 etc
,d] nks] rhu] pkj] ik¡p vkfnA 2 friends/ 2 laptops/ 50 people etc
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Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
95
Lesson – 16
Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½
“ljy okD; mUgsa dgrs gSa ftuesa ;k rks fØ;k gksrh gh ugha vkSj vxj gksrh Hkh gS rks Subject ml fØ;k
dks ugha djrkA”
“Simple Sentences are those in which either there is no action (verb) at all or even if there
is an action, Subject doesn‟t perform that action.”
vxj ge dgsa fd “jke vPNk yM+dk gSA” Subject gS jkeA D;k jke dksbZ dke dj jgk gS? ughaA jke ds
ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd oks vPNk yM+dk gS blfy, ;s ,d Simple Sentence gSA blesa dksbZ
fØ;k ugha gSA vkb,] vc nwljk okD; ns[krs gSa Þfdrkc Vscy ij j[kh gqbZ gSÞA bl okD; esa Subject gS
fdrkc vkSj Þj[kukÞ ,d fØ;k gSA Hkys gh bl okD; esa fØ;k gS ij D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS?
ugha D;ksafd fdrkc rks [kqn j[kh gqbZ gS] oks dksbZ dke ugha dj ldrh blfy, ;s Hkh ,d Simple
Sentence gSA ,d vkSj okD; nsf[k,& Þjke fdrkc i<+ jgk gSAÞ bl okD; esa Subject gS jke vkSj Þi<+ukÞ
,d fØ;k gSA D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS? gk¡] i<+us dk dke jke gh rks dj jgk gS tks fd bl
okD; dk Subject gSA ;kfu ;s Simple Sentence ugha gSA ;s rks ,d Tense Sentence gS tks fd
vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVj esa i<+ax
s sA
If we say „Ram is a good boy‟. Subject is Ram. Is Ram doing something? No, subject is
performing no action, means there is no verb, hence it‟s a simple sentence. Let‟s see
another example „Book is kept on the table‟. Subject is „book‟ & verb is to „keep‟. Is
subject doing something? No. Book itself is kept, hence it can‟t perform an action. So this
is also a simple sentence. Let‟s see one more sentence – „Ram is reading the book‟. In
this sentence, Subject is „Ram‟ & verb is to „read‟. Since Ram is performing the action of
„reading‟, hence it‟s not a simple sentence. It‟s actually a tense, which you will be taught
in later respective lesson.
vkWfM;ks ySDpj Hkh /;kuiwoZd lqfu, rkfd csgrj le÷k ldsAa
dqN mnkgj.k (Few examples):
okD;
Sentence
Subject
lanhi esjk HkkbZ gSA
lanhi
rqe esjs dkSu gks \
rqe
mlds ikl iSu gSA
oks
D;k okD; esa
dksbZ fØ;k gS\
Li"Vhdj.k
Explanation
Is there a
verb?
fØ;k ugha gSA
No verb
fØ;k ugha gSA
No verb
fØ;k ugha gSA
No verb
lanhi ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA lanhi dksbZ fØ;k ugha dj
jgkA
Only been told about Sandeep, he is
performing no task (verb).
Subject gS ÞrqeÞ ij Subject dksbZ dke ugha dj jgkA
mlds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd mlds ikl iSu gSA oks dksbZ
dke ugha dj jgk gSA
96
cPps vPNs FksA
cPps
jke lks;k gqvk gSA
jke
fØ;k ugha gSA
fØ;k gS & lksuk
Verb is there
- Sleep
esjs nks HkkbZ FksA
eSa
fØ;k ugha gSA
No verb
veu ?kj ij gksxkA
veu
fØ;k ugha gSA
No verb
cPpksa ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k gSA cPps dksbZ dke ugha dj jgsA
fØ;k rks gS ij D;k Subject fØ;k dks dj jgk gS \ ugha
D;ksfa d oks rks [kqn gh lks;k gqvk gS] oks dke ugha dj jgkA
esjs ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA eSa dksbZ dke ugha dj jgkA
Only been told about me, I am performing
no task(verb).
veu ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA veu dksbZ dke ugha dj
jgkA
Simple Sentences rhu rjg ds gksrs gSa& (Simple Sentences are of three types):
– bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gks] g¡w dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
– bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
– bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
1. Simple Present
2. Simple Past
3. Simple Future
Simple Present
Category I :
Helping Verb – Is/Am/Are
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gks] gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk
I (First Person Singular Subject) ds lkFk
ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk
¼vxj First Person, Second Person ;k Third Person ds
Lesson-2 nksckjk if<+,A½
Hindi
Sentence
English Sentence
jke ,d vPNk
yM+dk gSA
Ram is a good boy.
Ykksx ikxy gSaA
People are mad.
ge yksx rqEgkjs
lkFk gSaA
We people are
with you.
lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA
All are my dear.
eSa rqEgkjs fy,
vPNk gw¡A
I am good for you.
& Is
& Am
& Are
Singular-Plural dkWUlsIV esa dksbZ fnDdr gks rks
Comment
Subject (Ram) „Third Person Singular‟ gS blfy, is
dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (People) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy,
are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (We People) „First Person Plural‟ gS blfy,
are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (All) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy, are dk
iz;ksx gqvk gSA
“I” First Person Singular subject gS blfy, blds lkFk
“am” dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
97
pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)
Sentence ds izdkj
(Sentence Type)
mnkgj.k 1
Example-1
mnkgj.k 2
Example-2
Affirmative
¼ldkjkRed½
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA
Ram is a good boy.
eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk gw¡ A
I am good for you.
Negative
¼udkjkRed½
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA
Ram is not a good
boy.
eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha gw¡ A
I am not good for you.
Interrogative
¼iz‛uokpd½
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\
Is Ram a good boy?
D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk gw¡wWa\
Am I good for you ?
Negative
Interrogative
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk
ugha gS\
D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha
gw¡\
Is Ram not a good boy?
Am I not good for you ?
mnkgj.k 3
Example-3
yksx ikxy gSaA
People are
mad.
yksx ikxy ugha gSaA
People are not
mad.
D;k yksx ikxy gSa \
Are People
mad?
D;k yksx ikxy ugha
gSa \
Are People not
mad?
vxj okD; esa dksbZ WH family gS tSls & dSls (How), D;ksa (Why), dc (When) dgk¡ (Where) vkfn rks oks
Interrogative Sentences ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxsxh vkSj mlds rqjar ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Hindi Sentence
English Sentence
eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa gw¡ \
Ykksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \
cPps fdlds lkFk gSa \
Why am I good for You?
Why are people so?
With whom are children?
Category II :
Helping Verb – Has/Have
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl gS ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nksLr vkfn gSa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk
ckdh Subjects ds lkFk
Hindi
Sentence
iwtk ds ikl ,d
fdrkc gSA
English
Sentence
Pooja has a book.
esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA
I have two brothers.
dqYnhi dk ,d HkkbZ gSA
Kuldeep has one
brother.
My mother in law
has two brothers.
My father has five
brothers.
esjh lkl ds nks HkkbZ
gSaA
esjs ikik ds 5 HkkbZ gSaA
& Has
& Have
Explanation
Subject (Pooja) „Third Person Singular Subject‟
gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (I) „First Person Singular Subject‟ gS
blfy, have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (Kuldeep) „Third Person Singular
Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (My mother in law) „Third Person
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (My father) „Third Person Singular
Subject‟gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
98
Negative Sentences : Doesn‟t have/Don‟t have ¼ikl ugha gS½
- Doesn‟t have dk iz;ksx
- Don‟t have dk iz;ksx
„Third Person Singular Subject‟ ds lkFk
ckdh Subjects ds lkFk
Hindi Sentence
English Sentence
Explanation
Subject (Ram) „Third Person
Ram doesn‟t have a book. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (I) „First Person Singular
I don‟t have two brothers. Subject‟ gS blfy, don‟t have dk iz;ksx
gqvk gSA
Subject (He/She) „Third Person
He/She doesn‟t have three
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
sisters.
have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA
esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gSaA
mldh rhu cgusa ugha gSaA
pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)
Sentence ds izdkj
mnkgj.k 1
mnkgj.k 2
(Sentence Type)
Example-1
Example-2
jke ds ikl fdrkc gSA
Ram has a book.
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA
Ram doesn‟t have a book.
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc gS \
Does Ram have a book ?
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gS \
Does Ram not have a book ?
jke ds ikl fdrkc D;ksa ugha gS \
Why does Ram not have a
book ?
esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA
I have two brothers.
esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gaSA
I don‟t have two brothers.
D;k esjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
Do I have two brothers?
D;k esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gaS \
Do I not have two brothers?
esjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
How many brothers do I
have?
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
Negative ¼udkjkRed½
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½
Negative Interrogative
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½
With „Wh‟ family
Simple Past
Category I :
Helping Verb – Was/Were
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Singular Subject ds lkFk & Was
Plural Subject ds lkFk
Hindi Sentence
English Sentence
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk
FkkA
Ram was a good boy.
lc ikxy Fks A
All were mad.
99
& Were
Explanation
Subject (Ram) „Singular Subject‟ gS blfy,
was dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk Fkk A
lHkh esjs nq‛eu FksA
„I‟s ,d „Singular subject‟ gS blfy, was dk
iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
I was always with
you.
All were my
enemies.
pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)
Sentence ds izdkj
(Sentence Type)
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
Negative ¼udkjkRed½
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½
Negative Interrogative
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½
mnkgj.k 1
Example-1
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk FkkA
Ram was a good boy.
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha FkkA
Ram was not a good boy.
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk Fkk \
Was Ram a good boy ?
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha Fkk \
Was Ram not a good boy ?
mnkgj.k 2
Example-2
eSa rqEgkjk nksLr FkkA
I was your friend.
eSa rqEgkjk nksLr ugha FkkA
I was not your friend.
D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr Fkk \
Was I your friend ?
D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr ugha Fkk \
Was I not your friend.
dqN egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh & vxj okD; esa dksbZ WH family tSls & dSls (How), D;ksa (Why), dc (When)
dgk¡ (Where) vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks Interrogative Sentence ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxrk gSA vkSj mlds rqjra
ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Category II :
Hindi Sentence
English Sentence
eSa rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa ugha Fkk \
Why was I not with You ?
Ykksx ogk¡ dc ls Fks \
From when were people there?
jke ?kj ij D;ksa ugha Fkk \
Why was Ram not at home?
rqe ml le; dgk¡ Fks \
Where were you that time?
Helping Verb – Had
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl Fkk ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nksLr vkfn Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Subject pkgs ‟Singular‟ gks ;k ‟Plural‟, ldkjkRed okD;ksa (Affirmative Sentences) esa „Had‟ dk gh iz;ksx
gksrk gS vkSj udkjkRed okD;ksa (Negative Sentences) esa „didn‟t have‟ dkA
Hindi Sentence
English Sentence
iq"dj vady ds ikl ,d fdrkc FkhsA
Pushkar uncle had a book.
iadt ds nks HkkbZ ugha Fks A
Pankaj didn‟t have two brothers.
esjs ikl dqN ugha FkkA
I had nothing. / I didn‟t have anything.
lHkh yksxksa ds ikl ySiVkWi ugha FksA
All the people didn‟t have laptops.
100
pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)
Sentence ds izdkj
(Sentence Type)
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
Negative ¼udkjkRed½
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½
mnkgj.k 1
Example-1
jke ds ikl ,d fdrkc FkhA
Ram had a book.
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha FkhA
Ram didn‟t have a book.
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc Fkh \
Did Ram have a book ?
Negative Interrogative
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha Fkh \
Did Ram not have a book ?
With „Wh‟ family
jke ds ikl fdrkc D;ksa ugha Fkh \
Why Did Ram not have a
book ?
¼udkjkRed] iz‛uokpd½
mnkgj.k 2
Example-2
esjs nks HkkbZ FksA
I had two brothers.
esjs nks HkkbZ ugha FksA
I didn‟t have two brothers.
D;k esjs nks HkkbZ Fks \
Did I have two brothers?
D;k esjs nks HkkbZ ugha Fks \
Did I not have two
brothers?
esjs fdrus HkkbZ Fks\
How many brothers did I
have?
Simple Future
Helping Verb – Will be
Category I :
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Singular vkSj Plural Subject ds lkFk
Category II :
& will be
Hindi Sentence
English Sentence
ikik vkWfQl esa gksx
a sA
Dad will be in office.
jke ogk¡ ugha gksxk A
Ram will not be there.
D;k ogk¡ dksbZ gksxk \
Will someone be there?
oks lc eEeh ds lkFk gksaxsA
They all will be with mom.
Helping Verb – Will have
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Singular vkSj Plural Subject ds lkFk
& will have
Hindi Sentence
English Sentence
ikik ds ikl eksckbZy gksxkA
Dad will have a mobile.
jke ds ikl dqRrk ugha gksxk A
Ram will not have a dog.
101
D;k mlds ikl dqN gksxk \
Will he have something?
D;k ml yM+dh ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gksxh \
Will that girl not have books?
1. Negative Interrogative okD;ksa esa ‟Not‟ dk iz;ksx ges‛kk Subject ds ckn gksrk gSA
2. vxj okD; ds ‚kq#vkr ;k vkf[kj esa *D;k* vk;s rks ‚kq#vkr esa flQZ helping verb yxsxhA
vxj okD; ds chp esa *D;k* vk;s rks „what‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA
vxj fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ Hkh iz‛u gks ;k vkidks dksbZ Hkh lansg gks rks csf÷k÷kd
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EnglishWale.com “l{ke
Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
102
Simple Sentences- Practice Exercise
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950-
D;k jke vPNk gS \
cPps fdlds lkFk gSa \
rqe vPNs gks A
ikik jkgqy ds lkFk Fks A
cPpk esjs vkxs FkkA
;s mldk nksLr ugha gSA
;s yM+dk dgk¡ ij Fkk\
eSa jke dh otg ls ;gk¡ gw¡ A
mlds ikl iSu FkkA
rqEgkjs ikl D;k gS \
eEeh ds ikl iSls ugha gaSA
jkgqy fdldk HkkbZ gS \
;s vkneh fdl yM+dh dk ikik gS\
oks ?kj fdldk gS \
eSa rqels yEck gw¡ A
rqe fdl ‚kgj ls gks \
rqe fdl ‚kgj esa gks \
D;k rqEgkjs ikl gS \
Dlk rqEgkjs ikl eksckby gSA
eSa dkSu gw¡ \
D;k gS oks \
Eksjs ihNs dkSu [kMk Fkk \
eSa Dykl esa cSBk gw¡A
mlds HkkbZ fdrus cM+s gSa \
rqe esjs lcls NksVs HkkbZ gks A
;s esjk I;kj gS rqEgkjs fy,A
D;k gS mldk uke \
;s dgkuh fdlh vkSj dh gSA
oks Fkdh gqbZ FkhA
jke lks;k gqvk gSA
ge cSBs gq, Fks \
rqe [kM+s D;ksa gks \
ml Vscy ij D;k gS \
rqe fnYyh ds vkl ikl gksA
eSa bl QksVks esa ugha gw¡A
oks dc ls vkWfQl esa gS \
rqe dc rd vkWfQl es Fks \
esjs iSj esa D;k gS \
mlds ikl dqN ugha gSA
esjs ikl dqN QVs gq, diM+s gSaA
jke isM+ ds ihNs fNik gqvk FkkA
;s cPps esjs gSaA
;s rqEgkjk ugha gSA
;s esjh fcYyh gSA
;s fcYyh esjh gSA
;s jke dh fdrkc gSA
;s fdrkc jke dh gSA
ge rqEgkjs gSaA
eSa gj iy rqEgkjs lkFk FkkA
xkM+h esa fdruk isVªksy gS \
51- rqEgkjs ikl fdruk iSlk gS \
52- fdl ‚kgj esa gks rqe bl oDr \
53- eSa ft+Unk gw¡ flQZ rqEgkjs fy,A
54- jke dgha [kks;k gqvk FkkA
55- eSa rqEgkjs liuksa esa [kks;k gqvk gw¡A
56- eksckby Vscy ij j[kk gqvk gSA
57- eSa Mjk gqvk FkkA
58- fdrus cPps bl le; ;gk¡ gSa \
59- jke 2 cts txk gqvk FkkA
60- mlds ikik fi;s gq, FksA
61- rqe esjs djhch nksLr gksA
62- ;s fy[kk gqvk FkkA
63- ;s xhrk esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
64- fHk[kkjh ds diM+s QVs gq, FksA
65- D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN Fkk\
66- gekjs ikl dqN gSA
67- eSa fdlds fy, ogk¡ Fkk \
68- oks rqEgkjs fy, :dk gqvk gSA
69- rqe ?kj ds vUnj Fks A
70- jke esjs cxy esa [kM+k gSA
71- f‛ko dh iwtk ;gk¡ izfl) gSA
72- gekjh [okfg‛ksa bruh D;ksa gS \
73- rqe ,sls D;ksa gks \
74- iSls fdlds ikl gSa \
75- D;k rqEgkjs ikl fnekx ugha gS \
76- ;s VwVk gqvk fny esjk gSA
77- mlds fdrus yM+ds gSa \
78- vki eq>ls T+;knk cqjs gSaA
79- D;k jke eq>ls T+;knk vPNk gS \
80- eq>s rqels I;kj gSA
81- brus lkjs iSls rqEgkjs ikl dSls gSa \
82- fj‛rs [kwclwjr gksrs gSaA
83- ;s dksbZ vkSj gSA
84- ;s dqN vkSj gSA
85- rqEgkjk iSu dkSu lk okyk gS \
86- iSu fdldk gS \
87- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu gS \
88- iSls fdlds ikl ugha gaS \
89- rqe fdl ckr ds fy, nq[kh gks \
90- jke dc rd bl txg esa Fkk \
91- eSa rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk A
92- eSa Bhd rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk A
93- fdl yM+dh ds ikik ogk¡ [kM+s Fks \
94- eSa fxVkj ds fy, ikxy gw¡ A
95- ogk¡ fdrus yksx gSa \
96- iSu dgk¡ j[kk gqvk gS A
97- le; D;k gqvk gS \
98- rqe nksuksa lcls vPNs gks A
99- ge lc rqEgkjs lkFk gSaA
100- eSa rqEgkjk dkSu gw¡ \
103
Answers
1. Is Ram good?
2. With whom are children?
3. You are good.
4. Papa was with Rahul.
5. Child was ahead of me.
6. This/he is his friend.
7. Where was this boy?
8. I am here because of Ram.
9. He had a pen.
10. What do you have?
11. Mom doesn‟t have money.
12. Whose brother is Rahul?
13. Which girl‟s father is this man?
14. Whose is that house/home?
15. I am taller than you.
16. From which city are you?
17. In which city are you?
18. Do you have?
19. Do you have a mobile?
20. Who am I?
21. What is that?
22. Who was standing behind me?
23. I am sitting in the class.
24. How old are his brothers?
25. You are my youngest brother.
26. This is my love for you.
27. What is his name?
28. This story is someone else‟s.
29. She was tired.
30. Ram is asleep.
31. We were sitting.
32. Why are you standing?
33. What is there on that table?
34. You are near about Delhi.
35. I am not there in this photograph.
36. Since when is he in the office?
37. Until when were you in the office?
38. What is there in my leg?
39. He doesn‟t have anything. / He has nothing.
40. I have some torn clothes.
41. Ram was hidden behind the tree.
42. These children are mine.
43. This is not yours.
44. This / She is my cat.
45. This cat is mine.
46. This is Ram‟s book.
47. This book is Ram‟s. /This book is of Ram.
48. We are yours.
49. I was there with you at every moment.
50. How much petrol is there in the car?
51. How much money do you have?
52. In which city are you at this time?
53. I am alive only for you.
54. Ram was lost somewhere.
55. I am lost in your dreams.
56. Mobile is kept on the table.
57. I was scared. / I was horrified. / I was terrified.
/ I was afraid.
58. How many children are here at this time?
59. Ram was awake at 2.
60. His father was drunk.
61. You are my close friend.
62. It is written.
63. It is written in Geeta.
64. Beggar‟s clothes were torn.
65. Did you have something?
66. We have something.
67. For whom was I there?
68. He is stopped for you.
69. You were inside the home.
70. Ram is standing beside me.
71. Worship of Lord Shiva is famous here.
72. Why are our desires these many?
73. Why are you so?
74. Who has money?
75. Do you not have mind/brain?
76. This broken heart is mine.
77. How many sons does he have?
78. You are worse than I.
79. Is Ram better than I?
80. I am in love with you. / I love you.
81. How do you have this much money?
82. Relations are beautiful.
83. This is someone else.
84. This is something else.
85. Which one is your pen?
86. Whose is the pen?
87. Who is behind you?
88. Who doesn‟t have money?
89. For what are you unhappy / sad?
90. Until when was Ram in this place?
91. I was standing in front of you.
92. I was standing just in front of you.
93. Which girl‟s father was standing there?
94. I am crazy for guitar.
95. How many people are there?
96. Where is the pen kept?
97. What is the time?
98. You both are the best.
99. We all are with you.
100. Who am I to you?
104
Simple Sentences- Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
12345678910-
eSa rqEgkjk lcls cM+k HkkbZ gw¡A
D;k rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks \
jke esjs lkFk ges‛kk FkkA
D;k rqEgkjs nl HkkbZ ugha gSa \
jkds'k ds dbZ nksLr gSaA
esjs ikl 4 eksckbZy ugha FksA
os yksx gekjs lkFk gSaA
ge lc rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds ikl gh gSaA
eSa vius ikik dk lcls cM+k yM+dk gw¡A
lHkh yksxksa ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gSaA
20 x 1 = 20
11121314151617181920-
oks vkneh ,d vPNk bUlku ugha gSA
D;k jke ds ikl iSu ugha gS \
rqEgkjs ikl fnekx D;ksa ugha gS \
lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA
eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa ugha gw¡ \
rqe gj fdlh ds fy, vPNs FksA
D;k rqEgkjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
D;k gekjs ikl iSls Fks \
Okks cPpk mudk lcls NksVk yM+dk gSA
esjs ikik MkDVj gSaA
Q2: Which 9 out of the following are singulars? ¼fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls 9 ,dopu gSa½
9x1=9
Ram, People, She, I, We, You, These, That, This, Those, It, He, Man, Women, They, Blood
Q3: Which 6 out of the following are Plurals? ¼fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls 6 cgqopu gSa½
6x1 =6
Ram & Shyam, People, I, We, You, These, That, This, Those, It, He, Woman, Sky
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Living is not enough, what matters is how you live.
thuk dkQh ugha gS] ek;us ;s j[krk gS fd vki thrs dSls gSaA
2. When you make a decision, the universe conspires to make it happen. (Ralph
Waldo Emerson)
tc vki dksbZ QSlyk dj ysa] rks czgekaM mls iwjk djus dh lkft‛k djus yxrk gSA ¼jSYQ okWYMks belZu½
3. If we are not the part of solution, then we are the problem. (Shiv Khera)
vxj ge gy dk fgLlk ugha gSa] rks ge gh leL;k gSaA ¼f‛ko [ksjk½
4. Inspiration is thinking whereas motivation is action. (Shiv Khera)
fdlh ls izHkkfor gksuk ,d lksp gS tcfd izsj.kk ysuk ,d dk;ZokghA ¼f‛ko [ksjk½
5. The two most important days in your life are the day you are born and the day you
find out why. (Mark Twain)
vkidh ft+Unxh ds nks fnu lcls egRoiw.kZ gSa] ,d rc tc vkidk tUe gqvk vkSj nwljk rc tc vkius ;s tku fy;k
fd vkidk tUe D;ksa gqvkA ¼ekdZ osu½
105
Answers
Q1:
1234567891011121314151617181920-
eSa rqEgkjk lcls cM+k HkkbZ gw¡A
D;k rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks \
jke esjs lkFk ges‛kk FkkA
D;k rqEgkjs nl HkkbZ ugha gSa \
jkds'k ds dbZ nksLr gSaA
esjs ikl 4 eksckbZy ugha FksA
os yksx gekjs lkFk gSaA
ge lc rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds ikl gh gSaA
eSa vius ikik dk lcls cM+k yM+dk g¡w A
lHkh yksxksa ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gSaA
oks vkneh ,d vPNk bUlku ugha gSA
D;k jke ds ikl iSu ugha gS \
rqEgkjs ikl fnekx D;ksa ugha gS \
lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA
eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa ugha g¡w \
rqe gj fdlh ds fy, vPNs FksA
D;k rqEgkjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
D;k gekjs ikl iSls Fks \
Okks cPpk mudk lcls NksVk yM+dk gSA
esjs ikik MkDVj gSaA
I am your eldest brother.
Are you not my friend?
Ram was always with me.
Do you not have 10 brothers?
Rakesh has many friends.
I didn‟t have 4 mobiles.
They people are with us.
We all are with your brother only.
I am the eldest son of my father.
All the people don‟t have books.
That man is not a good person/human.
Does Ram not have a pen?
Why do you not have mind/brain?
All are my dear.
Why am I not good for you?
You were good for all.
Do you have two brothers?
Did we have money?
That boy is their youngest son.
My father is a doctor.
Q2: Singulars:
Ram, She, I, That, This, It, He, Man, Blood
Q3: Plurals:
Ram & Shyam, People, We, You, These, Those
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Start where you are today. Use what you have today. Do what you can today.
‚kq#vkr djks vkt tgk¡ vki gksA gj ml pht+ dk iz;ksx djks tks vkt vkids ikl gSA vkSj djks tks vkt vki dj
ldrs gksA
2. A man is great by deeds, not by birth. (Chanakya)
O;fDr vius deksZa ls egku curk gS] tUe ls ughaA ¼pk.kD;½
106
Test- II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
123456789101112131415-
D;k rqe dksbZ vkSj gks \
eSa fdlh dk Hkh nksLr ugha gw¡A
rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
mlds lkspus dk rjhdk eq>ls FkksM+k vyx gSA
jke lcls cqjk bUlku gSA
os yksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \
gekjh otg ls mlds ikl vkt dqN Hkh ugha gSA
D;k rqe lcls cM+s HkkbZ gks \
esjh gFksyh ij dqN j[kk gqvk Fkk] D;k Fkk oks \
oks fdlds lkFk ogk¡ x;k vkSj D;ksa \
D;k iSls ugha Fks mlds ikl \
tgkW dgha Hkh rqe gks] [kq‛k jgksA
ftUnxh dksbZ et+kd gS D;k \
esjs ikl lcls de ikuh gSA
dksbZ fe0 jke ckgj [kM+s gSa \
161718192021222324252627282930-
Marks -30
dksbZ jkgqy Dykl esa cSBk gqvk gSA
ftl fdlh ds Hkh lkFk oks gS] Hkxoku mls vk‛khZokn nsA
mlds diM+s QVs gq, Fks ‚kk;nA
D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN gS \
jkuh mudh lcls NksVh csVh gSA
tkuoj I;kj ds Hkw[ks gksrs gSaA
esjs pyus dk rjhdk dSlk gS \
fdl cPps dk ikl esjk iSu gS \
ogk¡ fdrus cPps cSBs gSa \
tks dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ gS] esjk nksLr gSA
tks dksbZ Hkh ogk¡ gS] esjk nq‛eu gSA
esjs cxy esa flQZ nks cPps FksA
mlds [kkus dk rjhdk Bhd ugha gSA
uk‛rs esa vkt D;k gS \
esjs fny esa D;k gS \
Q2: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
Marks -20
11. Relation of a mom with her children is
unique.
12. Nothing is impossible in this world.
13. Government‟s endeavor for poor‟s uplift is
praiseworthy.
14. Are you trustworthy?
15. Such people are not trustworthy.
16. Life is beautiful for those, who are happy.
17. I don‟t have any friend in this locality.
18. Glasses are half empty.
19. Dictionary is good source of words.
20. Today‟s life is very hectic.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Why are your friends not here?
For what are you here?
Which one is mine?
Mine are three brothers.
His is this book.
They were better than me.
Am I no one to you?
Seeta is a friend of mine.
How much petrol do you have at this
moment?
10. I am your better than the best friend.
Answers
Q1:
1- D;k rqe dksbZ vkSj gks \
23-
4567-
891011-
Are you someone else?
eSa fdlh dk Hkh nksLr ugha gw¡A
I am not anybody‟s friend.
rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
How many brothers do you have?
mlds lkspus dk rjhdk eq>ls FkksM+k vyx gSA His way of thinking is a bit different than that of mine.
jke lcls cqjk bUlku gSA
Ram is the worst person.
os yksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \
Why are they people so?
gekjh otg ls mlds ikl vkt dqN Hkh ugha gSA He has nothing today because of us.
D;k rqe lcls cM+s HkkbZ gks \
Are you the eldest brother?
esjh gFksyh ij dqN Fkk] D;k Fkk oks \
There was something in my palm, what was that?
oks fdlds lkFk ogk¡ x;k vkSj D;ksa \
With whom did he go there and why?
D;k iSls ugha Fks mlds ikl \
Did he not have money?
107
12- tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe gks] [kq‛k jgksA
13- ft+Unxh dksbZ et+kd gS D;k \
1415161718192021222324252627282930-
Wherever you are, be happy.
Is life a joke?
esjs ikl lcls de ikuh gSA
I have the least water.
dksbZ fe0 jke ckgj [kM+s gSaA
A/Some Mr. Ram is standing outside.
dksbZ jkgqy Dykl esa cSBk gqvk gSA
A/Some Rahul is sitting in the class.
ftl fdlh ds Hkh lkFk oks gS] Hkxoku mls vk‛khZokn ns! With whoever he is, may God bless him!
mlds diM+s QVs gq, Fks ‚kk;nA
Perhaps his clothes were torn.
D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN gS \
Do you have something?
jkuh mudh lcls NksVh csVh gSA
Rani is their youngest daughter.
tkuoj I;kj ds Hkw[ks gksrs gSaA
Animals are hungry for love. / Animals need love.
esjs pyus dk rjhdk dSlk gS \
How is my way of walking?
fdl cPps dk ikl esjk iSu gS \
Which kid has my pen?
ogk¡ fdrus cPps cSBs gSa \
How many children are sitting there?
tks dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ gS] esjk nksLr gSA
Whoever is here, is my friend.
tks dksbZ Hkh ogk¡ gS] esjk nq‛eu gSA
Whoever is there, is my enemy.
esjs cxy esa flQZ nks cPps FksA
There were only two children beside me.
mlds [kkus dk rjhdk Bhd ugha gSA
His way of eating is not good.
uk‛rs esa vkt D;k gS \
What is there in breakfast today?
esjs fny esa D;k gS \
What is there in my heart?
Q2:
1. Why are your friends not here?
rqEgkjs nksLr ;gk¡ D;ksa ugha gSa \
2. For what are you here?
rqe ;gk¡ fdlfy, gks \
3. Which one is mine?
dkSu lk okyk esjk gS \
4. Mine are three brothers.
esjs rhu HkkbZ gSaA
5. His is this book.
mldh gS ;s fdrkcA
6. They were better than I.
os eq>ls csgrj FksA
7. Am I no one to you?
D;k eSa rqEgkjk dksbZ ugha gw¡ \
8. Seeta is a friend of mine.
lhrk esjh nksLr gSA
9. How much petrol do you have at this moment? rqEgkjs ikl bl oDr fdruk isVªksy gS \
10. I am your better than the best friend. eSa rqEgkjk lcls vPNs ls Hkh vPNk nksLr gw¡A
11. Relation of a mom with her child is unique.vius cPps ds lkFk ,d ek¡ dk fj‛rk vuks[kk gksrk gSA
12. Nothing is impossible in this world.
bl nqfu;k esa dqN Hkh vlEHko ugha gSA
13. Government‟s endeavor is praiseworthy. ljdkj dk iz;kl iz‛kalk ;ksX; gSA
14. Are you trustworthy?
D;k rqe Hkjksls ds yk;d gks \
15. Such people are not trustworthy.
,sls yksx Hkjksls yk;d ugha gksrsA
16. Life is beautiful for those, who are happy. ft+Unxh mu yksxksa ds fy, [kwclwjr gksrh gS] tks [kq‛k gSaA
17. I don‟t have any friend in this locality. bl txg esjk dksbZ nksLr ugha gSA
18. Glasses are half empty.
fxykl vk/ks [kkyh gSaA
19. Dictionary is good source of words.
fMD‛kujh ‚kCnksa dk vPNk lzksr gSA
20. Today‟s life is very hectic.
vktdy dh ft+Unxh cgqr O;Lr gSA
108
Test – III
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
1. Am I your friend?
2. Who is this boy?
3. Whose book is that?
4. They are my friends.
5. Until when were you in office?
6. A book is lying on the bed.
7. These are not pencils.
8. Who has money?
9. Since when are you at home?
10. He is someone else‟s father.
11. You are no one to me.
12. Those boys were not with me.
13. I didn‟t have a pen.
14. Who didn‟t have pen?
15. He is with someone else.
16. Are chairs of white color?
17. Are they your relatives?
18. This is a sweet dog.
19. That is a mobile phone.
20. Mine are two children. / I have two children.
21. What is he to you?
22. His heart is broken.
44 x 1 = 44
23. His behavior was pretty awkward there.
24. Her father‟s name is Mr. R K Sharma.
25. I am a nice boy.
26. His way of thinking is different altogether.
27. In which home was he?
28. Was he awake that time?
29. Mansi and Paras are good students.
30. This is not a laptop.
31. Who was that boy to Ram?
32. Death is a bitter truth of life.
33. Road is bent ahead.
34. I have six books.
35. I don‟t have 15 pencils.
36. How many books do you have?
37. Here is a book.
38. What are these people to you?
39. There are a few notebooks.
40. His uncle is very nice.
41. I am your best friend.
42. The condition of my rattraps is pathetic.
43. My dad is a nice man.
44. How many brothers does he have?
Answers
12345678910111213141516171819202122-
D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gw¡ \
;s yM+dk dkSu gS \
oks fdldh fdrkc gS \
os esjs nksLr gSaA
rqe dc rd vkWfQl esa Fks \
,d fdrkc fcLrj ij iM+h gqbZ gSA
;s isfUlysa ugha gSaA
iSls fdlds ikl gSa \
rqe ?kj ij dc ls gks \
oks fdlh vkSj ds ikik gSaA
rqe esjs dksbZ ugha gksA
oks yM+ds esjs lkFk ugha FksA
esjs ikl iSu ugha FkkA
fdlds ikl iSu ugha Fkk \
Oks fdlh vkSj ds lkFk gSaA
D;k dqflZ;k¡ lQsn jax dh gSa \
D;k os vkids laca/kh gSa \
;g ,d I;kjk dqRrk gSA
oks eksckby Qksu gSA
esjs nks cPps gSaA
oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \ / oks rqEgkjk D;k yxrk gS \
mldk fny VwVk gqvk gSA
23242526272829303132333435363738394041424344109
mldk O;ogkj ogk¡ cgqr vthc FkkA
mlds ikik dk uke fe0 vkj ds 'kekZ gSA
eSa vPNk yM+dk gw¡A
mlds lkspus dk rjhdk cgqr vyx gSA
oks fdl ?kj esa Fkk \
D;k oks ml oDr mBk gqvk Fkk \
ekulh vkSj ikjl vPNs fo/kkFkhZ gSaA
;s ysiVki ugha gSA
oks yM+dk jke dk dkSu Fkk \
eqR;Zq thou dk ,d dVq lR; gSA
jksM vkxs ls eqM+h gqbZ gSA
esjs ikl 6 fdrkcsa gSaA
esjs ikl 15 iSfUlysa ugha gSaA
rqEgkjs ikl fdruh fdrkcsa gSa \
;gk¡ ,d fdrkc gSA
;s yksx rqEgkjs D;k yxrs gSa \
ogk¡ dqN dkfi;k¡ gSaA
mlds vady cgqr vPNs gSaA
eSa rqEgkjk lcls vPNk nksLr gw¡A
esjh pwgsnkfu;ksa dh gkyr cgqr £jkc gSA
esjs ikik ,d vPNs bUlku gSaA
mlds fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
Lesson – 17
There ¼nsvj½
;s VkWfid cgqr gh vklku gS ij rc tc vki blds dkWUlSIV dks vPNh rjg le>sa A
This topic is pretty easy provided you go through its concept thoroughly.
;kn jgs] dqN Hkh vlEHko ugha vxj vki iwjh f‛kn~nr ls fdlh pht+ dks le÷kus dh Bku ysAa
Remember, nothing is impossible if you have a firm desire to learn something.
Here ¼fgvj½ & ;gk¡
There ¼nsvj½ & ogk¡
Concept No. 1:
123456-
ogk¡
ogk¡
ogk¡
ogk¡
;gk¡
;gk¡
,d isM+ gSA
dksbZ gSA
eSa x;kA
nks yM+fd;k¡ gSaA
dksbZ ugha gSA
fdlh dk iSu FkkA
There is a tree. / A tree is there.
There is someone./ Someone is there.
I went there. / There went I.
There are two girls. / Two girls are there.
Here is no one. / No one is here.
Here was someone‟s pen. / Someone‟s pen was here.
Concept No. 2:
ge Simple Sentences ds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa ftuesa rhu phtsa t+:j gksrh gSa & Subject, Object vkSj
Helping Verb ij vxj fdlh Simple Sentence esa Subject vkSj Object esa ls dksbZ ,d u gks] rks
vkidks mldh txg “There” dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA
We‟ve already learned that a simple sentence generally comprises; a subject, an
object & a helping verb but in case, if either subject or object is missing then „there‟
is to be used in place.
vxj ge dgsa Þ,d jktk FkkAÞ
bl okD; esa
Subject
Object
-
,d jktk
dqN ugha gS
& (A king)
& (Missing)
blfy, gesa Object dh txg ij There dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA
“A King was there.”
;gh ugha ge „Subject‟ dh txg ij „There‟ vkSj „Object‟ dh txg ij „Subject‟ fy[k ldrs gSaA
;kfu Subject vkSj Object dh txg ,d & nwljs ls cny ldrs gSaA
“There was a king.”
110
dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &
Let‟s see a few examples:
123456789-
,d uy gSA
dksbZ gSA
ikuh ugha gSA
yM+dh ugha gSA
,d cPpk FkkA
dqN FkkA
I;kj ugha gSA
D;k dqN Fkk \
dkSu gS \
There is a tap. / A tap is there.
There is someone. / Someone is there.
There is no water. / Water is not there.
There is no girl. / Girl is not there.
There was a kid. / A kid was there.
There was something. / Something was there.
There is no love. / No love is there.
Was there something? / Was Something there?
Who is there ?
bu okD;ksa esa “There” dks Subject vkSj Object nksuksa :iksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
In these sentences, „There‟ can be used either as a „subject‟ or an „object‟.
vc vxyh Practice Exercise ds t+fj, vkidks csgrj rjhds ls le> vk tk;sxkA
;kn j[ksa “Practice makes a man perfect”.
Now, only Practice can improve your understanding, which you will develop in next
practice Exercise. Not to forget “Practice makes a man perfect”.
EnglishWale.com “l{ke
Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Why to afraid of what‟ll happen in life. Even if nothing happens, experience will be gained.
D;ksa Mjsa fd ft+Unxh esa D;k gksxkA dqN ugha Hkh gqvk rks de ls de rt+qckZ gksxkA
2. People say India is a country of thousand difficulties, but I am a firm believer that India is a
country of thousand opportunities.
yksx dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr gt+kjksa ijs‛kkfu;ksa dk ns‛k gS ysfdu esjk vVy fo‛okl gS fd Hkkjr gt+kjksa voljksa dk
ns‛k gSA
3. I will not say that I failed 1000 times, rather I would say, I know thousand ways which can cause
failure.
eSa ;s ugha dgw¡xk fd eSa gt+kj ckj vlQy gqvk] ctk; blds eSa ;s dg¡wxk fd eq÷ks gt+kj ,sls jkLrs irk gSa ftuesa
pydj vki lQy ugha gks ldrsA
111
There- Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsAa fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526-
27282930313233343536373839-
,d uy FkkA
D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ ogk¡ Fkk \
dksbZ gS D;k \
D;k vkids fny esa I;kj ugha gS \
Rkqe ogk¡ D;ksa fNis gq, gks \
Tkaxy esa ,d jktk jgrk FkkA
ogk¡ dqN ugha FkkA
,d jktk ogk¡ x;kA
ogk¡ D;k gS \
ml ‚kgj esa ,d ikdZ FkkA
D;k rqEgkjs ikl iSls ugha gaS \
Dykl esa 3 yM+fd;k¡ cSBh FkhaA
Eksjs ikik ogk¡ jgrs FksA
Vscy ij iSu FkkA
rfd;s ds uhps ,d i= gSA
ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gksxkA
rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds lkFk ,d vkneh [kM+k gSA
bl rjg ds dbZ Qwy gSAa
ogk¡ ns[kus dks dqN ugha gSA
D;k Dykl esa dksbZ ugha gS \
[ksyus ds fy, yM+ds ugha gaSA
mlds cVq, esa iSls ugha gSaA
bl dEiuh esa vkxs c<+us ds dbZ volj gSaA
tkus dh t+:jr ugha gSA
cxZj [kkus dh dksbZ t+:jr ughaA
,d lk¡i FkkA
4041424344454647484950-
,d isM+ gS] ftldk jax yky gSA
D;k rqEgkjs ikl iSu gS \
ml dq¡, esa ikuh ugha FkkA
tc dHkh eSa ijs‛kkuh esa Fkk] rqe esjs lkFk FksA
eSus tks dqN fd;k] ogha ij fd;kA
mldh ft+Unxh esa [kq‛kh ugha gSA
D;k ogk¡ dqN py jgk gS \
I;kj tSlh dksbZ pht+ ugha gksrhA
,slk dksbZ ‚kCn ugha gksrkA
,slh dksbZ dgkuh ugha gSA
,slk dksbZ xk¡o ugha gSA
,slk dksbZ ns‛k ugha gS] tgk¡ flQZ tkuoj jgrs gksaA
,slk dksbZ eksckby ugha gS] ftls eSa Bhd ugha dj
ldrkA
D;k ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gS \
,slk dksbZ vkneh ugha gksrk ftls pksV ugha yxrhA
ogk¡ fdrus yksx gSa \
ogk¡ fdrus yksx Fks \
ogk¡ D;k gS \
rqe ogk¡ fdlds lkFk Fks \
ml xk¡o esa fctyh ugha gSA
D;k rqEgkjs fnekx esa dqN gS \
D;k bl thou esa dsoy nq[k gS \
ogk¡ dkSu lc yksx gSa \
D;k rqEgkjs ikik ogk¡ ugha Fks \
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Satisfaction lies in efforts, not only in attainment. Full efforts mean full
victory.
larqf"V iz;klksa ls gksrh gS] dsoy izkfIr ls ughaA iwjk iz;kl eryc iwjh fot;A
2. My dad was a laborer. He could not fulfill most of my desires; hence I ascribe
him of my phenomenal success. Had he been able to provide me all what I
wanted, I could have never reached this altitude.
esjs firk ,d et+nwj FksA os esjh T+;knkrj [okfg‛kksa dks iwjk ugha dj ik;s] ‚kk;n blhfy, eSa viuh vlk/kkj.k
lQyrk dk Js; mUgsa nsrk gw¡A vxj oks eq÷ks gj oks pht+ ns ikrs ftldh eSaus [okfg‛k dh rks vkt eSa bl
Å¡pkbZ rd ugha igq¡p ikrkA
112
Answers
1) There was a tap.
2) Was your brother there?
3) Is there someone?
4) Isn‟t there love in your heart?
5) Why are you hidden there?
6) There lived a king in Jungle.
7) Nothing was there.
8) There went a king. / A king went there.
9) What is there?
10) There was a park in that city.
11) Isn‟t there money with you? / Do you
not have money?
12) There were 3 girls sitting in the class. /
3 girls were sitting in the class.
13) There lived my dad. / My dad lived
there.
14) There was a pen on the table.
15) There is a letter beneath the pillow.
16) There will be no one there.
17) There is a man standing with your
brother.
18) There are so many such flowers.
19) There is nothing to see.
20) Isn‟t there anyone in the class?
21) There are no boys to play.
22) There is no money in his wallet.
23) There are numerous growth
opportunities in this company.
24) There is no need to go.
25) There is no need to eat burger.
26) There was a snake.
27) There is a tree, which is of red color.
28) Is there a pen with you? / Do you have
a pen?
29) There was no water in that well.
30) Whenever I was in trouble, you were
there with me.
31) Whatever I did, I did there.
32) There is no joy in his life.
33) Is there something going on?
34) There is nothing as such love.
35) There is no word as such.
36) There is no such story.
37) There is no such village.
38) There is no country as such, where
there are only animals.
39) There is no such a mobile, which I can‟t
repair.
40) Isn‟t there anyone?
41) There is no such a man, who doesn‟t
get hurt.
42) How many guys are there?
43) How many people were there?
44) What is there?
45) With whom were you there?
46) There is no electricity in that village.
47) Is there something in your mind?
48) Is there only sorrow in this life?
49) Who all people are there?
50) Was your dad not there?
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Unless a man undertakes more than he possibly can, he will never do what he actually
can.
tc rd ,d bUlku mlls T+;knk djus dh dksf‛k‛k ugha djrk ftruk mls yxrk gS fd oks dj ldrk gS] rks oks dHkh mruk ugha
dj ik;sxk ftruk oks okLro esa dj ldrk gSA
2. Whose fingers you resorted to experience the world; never let their shoulders down.
ftudh m¡xyh idM+dj rqeus pyuk lh[kk] muds dU/kksa dks dHkh ÷kqdus er nsukA
3. Your existence is not what your name suggests but the identity that you earn in your
lifetime.
vkidk vfLrRo vkids uke ls ugha cfYd vkidh igpku ls gksrk gS tks vki vius thou esa vftZr djrs gksA
113
There – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
1. Were you there?
2. Who is there at the door?
3. There was a king.
4. How much petrol is there in your car?
5. Until when were you there in office?
6. There is a book on the bed.
7. How many students were there in the class?
8. Is there money in your pocket?
9. No one is there.
10. There is a boy standing.
11. Is someone there?
12. There were 29 people in total.
13. Why were you there?
14. With whom is he there?
15. There was a lion in that forest.
16. There is a ghost, whose name is Rahul.
17. When you were there, I was not there.
18. There were 15 students in that class.
19. There is a phone call for you.
20. A friend of yours is there at the door.
21. There is no Rahul in my class.
22. There are no pens in my bag.
23. How much is there in your pocket?
24. How many stars are there in the sky?
25. His dad is there with my dad.
26. Her sister is there in Japan.
27. There is a tap in his kitchen, which is very
old.
50 x 1 = 50
28. There is a boy with him, who is very thin.
29. There is a girl in his class, for whom he is
mad.
30. There is no friend of mine in this photograph.
31. Is there any friend of yours in this
photograph?
32. There are numerous hotels in Shimla.
33. There is a beautiful lake in Mussorie.
34. There is a laptop on my bed.
35. Is there a mobile on my table?
36. There is no letter underneath the pillow.
37. There is no one standing ahead of me.
38. How many people are there next to you?
39. Ram is there in the car.
40. There is a bridge over the Yamuna River.
41. How many books are there in your bag?
42. Nothing is there.
43. Nobody is there in your room.
44. Some people are there eating the food.
45. My life is there in you. If you are not there,
then nothing is there.
46. I am always there with you.
47. The condition is pathetic there.
48. My dad was never there.
49. Weather conditions were phenomenal there.
50. How many brothers of yours were standing
there?
Answers
1. Were you there?
2. Who is there at the door?
3. There was a king.
4. How much petrol is there in your car?
5. Until when were you there in office?
6. There is a book on the bed.
7. How many students were there in the class?
8. Is there money in your pocket?
9. No one is there.
10. There is a boy standing.
114
D;k rqe Fks \
njokts ij dkSu gS \
,d jktk FkkA @ogk¡ ,d jktk FkkA
rqEgkjh dkj esa fdruk isVªksy gS \
rqe vkWfQl esa dc rd Fks \
fcLrj ij ,d fdrkc gSA
Dykl esa fdrus cPps Fks \
D;k rqEgkjh tsc esa iSls gSa \
ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gSA
,d yM+dk [kM+k gSA@ ogk¡ ,d yM+dk [kM+k gSA
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Is someone there?
D;k dksbZ gS \
There were 29 people in total.
dqy feykdj 29 yksx FksA
Why were you there?
Rkqe ogk¡ D;ksa Fks \
With whom is he there?
Okks ogk¡ fdlds lkFk gS \
There was a lion in that forest.
ml taxy esa ,d ‚ksj FkkA
There is a ghost, whose name is Rahul. ogk¡ ,d Hkwr gS ftldk uke jkgqy gSA
When you were there, I was not there. tc rqe Fks] eSa ugha Fkk A
There were 15 students in that class.
ml Dykl esa 15 cPps Fks A
There is a phone call for you.
rqEgkjs fy, ,d Qksu dkWay gSA
A friend of yours is there at the door.
rqEgkjk dksbZ nksLr njokts ij gSA
There is no Rahul in my class.
esjh Dykl esa dksbZ jkgqy ugha gSA
There are no pens in my bag.
esjs cSx esa iSu ugha gaSA
How much is there in your pocket?
rqEgkjh tsc esa fdruk gS \
How many stars are there in the sky?
vkleku esa fdrus rkjs gaS \
His dad is there with my dad.
mlds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk gSaA
Her sister is there in Japan.
mldh cgu tkiku esa gSA
There is a tap in his kitchen, which is very old. mlds fdpu esa ,d uy gS] tks cgqr iqjkuk gSA
There is a boy with him, who is very thin.mlds lkFk ,d yM+dk gS] tks cgqr iryk gSA
There is a girl in his class,for whom he is mad.mldh Dykl esa ,d yM+dh gS] ftlds fy, oks ikxy gSA
There is no friend of mine in this photograph. bl QksVks esa esjk dksbZ nksLr ugha gSA
Is there any friend of yours in this photograph? D;k bl QksVks esa rqEgkjk dksbZ nksLr gS \
There are numerous hotels in Shimla.
f‛keyk esa dbZ gksVy gSa \
There is a beautiful lake in Mussorie.
elwjh esa ,d lqUnj >hy gSA
There is a laptop on my bed.
esjs fcLrj ij ,d ysiVkWi gSA
Is there a mobile on my table?
D;k esjh Vscy esa dksbZ eksckby gS \
There is no letter underneath the pillow. Rkfd, ds uhps dksbZ i= ugha gSA
There is no one standing ahead of me.
esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha [kM+k A
How many people are there next to you? rqEgkjs cxy esa fdrus yksx gaS \
Ram is there in the car.
jke dkj esa gSA
There is a bridge over the Yamuna River.;equk unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA
How many books are there in your bag? rqEgkjs cSx esa fdruh fdrkcsa gSa \
Nothing is there.
ogk¡ dqN ugha gSA
Nobody is there in your room.
rqEgkjs dejsa esa dksbZ ugha gSA
Some people are there eating the food. ogk¡ dqN yksx [kkuk [kk jgs gSaA
My life is there in you.
esjh ft+Unxh rqe esa gSA
I am always there with you.
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk gw¡ A
The condition is pathetic there.
ogk¡ gkyr cgqr cqjh gSA
My dad was never there.
esjs ikik ogk¡ dHkh ugha FksA
Weather conditions were phenomenal there. ekSle cM+k tcjnLr Fkk ogk¡A
How many brothers of yours were standing there? rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ ogk¡ [kM+s Fks \
115
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
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ml ?kj esa ,d NksVk cPpk FkkA
ogk¡ dqN ugha Fkk ‚kk;n A
ckYVh ds uhps dqN gSA
lHkh yksx ogk¡ gksaxs A
D;k esjk HkkbZ ogk¡ gksxk \
ogk¡ iguus dks dqN ugha gSA
dgus dh t+:jr ugha gSA
tc dHkh rqe Fks] jke ugha FkkA
mlds HkkbZ ds fny esa dksbZ ckr ugha gSA
ckr djus dh dksbZ t+:jr ugha gSA
,slk dqN ugha gSA
gekjs chp ,slk dqN ugha FkkA
fdrus yksx gSa \
dqN gS D;k \
ml ?kj esa dqN gSA
fdruk iSlk Fkk \
rqe fdlds lkFk Fks \
bl fny esa D;k gS] dkSu tkurk gS \
,d jktk FkkA mldh rhu jkfu;k¡ Fkha A
njokts ij dkSu Fkk \
?kj esa fdrus yksx gSa \
eu esa D;k gS rqEgkjs \
dEI;wVj esa fdrus xse gaS \
24252627282930313233343536373839404142434445-
45 x 1 = 45
jke vkSj ‚;ke ds chp esa dkSu gS \
esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha gSA
rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu Fkk \
jke ds lkFk dkSu gS \
ikik ds lkeus eEeh Fkh A
esjs cxy esa dksbZ gS D;k \
,d vkneh [kM+k gSA
dksbZ yM+dh gSA
dbZ ckrsa gSa tks eSa tkurk gw¡A
I;kj esa nwfj;k¡ ugha gksrh A
nksLrh esa FkSaSDl ugha gksrk A
gekjs chp dqN ugha gSA
uy esa ikuh ugha gSA
fny dks I;kj gSA
rqEgkjs fny esa D;k gS \
dejs esa f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA
iSu esa L;kgh ugha gSA
dkj esa isVªksy Fkk A
mlds fny esa cgqr nnZ gSA
mldh vkokt+ esa tknw gSA
rqEgkjs xkus ds rjhds esa dqN rks ckr gSA
dqN vkSj Hkh gSA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. One may be wise to believe that I can fail thousand times but he would be a fool to
believe that I‟ll not try again.
mls le÷knkj dg ldrs gSa ftls ;s fo‛okl gks fd eSa gt+kj ckj Qsy gks ldrk g¡w ij oks ew[kZ gksxk tks ;s lksps fd eSa
nksckjk iz;kl ugha d#¡xkA
2. Every single time when I failed, I convinced myself just for one more try. I kept
doing it & eventually I won.
gj ,d ckj tc eSa gkjk] rks eSaus vius vki dks euk;k cl ,d ckj vkSjA eSaus gj ckj ,slk gh fd;k vkSj vkf[kjdkj eSa
thr x;kA
3. Never promise that you can‟t keep.
vxj vki fuHkk ugha ldrs rks oknk dHkh er djksA
4. Men are not those, who are made by circumstances but those, who change the
circumstances.
bUlku oks ugha ftUgsa gkykr cny nsrs gSa] bUlku rks oks gSa tks gkykr gh cny nsrs gSaA
116
Answers
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ml ?kj esa ,d NksVk cPpk FkkA
ogk¡ dqN ugha Fkk ‚kk;n A
ckYVh ds uhps dqN gSA
lHkh yksx ogk¡ gksaxs A
D;k esjk HkkbZ ogk¡ gksxk \
ogk¡ iguus dks dqN ugha gSA
dgus dh t+:jr ugha gSA
tc dHkh rqe Fks] jke ugha FkkA
mlds HkkbZ ds fny esa dksbZ ckr ugha gSA
ckr djus dh dksbZ t+:jr ugha gSA
,slk dqN ugha gSA
gekjs chp ,slk dqN ugha FkkA
fdrus yksx gSa \
dqN gS D;k \
ml ?kj esa dqN gSA
fdruk iSlk Fkk \
rqe fdlds lkFk Fks \
bl fny esa D;k gS] dkSu tkurk gS \
,d jktk FkkA mldh rhu jkfu;k¡ Fkha A
njokts ij dkSu Fkk \
?kj esa fdrus yksx gSa \
eu esa D;k gS rqEgkjs \
dEI;wVj esa fdrus xse gaS \
jke vkSj ‚;ke ds chp esa dkSu gS \
esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha gSA
rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu Fkk \
jke ds lkFk dkSu gS \
ikik ds lkeus eEeh Fkh A
esjs cxy esa dksbZ gS D;k \
,d vkneh [kM+k gSA
dksbZ yM+dh gSA
dbZ ckrsa gSa tks eSa tkurk gw¡A
I;kj esa nwfj;k¡ ugha gksrh A
nksLrh esa FkSaSDl ugha gksrk A
gekjs chp dqN ugha gSA
uy esa ikuh ugha gSA
fny dks I;kj gSA
rqEgkjs fny esa D;k gS \
dejs esa f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA
iSu esa L;kgh ugha gSA
dkj esa isVªksy Fkk A
mlds fny esa cgqr nnZ gSA
mldh vkokt+ esa tknw gSA
rqEgkjs xkus ds rjhds esa dqN rks ckr gSA
dqN vkSj Hkh gSA
There was a small kid in that home.
Perhaps/probably there was nothing.
There is something beneath the bucket.
All the people will be there.
Will my brother be there?
There is nothing to wear.
There is no need to say.
Whenever you were there, Ram wasn‟t there.
There is nothing in his brother‟s heart.
There is no need to talk.
There is nothing as such.
There was nothing as such between us.
How many people are there?
Is there something? / Is something there?
There is something in that house.
How much money was there?
With whom were you?
What‟s in this heart, who knows?
There was a king. He had three queens.
Who was there at the door?
How many people are there at home?
What is there in your mind/heart?
How many games are there in computer?
Who is there between Ram and Shyam?
Nobody is there ahead of me.
Who was there behind you?
Who is there with Ram?
There was mom in front of dad.
Is someone there beside me?
There is a man standing.
There is some girl. / There is a girl.
There are lot many things/secrets that I know.
There are no differences in love.
There is no thanks in friendship.
There is nothing between us.
There is no water in the tap.
There is love in heart.
What is there in your heart?
There are windows in the room.
There is no ink in the pen.
There was petrol in the car.
There is so much pain in his heart.
There is a magic in his voice.
There is something in your way of singing.
Something else is there.
117
Lesson – 18
Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½
cxy esa
vkxs
ihNs
lkeus
nk¡;h vksj
ck¡;h vksj
cxy esa nk¡;h vksj
cxy esa ck¡;h vksj
– next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½
– ahead of ¼vgSM vkWQ½
– behind ¼fcgkUM½
– in front of ¼bu ÝUV vkWQ½, before ¼fcQksj½
– right to ¼jkbV Vq½, to the right of ¼Vq n jkbV vkWQ½
– left to ¼yS¶V Vq½, to the left of ¼Vq n yS¶V vkWQ½
– immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½
– immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½
vkb, uhps fn;s x;s Dykl ysvkmV dh enn ls le÷ksa &
Let‟s understand with the help of following class layout –
Teacher
Divya
Rashmi
Masood
Junaid
Sandeep
Shalini
Nitin
Tarun
Ram
Mayank
Åij ,d class layout fn;k x;k gSA Teacher dk psgjk cPpksa dh rjQ gSA Dykl esa cPps nks ykbuksa esa cSBs gSaA
gj ykbu esa 5 cPps gSaA
A class layout is given above. Teacher is facing the students. The students are sitting in two
rows. There are 5 students in each row.
vxj iwNk tk;s fd Divya ds nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks ‚kk;n vki dgksxs Rashmi A ;s ckr lgh gS fd Rashmi
okdbZ esa Divya ds nk¡bZ vksj cSBh gS ij Masood, Junaid vkSj Sandeep Hkh rks nk¡bZ vksj gh cSBs gSaA fQj vkius
flQZ Rashmi dk gh uke D;ksa fy;kA lgh mÙkj gksuk pkfg, & Divya ds nk¡;h vksj Rashmi, Masood,
Junaid vkSj Sandeep cSBs gSaA gk¡ vxj ;s iwNk tkrk fd Divya ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks vki dgksxs
Rashmi A ;gha ls tUe gqvk immediate right vkSj immediate left dkA
If asked „Who is sitting right to Divya?‟, you would probably answer „Rashmi‟. „Rashmi‟ is
certainly to the right of Divya but what about Masood, Junaid & Sandeep? Aren‟t they
sitting to the right of Divya too? Yes, they are. So ideally, you should‟ve taken their names
as well. If you are asked „Who is sitting immediate right to Divya?‟, then you must answer
„Rashmi‟.
cxy esa nk¡;h vksj
cxy esa ck¡;h vksj
– immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½
– immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½
118
Confusion between “in front of” & “ahead”
yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA
lksfp, vki ,d ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS] mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs
gS] bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu behind.
lksfp, tc vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa rks mldh ihB vkidh rjQ ugha gS cfYd vki mldks ns[krs gq, ckr dj
jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa oks O;fDr vkids lkeus ;kfu in front of gSA bl fLFkfr ds fy, before dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k
tkrk gSA bl rjg vkidks irk yx x;k fd before ds nks vFkZ gksrs gSa & ,d gS ÞigysÞ vkSj nwljk gS ÞlkeusÞA
cxy esa
– next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½
vkb, dqN mnkgj.kksa ij xkSj djsa &
Let‟s pay attention to a few examples –
1- Vhpj cPpksa ds lkeus cSBs gSaA
Teacher is sitting in front of the students.
2- jf'e fnO;k ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj cSBh gSA
Rashmi is sitting immediate right to Divya.
3- Eklwn r#.k ds vkxs cSBk gSA
Masood is sitting ahead of Tarun.
4- jke e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA
Ram is sitting adjacent/next to/beside Mayank.
5- fufru r#.k ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj cSBk gSA
Nitin is sitting immediate left to Tarun.
6- 'kkfyuh jke ds ck¡;h vksj cSBh gSA
Shalini is sitting left to Ram.
or
Shalini is sitting to the left of Ram.
7- e;ad lUnhi ds ihNs cSBk gSA
Mayank is sitting behind Sandeep.
8- jke r#.k vkSj e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA
Ram is sitting beside Tarun & Mayank.
9- elwn jf‛e vkSj tqusn ds chp esa cSBk gSA
Masood is sitting between Rashmi and Junaid.
10- fnO;k] ‚kkfyuh] lanhi vkSj e;ad fcYdqy dksuksa esa cSBs gSaA
Divya, Shalini, Sandeep & Mayank are sitting in extreme corners.
119
Position Sense – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425-
rqe esjs nk¡;h vksj gksA
D;k jke rqEgkjs lkeus Fkk \
eSa mlds vkxs [kM+k Fkk A
jke ds vkxs fdrus yksx gSa \
cPpksa ds Bhd lkeus v/;kid [kM+s gSaA
rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dkSu gS \
esjs cxy esa nk¡;h vksj lhrk cSBh gS A
lhrk ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj ,d yM+dk gSA
eSa rqEgkjs ihNs FkkA
mlds ihNs fdrus yksx [kM+s gSa \
jke ,d dksus esa cSBk gSA
esjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ [kM+k ugha FkkA
jkgqy esjs Bhd lkeus Fkk D;k \
esjs ?kj ds lkeus rqEgkjk ?kj gSA
esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd vkxs okyk gSA
esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd ihNs okyk gSA
jksfgr ds nk¡;h vksj fdrus yksx gaS \
lhrk ds ck¡;h vksj fdrus yM+ds gaS \
esjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gSA
D;k rqEgkjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ gS \
D;k rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gS \
D;k rqEgkjs vkxs dksbZ gS \
D;k rqEgkjs ihNs dksbZ ugha gS \
D;k rqEgkjs lkeus dksbZ gS \
D;k rqEgkjs cxy esa dksbZ gS \
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ge ck¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
ge nk¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
lhrk Dykl esa vdsyh Fkh A
jke ogk¡ ij ugha FkkA
fnYYkh Hkkjr ds mRrj esa gSA
dsjy Hkkjr ds nf{k.k esa gSA
caxky Hkkjr ds iwjc esa gSA
mlds lkeus dkSu Fkk \
esjs vkxs ykbu esa rhu yksx [kM+s Fks A
jke ds vkxs 2 vkneh FksA
esjs ihNs ykbu esa fdrus Fks \
esjs twrs dejs ds ,d dksus esa iM+s FksA
rqEgkjs twrs ds lkeus okys twrs esjs gaSA
oks rqEgkjs fdl rjQ gS \
oks esjs nk¡;h vksj gSA
nk¡;h vksj rks Bhd gS ij oks D;k cxy esa gS \
gekjs chp 2 yM+fd;k¡ gSaA
lhrk vkSj xhrk ds chp fdrus gSa \
jksgu ds cxy esa dkSu gS \
lhrk ds cxy esa dksbZ ugha gSA
jke vkxs gS vkSj eSa ihNsA
rqe nk¡;h vksj FksA
rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu gS \ dksbZ ugha A
eSa fdl fn‛kk esa gw¡ \
rqe bl oDr mÙkj dh vksj tk jgs gks A
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Success does not consist in never making mistakes but in never making the same
one a second time.
2. Times wait for none.
3. To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.
4. To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong.
120
Answers
1. You are right to me.
2. Was Ram in front of you?
3. I was standing ahead of him.
4. How many people are there ahead of Ram?
5. Teacher is standing just in front of the students.
6. Who is to the left of you? / Who is left to you?
7. Seeta is sitting immediate right to me.
8. A boy is immediate left to Seeta. / A boy is to the immediate left of Seeta.
9. I was behind you.
10. How many people are standing behind him?
11. Ram is sitting in a corner.
12. Nobody was standing to the left of me.
13. Was Rahul exactly in front of me?
14. Your house is in front of my house (mine).
15. My house is just ahead of yours?
16. My house is just behind yours?
17. How many people are there to the right of Rohit?
18. How many boys are there to the left of Seeta?
19. Nobody is to the right of me? / Nobody is right to me.
20. Is there someone to the right of you?
21. Is there no one to the left of you?
22. Is there someone ahead of you?
23. Is there no one behind you?
24. Is there someone in front of you?
25. Is there someone next to you? / Is there someone adjacent you? / Is there someone beside you?
26. We were standing on the left?
27. We were standing on the right?
28. Seeta was alone in the class.
29. Ram wasn‟t there.
30. Delhi is to the North of India. / Delhi is in the northern India.
31. Kerala is to the South of India. / Kerala is in the southern India.
32. Bengal is to the East of India. / Bengal is in the Eastern India.
33. Who was in front of him/ her?
34. There were three people standing ahead of me in the queue.
35. There were 2 men ahead of Ram.
36. How many were there behind me in the queue.
37. My shoes were lying in a corner of the room.
38. The shoes in front of your shoes are mine.
39. In which direction from you is he? / In which direction is he from you?
40. He is to the right of me.
41. Right side is fine but is he adjacent?
42. There are 2 girls between us.
43. How many are there between Seeta & Geeta?
44. Who is beside Rohan?
45. Nobody is beside Seeta.
46. Ram is ahead of me. / I am behind Ram.
47. You were on the right.
48. Who is behind you? No one.
49. In which direction am I?
50. You are going towards north at the moment.
121
Position Sense – Test Paper
Test-I
Q 1-20: Answer the questions below:
20 x 1 = 20
Teacher- Pooja Madam
Anjali
Bikrant
Aditya
Archana
Yashi
Binita
Aman
Amit
Kuldeep
Dimpal
Seema
Soni
Ayushi
Abhishek
Kalpana
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Who is sitting next to Ayushi?
Who is sitting next to Seema?
Who is sitting immediate right to Kalpana?
Who is sitting adjacent Kuldeep?
Where is Pooja Madam standing?
How many people are sitting right to Bikrant?
Who is sitting behind Archana?
Who is sitting right to Binita?
Who is sitting immediate left to Yashi?
Who is sitting beside Aman?
Who are sitting at corners?
Who are sitting at the extreme right?
Who are sitting at the extreme left?
Where is Anjali Sitting?
Who is sitting right to Dimpal?
Who is sitting immediate left to Abhishek?
Who is sitting left to Soni?
Who are sitting in row number 2?
Who are sitting in column number 4?
Who are sitting in column number 1?
122
Answers
1. Who is sitting next to Ayushi?
Soni and Abhishek.
2. Who is sitting next to Seema?
Soni.
3. Who is sitting immediate right to Kalpana?
Nobody.
4. Who is sitting adjacent Kuldeep?
Amit and Dimpal.
5. Where is Pooja Madam standing?
In front of students
6. How many people are sitting right to Bikrant?
Aditya, Archana and Yashi.
7. Who is sitting behind Archana?
Kuldeep.
8. Who is sitting right to Binita?
Aman, Amit, Kuldeep and Dimple.
9. Who is sitting immediate left to Yashi?
Archana.
10. Who is sitting beside Aman?
Binita and Amit.
11. Who are sitting at corners?
Anjali, Yashi, Seema & Kalpana.
12. Who are sitting at the extreme right?
Yashi, Dimple and Kalpana.
13. Who are sitting at the extreme left?
Anjali, Binita and Seema.
14. Where is Anjali Sitting?
1st row extreme left corner.
15. Who is sitting right to Dimpal?
Nobody.
16. Who is sitting immediate left to Abhishek?
Ayushi.
17. Who is sitting left to Soni?
Seema.
18. Who are sitting in row number 2?
Binita, Aman, Amit, Kuldeep & Dimple
19. Who are sitting in column number 4?
Archana, Kuldeep & Abhishek.
20. Who are sitting in column number 1?
Anjali, Binita and Seema
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Be nice to people on your way up, because you meet them on your way down.
miyfC/k;ksa dh rjQ c<+rs gq, tks Hkh feys mls bT+tr nks D;ksafd vxj dHkh uhps vkuk iM+k rks vki mUgha ls
feyksxsA
2. Never waste what you have, for something that you don‟t have today.
Remember, what you have now, you had desired some day.
tks vkt gS mls O;FkZ er tkus nks mldh pkgr esa tks vkt ugha gSA D;ksafd ;kn jgs tks vkt gS mldh pkgr
Hkh vkius dHkh dh FkhA
3. It doesn‟t matter how much you possess, what matters is, who earned it, you
or your ancestors.
;s ek;us ugha j[krk fd vkids ikl fdruk gS] ek;us ;s j[krk gS fd dek;k fdlus] vkius ;k vkids iwoZtksa usA
123
Lesson – 19
Tense ¼dky½
Tense fdlh Hkh okD; esa fØ;k dk og #i gS ftlds ek/;e ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd okD; esa fd;s dk;Z dk
le; ds lkFk D;k lEcU/k gS; dk;Z orZeku esa gks jgk gS] chrs gq, le; esa gqvk Fkk ;k Hkfo’; esa gksus okyk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd orZeku] Hkwrdky o Hkfo’; dky ds okD;ksa esa lgk;d fØ;k,¡ fHkUu gksrh gSA
;s ,d egRoiw.kZ VkWfid gSA bl pSIVj dks vPNh rjg le÷ks fcuk vki vaxzst+h esa dHkh idM+ ugha cuk ldrsA
geus iz;kl fd;k gS fd ge vkidks gj #y ckjhdh ls le÷kk, vkSj vkils ;gh mEehn gS fd vki dksbZ dlj
u NksM+sAa
vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks /;ku ls lqurs gq, bl pSIVj ds gj dkWUlsIV dks ckjhdh ls le÷ksAa
‚kq#vkr djus ls igys vkidks irk gksuk pkfg, &
12345-
okD;(Sentence) ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa: Subject, Verb vkSj Object.
1st Person, 2nd Person vkSj 3rd Person ds Singular-Plural Subject dk Concept
Sentences ds Types: Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative & Negative Interrogative
Main verbs¼eq[; fØ;k½ dh 3 forms gksrh gSa
„WH‟ Family
Åij fn;s x;s igys rhu dkWUlsIV Lesson No. 2 esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;s x;s gSa] pkSFkk dkWUlsIV “Verbs” pSIVj esa vkSj
vkf[kjh dkWUlsIV “WH Family” pSIVj esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;s x;s gSaA igys bUgsa vPNh rjg le÷k ysa fQj bl pSIVj esa
vkxs c<+sa rkfd vkidks bl pSIVj esa fn;s x;s fu;e vklkuh ls le÷k vk ldsAa
uhps nh x;h nksuksa Table bUgha dkWUlsIV ds mnkgj.k gSaA
Table 1:
Examples:
Sentences & Their Parts: “Subject”, “Main Verb” & “Object”
Sentence
jke ?kwerk gSA
Subject
jke
Main Verb
?kweuk
Object
-
yksx ukp jgs gSaA
ge yksx Vhoh ns[k jgs gSaA
eq>s ,d ?kM+h feyh gSA
fxykl ls ikuh fudy jgk gSA
yksx
ge yksx
eq>s
ikuh
ukpuk
ns[kuk
feyuk
fudyuk
Vhoh
?kM+h
fxykl
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. We must win the final war irrespective of how many battles we‟ve lost before.
QdZ ugha iM+rk fd fdruh yM+kbZ;k¡ ge igys gkj pqds gSa] gesa vafre ;q) thruk gSA
124
Table 2:
Examples:
Sentence Types
Sentence Type
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Affirmative
(ldkjkRed)
Negative
(udkjkRed)
Interrogative
(iz‛uokpd)
Negative
Interrogative
eq>s ?kM+h feyh gSA
yksx ukp jgs gSaA
jke ?kwerk gSA
eq>s ?kM+h ugha feyh gSA
yksx ukp ugha jgs gSaA
jke ugha ?kwerk gSA
D;k eq>s ?kM+h feyh gS\
D;k yksx ukp jgs gSa\
jke fdlds lkFk ?kwerk gS\
D;k eq>s ?kM+h ugha feyh gS\
D;k yksx ugha ukp jgs gSa\
D;k jke ugha ?kwerk gS\
(udkjkRed iz‛uokpd)
“WH Family”
Interrogative
Sentences
1- eq>s ?kM+h dgk¡ feyh gS\
2- eq>s ?kM+h dSls feyh gS\
1- yksx D;ksa ugha ukp jgs gSa\ 1- jke fdlds lkFk ?kwerk gS\
2- yksx dc ls ukp jgs gSa\
2- jke D;ksa ugha ?kwerk gS\
Tenses –Types
Tense rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA (There are three types of Tenses)
1) Present ¼izSt+asV½ &
orZeku dky
2) Past
¼ikLV½ &
Hkwr dky
3) Future ¼¶;wpj½ &
Hkfo’;r~ dky
izR;sd ds pkj izdkj gksrs gSaA (Each one has four sub types)
1) Indefinite
2) Continuous
3) Perfect
4) Perfect continuous.
lgk;d fØ;k,¡ ml okD; esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ds le; ds ckjs esa crkrh gSa] bl vk/kkj ij bUgsa rhu oxksZa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk
ldrk gS (Helping verbs refer to the time of the action in a sentence, hence it can be classified in 3
categories) &
Tense
Helping Verbs
Present Tense Helping Verbs
Past Tense Helping Verbs
Future Tense Helping Verbs
do, does, is, am, are, has, have, has been, have been.
did, was, were, had, had been
will, will be, will have, will have been
uksV & vc Helping Verb “Shall” dk iz;ksx Future Tense Helping Verbs ds #i esa izk;% ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
Good things come to people who wait, but better things come to those who go out and get them.
125
Present Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk rk] rs] rh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwerk gS] lhrk ukprh gS] yksx ?kwers gSa] oks ugha tkrk vkfnA
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + verb 1st form+ s, es (3rd Person singular subject ds lkFk) + object.
vxj Subject “3rd Person singular” gS rks eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk s ;k es dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vU;Fkk ugha gksrkA
Only if the subject is “3rd Person singular”, we must use „s‟ or „es‟ with the main verb or else we
mustn‟t.
¼vxj First Person, Second Person ;k Third Person ds Singular-Plural dkWUlsIV esa vkidks dksbZ fnDdr
vk;s rks Lesson-2 nksckjk if<+,A½
vc ;s tkuuk t+#jh gS fd fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „s‟ vkSj fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA vxj
vki ;s tku ysa fd fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksxk rks ;s Li’V gks tk;sxk fd ckdh cph gqbZ lHkh eq[;
fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „s‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Now the question is; when to put „s‟ & when to put „es‟ with the main verb. If we let you know
when to put „es‟ with the main verb, then it would be understood that the rests would put „s‟….
Let‟s understand with the help of following table:
When to put „es‟ with main verb
Ekq[; fØ;k ds lkFk „es‟ dc yxk;sa
Rule
Examples
With the main verbs ending with letter „o‟
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa v{kj „o‟ gks
With the main verbs ending with „ss‟ or „sh‟
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „ss‟ ;k „sh‟ gks
With the main verbs ending with „x‟, „zz‟ or „ch‟
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „x‟, „zz‟ ;k „ch‟ gks
With the main verbs ending with „Consonant + y‟. Such main verbs end
with „y‟ but „y‟ is preceded by a consonant i.e. b, c, d, f, g etc. In such
cases, we first change „y‟ to „i‟, and then put „es‟.
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „O;atu + y‟ gks ;kfu eq[; fØ;k dk vUr rks y ls gks
ysfdu y ls igys dksbZ O;atu gks tSls b, c, d, f, g vkfnA ,sls esa gksrk ;g gS fd lcls
igys rks „y‟dks cnyk tkrk gS „i‟ esa] mlds ckn „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
126
Goes, Does etc.
Kisses, Misses, Passes,
Pushes, Rushes etc.
Fixes , Relaxes ,
Buzzes , Catches ,
Reaches etc.
Cry – Cries
Marry – Marries
Try – Tries
Fly – Flies
A Special Case of not using „es‟
When not to put ‘es’ with main verb (Ekq[; fØ;k ds lkFk ‘es‟ dc u yxk;sa)
Say
With the main verbs ending with „Vowel + y‟. Such main verbs end with
Play
„y‟ but „y‟ is preceded by a vowel i.e. a, e, i, o, u. In such cases, we simply
put „s‟.
– Says
– Plays
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „Loj + y‟ gks ;kfu eq[; fØ;k dk vUr rks y ls gks ysfdu y
ls igys dksbZ Loj gks tSls a, e, i, o, u. ,sls esa „y‟ ds ckn dsoy „s‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vkb, vc ‚kq#vkr djsa okD;ksa dhA
S.No
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Comments
1.
jke ?kweus tkrk gSA
Ram goes for a walk.
2.
eSa [ksyrk g¡wA
I play.
3.
veu esjs lkFk jgrk gSA
Aman lives with me.
4.
ge g¡lrs gSaA
We laugh.
5.
?kko ls [kwu fudyrk gSA
Blood oozes from the
wound.
Subject(Ram) „3rd Person Singular‟ gS]
blfy, go ds lkFk es yxk gSA
Subject(I) „1st Person Singular‟ gS]
blfy, play ds lkFk s ugha yxk gSA
Subject(Aman) „3rd Person Singular‟
gS] blfy, live ds lkFk s yxk gSA
Subject(We) „1st Person Plural‟ gS ]
blfy, laugh ds lkFk s ugha yxk gSA
Subject(Blood) „3rd Person Singular‟
gS] blfy, ooze ds lkFk s yxk gSA
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + does/do + not + verb 1st form + object.
vxj Subject “3rd Person singular” gS rks does not dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vU;Fkk do not dk iz;ksxA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke ?kweus ugha tkrk gSA
English Sentences
Ram does not go for a walk.
2.
eSa ugha [ksyrk g¡wA
I do not play.
3.
Oks yksx esjs lkFk ugha
jgrs gSaA
They people do not live
with me.
4.
vady eq÷kls ugha feyrs
gSaA
Uncle doesn‟t meet me.
5.
mlds ekrk firk ml ij
Hkjkslk ugha djrsA
His parents do not trust
him.
127
Comments
Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, does not dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA
Subject(I) „1st Person Singular‟ gS]
blfy, do not dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
Subject(They people) „3rd Person
Plural‟ gS] blfy, do not dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA
Subject(Uncle) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, does not dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA
Subject(His parents) „3rd Person
Plural‟ gS] blfy, do not dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + does/do + subject + verb 1st form + object?
Rule:
iz'uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (do, does) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family
tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks
oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
D;k jke ?kweus tkrk gS\
English Sentences
Does Ram go for a walk?
2.
D;k eSa Ldwy tkrk g¡\w
Do I go to school?
3.
D;k og LVst+ ij ukprh gS\
Does she dance on the stage?
4.
veu rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa jgrk gS\
Why does Aman live with you?
5.
os cPps rqEgkjs lkFk dc ls jgrs gS\
Since when do they children live with you?
6.
ge dc rd lkFk [ksyrs gSa\
Until when do we play together?
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + does/do + subject + not + verb 1st form + object?
Rule:
S.No
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
1.
D;k jke ?kweus ugha tkrk gS\
Does Ram not go for a walk?
2.
iadt rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa ugha i<+rk\
Why does Pankaj not study with you?
3.
rqe dkSu lk [ksy ugha [ksyrs\
Which game do you not play?
4.
eEeh mls D;ksa ugha Mk¡Vrh\
Why does mom not scold him/her?
Present Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk gS] lhrk ukp jgh gS] yksx ?kwe jgsa gSa] eSa ?kwe jgk gw¡A vkfn
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + is/am/are + verb 1st form+ ing + object.
„3rd Person Singular Subject‟ ds lkFk
„1st Person Singular Subject‟ ;kfu „I‟ ds lkFk
ckdh Subjects ds lkFk
& is dk iz;ksx
& am dk iz;ksx
& are dk iz;ksx
128
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke Ldwy tk jgk gSA
English Sentences
Ram is going to school.
2.
og ?kweus tk jgk gSA
He is going for a walk.
3.
eSa ?kj vk jgk gw¡A
I am coming home.
4.
esjk fny rqEgsa <+w¡< jgk gSA
5.
yksx mldk et+kd mM+k jgs
gSaA
My heart is looking for
you.
People are making fun of
him.
Comments
Subject(Ram ) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
Subject(He) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
Subject(I) „1st Person singular‟
gS] blfy, am yxk gSA
Subject(My heart) „3rd Person
singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
Subject(People) „3rd Person
Plural‟ gS] blfy, are yxk gSA
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subject + is/am/are + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Ram is not going for a walk.
He is not going anywhere.
I am not studying today.
People are not talking to him.
jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk gSA
oks dgha ugha tk jgk gSA
eSa vkt ugha i<+ jgk gw¡A
yksx mlls ckr ugha dj jgs gSaA
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + is/am/are + subject + verb 1st form+ ing + object?
iz'uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (is, am, are) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx
gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
D;k og ?kweus tk jgk gS\
D;k yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs gSa\
oks cPps rqEgkjs lkFk dgk¡ ij [ksy jgss gSa\
English Sentences
Is he going for a walk?
Are people dancing on the stage?
Where are those children playing with you?
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + is/am/are + subject + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object?
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
D;k jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk gS\
English Sentences
Is Ram not going for a walk?
2.
3.
veu ckr D;ksa ugha dj jgk gS\
oks Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk jgk\
Why is Aman not talking?
Why is he not going to school?
129
Present Perfect Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] pqdk g¡w] fy;k gS] fn;k gS] yh gS] nh gS] dh gS vkfn dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk gS ] lhrk ukp pqdh gS ] yksx ?kwe pqds gSa] eSa ?kwe fy;k / pqdk g¡Aw ] mlus xyrh dh gS] geus
fdrkc nh gS vkfnA
vxj ge dgsa fd eq>s ?kM+h feyh gS rks bldk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd eq>s ?kM+h fey pqdh gSA
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Subject + has/have + verb 3rd form + object.
Rule:
„3rd Person singular Subject‟ ds lkFk
ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk
fgUnh okD;
& has
& have
S.No
1.
English Sentences
Ram has gone to school.
jke Ldwy tk pqdk gSA
2.
eSa dke dj pqdk gw¡A
3.
geus rqEgsa ns[k fy;k gSA
I have done the work. or
I have worked.
We have seen you.
4.
eSaus mls ,d fdrkc nh gSA
I have given him a book.
5.
mu cPpksa us jke ls iSls
fy;s gSaA
Those children have
taken money from Ram.
6.
ml yM+dh us LdwVh [kjhnh
gSA
That girl has purchased
a scooty.
Comments
Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
yxk gSA
Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
Subject(We) „1st Person Plural
Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
Subject(Those children) „3rd
Person Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
have yxk gSA
Subject(That girl) „3rd Person
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
yxk gSA
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Subject + has/have+ not + verb 3rd form + object.
Rule:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
We have not seen you.
I haven‟t given him any book.
Arnavi has not taken the money.
geus rqEgsa ugha ns[kk gSA
eSaus mls dksbZ fdrkc ugha nh gSA
vjuoh us iSls ugha fy;s gSaA
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh family> + has/have + subject + verb 3rd form + object?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (has, have) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
130
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
2.
D;k jke ?kweus x;k gS\
veu us fdrkc D;ksa yh gS\
English Sentences
Has Ram gone for a walk?
Why has Aman taken the book?
3.
os nksuksa dgk¡ x;s gSa\
Where have they both gone?
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
<Wh family> + has/have + subject + not + verb 3rd form + object?
fgUnh okD;
eSaus D;k fd;k gS\
D;k rqeus vkt [kkuk ugha cuk;k gS\
veu us vc rd fdrkc D;ksa ugha [kjhnh gS\
English Sentences
What have I done?
Have you not cooked the food today?
Why has Aman not purchased the
book yet?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls Continuous
tense esa gksrk gSA
QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA vkSj /;ku jgs le; ds lkFk *ls* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gS] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh gS] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs gSa] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk gw¡A vkfn
le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since ;k For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, ;kfu vof/k (Duration) ds fy,A
fu;e (Usage)
mnkgj.k (Example)
fuf‛pr le; ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa
jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA („since‟ refers to
point of time when the sentence is in
continuous form)
Since
¼ls½
mnkgj.k &
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o‟clock/ 3 o‟clock
etc.
2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012 etc.
3. Since Monday/ Tuesday…… Sunday
4. Since morning/ evening/ afternoon/
night
5. Since yesterday/day before yesterday
6. Since childhood/birth
7. Since that day
8. Since my dad was born
131
1. I have been studying
since morning.
¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk gw¡A½
2. He has been trying
since Monday.
¼oks lkseokj ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk
gSA½
For
¼ls½
vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc Hkh
dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (For is used for
duration of time when the sentence is in
continuous form)
mnkgj.k &
1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries etc.
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls)
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls)
4. For many days/ hours/ months/ years etc.
1. I have been
studying for 2 hours.
¼eSa 2 ?kaVs ls i<+ jgk gw¡A½
2. He has been trying
for many days.
¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls dksf‛k‛k dj
jgk gSA½
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + has/have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.
„3rd Person singular Subject‟ ds lkFk
ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fgUnh okD;
& has been
& have been
English Sentences
Ram has been walking for
2 hours.
Comments
Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
been yxk gSA
og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gSA
Subject(He)
„3rd Person
He has been studying
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
since 4 o‟clock.
been yxk gSA
st
eSa lqcg ls xkus xk jgk
I have been singing songs Subject(I) „1 Person Singular
gw¡A
Subject‟ gS blfy, have been yxk
since morning.
gSA
oks dy ‚kke ls eq÷kls yM+ He has been fighting with
Subject(He) „3rd Person
jgk gSA
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
me since yesterday
been yxk gSA
evening.
cPps dbZ fnuksa ls ;s ukVd
Subject(Children) „3rd Person
Children have been
ns[k jgs gSaA
Plural Subject‟ gS blfy, have
watching this serial for
been yxk gSA
many days.
jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gSA
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Subject + has/have + not been+verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha ?kwe jgk gSA
English Sentences
Ram has not been walking for 2 hours.
2.
og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gSA
He has not been studying since 4 o‟clock.
3.
eSa lqcg ls xkus ugha xk jgk gw¡A
I have not been singing songs since morning.
132
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + has/have + subject + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (has, have ) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke 2 ?kaVs ls D;ksa ?kwe jgk gS\
English Sentences
Why has Ram been walking for 2 hours?
2.
eSa dc ls xkus xk jgk gw¡\
Since when have I been singing songs?
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + has/have + subject + not + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for +
<point of time/duration>?
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
oks lqcg ls D;ksa ugha i<+ jgk gS\
English Sentences
Why has he not been studying since morning?
2.
D;k og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gS\
Has he not been studying since 4 o‟clock?
Past Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk x;k] fy;k] fn;k] lks;k] nh] yh] dh vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bl Tense esa dHkh
Hkh gS] gSa] gks] gw¡ ;k fQj Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
tSls - jke ?kweus x;k] lhrk jksus yxh] yksxksa us pk; ih] eSa ?kweus x;k vkfnA
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + verb 2nd form + object.
Subject pkgs singular gks ;k Plural, Rules ,d tSls gSaA
S.No
1.
2.
fgUnh okD;
jke ?kweus x;kA
mlus ,d i= fy[kkA
English Sentences
Ram went for a walk.
He wrote a letter.
Comments
„Went‟ is the 2nd form of „go‟.
„Wrote‟ is the 2nd form of „write‟.
3.
4.
eSaus mls I;kj fd;kA
mlus xyrh dhA
I loved him/her.
He/she made a mistake.
5.
yksxksa us gels ckr dhA
People spoke with us.
„Loved‟ is the 2nd form of „love‟.
„Made‟ is the 2nd form of „make‟.
(xyrh ds lkFk make dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
„Spoke‟ is the 2nd form of „Speak‟.
6.
geus fd;kA
We did.
„Did‟ is the 2nd form of „do‟.
7.
rqeus [kkuk [kk;kA
You ate the food.
„Ate‟ is the 2nd form of „eat‟.
133
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + did not + verb 1st form + object.
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
jke ?kweus ugha x;kA
mlus ,d i= ugha fy[kkA
eSaus mls I;kj ugha fd;kA
yksx LVst+ ij ugha x;sA
English Sentences
Ram did not go for a walk.
He did not write a letter.
I did not love him/her.
People did not go on stage.
5.
mlus xyrh ugha dhA
He/she did not make a mistake.
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh Family> + did + subject + verb 1st form + object?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (did) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Did Ram go for a walk?
Why did he write the letter?
When did we make a mistake?
D;k jke ?kweus x;k\
mlus i= D;ksa fy[kk\
geus xyrh dc dh\
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh Family> + Did + Subject + not + Verb 1st form + object?
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
2.
D;k eSaus mls I;kj ugha fd;k\
yksx LVst+ ij dc rd ugha vk;s\
English Sentences
Did I not love her?
Until when did people not come on stage?
3.
mlus ,slk D;ksa ugha fd;k\
Why did he not do so?
Past Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk Fkk] lhrk ukp jgh Fkh] yksx ?kwe jgs Fkk] eSa ?kwe jgk FkkA vkfn
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + was/were + verb 1st form+ ing + object.
Singular Subject ds lkFk
Plural Subject ds lkFk
S.No
1.
fgUnh okD;
eSa ?kweus tk jgk FkkA
& was
&were
English Sentences
I was going for a walk.
134
Comments
Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
Subject‟ gS] blfy, was yxk gSA
yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs
FksA
og i= fy[k jgh FkhA
2.
3.
People were dancing on
the stage.
She was writing a letter.
Subject(People) „3rd Person Plural
Subject‟ gS] blfy, were yxk gSA
Subject(She) „3rd Person Singular
Subject‟ gS] blfy, was yxk gSA
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + was/were + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object.
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk FkkA
English Sentences
Ram was not going for a walk.
2.
og rqEgkjs ckjs esa ugha lksp jgk FkkA
He was not thinking about you.
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh Family> + was/were + subject + verb 1st form+ ing + object?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (was, were) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
S.No
1.
2.
4.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Where was Ram going?
What was she doing?
Were People dancing on the stage?
jke dgk¡ tk jgk Fkk\
og D;k dj jgh Fkh\
D;k yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs Fks\
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh Family> + was/were + subject + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object?
S.No
1.
2.
5.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Why was Mom not scolding?
Was he not going for a walk?
Was Yashi not writing?
eEeh D;ksa ugha Mk¡V jgh Fkh\
D;k og ?kweus ugha tk jgk Fkk\
D;k ;‛kh ugha fy[k jgh Fkh\
Past Perfect Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] fn;k Fkk] nh Fkh] yh Fkh] dh Fkh vkfn dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk Fkk ] lhrk ukp pqdh Fkh ] yksx ?kwe pqds Fks] eSa ?kwe pqdk Fkk vkfn
vxj eSa dgw¡ & eq>s ?kM+h feyh Fkh rks bldk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd eq>s ?kM+h fey pqdh/x;h FkhA
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + had + verb 3rd form + object.
Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „had‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
135
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Ram had gone for a walk.
I had gone for a walk.
People had danced on the stage.
jke ?kweus tk pqdk FkkA
eSa ?kweus x;k FkkA
yksx LVst+ ij ukps FksA
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
Subject + had + not + verb 3rd form + object.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Abhishek had not gone to school.
I had not seen you.
Students hadn‟t done the homework.
vfHk’ksd Ldwy ugha x;k FkkA
eSaus rqEgsa ugha ns[kk FkkA
cPpksa us gkseodZ ugha fd;k FkkA
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh Family> + had + subject + verb 3rd form + object?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (had) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Had Ram left?
Why had she written a letter?
For whom had I done the work?
D;k jke tk pqdk Fkk\
mlus i= D;ksa fy[kk Fkk\
eSaus dke fdlds fy, fd;k Fkk\
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
<Wh Family> + had + subject + not + verb 3rd form + object?
fgUnh okD;
D;k jke ?kweus ugha x;k Fkk\
D;k yksx LVst+ ij ugha ukps Fks\
mlus i= dc rd ugha fy[kk Fkk\
English Sentences
Had Ram not gone for a walk?
Had people not danced on the stage?
Until when had she not written the letter?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls Continuous
tense esa gksrk gSA QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA
tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk Fkk] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh Fkh] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs Fks] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk Fkk vkfnA
le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since vkSj For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, vFkkZr vof/k(Duration) ds
fy,A dgk¡ ij Since vkSj dgk¡ ij For dk iz;ksx gksxk] ;g vkidks Present Perfect Continuous Tense
i<+krs oDr crk;k x;k FkkA
136
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Subject + had been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>.
Subject pkgs Singular gks pkgs Plural, „Had been‟ dk gh iz;ksx lgk;d fØ;k ds #i esa gksrk gSA
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk FkkA
og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk FkkA
eSa lqcg ls xkuk xk jgk FkkA
English Sentences
Ram had been walking for 2 hours.
He had been studying since 4 o‟clock.
I had been singing a song since morning.
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Subject + had not been + verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>.
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha ?kwe jgk FkkA
English Sentences
Ram had not been walking for 2 hours.
2.
3.
og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk FkkA
eSa lqcg ls xkus ugha xk jgk FkkA
He had not been studying since 4 o‟clock.
I had not been singing songs since morning.
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD; )
<Wh family> + had + subject + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (had) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
S.No
1.
2.
fgUnh okD;
D;k og lqcg ls i<+ jgk Fkk\
oks dc ls esjk bUrt+kj dj jgk Fkk \
English Sentences
Had he been studying since morning?
Since when had he been waiting for me?
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + had + Subject + not + been + Verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point
of time/duration>?
S.No
1.
2.
fgUnh okD;
D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk Fkk\
D;k oks i<+ ugha jgk Fkk tc ls ikik
x;s\
English Sentences
Had he not been studying since 4 o‟clock?
Had he not been studying since dad left?
137
Future Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk xk] xs] xh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kweus tk;sxk] lhrk ukpsxh] yksx ?kwesx
a sA vkfn
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + will + verb 1st form + object.
Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Ram will meet you.
People will go for a walk.
She will call you.
jke rqels feysxkA
yksx ?kweus tk;saxsA
og rqEgsa dWky djsxhA
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + will not + verb 1st form + object.
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
2.
jke rqels ugha feysxkA
yksx ?kweus ugha tk;saxsA
English Sentences
Ram will not meet you.
People will not go for a walk.
3.
og rqEgsa dWky ugha djsxhA
She will not call you.
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh family> + will + subject + verb 1st form + object?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
2.
jke rqels dc feysxk\
yksx dgk¡ tk;asxs\
English Sentences
When will Ram meet you?
Where will people go?
4.
og rqEgsa dWky dSls djsxh\
How will she call you?
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh family> + Will + Subject + not + Verb 1st form + object?
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
2.
jke rqels D;ksa ugha feysxk\
D;k yksx ?kweus ugha tk;sxsa\
English Sentences
Why will Ram not meet you?
Will people not go for a walk?
4.
D;k og rqEgsa dWky ugha djsxh\
Will she not call you?
138
Future Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gkax
s s] jgk gw¡xk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
s s] eSa ?kwe jgk gw¡xk vkfn
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk gksxk] lhrk ukp jgh gksxh] yksx ?kwe jgs gkax
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + will be + verb 1st form + ing + object.
Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will be‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
jke ?kweus tk jgk gksxkA
og ?kwe jgk gksxkA
og izfr;ksfxrk esa ukp jgh gksxhA
English Sentences
Ram will be going for a walk.
He will be walking.
She will be dancing in the competition.
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
Subject + will not be + verb 1st form + ing + object.
fgUnh okD;
oks lks ugha jgk gksxkA
ikik bl le; v[kckj i<+ jgs gksx
a sA
og bl oDr ugha [ksy jgh gksxhA
English Sentences
He will not be sleeping.
Dad will be reading newspaper right now .
She will not be playing at this moment.
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh family> + will + subject + be + verb 1st form + ing + object?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Where will Ram be sleeping?
Will he be walking?
What will she be feeding the dog?
jke dgk¡ lks jgk gksxk\
D;k og ?kwe jgk gksxk\
oks dqRrs dks D;k f[kyk jgh gksxh\
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh family> + will + subject + not + be + verb 1st form + ing + object?
S.No
1.
2.
3.
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
Will Ram not be going to market?
Will children not be making a noise?
Will I not be sleeping at that time?
D;k jke ekdsZV ugha tk jgk gksxk\
D;k cPps gYyk ugha epk jgs gkasxs\
D;k eSa lks ugha jgk gw¡xk ml oDr\
139
Future Perfect Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk gksxk] pqdh gksxh] pqds gksaxs] fy;k gksxk] fn;k gksxk] nh gksxh] yh gksxh] dh
gksxh vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk gksxk ] lhrk ukp pqdh gksxh] yksx ?kwe pqds gksaxs] eSa ?kwe pqdk gw¡xk vkfn
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + will have + verb 3rd form + object.
Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will have‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke ekdsZV tk pqdk gksxkA
English Sentences
Ram will have gone to market.
2.
3.
eSa bl le; rd [ksy pqdk gw¡xkA
yksx LVst+ ij ukp pqds gksaxsA
I will have played by now.
People will have danced on the stage.
4.
og izfr;ksfxrk thr pqdh gksxhA
She will have won the competition.
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule:
Subject + will not have + verb 3rd form + object.
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke ekdsZV ugha x;k gksxkA
English Sentences
Ram will not have gone to market.
2.
3.
mlus rqEgsa dy ugha ns[kk gksxkA
yksx dYiuk ls ugha feys gksaxsA
He will not have seen you yesterday.
People will not have met Kalpana.
4.
og ogk¡ ugha x;h gksxhA
She will not have gone there.
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh family> + will + subject + have + verb 3rd form + object?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
jke ekdsZV D;ksa x;k gksxk\
English Sentences
Why will Ram have gone to market?
2.
D;k mlus rqEgsa dy ns[kk gksxk\
Will he have seen you yesterday?
3.
yksx dYiuk ls dc feys gksaxs\
When will people have met Kalpana?
4.
og ogk¡ dSls x;h gksxh\
How will She have gone there?
140
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule:
<Wh family> + will + subject + not + have + verb 3rd form + object?
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
D;k jke ?kweus ugha x;k gksxk\
English Sentences
Will Ram not have gone for a walk?
2.
3.
D;k mlus rqEgsa dy ugha ns[kk gksxk\
yksx dYiuk ls D;ksa ugha feys gksx
a s\
Will he not have seen you yesterday?
Why will people not have met Kalpana?
4.
D;k og izfr;ksfxrk esa ugha ukph gksxh\
Will she not have danced in the
competition?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxs] jgk gw¡xk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls
Continuous tense esa gksrk gSA QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA
tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gksxk] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh gksxh] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs gksxa s] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk
gw¡xk vkfn
le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since vkSj For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj
For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, vFkkZr vof/k (Duration) ds fy,A dgk¡ ij Since vkSj dgk¡ ij For dk
iz;ksx gksxk] ;g vkidks Present Perfect Continuous Tense i<+krs oDr crk;k x;k FkkA
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Subject + will have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.
Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will have been‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy jgk gksxkA
1.
og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gksxkA
2.
English Sentences
Ram will have been playing for 2 hours.
He will have been studying since 4 o‟clock.
Negative (udkjkRed okD; )
Subject + will not have been +verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point
of time/duration>.
fgUnh okD;
S.No
English Sentences
jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha [ksy jgk gksxkA Ram will not have been playing for 2 hours.
1.
og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gksxkA He will not have been studying since 4 o‟clock.
2.
141
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + will + subject + have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+
since/for + <point of time/duration>?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
fgUnh okD;
S.No
1.
D;k jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy jgk gksxk\
English Sentences
Will Ram have been playing for 2 hours?
2.
D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gksxk\
Will he have been studying since 4 o‟clock?
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + will + subject + not + have been + verb 1st form+ ing +
object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>?
S.No
fgUnh okD;
English Sentences
1.
D;k jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy ugha jgk
gksxk\
D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk
gksxk\
Will Ram not have been playing for 2 hours?
2.
Will he not have been studying since 4 o‟clock?
EnglishWale.com “l{ke
Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
142
Tense – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
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eSa ugha x;kA
rqe dgk¡ tkrs gks \
ge fdl rjg vk;asxs\
eSa dc rd rqEgkjk lkFk nwa¡xk\
jksfgr dh cgu dgk¡ tk jgh gS\
oks fdl ‚kgj ls vk;k Fkk\
jke [ksyrk gSA
oks yM+dk ,slk D;ksa lksprk gS\
;s cPps dgk¡ jgrs gSa\
yM+fd;k¡ dy ls Mk¡l dk vH;kl dj jgh gaSA
jkds‛k ugha le>rkA
?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA
eSa i<w¡axkA
oks lHkh fdlds HkkbZ gSa\
oks f[kM+dh ls >k¡d jgk FkkA
cPps vk jgs gksaxsA
eSa f‛keyk vDlj tkrk g¡Aw
oks [kwc i<+rk gSA
oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA
cl pyh xbZ gksxhA
rqe dc rd ;gk¡ Bgjksxs\
ek¡ vius cPps dks nw/k fiyk jgh gksxhA
ge cgqr nsj rd lksrs gSaA
oks ?kj ls ugha vk;k gSA
oks vius liuksa dks lkdkj djsxkA
eSa fdlds ckjs esa lksprk g¡\wa
eSa vkSj rqe fdlds lkFk [ksy jgs Fks\
ge ogk¡ x;s FksA
esjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pyk jgk gS\
mlus ml vkneh dks tku ls ekj fn;kA
jke us yM+dh dk cykRdkj ugha fd;k gSA
yM+ds ds ifjokj okyksa us ml ij vkjksi yxk;k gSA
ml fnu esjs lkFk dbZ yksx fQYe ns[k jgs Fks A
geus Vhoh esa fdldh yM+kbZ ns[kh\
ge jke dks fcydqy ugha tkursA
;s VwVk gqvk fny dqN dg jgk gSA
D;k oks Ldwy ls vk x;k gksxk\
rqe cgqr rst nkSM+ jgs FksA
dkSu tk;sxk\
fdl ghjks dk nksLr rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWca djrk
gS\
eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A
lhek vk;s fnu rqEgas gkseodZ fy[kus ds fy, cqykrh
gSA
cPps lqcg ls Vh oh ns[k jgs gaSA
mls fdl ikVhZ dk lkFk ugha fey jgk gS\
oks eksckbZy esa D;k ns[k jgk gS\
143
46- eSa fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ gw¡ \
47- mlds ikik us eq>ls ckr djuk ilUn D;ksa ugha
fd;k\
48- jke eqf‛dy ls gh dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA
49- D;k ;s ckrsa ;kn vk;saxh rqEgsa\
50- ge lHkh yksx ml usrk dks ilUn ughsa djrsA
51- esjs HkkbZ us fdlh yM+dh dks ijs‛kku ugha fd;kA
52- mlus ns[kus dh dksf‛k‛k ughsa dhA
53- oks vf/kdrj lhrk ds lkFk [ksyrk gSA
54- mlus esjs fy, dHkh dqN fd;k \
55- mlus dqN ugha fd;kA
56- ge rqEgkjs lkFk ?kweus tk;saxsA
57- jke mls cgqr I;kj djrk gSA
58- rqeus esjk fny nq[kk;k gSA
59- vk¡[ksa Ëkks[kk nsrh gSaSA
60- D;k rqeus lHkh dks [kkuk ijksl fn;k gS\
61- fdlus rqEgsa ns[kk Fkk\
62- ;s fny dHkh&dHkh I;kj ds fy, rM+irk gSA
63- eSaus Hkxoku ls dqN ek¡xk gSA
64- mlus xyrh dh gSA
65- gekjh vk¡[ksa mls ns[k jgh FkhA
66- fdlus rqEgsa pksV igqqa¡pkbZ\
67- eSaus ,slk dHkh ugha lkspkA
68- jke us eq>s esjh thr ij c/kkbZ nh gSA
69- nqdkunkj us eq>s ywV fy;kA
70- D;k rqe eq>s ;kn fnykvksxs \
71- cqjs nkSj esa rqEgkjk lkFk fdlus fn;k \
72- ek¡ cPpkssa dks tUe nsrh gS o cnys esa dqN ugha
ek¡xrh!
73- ge nks cts ikdZ esa ?kwe jgs FksA
74- oks fdlds fy, bruh nwj x;k \
75- rqEgkjk psgjk eq>s fdlh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA
76- ;s dkSu djrk gS\
77- ;s lk¡i lfn;ksa ls viuh lkFkh dh ryk‛k dj jgk
gSA
78- mlus fdrkc ys yh FkhA
79- eSa isu ls fy[kw¡xkA
80- D;k rqe jkst guqeku th dh iwtk ugha djrh \
81- oks ?kweus x;k FkkA
82- ;s dke fdlus fd;k \
83- ;s dgkfu;k¡ eq>s ilan ughaA
84- geus xyrh ugha dhA
85- jke esjs ckjs esa dqN u dqN rks crk,xkA
86- oks nksuksa gesa D;k fl[kk,sx
a s\s
87- rqEk lH; yxrs gksA
88- oks rqEgkjs ?kj igys gh vk pqdk gSA
89- eSa rqEgsa jkst ns[kus vk;kA
90- rqe viuh xyrh Lohdkj dj pqds gksA
91- eSa rqels dHkh ugha feykA
92- eSa fdlh rjg vkWfQl igq¡pk gww¡A
93- D;k vki gels dqN dg jgs gSaA
94- oks rqEgkjs ?kj dh rjQ D;ksa vkrk gS \
95- eSa nhokj ds ihNs Nqi x;kA
96- eSa rqels feyus dks ikxy gks jgk FkkA
97- eSa tYn gh vkWfQl igq¡p jgk gw¡A
98- Lkhrk us dEiuh NksM+h vkSj pyh x;hA
99- rqe vPNs yx jgs gksA
100- rqeus ,slk D;ksa lkspk\
101- mlus xkuk dgk¡ xk;k\
102- fiz;k esjs fny dks le> jgh FkhA
103- eSaus lc dqN le> fy;k FkkA
104- Ykskx feBkb;k¡ [kk pqds FksA
105- eq>s mldh ;kn vk jgh FkhA
106- og nks lky igys dEiuh NksM+ pqdk gSA
107- oks rqEgsa /kedh D;ksa nsrk gS\
108- eSa vkWWfQl ds ckgj igys gh vPNh rjg ns[k pqdk
gw¡A
109- D;k vki gels lger gSa \
110- jke /kks[kk ns jgk FkkA
111- Okks vkneh eq>ls ugha feyrk gSA
112- rksrk Nr ij jks jgk FkkA
113- oks rqEgkjk bUrt+kj 2 cts ls dj jgk FkkA
114- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa dqN ugha lksp jgk g¡Aw
115- eSa rqels ckr d#¡xkA
116- yksx eq>ls feyus ugh vk;saxsA
117- jke dEI;wVj lh[krk gSA
118- rqEgkjs cky >M+ pqds FksA
119- eSa vius ekrk firk dks fonk dj pqdk g¡wA
120- 2 ?kUVs gks x;s] ?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA
121- eSa vius ekrk firk dks Hkst pqdk FkkA
122- D;k vki 3 lky ls dke dj jgs gSa\
123- D;k vki lqcg ls ?kwe jgs gSa\
124- uy fn[kus esa vPNk yx jgk FkkA
125- mlus rqEgsa /kedh D;ksa nh Fkh\
126- rqe eq>s lqcg ls D;ksa <w<+ jgs gks\
127- jke vkWfQl dc tkrk gS\
128- mlus eq>s vdsyk NksM+ fn;k gSA
129- rqe ,slk D;ksa lksprs gks\
130- eSa vkids ikl dc vk;k \
131- eSa rqels dHkh ugha feyw¡xkA
132- D;k vkius [kkuk [kk;k\
133- Lkhrk Hkxoku dh iwtk dc ls dj jgh gS\
134- rqeus gky gh esa dkSu lh fQYe ns[kh gS\
135- eSa ?kweus x;kA
136- eSa 2 ?kaVs ls BaM ls dka¡i jgk gw¡A
137- og nks lky igys dEiuh NksM+ pqdk gSA
138- rqeus esjk ewM [kjkc fd;kA
139- eSa 2008 ls bl dEiuh esa dke jgk gw¡wA
144
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D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBh\
oks xkuk dgk¡ xkrk gS\
oks rqEgkjs ?kj esa [kkuk [kk pqdk gSA
tc eSa vkšxk] rqe tk jgs gksaxsA
mlus eq>s ekQ fd;kA
eSa vkWWfQl ifjlj esa flxjsV ugha ihrkA
eSa viuh xyrh eglwl dj pqdk gw¡A
eSaus ;s igsyh lqy>k nhA
eSa dHkh xkuk ugha xkrkA
eSa vkids ikl dc vkšxk \
nwYgk vPNk yxrk gSA
;g lquus esa vPNk yxrk gSA
D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBsxh\
lfpu us iqjkus lÒh fjdkMZl rksM+sA
eSa vkidk izLrko Lohdkj djrk gw¡A
jke vxys eghus dEI;wVj lh[ksxkA
D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBrh gS\
rqe ,slk D;ksa lksp jgs gks\
rqe vPNs yxrs gksA
cPpk Nr ij jks jgk gksxkA
eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa D;k lksprk gw¡\
jke vkSj vkfnR; fdl vkWfQl ls vk jgs gSa\
D;k vki muls feys gks\
eSaus rqEgkjs fy, izkFkZuk dh FkhA
jke vPNh rjg ls rS;kjh dj pqdk gSA
;s fdlus fd;k \
mlus vutkus esa eq>s nq[k igq¡pk;kA
eSaus yksxksa ls iSls bdV~Bs dj fy, gSaA
eSa dle [kkrk gw¡ fd eSa ogk¡ dHkh ugha tkÅ¡xkA
rqEgkjh fdrkc fdlus yh \
D;k gqvk \
rqEgkjs fnekx dks fdlus ijs‛kku fd;k \
ge csotg ,d nwljs ds lkFk yM+ jgs FksA
rqe D;k <¡w< jgs gks \
mUgksaus iwjs dejs dh ltkoV cny nhA
eSaus mldh vkokt+ igpku yhA
mlus eq>s iwjh rjg ls lg;ksx dk vk‛oklu fn;kA
mlus crZu /kks fy, gSaA
mlus brus lkjs yksxksa dks dSls l¡Hkkyk \
tks dksbZ esjs ikl vk;k] eSaus enn dhA
[ksy ds nkSjku oks [kks;k [kks;k lk yxkA
rqe dgha [kks;s ls yxrs gksA
eSaus mls mruk iSlk ugha fn;kA
gt+kjksa yksx lM+d ij fonzksg dj jgs gSaA
gLr js[kk foKku us mls ikxy dj fn;k gSA
esjk HkkbZ fdlh rjg ?kj igq¡pkA
eSa viuh lQ+yrk dk Js; rqEgsa nsrk gw¡A
D;k rqeesa ls dksbZ iwtk djrk gS \
rqe bruh lkjh fdrkcsa dSls ykvksxs \
rqeesa ls fdrus rktegy x;s gks \
mlus "kM+;= dk HkkaMk QksM+ fn;kA
Answers
I didn‟t go.
Where do you go?
How will we come?
Until when will I support you? / Until when
will I stand by you?
5. Where is Rohit‟s sister going?
6. From which city had he come?
7. Ram plays.
8. Why does that boy think so?
9. Where do these children live?
10. Girls have been practicing dance since
yesterday.
11. Rakesh doesn‟t understand.
12. Blood is oozing from the wound.
13. I will study.
14. Whose brothers are they/those all?
15. He was peeping through the window.
16. Children/kids will be coming.
17. I often go to Shimla.
18. He studies a lot/so much.
19. He sometimes come my home.
20. Bus will have left.
21. Until when will you stay here?
22. Mother will be feeding her child.
23. We sleep till late.
24. He has not come from home.
25. He will fulfill his dreams. / He will
materialize his dreams.
26. About whom do I think?
27. With whom were I & you playing?
28. We had gone there.
29. Which car is my friend driving?
30. He killed that man.
31. Ram has not raped the girl.
32. Boy‟s family has blamed him/her.
33. Many people were watching the movie with
me that day.
34. Whose fight did we watch on TV?
35. We don‟t know Ram at all. / We have no idea
who Ram is.
1.
2.
3.
4.
145
36. This broken heart is saying something.
37. Will he have come from school?
38. You were running very fast.
39. Who will go?
40. Which actor‟s friend works with your dad?
41. I often go his home.
42. Seema often calls you to write homework.
43. Kids have been watching TV since morning.
44. Which party‟s support is he not getting? /
Which party is not supporting him.
45. What is he watching in Mobile?
46. Which girl‟s brother am I?
47. Why did his father not like to talk to me?
48. Ram seldom comes my home.
49. Will you remember these moments?
50. We all people don‟t like that leader.
51. My brother didn‟t bother any girl.
52. He didn‟t try to see.
53. He mostly plays with Seeta.
54. Did he ever do something for me?
55. He did nothing.
56. We will go for a walk with you.
57. Ram loves him/her a lot.
58. You have hurt me.
59. Eyes cheat/ Eyes deceive. / Eyes are
deceptive.
60. Have you served the food to all?
61. Who had seen you?
62. This heart sometimes craves for love.
63. I have begged something from God.
64. He has committed / made a mistake.
65. Our eyes were searching him.
66. Who hurt you?
67. I never thought so.
68. Ram has congratulated me on my
win/victory.
69. Shopkeeper ripped me off.
70. Will you remind me?
71. Who supported you in bad time? / Who stood
by you in bad phase?
72. Mother bears children and demands nothing
in return.
73. We were walking in the park at 2 o‟clock.
74. For whom did I go this far?
75. Your face reminds me of someone.
76. Who does it?
77. This snake has been searching his partner for
centuries.
78. He had taken the book.
79. I will write with pen.
80. Do you not worship Lord Hanuman daily?
81. He had gone for a walk.
82. Who did this work?
83. I don‟t like these stories.
84. We didn‟t make a mistake.
85. Ram will tell at least something about me.
86. What will they both teach us?
87. You look civilized.
88. He has already come your home.
89. I came to see you daily.
90. You have accepted your fault.
91. I never met you.
92. I have reached office somehow.
93. Are you saying something to us?
94. Why does he come towards your home?
95. I hid behind the wall.
96. I was craving to meet you.
97. I am reaching office soon.
98. Seeta left the company and went.
99. You are looking good.
100. Why did you think so?
101. Where did he sing the song?
102. Priya was understanding my feelings.
103. I had understood everything.
104. People had eaten the sweets.
105. I was missing him/her.
106. He has left the company 2 years ago.
107. Why does he threaten you?
108. I have already seen properly outside the
office.
109. Do you agree with us?
110. Ram was cheating.
146
111. That man does not meet me.
112. Parrot was crying on the roof.
113. He had been waiting for you since 2
o‟clock.
114. I am not thinking anything about you./ I
am thinking nothing about you.
115. I will talk to you.
116. People will not come to meet me.
117. Ram learns computer.
118. Your hair were fallen.
119. I have seen off my parents.
120. Blood has been oozing from the wound for
2 hrs.
121. I had sent my parents.
122. Have you been working for 3 years?
123. Have you been walking since morning?
124. Tap was looking good.
125. Why had he threatened you?
126. Why have you been searching me since
morning?
127. When does Ram go to office?
128. He has left me alone.
129. Why do you think so?
130. When did I come to you?
131. I will never meet you.
132. Did you eat the food?
133. Since when has seta been worshipping
God?
134. Which movie have you recently seen?
135. I went for a walk.
136. I have been shivering with cold for 2 hours.
137. He has left the company 2 years ago.
138. You spoiled my mood.
139. I have been working with this company
since 2008.
140. Did Seeta sit there?
141. Where does he sing the song?
142. He has eaten/taken/had the food at your
home.
143. When I come, you will be going.
144. He forgave me.
145. I don‟t smoke in the office premises.
146. I have realized my mistake.
147. I unraveled this enigma. / I solved this
puzzle.
148. I never sing a song.
149. When will I come to you?
150. Groom looks good.
151. It sounds good.
152. Will seeta sit there?
153. Sachin broke all the previous records.
154. I accept you proposal.
155. Ram will learn computer next month.
156. Does seeta sit there?
157. Why are you thinking so?
158. You look good.
159. Child will be weeping on the roof.
160. What do I think about you?
161. From which office are Ram & Aditya
coming?
162. Have you met them?
163. I had prayed for you.
164. Ram has prepared well.
165. Who did it?
166. He unknowingly hurt me.
167. I have collected the money from people.
168. I swear that I will never go there again.
169. Who took your book?
170. What happened?
171. What disturbed your mind?
172. We were unnecessarily fighting with each
other.
173. What are you looking for?
174. They changed the entire room decoration.
175. I recognized his voice.
176. He assured me of full cooperation.
177. He has washed the utensils.
178. How did he handle these many people?
179. Whoever came to me, I helped.
180. During the game, he seemed to be lost.
181. You seem to be lost somewhere.
182. I didn‟t give him that much money.
183. Thousands of people are protesting on
roads.
184. Palmistry has made him crazy.
185. My brother somehow reached home.
186. I ascribe my success to you.
187. Does any of you worship?
188. How will you bring these many books?
189. How many of you have visited the Taj?
190. He unearthed the conspiracy.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Every time you lose, you gain experience.
2. Unless you try, you can‟t say whether you‟ll succeed or not. So go ahead and try
your best.
3. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn‟t
do than by the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe
harbor, catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.
147
Tense – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
20 x 1 = 20
1. Do you really feel the pain of those who are poor and hungry?
2. Will he ever realize that he was in the wrong?
3. Which one are you looking for at the moment?
4. How many times have I told you not to disturb me?
5. Why did you back out of your promise?
6. Sometimes, He takes things pretty lightly.
7. I will seldom go to the US because I feel myself an alien there.
8. Have you ever been in Agra?
9. I don‟t know what to do.
10. He has not been working for money since beginning.
11. For how long have you been waiting for me in the airport?
12. It sounded good but I know it‟s not worthwhile.
13. I will sue you in court.
14. Prime Minister addressed the gathering.
15. Shyam unnecessarily elongates the matter.
16. Most of the People are traveling by metro these days.
17. He feeds his animals thrice a day.
18. Are you feeling like going there?
19. These two are not looking to be twins as their faces are different altogether.
20. He is fighting for his self respect and dignity.
Q2: Choose the correct alternative in the following sentences: 10 x 1 = 10
1. He has been in Delhi (since/for) a long.
2. I never (tells/tell) a lie.
3. He didn‟t go (somewhere/anywhere).
4. Do you love (to watch / watching) TV?
5. I like (to play / playing) cricket.
6. He (founded/found) peace nowhere.
7. I (was/were) watching you.
8. Shalini (does/do) not go to parties.
9. Rahul (looks / looked) tired that day.
10. (Do/Does) you know how to speak in English?
Q3: Translate the following sentences into English?
1- rqe ogk¡ fdl jkLrs ls gksrs gq, tkrs gks \
2- brus lkjs fxys f‛kdos ysdj dgk¡ tkvksxs rqe \
3- jgrs dgk¡ gks nksLr \ vDlj fn[krs ughaA
4- nokbZ [kkus ds ckn vPNk eglwl gks jgk gS eq>sA
5- eSa dkQh nsj ls mls <w¡< jgk FkkA
6- ljdkj xjhcksa ds fy, lgh ek;uksa esa D;k dj jgh gS \
10 x 1 = 10
7- lp dgw¡ rks eq>s ugha irk fd eSa vkxs D;k djus okyk gw¡A
8- D;k oks eq>s tkurk Fkk \
9- eSuas mls bruk I;kj fd;k ftruk dksbZ mls dHkh ugha
djsxk \
10- ckrksa ls isV ugha HkjrkA
148
Answers
Q1:
1. Do you really feel the pain of those who are poor and hungry?
D;k rqe okdbZ mu yksxksa dk nnZ eglwl djrs gks tks xjhc vkSj Hkw[ks gSa \
2. Will he ever realize that he was in the wrong?
D;k oks dHkh eglwl djsxk fd oks xyr Fkk \
3. Which one are you looking for at the moment?
bl le; rqe dkSu lk okyk <¡<w jgs gks \
4. How many times have I told you not to disturb me?
eSaus rqEgsa fdruh ckj dgk gS fd eq>s ijs‛kku er fd;k djks\
5. Why did you back out of your promise?
rqe vius okns ls D;ksa eqdjs \
6. Sometimes, he takes things pretty lightly.
dHkh&dHkh oks phtksa dks cgqr gYds esa ysrk gSA
7. I will seldom go to the US because I feel myself an alien there.
eSa ‚kk;n gh dHkh vesfjdk tkÅ¡xk D;ksafd eSa ogk¡ vius vki dks vtuch eglwl djrk gw¡A
8. Have you ever been in Agra?
D;k rqe dHkh vkxjk esa jgs gks \
9. I don‟t know what to do.
eSa ugha tkurk fd D;k d:¡ \
10. He has not been working for money since beginning.
oks ‚kq: ls gh iSlksa ds fy, dke ugha dj jgk gSA
11. For how long have you been waiting for me in the airport?
rqe ,vjiksVZ ij esjk bUrt+kj dc ls dj jgs gks \
12. It sounded good but I know it‟s not worthwhile.
lquus esa vPNk yxk ysfdu eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s Qk;ns dk lkSnk ugha gSA
13. I will sue you in court.
eSa rqEgsa dksVZ esa ?klhVw¡xkA@ eSa rqEgkjs f[kykQ eqdnek nk;j d:¡xkA
14. Prime Minister addressed the gathering.
iz/kkuea=h us HkhM+ dks lEcksf/kr fd;k@Hkk"k.k fn;kA
15. Shyam unnecessarily elongates the matter.
‚;ke Qkyrw esa ekeys dks yEck dj nsrk gSA
16. Most of the People are travelling by metro these days.
bu fnuksa vf/kdrj yksx eSVªks ls ;k=k dj jgs gSaA
17. He feeds his animals thrice a day.
oks vius tkuojksa dks fnu esa rhu ckj f[kykrk gSA
18. Are you feeling like going there?
D;k rqEgkjk ogk¡ tkus dk eu dj jgk gS \
19. These two are not looking twins as their faces are different altogether.
;s nksuksa tqM+ok ugha yx jgs gSa D;ksafd buds psgjs fcYdqy vyx gaSA
20. He is fighting for his self respect and dignity.
oks vius vkRe lEeku vkSj izfr"Bk ds fy, yM+ jgk gSA
149
Q2: Correct alternative is written bold & underlined
1. He has been in delhi (since/for) a long.
2. I never (tells/tell) a lie.
3. He didn‟t go (somewhere/anywhere).
4. Do you love (to watch / watching) TV?
5. I like (to play / playing) cricket.
6. He (founded/found) peace nowhere.
7. I (was/were) watching you.
8. Shalini (does/do) not go to parties.
9. Rahul (looks / looked) tired that day.
10. (Do/Does) you know how to speak in English?
Q3:
1- rqe ogk¡ fdl jkLrs ls gksrs gq, tkrs gks\
From which way do you go there?
2- brus lkjs fxys f‛kdos ysdj dgk¡ tkvksxs rqe \
Where will you go with these many differences?
3- jgrs dgk¡ gks nksLr \ vDlj fn[krs ughaA
Where are you mate? Not seen very often.
4- nokbZ [kkus ds ckn vPNk eglwl gks jgk gS eq>sA
I am feeling good after having/eating medicine.
5- eSa dkQh nsj ls mls <w¡< jgk FkkA
I had been searching him for a long.
6- ljdkj xjhcksa ds fy, lgh ek;uksa esa D;k dj jgh gS \
What is government ideally doing for the poor?
7- lp dgw¡ rks eq>s ugha irk fd eSa vkxs D;k djus okyk gw¡A
To be honest I don‟t know what I am going to do further.
8- D;k oks eq>s tkurk Fkk \
Did he know me?
9- eSuas mls bruk I;kj fd;k ftruk dksbZ mls dHkh ugha djsxk \
I loved her so much that nobody will ever do.
10- ckrksa ls isV ugha HkjrkA
Words can‟t feed. / Action is better than the words.
150
Test – II
Q1: Translate the sentences from Hindi to English:
35 x 1 = 35
1-
rqeus eq>s fdruk I;kj fd;k \
18- eSaus rqEgkjs ckjs esa cgqr dqN lkspkA
2-
eSa dSls tkuw¡ fd rqEgkjs fy, eSa dkSu FkkA
19- eq>s ,d I;kjh lh ?kM+h feyh gSA
3-
tc eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] eq>s yxrk gS fd rqe
20- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
21- esjs pkjksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kk pqds gSaA
lks jgs gksxsA
4-
22- eSaus lkjs fnu xkM+h pykbZA
rqe dy 6 cts vkuk] rc rd rks eSa rqEgkjk dke
23- rqeus eq>s gj txg <wWwa¡<+kA
dj pqdk gw¡xkA
5-
rqEgsa ,slk D;ksa yxrk gS fd esjs ikl cgqr iSlk gSA
24- rqe esjs ihNs D;ksa Nqi jgs gks \
6-
ft+Unxh gesa cgqr dqN fl[kkrh gSA
25- oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \
7-
vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
26- eSa eEeh dks dbZ fnuksa ls ;kn dj jgk FkkA
8-
rqe dc rd ogk¡ jgksxs \
27- rqEgkjk uke esjs fny dh /kM+duksa ij fy[kk gSA
9-
ge dgha ugha tk jgs FksA
28- rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>kA
10- oks vkneh ,d cPps dks dkQh nsj ls ekj jgk gSA
29- eSa rqels lp dg jgk g¡wA
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls rqEgkjs ;gk¡ tk jgk FkkA
30- eq>s fcYdqy ugha irk fd rqe dkSu gks \
12- eSa fØØsV [ksyuk dSls fl[kw¡xk \
31- D;k rqeus dHkh fdrkcsa [kjhnh \
13- oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dSls vk;s \
32- eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa lc dqN irk gS A
14- EkSa lHkh yksxksa ls fey pqdk g¡wA
33- jke us lHkh fdrkcsa Vscy ij j[khA
15- rqEgkjs lHkh nksLr eq>ls fey pqds FksA
34- rqe D;ksa lksp jgs gks fd eSa ugha vkšxkA
16- rqe dc rd esjs ?kj #dksxs \
35- rqe tc ls vk;s gks] flQZ mlds ckjs esa ckr dj
jgs gksA
17- jke dc ls dEI;wVj ij cSBk gqvk gS \
Answers
Q1:
1- rqeus eq>s fdruk I;kj fd;k \
How much did you love me?
5- rqEgsa ,slk D;ksa yxrk gS fd esjs ikl cgqr iSlk gSA
Why do you think that I have lots of money?
2- eSa dSls tkuw¡ fd rqEgkjs fy, eSa dkSu FkkA
How do I know, who I was for you.
6- ft+Unxh gesa cgqr dqN fl[kkrh gSA
Life teaches us a lot.
3- tc eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] eq>s yxrk gS fd rqe lks
jgs gksxsA
When I come to meet you, I think you will
be sleeping.
7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
We have nothing today. / We don‟t have
anything today.
4- rqe 6 cts vkuk] eSa rqEgkjk dke dj pqdk gw¡xkA
You come at 6 o‟clock; I will have finished
your work.
151
8- rqe dc rd ogk¡ jgksxs \
Until when will you be/stay/live there?
22- eSaus lkjs fnu xkM+h pykbZA
I drove the car throughout the day.
9- ge dgha ugha tk jgs FksA
We were not going anywhere./We were
going nowhere.
23- rqeus eq>s gj txg <w¡w<+kA
You sought/searched me everywhere.
10- oks vkneh ,d cPps dks dkQh nsj ls ekj jgk gSA
That man has been beating a kid for a long.
24- rqe esjs ihNs D;ksa Nqi jgs gks \
Why are you hiding behind me?
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls rqEgkjs ;gk¡ tk jgk FkkA
Ram had been going to your place for many
days.
25- oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \
What/Who is he to you?
12- eSa fØØsV [ksyuk dSls fl[kw¡xk \
How will I learn to play cricket?
26- eSa eEeh dks dbZ fnuksa ls ;kn dj jgk FkkA
I had been missing mom for many days.
27- rqEgkjk uke esjs fny dh /kM+duksa ij fy[kk gSA
13- oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dSls vk;s\
Your name is written on my heartbeats.
How did those children come to your house?
14- EkSa lHkh yksxksa ls fey pqdk gw¡A
I have met all the people.
28- rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>kA
You always took me wrong.
15- rqEgkjs lHkh nksLr eq>ls fey pqds FksA
All of your friends had met me.
29- eSa rqels lp dg jgk gw¡A
I am telling you the truth.
16- rqe dc rd esjs ?kj #dksxs \
Until when will you stay at my home?
30- eq>s fcYdqy ugha irk fd rqe dkSu gks \
I really don‟t know who you are.
17- jke dc ls dEI;wVj ij cSBk gqvk gS \
Since when has Ram been sitting on the
computer?
31- D;k rqeus dHkh fdrkcsa [kjhnh \
Did you ever buy books?
18- eSaus rqEgkjs ckjs esa cgqr dqN lkspkA
I thought a lot about you.
32- eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa lc dqN irk gS A
I know everything about you.
19- eq>s ,d I;kjh lh ?kM+h feyh gSA
I have found a nice watch.
33- jke us lHkh fdrkcsa Vscy ij j[khA
Ram put/kept all the books on the table.
20- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
How many brothers do you have?
34- rqe D;ksa lksp jgs gks fd eSa ugha vkšxkA
Why are you thinking that I will not come?
21- esjs pkjksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kk pqds gSaA
All of my 4 brothers have taken/eaten/had
the food.
35- rqe tc ls vk;s gks] flQZ mlds ckjs esa ckr dj jgs
gksA
Ever since you have come, you are only
talking about him/her.
152
Test – III
Q1: Translate the sentences from Hindi to English:
1234567891011121314151617181920-
20 x 1 = 20
rqeus eq>s dHkh dqN dgk D;k \
eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA
tc dHkh eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] D;k rqe eq>s oks lkjh fdrkcsa nksxh \
dbZ fnuksa ls eq>s rqe dqN ;kn fnyk jgh gksA
rqEgsa dSls ekywe fd esjs ikl bruk iSlk gSA
ft+Unxh ds glhu iy ge lc ds fy, ,d tSls gh gSaA
vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
rqe flQZ fct+ul
s djus ds fy, gh cus gksA
ge yksx mu vkoktksa dks le>us dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgs FksA
oks yksx ml cPps dh ckrksa dks et+kd esa ys jgs FksA
jke dbZ fnu vkSj dbZ jkrksa ls fcuk #ds i<+ jgk FkkA
eSaus rqEgsa Mk¡Vk vkSj rqeus jksuk ‚kq# dj fn;k A
oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dh nhokj ds ihNs fNi x;s Fkss A
EkSa lHkh dks ml Hkwfr;k ?kj ds ckjs esa crk pqdk FkkA
rqEk esjs lkFk dHkh Hkh ugha FksA
rqe dc ls esjs ?kj esa jg jgs gks \
jke gekjh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrj jgk gSA
ek¡ vkSj cPpksa dk fj‛rk cgqr [kwclwjr gksrk gSA
eSa Hkhxk gqvk Fkk blfy, BaM yx x;hA
tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe tkvksxs] oks rqEgsa ugha NksM+sxkA
Q2: Correct the following sentences:
10 x 1 = 10
1) He is walking in the park for a long.
2) My friend did not found peace anywhere.
3) I didn‟t went there.
4) Ram worked with me never.
5) Life teach us thousand things.
6) I looked at the calender for the dates.
7) He is not walking because he is so week.
8) Have you seen my 3 story building?
9) He was sweeting when he came to me.
10) There were 5 students. There parents had also come.
153
Answers
Q1:
rqeus eq>s dHkh dqN dgk D;k \
Did you ever say something to me?
eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA
How do I tell, what you are to me.
tc dHkh eSa vkšxk] D;k rqe eq>s oks lkjh fdrkcsa nksxh \ Whenever I come, will you give me all those
books?
4- dbZ fnuksa ls eq>s rqe dqN ;kn fnyk jgh gksA
You have been reminding me of something for
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rqEgsa dSls ekywe fd esjs ikl bruk iSlk gSA
ft+Unxh ds glhu iy ge lc ds fy, ,d tSls gh gSaA
vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
rqe flQZ fct+ul
s djus ds fy, gh cus gksA
ge yksx mu vkoktksa dks le>us dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgs FksA
10- oks yksx ml cPps dh ckrksa dks et+kd esa ys jgs FksA
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk FkkA
We have nothing today.
You are only meant / made for business.
We people were trying to understand those
voices.
Those people were taking that child lightly.
Ram had been continuously studying for many
days.
12- eSaus rqEgsa Mk¡Vk vkSj rqeus jksuk ‚kq# dj fn;k A
13- oks cPps rqEgkjh nhokj ij dqN fy[k jgs Fkss A
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many days.
How do you know that I have this much money?
Life‟s romantic moments are same for all of us.
I scolded you and you started weeping.
Those children were writing something on your
house‟s wall.
I had told everyone about that haunted house.
EkSa lHkh dks ml Hkwfr;k ?kj ds ckjs esa crk pqdk FkkA
rqEk esjs lkFk dHkh Hkh ugha FksA
rqe dc ls esjs ?kj esa jg jgs gks \
jke gekjh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrj jgk gSA
ek¡ vkSj cPpksa dk fj‛rk cgqr [kwclwjr gksrk gSA
eSa Hkhxk gqvk Fkk blfy, BaM yx x;hA
tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe tkvksxs] oks rqEgsa ugha NksMs+xkA
You were never with me.
Since when have you been living at my home?
Ram is living up to our expectations.
Mother and children‟s relation is very beautiful.
I was drenched hence got cold.
Wherever you go, he will not spare you.
Q2: correct sentences are written below with underlined corrected words or
group of words:
1) He is (has been) walking in the park for a long.
2) My friend did not found (find) peace anywhere.
3) I didn‟t went (go) there.
4) Ram worked with me never. (Ram never worked with me)
5) Life teach (teaches) us thousand things.
6) I looked at the calender (calendar) for the dates.
7) He is not walking because he is so week (weak).
8) Have you seen my 3 story (storey) building?
9) He was sweeting (sweating) when he came to me.
10) There were 5 students. There (Their) parents had also come.
154
Test – IV
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
50 x 1 = 50
1- D;k vki yksx ml yM+ds ls feys Fks\
26- oks dHkh ugha x;kA
2- eSaus mldh cgu dks igpku fy;k FkkA
27- lqj‛s k eq>ls feysxkA
3- [ksy ds nkSjku oks Fkdk gqvk lk yxkA
28- ge 7 cts Ldwy ds fy, fudys A
4- rqe eq>s cgqr vPNss yxrs gksA
29- cPps dHkh ugha x;s A
5- eSaus mls iSlk dHkh ugha fn;kA
30- eq>s ;s vPNk ugha yxrkA
6- dbZ yksx lM+d ij fpYyk jgs FksA
31- jke mls I;kj djrk gSA
7- mlus rqEgsa viuh ft+Unxh ls Hkh T;knk I;kj fd;kA
32- oDr ds lkFk lc cny tkrk gSA
8- ;s VwVk gqvk fxykl fdlus j[kk ;gk¡ \
33- iSlk vkneh dh uh;r cnyrk gSA
9- D;k oks Ldwy x;k gksxk \
34- mls dqN feyk gS] ‚kk;n dksbZ iSu A
10- rqe bruh rst D;ksa nkSM+ jgs gks \
35- eSaus ;s iz‛u igys Hkh gy fd;k gSA
11- dkSu dkSu tk;sxk esjs lkFk \
36- mlus 4 ?kaVs esjk bUrt+kj fd;k A
12- fdl vkneh dk csVk rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk gS\
37- cPps pqi D;ksa ugha jgrs \
13- eSa vDlj mlds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A
38- eSaus mls gj txg <w¡<k A
14- oks fnu jkr D;ksa i<+rk gS \
39- viuk jkLrk mlus [kqn cuk;kA
15- oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA
40- eq>s fdlh us ugha dgk] eSaus [kqn fd;k A
16- ge cgqr nsj rd mBs jgrs gSaA
41- oks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgk gSA
17- rqEgkjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pykrk gS \
42- yksx vk;s FksA
18- eSa fdlds HkkbZ ds lkFk ukp jgk Fkk \
43- eSaus vDlj mls ;gk¡ ns[kk gSA
19- rqe nksigj ls dqN <w¡< jgs gks \
44- jke ugha djrkA
20- eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s gksxkA
45- mlus eq>s lkjh ckr crk;hA
21- rqe ogk¡ x;s Fks A
46- oks dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk gSA
22- eSaus jke dks ns[kk gSA
47- eSaus ,slk ugha lkspk FkkA
23- mlds ikik esjs ?kj vk;s A
48- bl oDr oks i<+ jgk gksxk A
24- mUgkasus eq>s crk;k gSA
49- eSaus dqN Hkh ugha iwNkA
25- D;k mlus dgk \
50- ge fQYe ns[k jgs Fks ml oDr] tc oks vk;k A
Answers
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D;k vki yksx ml yM+ds ls feys Fks\
eSaus mldh cgu dks igpku fy;k FkkA
[ksy ds nkSjku oks Fkdk gqvk lk yxkA
rqe eq>s cgqr vPNss yxrs gksA
eSaus mls iSlk dHkh ugha fn;kA
dbZ yksx lM+d ij fpYyk jgs FksA
Had you people met that boy?
I had recognized his/her sister.
He seemed/looked tired during the game.
I like you a lot.
I never gave him money.
There were many people shouting on the road.
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mlus rqEgsa viuh ft+Unxh ls Hkh T;knk I;kj fd;kA He loved you more than his life.
;s VwVk gqvk fxykl fdlus j[kk ;gk¡ \
Who kept this broken glass here?
D;k oks Ldwy x;k gksxk \
Will he have gone to school?
rqe bruh rst D;ksa nkSM+ jgs gks \
Why are you running this fast?
dkSu dkSu tk;sxk esjs lkFk \
Who all will go with me?
fdl vkneh dk csVk rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk gS\Which man‟s son works with your dad?
eSa vDlj mlds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A
I often go to his place/home.
oks fnu jkr D;ksa i<+rk gS \
Why does he study 24 hours?
oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA
He sometimes comes my home.
ge cgqr nsj rd mBs jgrs gSaA
We wake up till late.
rqEgkjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pykrk gS \
Which car does your friend drive?
eSa fdlds HkkbZ ds lkFk ukp jgk Fkk \
With whose brother was I dancing?
rqe nksigj ls dqN <w¡< jgs gks A
You‟ve been searching something since afternoon.
eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s gksxkA
I know it will happen.
rqe ogk¡ x;s Fks A
You had gone there.
eSaus jke dks ns[kk gSA
I have seen Ram.
mlds ikik esjs ?kj vk;s A
His father came to my home.
mUgkasus eq>s crk;k gSA
He has told me.
D;k mlus dgk \
Did he say?
oks dHkh ugha x;kA
He never went.
lqj‛s k eq>ls feysxkA
Suresh will meet me.
ge 7 cts Ldwy ds fy, fudys A
We left for school at 7.
cPps dHkh ugha x;s A
Children never went.
eq>s ;s vPNk ugha yxrkA
I don‟t like this.
jke mls I;kj djrk gSA
Ram loves him/her.
oDr ds lkFk lc cny tkrk gSA
Everything changes with time.
iSlk vkneh dh uh;r cnyrk gSA
Money changes one‟s character.
mls dqN feyk gS] ‚kk;n dksbZ iSu A
He has found something, probably a pen.
eSaus ;s iz‛u igys Hkh gy fd;k gSA
I have solved this question before as well.
mlus 4 ?kaVs esjk bUrt+kj fd;k A
He waited for me for 4 hours.
cPps pqi D;ksa ugha jgrs \
Why do children not keep quiet?
eSaus mls gj txg <w¡<k A
I searched him everywhere.
viuk jkLrk mlus [kqn cuk;kA
He made his way himself.
eq>s fdlh us ugha dgk] eSaus [kqn fd;k A
Nobody said to me, I did myself.
oks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgk gSA
He is bothering me.
yksx vk;s FksA
People had come.
eSaus vDlj mls ;gk¡ ns[kk gSA
I have seen him here quite often.
jke ugha djrkA
Ram doesn‟t do.
mlus eq>s lkjh ckr crk;hA
He told me everything.
oks dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk gSA
He has been studying continuously for many days.
eSaus ,slk ugha lkspk FkkA
I hadn‟t thought so.
bl oDr oks i<+ jgk gksxk A
He will be studying at this time/moment.
eSaus dqN Hkh ugha iwNkA
I didn‟t ask anything at all.
ge fQYe ns[k jgs Fks ml oDr] tc oks vk;k A We were watching a movie, when he came.
156
Lesson – 20
It ¼bV½ & ;g] ;s
vkt ge vkidks „It‟ dk Concept i<+kus okys gSaA „It‟ dk iz;ksx dbZ rjg ds okD;ksa esa gksrk gS vkSj blds
dbZ fu;e gSaA ge ,d&,d djds le÷ksaxsA
Today, we are going to teach you the concept of „It‟. „It‟ is used in many types of
sentences and has many rules. Let‟s have a look one by one.
1st Concept
„It‟ vkSj „This‟ nksuksa dk vFkZ gS Þ;gÞ ij QdZ ;s gS fd „This‟ dk iz;ksx ltho o futhZo nksuksa ds lkFk gksrk gS
tcfd „It‟ dk iz;ksx dsoy futhZo ds lkFkA
„It‟ & „This‟ both are almost same in usage but the difference is: „This‟ is used for
both living and non living but „it‟ is used only for non living.
Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½
1- ;g ,d iSu gSA
2- ;g I;kj gSA
3- ;g esjk nksLr jke gSA
This is a pen. (Correct)
It is a pen. (Correct)
This is love. (Correct)
It is love. (Correct)
This is my friend Ram. (Correct)
It is my friend Ram. (Incorrect because „It‟ can‟t be used with
living being) ¼bl okD; eas „It‟ dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd jke ltho gS
futhZo ughaA½
,d ckr /;ku jgs fd dHkh&2 vki ik;saxs fd yksx ltho ds lkFk Hkh „It‟ dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA ekWMuZ vaxzst+h esa dbZ
fu;eksa ds viokn gSaA
You might find people using „it‟ with living being as well, like “It‟s my friend, Rahul.”.
It‟s nothing but an exception in modern English.
2nd Concept
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)
fdlh Hkh okD; dh ‚kq:vkr fnu ;kfu Ms ¼Day½ ls ugha gks ldrhA vxj okD; dh ‚kq:vkr *vkt*] *dy*] *ijlks*a vkfn
ls gks rks „It‟ dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls & vkt lkseokj gSA] dy NqV~Vh FkhA vkfnA
vxj ge dgsa fd vkt lkseokj gSA rks gekjk vaxzst+h esa ;s dguk fd Today is Monday xyr gksxkA ctk; blds
gesa It dks Subject dh rjg iz;ksx djuk gksxk vkSj dguk gksxk „It is Monday today‟.
No Sentence can start with any day i.e. Monday, Sunday, Yesterday etc. If I say
“Today is Monday”, it‟s an incorrect sentence; rather I need to say „It is Monday
today. Basically „it‟ is to be used as a subject if any day is mentioned.
157
Example: ¼mnkgj.k ½
dy NqV~Vh FkhA
It was holiday yesterday.
vkt esjk tUefnu gSA
It is my birthday today.
dy NqV~Vh gksxh A
It will be holiday tomorrow.
ml fnu dqN [kkl FkkA
It was something special that day.
ijlksa D;k Fkk \
What was it day before yesterday?
dy jfookj FkkA
It was Sunday yesterday.
3rd Concept
le; gks pqdk gS@x;k gS & Has been
le; gks pqdk Fkk@x;k Fkk & Had been
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)
,sls okD;ksa esa „It‟ dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg gksrk gSA
[„It‟ is used as a subject in such kind of sentences.]
Example: ¼mnkgj.k ½
1- nks fnu gks x;s gaSA
2- nks lky gks pqds gSaA
3- dbZ lky gks pqds FksA
4- lfn;k¡ chr pqdh gaSA
5- djhc nks ?kaVs gks x;s gSaA
It has been 2 days.
It has been 2 years
It had been many years.
It has been centuries.
It has been about 2 hours.
vc eSa ;s crkšxk fd bruk le; fdls yxk gS] *eq>s*] *mls* ;k fQj fdlsA
Now I will tell you who has taken this much time. It‟s „me‟, „him‟ or who?
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eq>s nks fnu gks x;s gSaA
jke dks 6 lky gks x;s gSA
lhrk dks 5 eghus gks pqds gSaA
eq>s 3 lky gks x;s FksA
It has been 2 days to me.
It has been 6 years to Ram.
It has been 5 months to Seeta.
It had been 3 years to me.
vc ge bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksM+ nsrs gSaA (Let‟s add on something more in these sentences)
vxj eSa dgw¡ & i<+rs gq, & Reading
lksrs gq, & Sleeping
[ksyrs gq, & Playing
;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks vHkh Hkh dj jgk gSA tc eSaus dgk Þeq>s i<+rs gq, nks lky gks x;s gSaAÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject
;kfu eSa vHkh Hkh i<+us ds dke dks dj jgk gw¡A ,sls okD;ksa esa eSa verb dh 1st form ds lkFk flQZ „ing‟ dk iz;ksx
d#¡xkA
ij vxj eSa dgw¡ &
x;s gq, & having gone.
ns[ks gq, & having seen.
feys gq, & having met.
158
;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks dj ugha jgk cfYd mls ;s dke fd;s gq, oDr gks pqdk gSA eSas dgrk gw¡ Þeq>s i<+s gq, nks lky
gks x;s gSaAÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject ;kfu eSa i<+us ds dke dks dj pqdk gw¡ vkSj 2 lky dk oDr Hkh chr pqdk gSA ,sls okD;ksa
esa eSa having ds lkFk verb dh 3rd form dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA
Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½
1- eq>s nks fnu gks x, gSaA
2- eq>s feyrs gq, nks fnu gks x, gaSA
3- eq>s fey+s gq, nks fnu gks x, gSaA
4- jke dks 2 lky gks x, FksA
5- jke dks eq>ls feyrs gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA
6- jke dks eq>ls feys gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA
It has been 2 days to me.
It has been 2 days to me meeting.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu ls fey jgk gw¡A)
It has been 2 days to me having met.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu igys feyk FkkA)
It had been 2 years to Ram.
It had been 2 years to Ram meeting me.
It had been 2 years to Ram having met me.
Few more example: ¼ dqN vkSj mnkgj.k ½
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nks fnu gks x;s rqEgsa ns[ks gq,A
7 lky gks x;s gSa mlds lkFk jgrs gq,A
fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \
fdruk le; gks x;k Fkk \
D;k 5 feuV gks x;s gSa \
D;k lfn;k¡ xqtj x;h gSa \
mls 10 feuV gks x;s Fks A
eq>s cxZj [kk;s ,d eghuk gks x;k gSA
eq>s rqEgsa i<+k;s gq, eghuksa gks x;s gaSA
fy[krs gq, eq>s nl feuV ugha gq, gSaA
4th Concept –
It has been 2 days having seen you.
It has been 7 days living with him.
How many days has it been ?
How much time had it been ?
Has it been 5 minutes ?
Has it been centuries ?
It had been 10 minutes to him.
It has been a month to me having eaten burger.
It has been months to me having taught you.
It has not been 10 minutes to me writing.
le; yxuk] le; gks pqdk gksuk
„Take‟ as a verb („Take‟ dk iz;ksx verb dh rjg)
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)
vxj okD; esa „Subject‟ ugha gS rks „It‟ dk iz;ksx „Subject‟ dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
If there is no subject in the sentence then „It‟ can be used as a Subject.
Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa Subject ugha gSA
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nks
nks
nks
nks
nks
nks
feuV
feuV
feuV
feuV
feuV
feuV
yxrs gSaA
yx jgs gSaA
yx pqds gSaA
yxsA
yx jgs FksA
yx pqds FksA
It takes two minutes.
It is taking two minutes.
It has taken two minutes.
It took two minutes.
It was taking two minutes.
It had taken two minutes.
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nks
nks
nks
nks
feuV
feuV
feuV
feuV
yxsaxsA
yx ldrs gSaA
yxus pkfg,A
iDdk yxus pkfg,A
It will take two minutes.
It can take two minutes.
It should take two minutes.
It must take two minutes.
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa Subject gSA
1- eq>s nks feuV yxrs gSaA
I take two minutes. / It takes two minutes to me.
2- eq>s nks feuV yx jgs gSaA
I am taking two minutes. / It is taking two minutes to me.
3- jke dks 10 feuV yxus pkfg,A Ram should take 10 minutes. / It should take 10 minutes to
Ram.
vc bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksM+rs gSaA (Let‟s add something more in these sentences)
le; rks yxrk gS ij D;k djus esa \ (Takes time but in doing what?
feyus esa & To meet
vkus esa & To come
tkus esa & To go
igq¡pus esa & To reach
Example:¼ mnkgj.k ½
1- ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA
2- eq>s ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA
3- jke dks ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA
4- rqels feyus esa dbZ lky yxsaxsA
5- rqels feyus esa eq>s dbZ lky yxsaxsA
6- ogk¡ ig¡qpus esa ikik dks 10 feuV yxsA
7- [kkuk [kkus esa eq>s fdruk le; yxk \
8- [kkuk [kkus esa fdruk le; yxk \
9- eq>s vkidks i<+kus esa dkQh oDr yxsxkA
10- ;s djus esa eq>s nl fnu ls T+;knk yxsA
It takes 2 minutes to reach.
I take 2 minutes to reach./ It takes me 2 mins to reach.
Ram takes 2 minutes to reach.
It will take many years to meet you.
I will take many years to meet you.
Dad took 10 minutes to reach there.
How much time did I take to eat the food ?
How much time did it take to eat the food ?
I will take lots of time to teach you.
I took more than 10 days to do this.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. There is only one way to avoid criticism: do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. So
remember, if you are criticized, never be afraid.
2. You can‟t make it big unless you try.
3. When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit
of talent left and could say, I used everything you gave me.
4. Everybody does for himself; but if you do for others too, you live even after your life.
5. My life has no meaning if I contribute nothing for the poor.
6. If you are not criticized, that simply means you are not doing anything special.
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It – Practice Exercise
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
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vkt rqEgkjk fnu gS] dy esjk gksxkA
rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s nl fnu gks x;s gSaA
jke ls feys gq, lkr lky gks x;s gSaA
D;k dy NqV~Vh Fkh \
5 fnu yxsaxsA
6 lky yxsA
eq>s ?kj igq¡pus esa 5 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA
eq>s Ldwy igq¡pus esa vk/kk ?kaVk yxrk gSA
jke dks [kkuk cukus esa dkQh le; yxrk gSA
gesa dEI;wVj lh[kus esa 3 eghus yxsA
rqEgsa <+w¡<u+ s esa eq>s dsoy 5 feuV yxs A
;s dke djus esa dkQh le; yxsxkA
vkt lkseokj ugha gS A
dy NqV~Vh Fkh A
vkt ckfj‛k gksxhA
dy ckfj‛k gqbZ Fkh A
ijlksa NqV~Vh FkhA
ijlksa NqV~Vh gksxhA
2 feuV yxrs gaSA
2 feuV yx jgs gSaA
2 feuV yxs gSaA
2 feuV yxsA
2 feuV yx jgs FksA
2 feuV yxs FksA
2 feuV yxsx
a sA
eq>s 2 feuV yxsaxs A
vc rqEgkjh ckjh gSA
;g rqEgkjk I;kj gSA
;g D;k gS \
2 fnu gks x;s gSaA
2 fnu gks x;s Fks A
eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA
rqels feys gq, eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA
mls fdruk le; yxsxk \
rqEgsa fdruk le; yxrk gS \
rqEgas bruk le; D;ksa yx jgk gS \
vkWfQl igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \
vkWfQl igq¡pus esa rqEgsa fdruk le; yxk \
jke dks cgqr le; yxk A
dy vksys iM+s FksA
vkt vksys iM+asxsA
ijlksa vksys iM+sx
a sA
ijlksa vksys iM+s Fks A
ckfj‛k dc gksxh \
D;k ckfj‛k gksxh \
D;k ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxh \
fdrkc [kRe djus esa eq>s 2 eghus yxsA
Lkhrk dks dkQh lky yxsA
vkbZ , ,l vf/kdkjh cuus esa 3 lky yxsA
;s diM+k flyus esa djhc 20 fnu yxsaxsA
51- vxj rqe iSfUly ls fy[kks] rks dkQh le; yxsxk A
52- rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
53- ;s [kRe djus esa rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
54- eSa nl feuV yw¡xk A
55- oks fnu ,d Lis‛ky fnu Fkk A
56- ml fnu D;k Fkk \
57- va/ksjk gks jgk gSA
58- mel gks jgh gSA
59- ;g esjh [okfg‛k gSA
60- gekjh ‚kknh dh lkyfxjg gS vktA
61- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s djhc 2 lky gks x;s gaSA
62- tc eSa ogk¡ igq¡pk] ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
63- ogk¡ cgqr ckfj‛k gksrh gSA
64- vkt ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA
65- vkt ckfj‛k gksuh gSA
66- vkt ckfj‛k gksuh FkhA
67- ;s rqEgkjh lksp gSA
68- ;s fdldk iSu gS \
69- [kkus [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
70- vPNs diM+s igus gq, dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
71- ogk¡ x, gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
72- [kkuk [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
73- vkt vksys iM+us FksA
74- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaAs
75- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs Fks ij ugha iM+As
76- oks esjh ft+Unxh dk cgqr vge fnu FkkA
77- jke dks fy[kus esa T+;knk le; ugha yxkA
78- jke dks fy[kus esa FkksM+k lk gh le; yxkA
79- bldh dher 5 # gSA
80- bldh dher 5 # gksxhA
81- ml fnu iwjs ns‛k esa NqV~Vh FkhA
82- lqcg ls ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
83- D;k vkt lkseokj gS \
84- ;gk¡ ckfj‛k gks jgh gSA
85- ogk¡ vksys iM+ jgs FksA
86- D;k dkQh le; gks x;k gS \
87- fdruk le; gks x;k gS \
88- D;k dy ckfj‛k gksxh \
89- eq>s nks ?kaVs yxsA
90- psjkiw¡th eas lcls vf/kd ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS \
91- cxZj [kk;s gq, eq>s 4 eghus gks x;s gSaA
92- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s 3 fnu gks x;s gSaA
93- D;k nsgjknwu esa ckfj‛k gqbZ \
94- Ckkfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS \
95- mUgsa ?kj igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \
96- eSp dk vkuUn ysrs gq, 2 ?kaVs gks x, gSaA
97- ewoh ns[krs gq, eq>s 15 feuV gks x, gSaA
98- ;g I;kj gSA
99- ;g ,d dqlhZ gSA
100- ml ‚kgj esa ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxhA
161
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is your day today, tomorrow will be mine.
51. If you write with pencil, it will take longer time.
It has been 10 days to me having seen you.
52. How much time will you take?
It has been 7 years having met Ram.
53. How much time will you take to finish this?
Was it holiday yesterday? / Was it off
54. I will take 10 minutes.
yesterday?
55. It was a special day that day.
5. It will take 5 days.
56. What was it on that day?
6. It took 6 years.
57. It is getting dark.
7. It takes me 5 hours to reach home.
58. It is getting humid.
8. It takes me half an hour to reach school.
59. It / This is my wish/desire.
9. Ram takes lots of time to prepare the food.
60. It is our marriage anniversary today.
10. We took 3 months to learn computer.
61. It has been about 2 years having seen you.
11. I took only 5 minutes to find you.
62. When I reached there, it was raining.
12. It will take plenty of time to do this work.
63. It rains a lot there.
13. It is not Monday today.
64. It can rain today.
14. It was holiday yesterday. / It was off yesterday. 65. It has to rain today.
15. It will rain today.
66. It had to rain today.
16. It had rained yesterday.
67. It/This is your thinking.
17. It was holiday day before yesterday.
68. Whose pen is this/it?
18. It will be holiday day after tomorrow.
69. It has been many days to me having had food.
19. It takes 2 minutes.
70. It‟s been many days having worn good clothes.
20. It is taking 2 minutes.
71. It has been many days to me having gone there.
21. It has taken 2 minutes.
72. It has been many days to me having eaten.
22. It took 2 minutes.
73. It had to hail today.
23. It was taking 2 minutes.
74. It can hail today.
24. It had taken 2 minutes.
75. It could have hailed today but didn‟t.
25. It will take 2 minutes.
76. It was a very important day of my life.
26. I will take 2 minutes. / it will take me 2 minutes. 77. Ram didn‟t take much time to write.
27. It/This is your turn now.
78. Ram took a little time to write.
28. It/This is your love.
79. Its cost is Rs 5. / It costs Rs 5.
29. What is it/this?
80. Its cost will be Rs 5. / It will cost Rs 5.
30. It has been 2 days.
81. It was holiday that day in whole country.
31. It had been 2 days.
82. It had been raining since morning.
32. It had been 2 days to me.
83. Is it Monday today?
33. It had been 2 days to me having met you.
84. It is raining here.
34. How much time will he take?
85. It was hailing there.
35. How much time do you take?
86. Has it been enough time?
36. Why are you taking this much time?
87. How long has it been?
37. How much time did it take to reach office?
88. Will it rain tomorrow?
38. How much time did you take to reach office?
89. It took me 2 hrs. / I took 2 hrs.
39. Ram took lots of time.
90. Why does it rain the most in Cherapunji?
40. It had hailed yesterday.
91. It has been 4 months to me having eaten Burger.
41. It will hail today.
92. It has been 3 days to me having seen you.
42. It will hail day after tomorrow.
93. Did it rain in Dehradun?
43. It had hailed day before yesterday.
94. Why does it rain?
44. When will it rain?
95. How much time did they take to reach home
45. Will it rain?
96. It has been 2 hrs, enjoying the match.
46. Will it be raining?
97. It has been 15 mins to me, watching this movie.
47. It took me 2 months to finish the book.
98. It is love. / This is love.
48. Seeta took lots of time.
99. It is a chair. / This is a chair.
49. I took 3 years to become an IAS officer.
100. It will be raining in that city.
50. It will take about 20 days to stitch this cloth.
162
It – Test Papers
Test - I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526-
272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950-
5 lky gks x;s gSaA
mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA
jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A
rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A
eq>s 2 fnu yxsA
cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A
ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA
rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \
mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA
ckfj‛k gks jgh Fkh A
D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \
8 fnu gks x;s FksA
‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gksxhA
ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA
esjk tUefnu FkkA
vkt dqN gSA
;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA
dy Ldqy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA
vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A
dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA
D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \
ml fnu lkseokj FkkA
eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA
rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA
bruh ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS ;gk¡ \
50 x 1 = 50
;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA
vxj ckfj‛k gqbZ rks eSa Hkhx tkÅ¡xk A
lkspus dh ckr gSA
tc ge feys Fks ml fnu ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \
mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \
vPNk yxrk gSA
ogk¡ vDlj ckfj‛k gksrh FkhA
[kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA
fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \
Ckkfj‛k gks ldrh Fkh ij gqbZ ugha A
;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA
;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA
mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gSa \
ckfj‛k ogk¡ dHkh ugha gksrh A
gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;saxs A
;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA
;s ukVd ns[ks eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA
ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;sA
ijlksa ckfj‛k gqbZ FkhA
;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA
ml fnu ckfj‛k tedj gksxh A
vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA
vkt ckfj‛k ugha gksuh pkfg, D;ksfa d esjh cgu
dh ‚kknh gSA
Answers
1234567891011-
5 lky gks x;s gSaA
mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA
jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A
rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A
eq>s 2 fnu yxsA
cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A
ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA
rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \
mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA
ckfj‛k gks jgh Fkh A
D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \
It has been 5 years.
It has been many years to him.
Ram took a long to finish.
You will take less time.
I took me 2 days./ I took 2 days.
It‟s children‟s holiday today.
It takes 2 days to reach there.
When is your anniversary?
It has been a long to him.
It was raining.
Is it some/a gift?
163
12- 8 fnu gks x;s FksA
It had been 8 days.
13- ‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gksxhA
It may/might rain tomorrow.
14- ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA
It had hailed yesterday.
15- esjk tUefnu FkkA
It was my birthday.
16- vkt dqN gSA
It‟s something today.
17- ;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA
It has been 3 months to me reading this book.
18- dy Ldwy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA
It will be school‟s off tomorrow.
19- vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A
It must hail today. / It will definitely hail today.
20- dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA
It had been a long time.
21- D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \
Was it something that day?
22- ml fnu lkseokj FkkA
It was Monday that day.
23- eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA
It has been 10 years to me living here.
24- rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
It depends on you.
25- dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA
It has been many centuries.
26- bruh ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS ;gk¡ \
Why does it rain this much here?
27- ;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA
It had been 2 years to us doing this.
28- vxj ckfj‛k gqbZ rks eSa Hkhx tkÅ¡xk A
If it rains, I will be drenched.
29- lkspus dh ckr gSA
It is a matter to think.
30- tc ge feys Fks ml fnu ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
The day we had met, it was raining.
31- ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \
What was it that day? Monday or Sunday?
32- mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \
Why did he take time to tell this?
33- vPNk yxrk gSA
It seems good./It feels good.
34- ogk¡ vDlj ckfj‛k gksrh FkhA
It used to rain there quite often.
35- [kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA
It had been many days to us having taken the food.
36- fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \
How many days has it been?
37- Ckkfj‛k gks ldrh Fkh ij gqbZ ugha A
It could have rained but didn‟t.
38- ;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA
It is nothing else but your thinking.
39- ;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA
It‟s not good.
40- mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gSa \
How many years has it been to you having met him?
41- ckfj‛k ogk¡ dHkh ugha gksrh A
It never rains there.
42- gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;saxs A
We will take many days. / It‟ll take us many days.
43- ;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA
It is nothing else but corruption.
44- ;s ukVd ns[ks gq, eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA It‟s been complete 2 months to me having seen this serial.
45- ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s \
How many years has it been to you having gone there?
46- ijlksa ckfj‛k gqbZ FkhA
It had rained day before yesterday.
47- ;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA
It is nothing else but obsession.
48- ml fnu ckfj‛k tedj gksxh A
It will rain heavily that day.
49- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA
It may/might hail today.
50- ckfj‛k ugha gksuh pkfg, D;ksafd vkt esjh cgu dh ‚kknh gSAIt mustn‟t rain as it is my sister‟s marriage
today.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Failure is better teacher than success, because when you fail, you focus more for
the next try.
2. You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.
164
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
1. It took me lots of time.
2. Did it hail there?
3. Does it make a difference?
4. How much time will you take?
5. It has been about a year having seen him.
6. It was nothing but his vision.
7. It‟s hailing continuously.
8. It‟s hailing continually.
9. It didn‟t make any difference.
10. It was Monday that day.
11. It might rain today.
12. It might change your mind.
13. It has been years to me having seen you.
14. It is nothing else but a try.
15. It was taking long time.
16. It‟s holiday tomorrow.
17. It takes just 2 minutes to reach home.
18. Did I take more than 5 minutes?
19. Will you take much time?
20. He had taken 3 hours to read the whole
book.
21. Does it matter?
22. It has been centuries having someone come
here.
23. Will it bother you?
24. It could have been delayed.
25. It will be better to go there.
50 x 1 = 50
26. It will be raining there.
27. It took me a while to repair that mobile.
28. What does it do?
29. What is it today?
30. It‟s my birthday.
31. It wasn‟t my cup of tea.
32. Did it take much of your time?
33. It can‟t bother me.
34. It is nothing else but a pen.
35. It depends on your mentality.
36. What is it in your pocket?
37. Why is it taking time? Is it because you are
new?
38. It‟s because I don‟t know about this.
39. It‟s because I had no knowledge.
40. Is it a machine kind/sort of?
41. It is something of that sort.
42. Is it a mobile kind/sort of?
43. No, it is nothing of that sort.
44. Did it really rain heavily?
45. It is not your cup of tea.
46. How old is it?
47. It seems to be very old.
48. It seemed to be new one.
49. Should it be told to him?
50. How can it be improved?
Answers
1. It took me plenty of time.
2. Did it hail there?
3. Does it make a difference?
4. How much time will you take?
5. It has been about a year having seen him.
6. It was nothing but his vision.
7. It‟s hailing continuously.
8. It‟s hailing continually.
9. It didn‟t make any difference.
10. It was Monday that day.
11. It might rain today.
12. It might change your mind.
13. It has been years to me having seen you.
14. It is nothing else but a try.
165
eq>s dkQh@cgqr le; yxk A
D;k ogk¡ vksys iM+s \
D;k blls dksbZ QdZ iM+rk gS \
rqEgsa fdruk le; yxsxk \
mls ns[ks gq, djhc ,d lky gks x;k gSA
;s dqN vkSj ugha cfYd mldk n`f"Vdks.k¼lksp½ FkkA
yxkrkj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
#d&#d dj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
blls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+kA
ml fnu lkseokj FkkA
vkt ‚kk;n ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA
;s ckr rqEgkjk eu cny ldrh gSA
rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s lkyksa gks x, gSa A
;s dqN vkSj ugha] ,d dksf‛k‛k gSA
It was taking long time.
dkQh le; yx jgk Fkk A
It‟s holiday tomorrow.
dy NqV~Vh gSA
It takes just 2 minutes to reach home.
?kj igq¡pus esa cl 2 feuV yxrs gSaA
Did I take more than 5 minutes?
D;k eq>s 5 feuV ls T+;knk yxs \
Will you take much time?
D;k rqEgsa cgqr le; yxsxk \
He had taken 3 hours to read the whole book. mls iwjh fdrkc i<+us esa 3 ?kaVs yxsA
Does it matter?
QdZ iM+rk gS D;k \
It has been centuries having someone come here.lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaS] ;gk¡ dksbZ vk;s gq,A
Will it bother you?
D;k ;s rqEgsa ijs‛kku djsxk \
It could have been delayed.
nsjh gks ldrh Fkh A
It will be better to go there.
ogk¡ tkuk csgrj gksxk A
It will be raining there.
ogk¡ ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxhA
It took me a while to repair that mobile. eq>s ml eksckby dks Bhd djus esa FkksM+k le; yxkA
What does it do?
;s D;k djrk gS \
What is it today?
vkt D;k gS \
It‟s my birthday.
esjk tUefnu gSA
It wasn‟t my cup of tea.
;s esjs cl dh ckr ugha Fkh A
Did it take much of your time?
D;k blus rqEgkjk dkQh le; fy;k \
It can‟t bother me.
;s ckr eq>s ijs‛kku ugha dj ldrh A
It is nothing else but a pen.
;s dqN vkSj ugha] ,d iSu gSA
It depends on your mentality.
;s rqEgkjh lksp ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
What is it in your pocket?
rqEgkjh tsc esa D;k gS \
Why is it taking time? Is it because you are new? le; D;ksa yx jgk gS\ blfy, D;ksfa d rqe u;s gks\
It‟s because I don‟t know about this.
blfy, D;ksfa d eSa blds ckjs esa ugha tkurk A
It‟s because I had no knowledge.
blfy, D;ksfa d eq>s Kku ugha FkkA
Is it a machine kind/sort of?
D;k ;s dksbZ e‛khu tSlk gS \
It is something of that sort.
;s dqN oSlk gh gSA
Is it a mobile kind/sort of?
D;k ;s eksckby tSlk dqN gS \
No, it is nothing of that sort.
ugha] ;s ml rjg dk dqN ugha gSA
Did it really rain heavily?
D;k okdbZ esa Hkkjh ckfj‛k gqbZ \
It is not your cup of tea.
;s rqEgkjs cl dh ckr ugha gSA
How old is it?
;s fdruk iqjkuk gS \
It seems to be very old.
;s cgqr iqjkuk yxrk gSA
It seemed to be new one.
;s u;k lk yxk A
Should it be told to him?
D;k ;s ckr mls crk;h tkuh pkfg, \
50. How can it be improved?
bls dSls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS \
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1- Hkfo"; gksrk ugha gS] bldk fuekZ.k gesa [kqn djuk gksrk gSA
2- rkyhesa ugha nh tkrh ifjanksa dks mM+kuksa dh]
os [kqn gh r; djrs gSa] ÅapkbZ vklekuksa dh]
j[krs gSa tks gkSalyk vkleku dks Nwus dk]
oks ugha djrs ijokg t+ehu is fxj tkus dhA
166
Lesson – 21
Modals ¼eksMkYl½
“Modals ,slh lgk;d fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa ftudk iz;ksx okD; esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fd;s tkus
okys dk;Z dh leFkZrk] lEHkkouk] fuf‛prrk] btkt+r vkSj vko‛;drk O;Dr dh tk ldsA”
uhps nh x;h Vscy ls vki tku ik;saxs fd eksMky lgk;d fØ;k,¡ dkSu lh gSa] udkjkRed okD;ksa esa not dk iz;ksx
fdl rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg, o ;s Hkh fd fdl eksMky lgk;d fØ;k ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh dkSu lh QkeZ yxsxhA
“Modal Helping verbs are used with main verbs of the sentence to express ability,
possibility, certainty, permission and necessity.”
Following table lets you know about modal helping verbs, their negatives and also the form of
main verbs to be used with that particular modal.
eq[; fØ;k dh
dkSu lh form
S.No
Modal lgk;d fØ;k,¡
Modal Helping Verbs
1
Can
Can not
1st form
2
Could
Could not
1st form
3
Could have
Could not have
3rd form
4
May / Might
May not / Might not
1st form
5
May have / Might have
May not have / Might not have
3rd form
6
Should
Should not
1st form
7
Should have
Should not have
3rd form
8
Must
Must not
1st form
9
Must have
Must not have
3rd form
10
Ought to
Ought not to
1st form
11
Ought to have
Ought not to have
3rd form
12
Has to / Have to
Has not to / Have not to
1st form
13
Had to
Had not to
1st form
14
Will have to
Will not have to
1st form
15
Will be able to
Will not be able to
1st form
16
Would like to
Would not like to
1st form
17
Used to
Did not use to
1st form
18
Need / Needs/Needed
Don‟t need / Doesn‟t need / Didn‟t need
1st form
19
Dare to/ Dares to/ Dared to
Don‟t dare to / Doesn‟t dare to / Didn‟t dare to
1st form
udkjkRed okD; esa dgk¡ ij not yxkuk gS &
Where to use „not‟ in negatives
167
yxkuh gS &
Which form of
main verb to
be used
Can (ldrk gS) / Could (ldk] ik;k) / Could have (ldrk Fkk)
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fo/kkFkhZ Ldwy ls ?kj vk ldrs gSaA
yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa xyr lksp ldrs gSaA
dqN Hkh gks ldrk FkkA
rqe dHkh fdlh dks I;kj ugha dj ldrsA
rqe le; is D;ksa ugha vk lds\
rqe uy [kksy ldrs Fks ij rqeus ugha [kksykA
eSa tk ugha ik;kA
D;k rqe dy jkr lks ik;s \
Students can come home from school.
People can think wrong about you.
Anything could have happened.
You can never love anyone.
Why could you not come in time?
You could have turned on the tap but you didn‟t.
I couldn‟t go.
Could you sleep last night?
May/Might (ldrk gS) / May have/Might have (ldrk Fkk)
(Possibility - lEHkkouk O;Dr djus ds fy,)
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vkt ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA
;s rqEgkjs lkFk Hkh rks gks ldrk gSA
oks fdlh dks Hkh ekj ldrk FkkA
ml fnu ckfj‛k gks ldrh FkhA
It may/might rain today.
It may also happen with you.
He may have/might have killed anyone.
It may/might have rained that day.
May (ldrk gS)
(Permission – vuqefr ysus ds fy,)
1- D;k eSa vUnj vk ldrk gw¡ \
2- D;k eSa cSB ldrk gw¡ \
3- D;k eSa rqEgkjh fdrkc ,d ckj ns[k ldrk gw¡ \
May I come in?
May I sit?
May I see your book once?
or
May I have a look at your book once?
May
(Wish – bPNk O;Dr djus ds fy,)
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Hkxoku djs vki lQy gks tk;sAa
Hkxoku vkidks cM+k vkneh cuk;sA
Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn nsA
rqEgsa esjh mez yx tk;sA
Hkxoku geasa ekQ djsA
May you succeed!
May you become a rich man!
May God bless you!
May you live long!
May God forgive us!
Should (pkfg,) / Should have (pkfg, Fkk)
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rqEgsa ,slk ugha dguk pkfg,A
yksxksa dks fudy tkuk pkfg,A
rqEgsa ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, FkkA
ft+Unxh vklku gksuh pkfg, Fkh ij ugha FkhA
rqEgsa eq>s ;kn fnykuk pkfg, FkkA
rqEgsa de ls de ‚kknh esa rks tkuk pkfg, FkkA
You shouldn‟t say so.
People should leave.
You should have gone there.
Life should have been easy but it wasn‟t.
You should have reminded me.
You should have at least attended the marriage.
168
Ought to (pkfg,) / Ought to have (pkfg, Fkk)
„should‟ dh txg „ought to‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ij vc „ought to‟ dk iz;ksx vDlj ugha gksrkA
„should‟ can be replaced with „ought to‟ but „ought to‟ is rarely used now.
1- rqEgsa ,slk ugha dguk pkfg,A
You ought not to say so.
2- yksxksa dks fudy tkuk pkfg, FkkA
People ought to have left.
Must (pkfg, ¿t+#jÀ) / Must have (pkfg, Fkk ¿t+#jÀ)
1- ikik chekj gSaA rqEgsa mUgsa ns[kus tkuk gh pkfg,A Dad is unwell. You must go to see him.
2- gesa vius ekrk firk dh lsok djuh pkfg,A
We must serve our parents.
3- rqEgsa t+#j vkuk pkfg, FkkA
You must have come.
Has to/Have to (djuk gS@djuk iM+rk gS)
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gesa ogk¡ jkst+ tkuk iM+rk gSA
mls I;kj ls ckr djuh iM+rh gSA
eq>s tkuk gSA
eq>s ugha tkuk gSA
jke dks dgha ugha tkuk gSA
jke dks ?kj vkuk gSA
rqe yksxksa dks tkuk ugha gS D;k \
mlss dgk¡ tkuk gS \
We have to go there daily.
He has to speak politely.
I have to go.
I have not to go.
Ram has not to go anywhere./Ram has to go nowhere.
Ram has to come home.
Have you people not to go?
Where has he to go?
Had to (djuk Fkk@djuk iM+rk Fkk@djuk iM+k)
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gesa ogk¡ jkst+ tkuk iM+rk FkkA
eq>s tkuk FkkA
eq>s tkuk iM+kA
D;k rqEgsa ;s dke djuk Fkk \
mls fdlls feyuk Fkk \
We had to go there daily.
I had to go.
I had to go.
Had you to do this work?
Whom had he to meet?
Will have to (djuk iMsxk)
1- ,d fnu rqEgsa ijs‛kkuh >syuh iM+sxhA
2- eq>s dHkh u dHkh ogk¡ tkuk iM+sxkA
3- D;k eq>s ;s Hkh djuk iM+sxk \
You will have to face trouble some/one day.
I will have to go there some/one day.
Will I have to do this too?
Will be able to (ldsxk] ik;sxk)
1- eSa ogk¡ ugha tk ikÅ¡xk@ldw¡xkA
2- D;k rqe ;s dj ldksxs@ikvksxs \
I will not be able to go there.
Will you be able to do this?
Would like to (pkgw¡xk)
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eSa rqels ,d ckj feyuk pkgw¡xkA
I would like to meet you once.
D;k rqe esjs lkFk Mk¡l djuk pkgksxhs \
Would you like to dance with me?
D;k rqe ihVuk pkgksxs \
Would you like to beat?
D;k rqe fiVuk pkgksxs \
Would you like to be beaten?
lcls igys eSa rqels ,d loky iwNuk pkgw¡xkA
First of all, I would like to ask you a question.
eSa vkidks rgs fny ls /kU;okn nsuk pkgw¡xkA I would like to thank you from the core of my heart.
169
Very Important Rule for changing „will‟ to „must‟ or „may/might‟ (Don‟t miss it)
vxj fdlh Hkh Future Indefinite, Future Continuous ;k Future Perfect Tense ds okD; esa
*iDdk* ;k *t+#j* fy[kk gks vkSj vkidks fgUnh esa vuqokn djuk gks rks T+;knk dqN djus dh t+#jr ugha] flQZ „will‟ dks
„must‟ esa cny nhft, vkSj blh rjg vxj *‛kk;n* fy[kk gks] rks „will‟ dks „might‟ ;k „may‟ esa cny nhft,A
jke tk;sxkA
jke iDdk@t+#j tk;sxkA
‚kk;n jke tk;sxkA @‛kk;n jke tk;sA
Ram will go.
Ram must go. (Ram will definitely go.)
Ram may/might go. (Maybe Ram will go.)
jke tk jgk gksxkA
jke iDdk tk jgk gksxkA
‚kk;n jke tk jgk gksxkA@‛kk;n jke tk jgk gksA
Ram will be going.
Ram must be going.
Ram may/might be going.
jke tk pqdk gksxkA
jke iDdk tk pqdk gksxkA
‚kk;n jke tk pqdk gksxkA @‛kk;n jke tk pqdk gksA
Ram will have gone.
Ram must have gone.
Ram may/might have gone.
vc dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &
Have a look at a few examples now –
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‚kk;n cl vk jgh gksA
oks iDdk ?kj igq¡p pqdk gksxkA
eSa mlls t+#j fey¡wxkA
‚kk;n yksx pys x;s gksaA
oks iDdk mlls feyus tk jgk gksxkA
Bus might/may be coming.
He must have reached home.
I must meet him/her.
People might have left/gone.
He must be going to meet her/him.
Used to (fd;k djrk Fkk] djrk Fkk)
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eSa lqcg t+Ynh mBrk FkkA
rqe eq>s mBkrs FksA
ge cpiu esa lkFk lkFk [ksyrs FksA
oks Ldwy ugha tkrk FkkA
D;k oks dsoy nks ?kaVs lksrk Fkk \
I used to get up early in the morning.
You used to wake me up.
We used to play together in childhood.
He didn‟t use to go to school.
Did he use to sleep only for two hours?
Important Rule:
vxj okD; esa ,d ckj „used to‟ vk tk;s rks „used to‟ nksckjk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,] mldh txg ij gj ckj
„would‟ dk iz;ksx csgrj fodYi gSA
1- eSa vkrk Fkk vkSj oks tkrk FkkA
I used to come and he would go.
2- eSa 5 cts mBrk FkkA fQj eSa nks ?kaVs i<+rk FkkA
I used to get up at 5. Then, I would study for 2 hours.
3- oks vkrh FkhA eSa Hkkx tkrk FkkA fQj oks eq>s cqykrh FkhA She used to come. I would run. Then, she would
call me.
170
Important Rule:
vxj iSjkxzkQ fdlh chrh ckr ds ckjs esa crk jgk gks rks „used to‟ dh txg gj ckj „would‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
If the paragraph is in past, then „would‟ replaces „used to‟.
1- ,d jktk FkkA oks jkst+ 6 cts mBrk FkkA
There was a king. He would get up daily at 6.
2- eSa cgqr cqjk Fkk ij eSa viuh eEeh dks cgqr I;kj djrk FkkA I was very bad but I would love my mom
a lot.
Would
(chrs gq, dy esa dgh gqbZ Hkfo"; dh ckr & will dh txg would dk iz;ksx)
(Something related to future but spoken in past)
1- mlus dgk fd oks gekjh enn djsxkA
2- eq>s ekywe Fkk fd og thrsxkA
3- eSaus dHkh ugha lkspk Fkk fd og bruk LokFkhZ gksxkA
He said that he would help us.
I knew that he would win.
I had never thought that he would be this
much selfish.
I had no doubt that you would win.
I thought that he would never come.
4- eq>s langs ugha Fkk fd rqe thrksxsA
5- eq>s yxk fd oks dHkh ugha vk;sxkA
Would
fuosnu djus ds fy, (For request)
1- D;k rqe Ñi;k esjh enn djksxs\
2- D;k rqe Ñi;k njoktk [kksy nksxs\
Would you please help me?
Would you please open the door?
Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + Used to
(fdlh pht+ dh vknr gks tkuk ;k mldk vknh gks tkuk)
(to become comfortable/habitual to something)
1- eq>s xkyh lquus dh vknr gSA
2- eq>s bl dkj dh vknr gks xbZ gSA
3- rqEgsa >wB cksyus dh vknr FkhA
4- jke dks jkr Hkj txs jgus dh vknr gSA
I am used to listen to abuses. / I am habitual to listen to
abuses.
I am used to this car./ I am habitual to this car.
You were used to tell a lie./ You were habitual to tell a lie.
Ram is used to wake up for the whole night.
Need(s) + Noun/Pronoun
Need(s) to + verb 1st form
(t+#jr gS] vko‛;drk gS] pkfg,)
Rule:
Need ds vkxs czSdsV esa „s‟ yxkus dk eryc gS fd Singular Subject ds lkFk „needs‟ tcfd Plural
Subject ds lkFk dsoy „need‟ yxsxkA
fdl pht+ dh t+#jr gS] D;k pkfg, \ vxj dqN ,slk pkfg, tks fd ,d Noun ;k Pronoun gks rks Need ds
lkFk „to‟ ugha yxsxkA vxj eSa dgw¡ fd eq>s tkuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ ij eq>s fdl pht+ dh t+#jr gS] D;k pkfg, \ tkus dh
t+#jr gS ;kfu tkuk pkfg,A tkuk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ yxsxkA
Using „s‟ in bracket with „need‟ means that Singular subject will be followed by
„needs‟ and plural subject will be followed by „need‟.
171
Another point is that if we need a noun or a pronoun, then we don‟t use „to‟ with need otherwise
in case of a verb, we use „need to‟ or we can also use „should‟ instead of „need to‟.
fgUnh okD;
jke dks iSu pkfg,A@
jke dks iSu dh t+#jr gSA
English Sentence
Ram needs a pen.
jke dks tkuk pkfg,A
Ram needs to go. /
Ram should go.
jke dks iSu ugha pkfg,A@
jke dks iSu dh t+#jr ugha
gSA
Ram doesn‟t need a pen.
jke dks tkuk ugha pkfg,A@
jke dks tkus dh t+#jr ugha
gSA
Ram doesn‟t need to go.
/
Ram should not go.
eq>s ek¡ pkfg,A @
eq>s ek¡ dh t+#jr gSA
I need mom.
Comments
iSu pkfg,A iSu dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS] iSu rks ,d
laKk gS blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ ugha
yxsxkA
(„Pen‟ is not a verb; it is a noun so
„need‟ will not be followed by „to‟.)
tkuk pkfg,A tkuk ;kfu go ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ yxsxkA
(„Go‟ is a verb so „need‟ will be
followed by „to‟.)
ek¡ pkfg,A ek¡ dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS] ek¡ rks ,d
laKk gS blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ ugha
yxsxkA
(„Mom‟ is not a verb; it is a noun so
„need‟ will not be followed by „to‟.)
Needed+ Noun/Pronoun
Needed to + verb 1st form
(t+#jr Fkh] vko‛;drk Fkh] pkfg, Fkk)
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eq>s rqEgkjh t+#jr FkhA
rqEgsa iSu pkfg, FkkA
jke dks tkuk pkfg, FkkA
gesa lkspuk pkfg, FkkA
eq>s fdlh dh t+#jr ugha FkhA
D;k mls I;kj dh t+#jr ugha Fkh \
I needed you.
You needed a pen.
Ram needed to go. / Ram should have gone.
We needed to think. / We should have thought.
I didn‟t need anyone.
Did he not need love?
Dare(s)/ Dared + Noun/Pronoun
Dare(s)/ Dared to + verb 1st form
(fgEer djuk)
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oks tkus dh fgEer djrk gSA
oks ogk¡ tkus dh fgEer ugha djrkA
rqEgkjh ;gk¡ vkus dh fgEer dSls gqbZ \
jke us [ksyus dh fgEer dhA
jke us [ksyus dh fgEer ugha dhA
jke dh fgEer dSls gqbZ \
He dares to go.
He doesn‟t dare to go there. / He dare not to go there.
How dare you come here?
Ram dared to play.
Ram dared not to play. / Ram didn‟t dare to play.
How dare Ram?
172
Modals – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsAa fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
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eq>s ns[kuk gS A
mls crkuk iM+k A
jke dks [ksyuk iM+sxk A
mls esjh ckr ekuuh iM+sxh A
eq>s tkuk pkfg, Fkk A
ge [ksyk djrs Fks A
yksx eq>s lyeku [kku cqykrs Fks A
D;k rqe tk ik;s \
D;k rqe ;gk¡ lks ikvksxs \
ge dHkh ugha Hkqyk lds A
eq>s vius vkl&ikl dksbZ ugha pkfg, A
‚kk;n oks tk jgk gks A
mls eq>s crkuk pkfg, FkkA
vc mlds [kpsZ rqEgsa mBkus iM+asxs A
eSa vkrk Fkk vkSj oks tkrk Fkk A
cPps dks ek¡ dh t:jr gksrh gS A
‚kk;n cl vk jgh gksxh A
fdlh dks I;kj ugha pkfg, A
nksuksa dHkh Hkh vk ldrs gSa A
eSa iDdk tkšxk A
;s iz‛u dksbZ ugha dj ik;sxk A
eq>s dqN dguk gS A
ge [ksyus pys tkrs Fks A
eq>s fdlh dh t+:jr ugha gS A
eq>s rqe ;kn djrs Fks A
lhrk iDdk cl idM+ pqdh gksxh A
‚kk;n oks rqels feys A
cpiu esa ge nksuksa lkFk&lkFk [ksyrs Fks A
mls D;k dguk gS \
eSa vk ldrk Fkk ij eSa ugha vk ik;k A
eSa ?kweus dHkh ugha tk ldrkA
rqEgsa >wB cksyus dh vknr gSA
rqe uy [kksy ldrs Fks ij rqeus ugha [kksykA
dqN Hkh gks ldrk gSA eSa dg ugha ldrkA
rqEgsa igkM+ksa esa jguk pkfg, D;ksafd rqEgsa fny dh chekjh
gSA
oks eq>ls nwj dHkh ugha tk ldrhA
jke feBkbZ [kk ldrk FkkA
fo/kkFkhZ Ldwy ls ?kj vk ldrs gSaA
eSa dHkh xkuk ugha xk ldkA
rqe eq>ls feyus vk ldrs gksA
rqe le; is D;ksa ugha vk lds\
rqe dHkh fdlh dks I;kj ugha dj ldrsA
jkts‚k vius fny dh ckr dHkh ugha dg ldkA
vaxwj [kVVs gks ldrs FksA
rqEgsa esjk vkHkkjh gksuk pkfg,A
ge rq>s cnkZ‛r dHkh ugha dj ldrsA
D;k eq>s psgjs ij dqN yxkuk pkfg, \
4849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394173
jke fdlh rjg ogk¡ igq¡p ldrk FkkA
jke dks mlls dHkh ugha feyuk pkfg,A
yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa lksp ldrs FksA
ft+Unxh vklku gksuh pkfg, Fkh ij ugha FkhA
eq>s oDr dk ikcUn gksuk pkfg,A
mlus dgk fd oks gekjh enn djsxkA
nwYgk nqYgu dks ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA
yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa xyr lksp ldrs gSaA
jkds‛k dks yM+fd;k¡ ugha NsM+uh pkfg,A
rqEgsa eq>s ;kn fnykuk pkfg, FkkA
jke dks eq>ls t#j feyuk pkfg, FkkA
mls dgk¡ tkuk gS+ \
oks dgk¡ ls vkrk Fkk \
D;k oks tkuk pkgrk gS \
D;k mls dqN pkfg, Fkk \
rqEgsa bruh tYnh ugha lksuk pkfg,A
rqe tc pkgks vk ldrs gksA
rqEgsa de ls de ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, FkkA
rqe tYn gh vaxzst+h cksy ldksxs A
eSaus dHkh ugha lkspk Fkk fd og LokFkhZ gksxkA
rqe tc rd pkgks rc rd dke dj ldrs gksA
D;k oks ;s dke dj ldsxk\
cPpk dqN fnuksa esa gh vPNh rjg cksy ldsxkA
rqEgsa mlds ?kj okfil tkuk pkfg,A
eq>s ekywe Fkk fd oks thrsxkA
rqe bfErgku ikl ugha dj ldrsA
eSa vkidks /kU;okn nsuk pkgw¡xkA
eq>s langs ugha Fkk fd rqe thrksxsA
rqe [kk ldrs gks] pkgs ;s ;k pkgs oksA
eq>s yxk fd oks dHkh ugha vk;sxkA
eSa rqels flQZ ,d ckj feyuk pkgw¡xkA
og iDdk cl ls x;k gksxkA
rqEgkjs iz;Ru lQy gksus pkfg,A
rqe fdlls ckr djuk pkgksxs\
jke i<+us ds ctk; [ksyuk ilUn djsxkA
eq>s xkyh lquus dh vknr gSA
rqEgsa bl rjg ds ekgkSy esa jgus dh vknr gks pqdh gSA
rqEgsa dy mlls feyuk FkkA
vkt eq>s ‚kkWfiax ds fy, tkuk pkfg, FkkA
igys eSa rqels ,d loky iwNuk pkgw¡xkA
rqEgsa esjs ifjokj ls feyuk pkfg, FkkA
D;k eq>s jkr Hkj txs jgus dh vknr gS \
D;k eSa vanj vk ldrk gw¡ \
rqEgsa de ls de vkt rks dke djuk pkfg, FkkA
D;k eSa vc tk ldrk gw¡ \
Hkxoku gesa ekQ djsA
D;k jke ogk¡ tkrk Fkk \
Answers
1. I have to see.
2. He had to tell.
3. Ram will have to play.
4. He will have to follow my instructions.
5. I should have gone.
6. We used to play.
7. People used to call me Salman Khan.
8. Could you go?
9. Will you be able to sleep here?
10. We could never forget.
11. I don‟t need anybody around me.
12. He might be going.
13. He must have told me.
14. Now, you will have to bear his expenses.
15. I used to come and he would go.
16. Child needs mother.
17. Bus might be coming.
18. Nobody needs love.
19. Both can come anytime.
20. I must go.
21. Nobody will be able to solve this question.
22. I have to say something.
23. We used to go to play.
24. I don‟t need anybody.
25. You used to miss/remember me.
26. Seeta must have taken/caught the bus.
27. He might meet you.
28. We both used to play together in
childhood.
29. What has he to say?
30. I could have come but I could not come.
31. I can never go for a walk.
32. You are in the habit of telling a lie.
33. You could have turned the tap on but you
didn‟t.
34. Anything can happen. I can‟t say.
35. You must live in hills because you are
suffering from heart disease.
36. She can never go away from me.
37. Ram could have eaten the sweets.
38. Students can come home from school.
39. I could never sing songs.
40. You can come to meet me.
41. Why could you not come in time?
42. You can never love anyone.
43. Rajesh could never say his feelings.
44. Grapes could have been sour.
45. You should be grateful to me.
46. We can never tolerate you.
47. Should I apply something on my face?
48. Ram could have reached there somehow.
49. Ram should never meet him.
50. People could have thought about you.
51. Life should have been easy but wasn‟t.
52. I must be punctual.
53. He said he would help us.
54. Groom and bride should have talked.
55. People can think wrong about you.
56. Rakesh shouldn‟t tease girls.
57. You should have reminded me.
58. Ram must have met me.
59. Where has he to go?
60. From where did he use to come?
61. Does he want to go?
62. Did he need something?
63. You should not sleep this early.
64. Whenever you want, you can come.
65. You should have atleast gone there.
66. Soon, you will be able to speak English.
67. I had never thought that he‟ll be selfish.
68. As long as you want, you can work.
69. Will he be able to do this work?
70. Child will be able to speak within only a
few days.
71. You must go back to his home.
72. I knew that he would win.
73. You can‟t pass the exam.
74. I would like to thank you.
75. I had no doubt that you would win.
76. You can eat; either this or that.
77. I thought that he will never come.
78. I would like to meet you only once.
79. He must have gone by bus.
80. You efforts must be fruitful.
81. Whom would you like to talk?
82. Ram would like to play than study. / Ram
would like playing rather than studying. /
Ram would prefer to play over study. /
Ram would prefer playing over studying.
83. I am used to listen to abuses.
84. You are used to live in such an
environment.
85. You had to meet him yesterday.
86. I should have gone for shopping today.
87. First, I would like to ask you a question.
88. You should have met my family.
89. Am I used to be awoken whole night?
90. May I come in?
91. You should have worked at least today.
92. May I go now?
93. May God forgive us!
94. Did Ram use to go there?
174
Modals – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
1234567891011121314151617-
rqe esjs ?kj vk ldrs Fks ij rqe ugha vk;sA
gesa vkt feyuk FkkA
eq>s mlls ckr djuh gSA
mls fdlh Hkh gkyr esa ogk¡ tkuk pkfg,A
jkgqy dks vkuk iM+sxkA
rqe mlds ?kj D;ksa tkrs Fks \
D;k rqe eq>ls feyuk pkgksxs \
‚kk;n oks vkt vk;sA
D;k mls tkuk gS \
vxj eSaus rqEgsa ns[kk gksrk] D;k rqels ckr ugha djrk\
eq>s rqEgkjh t+#jr ugha gS] cfYd eq>s rks esjh ek¡
pkfg,A
mlus dgk Fkk fd oks Ldwy ugha vk;sxkA
eSa i<+us ds ctk; [ksyuk ilUn djrk g¡wA
eSa iDdk tkÅ¡xk ogk¡A
eSa thruk pkgrk Fkk ij dHkh thr ugha ik;kA
oks [ksyuk ugha pkgrkA
vxj eSa vk;k] rks rqels feyw¡xkA
35 x 1 = 35
1819202122232425262728293031323334-
gesa I;kj pkfg,] dqN vkSj ughaA
‚kk;n ckfj‛k gks jgh gksA
mls fdlh dh t+#jr ugha gS] oks [kqn gh dkQh gSA
rqeus ges‛kk eq>s lEeku fn;k] eSa Hkwy ugha ldrkA
pkgs tks gks] gekjk I;kj ges‛kk ftUnk jguk pkfg,A
eq>s mls I;kj ugha djuk pkfg, FkkA
‚kk;n oks vk;sxhA
jke ;gk¡ D;ksa vkrk Fkk \
eSa Ldwy ds fnuksa esa [kwc [ksyk djrk FkkA
jkds‛k dks lkspuk pkfg, FkkA
D;k irk cl fudy x;h gksA
eSa rqels feyus dHkh ugha vk ldrkA
eSa rqels dHkh ugha dg ldkA
jke dks iSu ugha pkfg,] cfYd mls rks fdrkc pkfg,A
D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tk ik;s \ ‚kk;n dHkh ughaA
D;k rqe esjs fy, #d ugha ldrs \
D;k rqEgsa dqN ugha pkfg,\
35- rqEgkjk D;k [;ky gS] eq>s ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, \
Q 2: Write the meaning of following similar & confusing words: 5 x 1 = 5
i) Cast
Caste
ii) Weak
Week
iii) Fond
Found
iv) Story
Storey
v) People
Pupil
Q 3: Write three forms of the following verbs:
Drive, Bite, Ride, Hold, Put, Seek, Drink, See, Read, Teach
10 x 1 = 10
Answers
Q1:
1- rqe esjs ?kj vk ldrs Fks ij rqe ugha vk;sA
2- gesa vkt feyuk FkkA
3- eq>s mlls ckr djuh gSA
4- mls fdlh Hkh gkyr esa ogk¡ tkuk pkfg,A
5- jkgqy dks vkuk iM+sxkA
6- rqe mlds ?kj D;ksa tkrs Fks \
7- D;k rqe eq>ls feyuk pkgksxs \
8- ‚kk;n oks vkt vk;sA
9- D;k mls tkuk gS \
10- vxj eSaus rqEgsa ns[kk gksrk] D;k rqels ckr ugha djrk\
11- eq>s rqEgkjh t+#jr ugha gS] cfYd eq>s rks esjh ek¡ pkfg,A
12- mlus dgk Fkk fd oks Ldwy ugha vk;sxkA
13- eSa i<+us ds ctk; [ksyuk ilUn djrk gw¡A
14- eSa iDdk tkÅ¡xk ogk¡A
15- eSa thruk pkgrk Fkk ij dHkh thr ugha ik;kA
You could have come my home but you didn‟t.
We had to meet today.
I have to talk to him.
He must go there at any cost.
Rahul will have to come.
Why did you use to go his home?
Would you like to meet me?
He might come today.
Has he to go?
If I had seen you, wouldn‟t I have talked to you?
I don‟t need you, rather I need my mom.
He had said that he would not come to school.
I prefer playing rather than studying.
/I prefer to play rather than to study.
I must go there. / I‟ll definitely go there.
I wanted to win but I could never.
175
1617181920212223242526272829303132333435-
oks [ksyuk ugha pkgrkA
He doesn‟t want to play.
vxj eSa vk;k] rks rqels feyw¡xkA
If I come, I will meet you.
gesa I;kj pkfg,] dqN vkSj ughaA
We need love, nothing else.
‚kk;n ckfj‛k gks jgh gksA
It may/might be raining.
mls fdlh dh t+#jr ugha gS] oks [kqn gh dkQh gSAHe doesn‟t need anyone, he himself is good enough.
rqeus ges‛kk eq>s lEeku fn;k] eSa Hkwy ugha ldrkA
You always respected me, I can not forget.
pkgs tks gks] gekjk I;kj ges‛kk ftUnk jguk pkfg,ANo matter what, our love must remain alive forever.
eq>s mls I;kj ugha djuk pkfg, FkkA
I shouldn‟t have loved her.
‚kk;n oks vk;sxhA
She might/may come.
jke ;gk¡ D;ksa vkrk Fkk \
Why did Ram use to come here?
eSa Ldwy ds fnuksa esa [kwc [ksyk djrk FkkA
I used to play a lot in school days.
jkds‛k dks lkspuk pkfg, FkkA
Rakesh should have thought.
D;k irk cl fudy x;h gksA
Bus may/might have left/gone.
eSa rqels feyus dHkh ugha vk ldrkA
I can never come to meet you.
eSa rqels dHkh ugha dg ldkA
I could never say to you./ I could never tell you.
jke dks iSu ugha pkfg,] cfYd mls rks fdrkc pkfg,A Ram doesn‟t need a pen, rather he needs a book.
D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tk ik;s \ ‚kk;n dHkh ughaA
Could you ever go there? Never, I think.
D;k rqe esjs fy, #d ugha ldrs \
Can‟t you wait for me?
D;k rqEgsa dqN ugha pkfg,\
Don‟t you need anything?
rqEgkjk D;k [;ky gS] eq>s ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, \
What do you think, should I go there?
Q 2:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Cast ¼dkLV½
Caste ¼dkLV½
Weak ¼ohd½
Week ¼ohd½
Fond ¼QkWUM½
Found ¼QkmUM½
Story ¼LVksjh½
Storey ¼LVksjh½
People ¼ihiy½
Pupil ¼I;wfiy½
- List of people in a drama or film
- A class (tkfr)
- det+ksj
- lIrkg
- ‚kkSdhu
- Second form of “Find”
- dgkuh
- fdlh fcfYMax dh eaftysa
- yksx
- f‛k";
Q 3:
Drive
Bite
Ride
Hold
Put
Seek
Drink
See
Read
Teach
Drove
Bit
Rode
Held
Put
Sought
Drank
Saw
Read (jSM)
Taught
Driven
Bitten
Ridden
Held
Put
Sought
Drunk
Seen
Read(jSM)
Taught
176
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
1. Could he achieve what he wanted?
2. She would not like to dance with you.
3. You should have thought about his
condition.
4. Does he need your help?
5. Did he use to come to your home?
6. They might have left for school.
7. Seeta must be studying at this point of time.
8. He might be coming.
9. If I had gone there, I would have given him
the money.
10. They are used to such a climate.
11. Has he to go?
12. I had told you that I would not go there.
13. He is used to his car now.
14. We ought to respect whoever is older than we.
15. I was watching TV, rather than studying.
16. They should have left by now.
17. There should be good weather.
18. I would rather buy a pen than a pencil.
19. I already knew that he would win.
20. I couldn‟t protest against Government‟s
decision.
21. Can you meet that guy?
22. There can be anybody.
23. I don‟t love you; rather I love your sister.
24. I had to fight till the end.
25. You can‟t compare love with anything.
50 x 1 = 50
26. Could you please spare some time for me?
27. This girl used to meet Ram quite often.
28. Will he be able to come here?
29. It must hail tomorrow.
30. I would rather meet my dad than meet him.
31. Could I speak with Mr. Batra?
32. I would get up at 6 when I was a kid.
33. They didn‟t want to meet me.
34. Mom needed help because she was unwell.
35. Shall I go?
36. I wanted my mom not to work.
37. Mobile couldn‟t divert me from my study.
38. I was used to his abuses.
39. He prefers singing over dancing.
40. Had he loved me, he would have been here.
41. Seeta used to come. She would prepare food
and study here.
42. He must leave.
43. If he meets me, I will tell him about you.
44. Had you known the truth, you would have
told me.
45. They might have left.
46. It may rain tomorrow.
47. He prefers me over you.
48. It might be a rumour.
49. May I go now?
50. He used to go and I would come.
Answers
1. Could he achieve what he wanted?
D;k oks ik ldk tks oks pkgrk Fkk \
2. She would not like to dance with you.
oks rqEgkjs lkFk Mk¡l ugha djuk pkgsxh A
3. You should have thought about his condition. rqEgsa mldh gkyr ds ckjs esa lkspuk pkfg, Fkk A
4. Does he need your help?
D;k mls rqEgkjh enn dh t+:jr gS \
5. Did he use to come to your home?
D;k oks rqEgkjs ?kj vkrk Fkk \
6. They might have left for school.
‚kk;n oks Ldwy ds fy, fudy x;s gksa@gksx
a sA
7. Seeta must be studying at this point of time. lhrk bl oDr i<+ jgh gksxh A
8. He might be coming.
‚kk;n oks vk jgk gks @gksxk A
9. If I had gone there, I would have given him the money.vxj eSa ogk¡ x;k gksrk] eSaus mls iSls ns fn;s gksrsA
10. They are used to such a climate.
mUgsa bl rjg ds ekSle dh vknr gks xbZ gSA
177
Has he to go?
D;k mls tkuk gS \
I had told you that I would not go there.
eSaus rqEgsa crk;k Fkk fd eSa ogk¡ ugha tkÅ¡xk A
He is used to his car now.
mls viuh dkj dh vc vknr gks xbZ gS A
We ought to respect whoever is older than we.gesa viuksa ls cM++kas dk vknj djuk pkfg,A
I was watching TV, rather than studying.
eSa i<+us ads ctk; Vh oh ns[k jgk FkkA
They should have left by now.
oks vc rd fudy x;s gksaxs A
There should be good weather.
ogk¡ vPNk ekSle gksuk pkfg, A
I would rather buy a pen than a pencil.
eSa iSfUly ds ctk; iSu [kjhnw¡xk A
I already knew that he would win.
eSa igys ls gh tkurk Fkk fd oks thrsxk A
I couldn‟t protest against Government‟s decision. eSa ljdkj ds QSlys ds fo:) fonzksg ugha dj
ldkA
21. Can you meet that guy?
D;k rqe ml yM+ds ls fey ldrs gks \
22. There can be anybody.
ogk¡ dksbZ Hkh gks ldrk gSA
23. I don‟t love you; rather I love your sister.
eSa rqEgsa ugha cfYd rqEgkjh cgu dks I;kj djrk gw¡A
24. I had to fight till the end.
eq>s vUr rd yMuk Fkk@iM+k A
25. You can‟t compare love with anything.
rqe I;kj dh rqyuk fdlh pht++ ds lkFk ugha dj
ldrsA
26. Could you please spare some time for me? D;k vki esjs fy, FkksMk+ le; fudky ldrs gSa \
27. This girl used to meet Ram quite often.
;s yM+dh jke ls vDlj ¼cgqr gh T+;knk½ feyrh
Fkh A
28. Will he be able to come here?
D;k oks ;gk¡ vk ik;sxk \
29. It must hail tomorrow.
dy iDdk vksys iM+asxs A
30. I would rather meet my dad than meet him. eSa mlls feyus ds ctk; vius ikik ls feyw¡xk A
31. Could I speak with Mr. Batra?
D;k eSa fe0 c=k ls ckr dj ldrk gw¡ \
32. I would get up at 6 when I was a kid.
eSa 6 cts mBrk Fkk tc eSa ,d cPpk Fkk A
33. They didn‟t want to meet me.
oks eq>ls feyuk ugha pkgrs Fks A
34. Mom needed help because she was unwell. eEeh dks enn pkfg, Fkh D;ksafd oks chekj Fkha A
35. Shall I go?
D;k eq>s tkuk pkfg, \
36. I wanted my mom not to work.
eSa ugha pkgrk Fkk fd esjh eEeh dke djsAa
37. Mobile couldn‟t divert me from my study.
eksckby eq>s esjh i<+kbZ ls HkVdk ugha ldk A
38. I was used to his abuses.
eq>s mldh xkfy;ksa dh vknr iM+ x;h Fkh A
39. He prefers singing over dancing.
oks Mk¡l djus ds ctk; xkus dks roTt+ks nsrk gSA
40. Had he loved me, he would have been here. vxj mlus eq>s I;kj fd;k gksrk] rks oks ;gk¡ gksrkA
41. Seeta used to come. She would prepare food and study here.lhrk vkrh FkhA [kkuk cukrh Fkh
vkSj ;gk¡ i<+rh Fkh A
42. He must leave.
mls iDdk pys tkuk pkfg, A
43. If he meets me, I will tell him about you.
vxj oks eq>ls feyk] rks eSa mls rqEgkjs ckjs esa
crkšxk A
44. Had you known the truth, you would have told me. vxj rqEgsa lPpkbZ dk irk gksrk] rks rqe eq>s crk
pqds gksrs A
45. They might have left.
‚kk;n os pys x;s gksa@gksaxs A
46. It may rain tomorrow.
‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gks@gksxh A
47. He prefers me over you.
oks rqEgkjs ctk; eq>s T+;knk ekurk gSA
48. It might be a rumour.
;g ,d vQOkkg Hkh gks ldrh gSA
49. May I go now?
D;k eSa vc tk ldrk gw¡\
50. He used to go and I would come.
oks tkrk Fkk vkSj eSa vkrk Fkk A
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
178
Lesson – 22
Conjunctions ¼dutaD‛kUl½ & leqPp; cks/kd vOo;
“Conjunctions ,sls ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks nks ‚kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+ nsrs gSaA” bl rjg okD; Hkh NksVk gks tkrk
gS vkSj vFkZ Hkh ugha cnyrkA
vxj eSa dgw¡ jke vPNk gS vkSj fQj dg¡w eksgu Hkh vPNk gSA tc nksuksa vPNs gSa rks D;ksa u ;s dgw¡ fd jke vkSj
eksgu vPNs gSaA ,slk dgus ij okD; NksVk gks tkrk gS vkSj vFkZ Hkh ugha cnyrkA “vkSj” ,d conjunction gSA
“Conjunction is the word or set of words that connects two words or sentences or
used to coordinate words in the same clause. It shortens the sentences without a
change in meaning or sense.
If I say “Ram is good” and then I say “Mohan is also good”. I made two sentences. Let
me make it one by just saying “Ram and Mohan are good”. Using „and‟, I shortened the
sentence. Hence, „and‟ is a conjunction.
Watch the Video Lecture as well…..
And (vkSj)/Or (;k)
jke vkSj ';ke vPNs nksLr gSaA
Ram and Shyam are good friends.
vki ;s ;k oks fdrkc ys ldrs gSaA
You may take this book or that book.
But (ysfdu] cfYd] flok;)
ysfdu / ij / ijUrq –
jke vkSj ';ke vPNs nksLr gSa ysfdu@ij os ,d nwljs ls yM+rs gSaA
Ram and Shyam are good friends but they fight with each other.
og cgqr le>nkj gS ysfdu oks xjhc gSA
He is very intelligent but he is poor.
flok; / vykok –
eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A @ eSa dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡ ij rqEgkjs ?kj ughaA
I can go anywhere but your home.
eSa dqN Hkh dj ldrk gw¡ flok; rqEgsa ihVus dsA
I can do anything but beat you.
179
oks fpdu ds vykok (flok;) dqN Hkh [kk ldrk gSA
He can eat anything but Chicken.
uksV - flok; / vykok okys okD;ksa (sentences) esa but ds vykok except Hkh yxk ldrs gSa tSls fd ekuk
sentence gS –
eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A
I can go anywhere but your home. ¼,d rjhdk½
I can go anywhere except your home.¼nwljk rjhdk½
cfYd –
;s iSu ugha cfYd iSfUly gSA
This is not a pen, but a pencil.
jke csodwQ+ ugha cfYd ,d le>nkj yM+dk gSA
Ram is not a fool, but a wise guy.
mls Mk¡Vk ugha x;k cfYd ihVk x;kA
He was not scolded but beaten.
eq>s iSu ugha cfYd iSfUly nh x;h FkhA
I had not been given a pen but a pencil.
For / As / Because / Since (D;ksafd] pw¡fd)
tc Hkh okD; esa ÞD;ksafdÞ ;k Þpw¡fdÞ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks bu pkjksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ij
,d egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s gS fd ÞD;ksafdÞ ;k Þpw¡fdÞ ds fy, “because” dk iz;ksx dsoy okD; ds chp esa gksrk gS vkSj
“since” dk iz;ksx dsoy okD; ds ‚kq#vkr esa gksrk gSA
We can use any of these four but an important point is that “because” is to be used
only in the middle of the sentence and “since” is only at the beginning.
1- D;ksfa d@pw¡fd eSa chekj Fkk] blfy, eSa ugha vk;kA
Since/As/For I was unwell, hence I didn‟t come.
2- eSa ugha vk;k D;ksfa d@pw¡fd eSa chekj Fkk]
I didn‟t come because/as I was unwell.
or
I didn‟t come, for I was unwell.
tc Hkh ge D;ksafd ;k pw¡fd ds fy, „for‟ dk iz;ksx okD; ds chp esa djsa rks gesa „for‟ ls igys dkSek yxkuk t+#jh gSA
Note: If we use „for‟ in the middle, we need to place a comma just before it.
180
Also/Even/Either/Too/As well (Hkh)
lHkh ik¡pkas dk ,d gh vFkZ gS & „Hkh‟ A
Also, Too vkSj As well dk iz;ksx izk;% ikWftfVo okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
Generally, „Also‟, „Too‟, „As well‟ are used in positive sentences.
Either dk iz;ksx mu uSxsfVo okD;ksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuesa Hkh dk Hkko izLrqr gkssA tSls & eSa Hkh vPNk ugha g¡w]
rqe Hkh cxZj ugha [kkrs vkfnA
Even dk iz;ksx izk;% ikWftfVo vkSj uSxsfVo nksuksa okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
„Even‟ is generally used in both; positive as well as negative sentences.
uksV : ikWftfVo okD; dk eryc gksrk gS & gj oks okD; ftlesa not dk iz;ksx u gqvk gS] Hkys gh fQj oks iz‛uokpd okD;
gh D;ksa u gksA
Note: Positive sentence simply means the sentence, in which „not‟ is not used, even if it‟s
an interrogative sentence.
nwljh ckr ;s fd
„Also‟ dk iz;ksx lgk;d fØ;k ds ckn vkSj fØ;k ls igys gksrk gSA
„Also‟ is used after the helping verb and before the verb.
Too, As well vkSj Either dk iz;ksx okD; ds vUr esa gksrk gSA
Too, As well & Either are used at the end of the sentence.
„Even‟ dk iz;ksx okD; ds ‚kq#vkr esa gksrk gSA
„Even‟ is used at the beginning of the sentence.
,d ckr vkSj - „Even‟ dk iz;ksx Interrogative sentences esa ugha gksrkA
mnkgj.k (Examples) –
1) eSa Hkh vPNk gw¡A (Positive Sentence)
I am good too. / I am also good. / I am good as well. / Even I am good.
2) eSa Hkh vPNk ugha gw¡A (Negative Sentence)
Even I am not good. / I am not good either.
3) D;k rqe Hkh ogk¡ ugha Fks \(Negative Interrogative Sentence)
Were you not there either?
(bl sentence esa not gS blfy, eSa ;k rks even dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gw¡ ;k fQ+j either dk] ij gesa irk gS fd
„Even‟ dk iz;ksx Interrogative sentences esa ugha gksrk blfy, either dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
4) eSa Hkh Q+y ilUn ugha djrkA (Negative Sentence)
I don‟t like fruits either. / Even I don‟t like fruits.
5) os Hkh esjs lkFk ugha gaSA (Negative Sentence)
They are not with me either. / Even they are not with me.
181
So/Hence/Henceforth/That‟s why/Therefore/That‟s the reason (blfy,)
eSa x;k blfy, rqe vk;sA
I went so you came. or
I went hence you came. or
I went henceforth you came. or
I went that‟s why you came. or
I went that‟s the reason you came.
As + {an adjective} +As
mruk $ ¿ dksbZ fo‛ks"k.k À $ ftruk
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
- mruk yEck ftruk vfer
- mruk NksVk ftruk jkds‛k
- mruk cM+k ftruk rqEgkjk ?kj
- mruk dkyk ftruk dks;yk
- mruk yky ftruk [kwu
- mruh lqUnj ftruh rqe
- mrus etcwr ftrus esjs ikik
As tall as Amit
As short as Rakesh
As big as your house
As black as coal
As red as blood
As beautiful as you
As strong as my dad
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
;k
vfer ds ftruk yEck
jkds‛k ds ftruk NksVk
rqEgkjs ?kj ds ftruk cM+k
dks;ys ds ftruk dkyk
[kwu ds ftruk yky
rqEgkjs ftruh lqUnj
esjs ikik ds ftruk etcwr
1- rqe esjs ftrus pkykd ugha gksA
You are not as clever as I.
2- jke mlds ftruk ikxy ugha gSA
Ram is not as mad as he is.
3- D;k rqe esjs ftruk vPNk xk ldrs gks \
Can you sing as good as I can?
4- D;k rqe esjh mez ds gks \
Are you my age?
or
Are you as old as I am?
As (tSlk] ds rkSj ij] ds ukrs)
1- tSlk vki dgsaA
As you say.
2- tSlh vkidh et+hZA
As you wish.
3- tSlk vkius dgk] eSaus fd;kA
I did as you said.
4- eSa ;gk¡ eSut
s j ds rkSj ij dke dj jgk gw¡A
I am working here as a manager.
5- ,d Vhpj gksus ds ukrs] esjk Qt+Z gS fd eSa vius cPpksa dks lQyrk dh jkg fn[kkšA
As a teacher, it‟s my duty that I guide my students to success. or
Being a teacher, it‟s a responsibility/ an obligation that I guide my students to
success.
182
As well as (lkFk gh lkFk)
jke i<+k fy[kk gS lkFk gh lkFk mlds ekrk firk Hkh i<+s fy[ks gSaA
Ram is educated as well as his parents are educated.
An Important Rule:
vxj “as well as” nks subjects ds chp esa vk;k rks helping verb igys okys subject ds vuqlkj gh yxsxhA
If “as well as” is joining two subjects in a sentence, then the helping verb is to be used
as per the first subject.
Example:
1] oks lkFk gh lkFk mlds nksLr Hkh vPNs gSaA
;gk¡ ij nks subject gSa & 1. He (oks)
2. His friends (mlds nksLr).
vkidks yxsxk fd helping verb “is” ugha cfYd “are” yxuh pkfg,A ij Rule ds vuqlkj helping verb igys
okys subject ds vuqlkj gh yxsxhA igyk subject gS “He” blfy, “is” yxsxkA
He, as well as his friends, is good.
2] eSa lkFk gh lkFk esjs nksLr Hkh ;gk¡ gSaA
3- oks lkFk gh lkFk mlds rhu HkkbZ Hkh tk jgs gSaA
I, as well as my friends, am here.
He, as well as his 3 brothers, is going.
As soon as / the moment (tSls gh)
1- tSls gh oks vk;k] eSa pyk x;kA
As soon as he came, I left.
or
The moment he came, I left.
2- esjs ?kj vk tkuk tSls gh ikik vk tk;saA
Come to my home the moment dad comes.
or
Come to my home as soon as dad comes.
3- ftruh tYnh gks lds pys tkvksA
Leave/go as soon as possible.
As far as (tgk¡ rd)
1- tgk¡ rd eSa tkurk gw¡ mlds nks cPps gSaA
As far as I know, he has two children.
2- tgk¡ rd eq>s irk gS mldh ‚kknh gks pqdh gSA
As far as I know, he is married.
3- tgk¡ rd esjh i<+kbZ dk loky gS] eSaus flQZ 12 oha ikl dh gSA
As far as my study is concerned, I am only 12th pass.
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4- tgk¡ rd esjs HkkbZ dk loky gS] mlus xzStq,‛ku dj yh gSA
As far as my brother is concerned, he has done graduation.
5- tgk¡ rd esjs ifjokj dk loky gS] esjh nks cgusa gSaA
As far as my family is concerned, I have two sisters.
6- tgk¡ rd esjs ikik eEeh dk loky gS] eSa mudk [;ky j[kus ds fy, dkQh gw¡A
As far as my parents are concerned, I am good enough to take care of them.
Although / Though / Even if / Even though (;|fi] gkyk¡fd] Hkys gh)
&
Then also / even then / yet / still / however (fQj Hkh] rc Hkh] blds ckotwn Hkh])
Rule: vxj vkius Although dk iz;ksx fd;k rks vkidks Yet dk iz;ksx djuk gh gksxkA
1- Hkys gh oks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;k] fQj Hkh mls lc vkrk gSA
Even if he never went to school, then also he knows everything.
or
Though he never went to school, still he knows everything.
or
Although he never went to school, yet he knows everything.
(Although ds lkFk Yet dk iz;ksx djuk gh gksxkA½
2- gkyk¡fd eSa xjhc gw¡] ij blds ckotwn eSa rqEgsa iSls ls enn djus dh dksf‛k‛k d#¡xkA
Although I am poor, yet I will try to help you with money.
3- gk¡ykfd ;s eSaus ugha fd;k gS] ij fQj Hkh vkidk tks Hkh QSlyk gks] eSa mls ekuw¡xkA
Though I haven‟t done it, still whatever you decide, I will accept.
4- gk¡ykfd eSa chekj Fkk] rc Hkh eSaus dke fd;kA
Even if I was unwell, then also I worked.
Such (bl rjg dk] ,slk )/
Such as (tSls fd] mnkgj.kr% ) /
in such a way (bl rjg ls] ,sls )
1- ,sls yksx LokFkhZ gksrs gSaA
Such people are selfish.
2- ,sls cPps eq>s ilUn ughaA
I don‟t like such children.
3- ,slh dbZ dgkfu;k¡ eSa lqu pqdk gw¡A
I have heard many such stories.
4- esjs ikl dbZ phtsa gSa tSls fd dEI;wVj] ySiVkWi] eksckby bR;kfnA
I have many things such as a computer, a laptop, a mobile etc.
184
5- mlds lkFk dbZ yksx gSa tSls fd jke] jkgqy] eksgu vkfnA
There are many people with him such as Ram, Rahul, Mohan etc.
6- mlus bl rjg ls eq>s ns[kk fd eq>s yxk oks eq>s pkgrh gSA
She looked at me in such a way that I felt she liked me.
7- rqe ,sls ckr djrs gks fd eSa rqEgkjh ckr Vky gh ugha ldrkA
You talk in such a way that I can‟t deny you.
As If / As though (ekuks; tSls fd )
1- rqe ,sls ckr djrs gks ekuks rqEgsa lc irk gks A
You talk in such a way as if you know everything.
2- rqe rks ,sls ckr dj jgs gks tSls eSa rqEgkjk nq‛eu gw¡A
You are talking in such a way as if I am your enemy.
3- jke eq>s Mk¡Vus yxk tSls fd oks esjk ckWl gksA
Ram started scolding me as though he was my boss.
4- oks eq>ls bl rjg ckr dj jgk Fkk tSls fd eSa mldk ukSdj gw¡A
He was speaking with me in such a way as if I was his servant.
uksV & rhljs vkSj pkSFks okD; esa was dk iz;ksx blfy, gqvk gS D;ksfa d okD; chrs gq, le; dh ?kVuk dks crk jgk gSA
Note – I have used „was‟ in 3rd & 4th sentences just because the sentence
demonstrates a past incidence.
Either – or (;k rks ;s & ;k rks oks )
1- ;k rks rqe tkvks ;k eq>s tkus nksA
2- ;k rks jke tk;sxk ;k fQj eSa tkšxkA
3- eSa ;k rks fnYyh tkšxk ;k eqEcbZA
4- ;k rks rqe xyr gks ;k oksA
Either you go or let me go.
Either Ram will go or I will. / Either Ram or I will go.
I‟ll either go Delhi or Mumbai. / I‟ll go either Delhi or
Mumbai.
Either you or he is wrong. / Either you are wrong or he is.
Neither – nor ( u ;s & u oks )
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u
eSa
u
u
rqe tkvks u eq>s tkus nksA
u fnYyh tkšxk u eqEcbZA
rqe xyr gks u oksA
eSaus iwNk vkSj u mlus crk;kA
Neither you go nor let me go.
I‟ll neither go to Delhi nor Mumbai.
Neither you nor he is wrong. / Neither you are wrong nor he is.
Neither I asked nor she told.
A special case: Not – nor/neither ( ugha & oks Hkh ugha )
1- rqe ugha vkrsA oks Hkh ugha vkrkA
2- eSaus ugha iwNkA u mlus iwNkA
3- oks ugha tk ik;kA u eSa tk ik;kA
You don‟t come. Nor/neither does he.
I didn‟t ask. Nor did she.
He couldn‟t go. Neither could I.
185
A special case: So (oks Hkh)
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rqe vkrs gksA oks Hkh vkrk gSA
eSaus iwNkA mlus HkhA
oks ;s dj ik;kA eSa HkhA
eSa rqEgsa cgqr I;kj djrk g¡wA ikik Hkh djrs gSaA
You come. So does he.
I asked. So did she/he.
He could do it. So could I.
I love you so much. So does Dad.
Not only – but also (u dsoy ;s cfYd oks Hkh / ;gh ugha oks Hkh)
1- ^^oks u dsoy eSut
s j gS cfYd fo/kkFkhZ Hkh gSA^^ ;k ''oks eSut
s j gh ugha] fo/kkFkhZ Hkh gSA^^
He is not only a manager, but also a student.
2- ^^oks u dsoy vaxzst+h cfYd iatkch cksyuk Hkh tkurk gSA^^ ;k ^^oks vaxzst+h gh ugha] iatkch cksyuk Hkh tkurk gSA^^
He can speak not only English, but also Punjabi.
If (;fn] vxj )
If ds iz;ksx dks lef>, vkSj vxyh practice exercise ds tfj, vius vki dks fu[kkfj,A
Understand the usage of „if‟ and through the next practice exercise, polish your
learning.
rhu rjg ds okD;%
1- vxj ;s gksrk rks oks gksrkA (If + Past Indefinite Tense/Simple past, would)
vxj eSa tkrk rks mlls feyrkA
If I went, I would meet him.
vxj jke us ns[kk gksrk] rks oks eq>s Hkh crkrkA
If Ram saw, he would also tell me.
vxj ikik ?kj ij gksrs] rks oks eq÷ks tkus ugha nsrsA
If Dad was at home, he would not let
me go.
vxj eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gksrk] rks rqEgsa t+#j jksdrkA
If I was your friend, I would stop you
for sure.
2- vxj ;s gqvk gksrk rks oks gks pqdk gksrkA (If + Past Perfect Tense/Simple past, would
have)
vxj eSa x;k gksrk] rks mlls fey fy;k gksrkA
If I had gone, I would have met him.
vxj mlus [kk;k gksrk] rks oks eq>s crk pqdk gksrkA
If he had eaten/taken/had, he would
have told me.
vxj ikik ?kj ij gksrs] rks mUgksua s eq>s tkus ugha fn;k gksrkA If Dad was at home, he would not
have let me go.
vxj eSa rqEgkjh txg gksrk] rks eSaus ;s dj fy;k gksrkA If I was you, I would have done it.
3- vxj
;s gks@gksxk] rks oks gksxkA (If + Present Indefinite Tense/Simple present, will)
vxj eSa x;k] rks mlls feyw¡xkA
If I go, I will meet him.
vxj jke ugha vk;sxk] rks eSa ugha vkšxkA
If Ram doesn‟t come, I‟ll not come.
vxj ikik ?kj ij gq,] rks eSa rqEgsa Qksu ugha d#¡xkA If Dad is at home, I‟ll not call you.
vxj eSa rqEgkjh txg ij gqvk] rks igys ;s dke d#¡xkAIf I am you, I‟ll at first do this work.
,d ckr vkSj & ÞrksÞ ds fy, vki pkgsa rks „then‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
If I go, then I will meet him.
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Lest – should (dgha ,slk u gks fd] ;s u gks fd )
Rule:
„Lest‟ ds ckn vkus okys okD; esa „should‟ dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(The sentence following „lest‟ must use „should‟ as a helping verb.)
1- eSa esgur d#¡xk dgha ,slk u gks fd eSa Qsy gks tkÅ¡A
I‟ll work hard lest I should fail.
2- lgh irk fy[kks dgha ,slk u gks fd dwfj;j dgha vkSj pyk tk,A
Write the correct address lest courier should go somewhere else.
3- ogk¡ er tkvks ;s u gks fd oks rqEgsa Mk¡VsAa
Don‟t go there lest he should scold you.
Otherwise/ or else (ugha rks] ojuk )
1- eSa esgur d#¡xk ojuk eSa Qsy gks tkÅ¡xkA
I‟ll work hard otherwise/or else I will fail.
2- lgh irk fy[kks ugha rks dwfj;j dgha vkSj tk ldrk gSA
Write the correct address otherwise courier can go somewhere else.
3- ogk¡ er tkvks ugha rks oks rqEgsa Mk¡VsxkA
Don‟t go there or else he will scold you.
So that (rkfd )
1- eSa esgur d#¡xk rkfd eSa ikl gks tkÅ¡A
I‟ll work hard so that I pass.
2- lgh irk fy[kks rkfd dwfj;j dgha vkSj u pyk tk,A
Write the correct address so that courier doesn‟t go anywhere else.
3- esjs lkFk gh jgks rkfd eSa cksj u gksšA
Be with me so that I don‟t feel bored.
4- ;s djks rkfd rqe ;s dg ldks fd rqeus Hkh dqN fd;k gSA
Do it so that you could also say that you had also done something.
Provided / Providing ( c‛krsZ] ‚krZ ;s gS fd] ij rc tc )
Rule: Provided ds ckn okyk okD; ges‛kk „Present Indefinite Tense‟ esa gh curk gSA
„Provided‟ is always followed by „Present Indefinite Tense sentence‟.
1- eSa rqels feyw¡xk ij rc tc rqe eq>s oknk djks fd rqe eq>s jke ds ckjs esa ugha iwNksxsA
I‟ll meet you provided you promise me that you will not ask about Ram.
2- oks vk;sxk ij rc tc jke u vk;sA
He will come providing Ram doesn‟t come.
187
“WH Family” used as a conjunction
1. What, That
2. Where
3. Whom
4. Who
5. Which
6. When
7. How / The way
8. Whose
9. Of Which
10. With whom
11. For whom
12. From where
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
tks ¼ltho o futhZo nksuksa ds fy, (for Living & Nonliving both))
tgk¡
ftls
tks ¼ltho dk½ (living being)
tks ¼futhZo dk½ (non living)
tc
tSls] ftl rjg ls
ftldk ¼ltho dk½ (living being)
ftldk ¼futhZo dk½ (non living)
ftlds lkFk
ftlds fy,
tgk¡ ls
Example:
1- D;k rqeus lquk tks eSaus dgkA
Did you hear what/that/which I said.
2- eSa Hkh vk;k tgk¡ ls rqe vk;sA
Even, I came from where you came.
3- ftlds fy, eSaus lc dqN fd;k] oks ;gk¡ ugha gSA For whom I did everything, is not here.
4- D;k rqe crk ldrs gks ftl rjg ls rqe ogk¡ igq¡ps\Can you tell me how you reached there?
5- jke] tks esjs lkFk Fkk] esjk nksLr gSA
Ram, who was with me, is my friend.
6- iSu tks esjs ikl Fkk rqEgkjk ugha gSA
Pen which/that I had is not yours.
7- jke oks gS] ftlds ikik iqfyl esa gSaA
Ram is the one whose father is in police.
8- EkSa oks gw¡] ftldk HkkbZ rqEgkjs lkFk FkkA
I am the one whose brother was with you.
9- ;s oks ?kj gS ftldh Nr detksj gSA
This is the house, the roof of which is weak.
10- ;s oks dqlhZ gS ftlds pkjksa iSj VwVs gq, gSaA
This is the chair, the all 4 legs of which are
broken.
ik¡pos o NBs okD;ksa ij t+jk /;ku nhft,A ik¡pos okD; esa jke ds ckn dkSek yxk;k x;k gS tcfd NBs okD; esa iSu ds ckn
dkSek ugha yxk;k x;kA rF; ;g gS fd bl rjg ds okD;ksa esa tc ÞtksÞ] ÞftlsÞ vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ogk¡ O;fDrokpd
laKk tSls jke ds ckn dkSek dk iz;ksx gksuk vfuok;Z gS ysfdu tkfrokpd laKk tSls iSu ds lkFk dkSek dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
Look at the 5th & 6th sentence. In 5th sentence, Ram is a proper noun hence it followed a
comma. But in 6th sentence, Pen is a common noun hence it didn‟t follow comma. The fact is;
Proper noun is followed by comma in such kind of sentences whereas common noun is never
followed by comma.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. You are never too old to dream a new dream.
vki dHkh brus cw<+s ugha gksrs fd dksbZ u;k liuk u ns[k ldsaA
2. A successful person is the one who can lay a firm foundation with the stones thrown
on him by others.
,d lQy O;fDr oks gS tks nwljksa ds }kjk Qsd
a s x;s iRFkjksa ls ,d etcwr uhao cuk ldsA
3. A machine can replace an ordinary man but no machine can replace an extraordinary
man.
,d e‛khu ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ys ldrh gS ij dksbZ Hkh e‛khu ,d vlk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ugha ys ldrhA
188
That‟s what /where/why/how/when/who/which
That‟s what-
;gh rks] ogh rks] ;gh ckr rks] ogh ckr rks
¼fdlh eqn~ns dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about an issue)
That‟s where- ;gha rks] ogha rks] blh txg rks] mlh txg rks
¼fdlh txg dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a place)
That‟s whyblhfy,] rHkh rks
¼fdlh dkj.k dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a reason)
mlh le; rks] rHkh rks
That‟s when¼fdlh le; dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a time)
That‟s who/whom-mlh dks
¼fdlh ltho (living being) dh ckr gks jgh gSA½
That‟s which- mlh dks
¼fdlh futhZo (non living) dh ckr gks jgh gSA½
That‟s howblh rjg rks] blh rjg ls
¼djus ds rjhds dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a way of doing something.)
Example:
12345678910111213-
;gh ckr rks eSa dg jgk FkkA
That‟s what I was saying.
;gh rks rqe mls le>k jgs FksA
That‟s what you were making him understand.
eSa ogha rks tk jgk gw¡A
That‟s where I am going.
jke mlh txg rks [kM+k FkkA
That‟s where Ram was standing.
ge ;gha rks feys Fks ml fnuA
That‟s where we had met that day.
eSaus ,sls gh rks lh[kkA
That‟s how I learned.
mlus blh rjg ckr dhA
That‟s how he spoke.
eSa mlh oDr igq¡p x;kA
That‟s when I reached.
tc ikik vk;s] mlh oDr eEeh Hkh vk x;haAWhen dad came, that‟s when even mom turned up.
eSaus mlh dks rks Mk¡Vk FkkA
That‟s who/whom I had scolded.
eSaus blh ij rks fdrkc j[kh FkhA
That‟s which I had kept the book on.
eSaus mlh yM+ds dks rks Mk¡Vk FkkA
That‟s the boy I had scolded.
eSaus blh Vscy ij rks fdrkc j[kh FkhA That‟s the table on which I had kept the book.
Still / Even now
(vHkh Hkh] vkt Hkh)
Rule:
“still” dk iz;ksx helping verb ds ckn vkSj verb ls igys gksrk gS] tcfd “even now” dk iz;ksx ges‛kk okD; ds
vUr esaA
“still” is used after the helping verb and just before the verb, whereas “even now” is used at the end.
1- eSa vHkh Hkh i<+ jgk gw¡A
2- D;k jke vHkh Hkh [ksyrk gS \
3- oks vkt Hkh eq>ls feyrk gSA
I am still studying. / I am studying even now.
Does Ram still play? / Does Ram play even now?
He still meets me. / He meets me even now.
189
While + Verb 1st form + ing
(tc nks dke ,d lkFk fd, tk jgs gksa )
Rule: “while” ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k ds lkFk “ing” dk iz;ksx gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
The verb follows „while‟ is always used in „ing‟ form.
1- eSa pyrs gq, i<+ jgk gw¡A
I am studying while walking./While walking, I am studying.
2- D;k jke i<+rs gq, [kkuk [kkrk gS \ Does Ram eat the food while studying ?
3- oks eq>ls ckr djrs gq, rqEgsa ns[k jgk FkkA He was watching you while talking to me.
No sooner had – than
(gh Fkk)
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eSa igq¡pk gh Fkk fd oks vk x;sA
No sooner had I reached than they came.
jke dks eSaus Qksu fd;k gh Fkk fd mldk eSlst vk x;kANo sooner had I called Ram than he messaged me.
No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
ge LVs‛ku igq¡ps gh Fks fd Vªsu py nhA
ge lks;s gh Fks fd ckfj‛k vk xbZA
No sooner had we slept than it started raining.
As yet / yet / till now / by now / so far
(vHkh rd] vkt rd)
Rule: „yet‟ vkSj „as yet‟ dk iz;ksx eq[;r% dsoy Present Perfect Tense esa gksrk gSA
1- eSaus vHkh rd mls ugha ns[kk gSA (Present Perfect Tense)
I have not seen her yet/ as yet/ till now/ by now/ so far.
2- vHkh rd dk Ldksj D;k gqvk gS \ (Simple Sentence)
What is the score till now / by now / so far?
Till / Till the time / By the time/As long as (tc rd)
Rule: bu pkjksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ij egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s gS fd buds ckn dk okD; ;k rks Present
Indefinite esa curk gS ;k fQj Past Indefinite esAa uhps fn;s x;s nwljs vkSj rhljs okD; esa Þtc rdÞ ds ckn
dk okD; Þxk xs xhÞ okyk gS ij fQj Hkh vaxzsth+ esa cnyk x;k rks Present Indefinite dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
1]
2]
3]
4]
5]
tc rd eSa ugha vkrk] rqe er tkukA
tc rd jke ugha vk;sxk] ge ugha tk;saxsA
ge ugha [kk;saxs tc rd jke ugha vk;sxkA
tc rd oks vk;k] eSa tk pqdk FkkA
tc rd rqe esjs lkFk gks] eq>s ijokg ughaA
Till/till the time/ by the time I don‟t come, you don‟t go.
Till Ram doesn‟t come, we will not go.
We will not eat till Ram doesn‟t come.
By the time he came, I had left/gone.
As long as you are with me, I don‟t care.
190
Unless / Until (tc rd ugha)
Rule: bu nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ij egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s gS fd buds ckn dk okD; ;k rks Present
Indefinite esa curk gS ;k fQj Past Indefinite esAa uhps fn;s x;s nwljs vkSj rhljs okD; esa Þtc rdÞ ds ckn
dk okD; Þxk xs xhÞ okyk gS ij fQj Hkh vaxzsth+ esa cnyk x;k rks Present Indefinite dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
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tc rd eSa ugha vkrk] rqe er tkukA
Until/Unless I come, you don‟t go.
tc rd jke ugha vk;sxk] ge ugha tk;sx
a sA
Until/Unless Ram comes, we will not go.
ge ugha [kk;saxs tc rd jke ugha vk;sxkA
We will not eat until/unless Ram comes.
tc rd oks ugha vk;k] eq>s vPNk ugha yxkA Until / Unless he came, I didn‟t feel good.
tc rd cPpksa us ugha iwNk] eSaus mUgsa ugha crk;kA Until/Unless children asked, I didn‟t tell them.
tc rd vfer vuqefr ugha nsxk] eSa pqi jg¡x
w kA Until/Unless Amit allows, I‟ll keep quiet.
Whether – or (pkgs ---- ;k ½ ¼ fd -----;k )
Rule No 1: (pkgs ---- ;k ½
vxj okD; esa ÞpkgsÞ ds lkFk Þ;kÞ vk;s rks ÞwhetherÞ ds lkFk ÞorÞ dk iz;ksx djuk t+#jh gSA ysfdu ÞwhetherÞ ds
lkFk okyk okD; tks dkSek ls igys gS] Present Indefinite esa gh cusxkA
1- pkgs oks vk;s ;k u vk;s] eSa rks tkšxkA
2- pkgs jke [ksys ;k u [ksys] rqEgsa [ksyuk pkfg,A
Whether he comes or not, I will go.
Whether Ram plays or not, you should play.
Rule No 2: ¼ fd -----;k )
vxj okD; esa ÞfdÞ ds lkFk Þ;kÞ vk;s rks ÞwhetherÞ ds lkFk ÞorÞ dk iz;ksx djuk t+#jh gSA ysfdu ÞwhetherÞ ds
lkFk okyk okD; tks dkSek ls igys gS] Tense ds vuqlkj gh cusxkA
1- eSa dg ugha ldrk fd oks [ksysxk ;k ughaA
I can‟t say, whether he will play or not.
2- oks ugha tkurk Fkk fd yksx vk;sx
a s Hkh ;k ughaA He didn‟t know, whether people will come or not.
3- gesa ugha irk fd oks ogk¡ tkrk gS ;k dgha vkSjA We don‟t know, whether he goes there or
somewhere else.
Whereas / While (tcfd)
1- esjs ikl 10 # gSa tcfd rqEgkjs ikl 50A
I have Rs 10 whereas/while you have 50.
2- tc jke dh ‚kknh gqbZ] oks 25 lky dk Fkk tcfd nqYgu dsoy 18 dhA
When Ram got married, he was 25 whereas/while the bride was only 18.
191
Conjunctions – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1- mlus Hkh ugha pkgkA
2- gkyk¡fd eq÷ks [ksyus ugha fn;k tk jgk] fQj Hkh eSa
‚kkUr gw¡A
3- eSa mls fÒtok ldrk gw¡ ij rc tc rqe Äj vk
tkvksA
4- eSaus u dHkh fd;k u djus dh lksp ldrk g¡wA
5- pkgs oks cSBs ;k u cSBs eSa rks Tk+#j cSBw¡xkA
6- gesa i<+us rd ugha fn;k x;k FkkA
7- esjh ckr fdlh us ugha lquhA
8- ftls rqe ;kn dj jgs gks] mls rqe dHkh ;kn ugha
vkrsA
9- tks rqeus Vscy ij j[kk] D;k gS oks \
10- pkgs oks u vk;s] eSa rks lqcg&2 gh fnYyh ds fy,
fudy tkšxkA
11- Okks Hkh gesa ns[krk jgkA
12- D;k oks tkurk Fkk fd eSa dkSu gw¡ \
13- eSa rqEgsa ;gh rks le÷kk jgk gw¡A
14- fj‛rk oks pht+ gS ftlds fcuk ge vËkwjs gSaA
15- ge ogha ij rks [kM+s gksdj i<+ jgs FksA
16- mlus eq÷ks fl[kk;k Fkk fd yM+rs dSls gSaA
17- ;k rks viuh gkj ij jksuk gksxk gesa ;k fQj yM+rs gq,
tku nsuh gksxhA
18- oks vaxzst+h gh ugha iatkch Hkh cksyuk tkurk gSA
19- lcdks bTt+r nks ,slk u gks rqEgsa Hkh dksbZ bT+t+r u
nsA
20- vc pyrs gSa ojuk gesa nsj gks ldrh gSA
21- oks i<+us ds fy, ugha vk;k rkfd mls Mk¡V u iM+sA
22- eSa dg ugha ldrk fd oks dc rd vk;sxkA
23- mls vHkh Hkh cq[kkj gSA
24- eSaus rqEgkjk uke lquk rd ugha FkkA
25- u mlus ns[kk gksxk u fdlh vkSj usA
26- eSa dg ugha ldrk fd oks vk;sxkA
27- Tkgk¡ rd esjh ft+Unxh dk loky gS] eSaus bls ekuo
dY;k.k ij yxk fn;k gSA
28- yksx vDlj esjs Äj vkrs gSa rkfd oks esjs vehj firk
dk iSlk iz;ksx dj ldsaA
29- oks ekrk firk ftudh Å¡xyh idM+dj rqeus pyuk
lh[kk] mUgsa dHkh nq[k er igq¡pkukA
30- u oks le÷kk tks eq÷ks dguk Fkk u gh mlus lquus dh
dksf‛k‛k rd dhA
31- ;k rks oks rqEgsa tkus nsxk ;k oks cgkus cuk;sxkA
32- f‛k{kk O;olk; ugha cfYd vki rd ig¡qpus dk ,d
iz;kl gSA
33- eSa Hkh [kq‛k ugha gw¡A
34- ge mrus lH; gSa ftruk gesa gksuk pkfg,A
35- tgk¡ rd esjh lksp dk loky gS] eq÷ks iwjk ;dhu gS
fd eSa lcdk fny thr yw¡xkA
36- oks rqEgsa Mk¡Vus ds flok; dqN Hkh dj ldrk gSA
37- ;s esjk I;kj ugha] ml yM+dh dh rjQ+ esjk vkdZ’k.k
gSA
38- Okks eq÷kls ckr djus yxk ekuks eq÷ks igys ls tkurk
gksA
39- Pkkgs Vªsu 2 ?kaVs ckn vk;s] gesa rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
40- D;k muesa ls dksbZ bruk gSaMle Fkk ftruk oks gSA
41- D;k mlds ikl esjs ftruh xkfM+;k¡ Fkh \
42- mls Hkh Q+y ilUn ugha FksA
43- pw¡fd eSaus mls Qksu ugha fd;k] blfy, mlus vxys
iwjs fnu eq÷kls ckr ugha dhA
44- jkt ugha tkurk fd oks fnYyh tk;sxk ;k ughaA
45- mls irk ugha Fkk fd oks tk;sxkA
46- blh rjg eSa cM+k gqvk A
47- esjh eEeh ,slh ugha gS fd rqEgkjs cgkuksa dks eku tk,A
48- eSaus ;s fdrkc [kksyh gh Fkh fd eq>s viuk cpiu ;kn
vk x;k D;ksafd tc eSa cPpk Fkk eq>s ;s fdrkc ilan
Fkh A
49- eSa vHkh Hkh rqEgsa viuh ft+anxh ls T+;knk I;kj djrk
gw¡A
50- muesa ls fdlh ds ikl Hkh esjs ftruh isfUlysa ugha FkhA
51- D;k rqEgkjk lq>ko esjs ftruk vPNk gS \
52- eSuas ogha rks ml vtuch dks ns[kk Fkk A
53- mlus eq>s Qksu ugha fd;k D;ksafd oks eq>ls ukjkt+ gSA
54- oks esjs ftruk yEck ugha Fkk A
55- rqEgkjh vk¡[ksa eq÷ks bl rjg ?kwjrh gSa fd ,d iy ds
fy, eSa [kks lk tkrk gw¡A
56- mlds gkykr vHkh Hkh mlds dkcw ls ckgj gSa A
57- oks yM+dh ,slk fx¶V ilUn ugha djsxh A
58- muesa ls dqN esjs HkkbZ ftrus rst+ gSa A
59- mlh oDr eSaus Hkh xzstq,‛ku iwjh dh A
60- tSls gh rqe ogk¡ igq¡pks] eq>s dkWy djuk A
61- tgk¡ rd eq>s irk gS oks LoHkko dk vPNk gS A
62- u dsoy esjh fta+nxh cfYd mldh Hkh bl ,d xyr
QSlys ds dkj.k cckZn gks xbZ gS A
63- eSa u mls dkWy dj ik;k u mls vkf[kjh oDr is ns[k
ik;k A
64- bl lky dbZ fgV fQYesa gSa tSls ncax 2] lu vkWQ
ljnkj vkfn A
65- oks vius nksLrksa ds lkFk [ksyrs gq, Vhoh ns[k jgk Fkk A
66- ;k rks esjk xyr gS ;k rqEgkjk \
67- rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks blfy, eSus dkWy ugha dh A
68- tc rd rqe ;gk¡ [kM+s gks] eSa Hkh dgha ugha tkÅ¡xk A
69- ,slh dgkfu;k¡ cgqr cksfjax gksrh gSa A
70- eSa dg ugha ldrk] oks rqEgsa ,slh fdlh ckr ds fy,
Qksu djsxk A
71- eSa mls dkWy djus ds vykok dqN Hkh dj ldrk Fkk A
192
72- pkgs oks [kk;s ;k u [kk;s] de ls de eSa rks ugha [kkus
okyk A
73- ;k rks eSa xyr gw¡ ;k fQj rqe A
74- ftruk rqe mls I;kj djrs gks eSa Hkh djrk gw¡A
75- eSus Hkh mls :yk;k A
76- ;gh rks eq>s ges‛kk ukilan Fkk vkSj fu;fr nsf[k, vkt
esjs ikl ;s djus ds flok; dksbZ pkjk gh ugha gS A
77- Okks vHkh Hkh cqjs nkSj ls xqt+j jgk gS A
78- pkgs esjs lkFk cqjs ls Hkh cqjk crkZo gks ;k eq>s tku ls
ekj fn;k tk;s esjh vkf[kjh lk¡l Hkh ;gh dgsxh fd eSa
vius ns‛k ls I;kj djrk gw¡ vkSj var rd djrk jgw¡xkA
79- tks rqe dgks] eSa var rd djrk jgw¡xk A
80- tc rd oks feyus ugha vkrk eSa ugha tkus okyk A
81- ge bl rjg jksM ikj djrs gSa A
82- tSlk rqe pkgks@tSlk rqe ilan djks A
83- eSa i<+us yxk T;ksa gh ikik vk;s A
84- rqe esjs dksbZ ugha gks tcfd oks esjk lc dqN gS A
85- oks esjs fy, :dk tc rd eSa ugha vk;k A
86- tSlk&2 vkius eq>s crk;k Fkk eSaus dj fy;k gS A
87- mlus i<+rs gq, eq>s dkWy fd;k A
88- eSaus rqEgsa dkWy dh gh Fkh fd rqe esjs ?kj ig¡qp x;s A
89- geus vHkh rd rktegy ugha ns[kk gS A
90- rqeus vHkh rd fdruk iSLkk bdV~Bk dj fy;k gS \
91- bl rjg dk vkneh ?keaMh gksrk gS A
92- mlus bl rjg esjk Lokxr fd;k fd ,d iy dks eq>s
yxk fd eSa ghjks gw¡ A
93- eq>s Hkh ,slk O;ogkj dHkh ilan ugha vk;k A
94- eSa bl lky T+;knk esgur d:¡xk D;ksafd eSa nksckjk
Qsy ugha gksuk pkgrk A
95- eq>s Vhoh dh t:jr ugha Fkh ij rqeus fnyk nh] eSa
/kU;okn djrk g¡w A
96- esjs ikl dqN ugha gS fQj Hkh eSa fgEer ugha gkjrk A
97- dksbZ rks nks’kh gS] rqe ;k eSa \
98- oks lkFkh ftlds fcuk rqe vkt tgk¡ gks ig¡qp ugha
ldrs Fks] dgk¡ gS oks \
99- tc rd oks esjs iSls okil ugha djrk eSa mls ugha
NksM+us okyk A
100- oks mruh nwj rd ugha tk ldk A
101- oks lp ugha] ,d fn[kkok Fkk A
102- ftlds lkFk cSBdj rqeus QksVks f[kapokbZ] oks dkSu gS \
103- mlh dks rks eSaus Hkstk Fkk A
104- blh ckr ij rks gekjs chp >xM+k gqvk A
105- u [kqn djrs gks] u djus nsrs gks A
106- ,slh ykijokgh vHkh rd fdlh vkSj us ugha dh gS A
107- mlds ikl vHkh Hkh cgqr iSlk gS A
108- u ckfj‛k gqbZ] u dksbZ vk;k A
109- rqeus mls cqyok;k rkfd gesa fiVok ldks A
110- ftlds lkFk ge py jgs gSa] oks Hkwr ugha gks ldrk A
111- ftldk fny VwVk gksrk gS oks vDlj nnZ eglwl djrk
gSA
112- dy NqV~Vh gksxh A
193
113- mldk Hkh dksbZ ugha Fkk A
114- eSaus mlh le; cUnwd fudky yh A
115- jke us ;s djok;k rkfd dksbZ mls nks’k u ns A
116- tc Hkh muls iwNk x;k] oks yksx pqi gks tkrs Fks A
117- eSa Hkh fdlh ls ugha Mjrk Fkk A
118- tc rd cPps ugha iwNsaxs] mUgsa dSls irk pysxk \
119- oks rqEgsa vkus nsxk c‛krZs rqe mls dqN iSls nks A
120- esjs ikl mlds ftruh fdrkcsa D;ksa ugha Fkh \
121- gekjs ?kj esa Hkys gh dEI;wVj u gks] ij geusa dke
djuk lh[k fy;k gS A
122- gels dksbZ ugha fey ikrk Fkk ‚kk;n blfy, D;ksafd
ge lcls vyx Fks A
123- mUgsa gh ugha] muds ifjokj okyksa dks Hkh dksVZ esa is‛k
fd;k tkuk gSA
124- geus vHkh rd fdlh dks ugha cqyk;k gSA
125- cPps us vk¡[ksa [kksyh Hkh ugha Fkh fd mls ekj fn;k
x;kA
126- Hkys gh mlus eq>s tkus fn;k ij eSa mldk lkFk nsus
dh lksp Hkh ugha ldrk A
127- D;k rqe vHkh Hkh ,slk lksprs gks \
128- gkyk¡fd mldh rch;r [kjkc gS fQj Hkh eSa mldh
fgEer dh nkn nsrk gw¡ fd oks lqcg ls dke dj jgk
gS A
129- mlus ,slk fd;k rkfd yksx mldh rkjhQ djsAa
130- vius nksLrksa dk lkFk nks ,slk u gks fd t+:jr iM+us
ij oks rqEgkjk lkFk u nas A
131- D;k ;s ogh yM+dk gS ftls rqe ml fnu dqN iwN jgs
Fks \
132- ftls eSaus fi;k oks ikuh ugha dqN vkSj Fkk A
133- rqe eq>s jksd ugha ikvksxs A
134- D;k oks vkt+ Hkh eq>s ;kn djrk gS \
135- eSaus vHkh rd dqN ugha [kk;k gS A
136- mlds ckjs esa Hkys gh rqe dqN Hkh dgks ij mls eq> ls
csgrj dksbZ ugha tkurk A
137- ,slk [;ky rd eq>s ugha vkrk A
138- oks u dqN lksp ik;k u viuh ckr dg ik;k A
139- ,slh phtsa eSa Hkh ugha [kkrk A
140- ;k rks oks rqEgsa tkus nsxk ;k fQj ;s dgdj jksdsxk fd
mls rqEgkjh t+:jr gS A
141- fj‛rs mUgsa dgrs gSa tks gesa ,d nwljs ls I;kj djuk
fl[kkrs gaS A
142- xka/khth oks egkiq:’k gSa ftuds fl)karksa dks lqurs gq,
eSa cM+k gqvk A
143- ftlus rqEgsa tkus fn;k oks esjk cM+k HkkbZ Fkk A
144- ge Hkh fdlh dks ugha dgrs Fks A
145- ftlds da/ks ij cSBdj rqeus nqfu;k ns[kh] muds da/kks
dks dHkh >qdus er nsuk A
146- eaSus rqEgsa iwNk rd ugha fd rqe dSls gks A
147- mls Hkh ;s ugha crk;k x;k A
148- D;k rqe dkj pykuk tkurs gks \
Answers
1. Even he didn‟t want.
2. Though I am not being let play, still I am quiet. / Although I am not being let play, yet I am quiet.
3. I can make him go provided you come home.
4. Neither I did nor I can ever think to do (of doing).
5. Whether he sits or not, I must sit (I will definitely sit).
6. We were not even let study.
7. Nobody listened to me.
8. The one who you are missing, she never misses you (You are never missed by her).
9. That you kept on table, what is that?
10. Even if he doesn‟t come, I will leave for Delhi early in the morning.
11. Even he kept on watching us.
12. Did he know who I was?
13. That‟s what I am making you understand.
14. Relation is something without which we are incomplete.
15. That‟s where we were standing and studying.
16. He had taught me how to fight?
17. Either we will have to cry over our defeat or sacrifice our lives, fighting.
18. He not only knows English but also Punjabi.
19. Respect all lest nobody should respect you.
20. Let‟s go now otherwise (or else) we may (might) be late.
21. He didn‟t come to study so that he was not scolded.
22. I can‟t say until when (by what time) he will come.
23. He is still suffering from fever. / He still has fever.
24. I had not even heard your name.
25. Neither he will have seen nor anybody else.
26. I can‟t say if he will come.
27. As far as my life is concerned, I have devoted it to human welfare.
28. People visit my home very often so that they might use my rich father‟s money.
29. The parents, holding whose fingers you toddled, don‟t ever hurt them.
30. Neither he understood what I had to say nor he even tried to listen.
31. Either he will let you go or he will make excuses.
32. Education is not a business but an endeavor to reach you.
33. Even I am not happy. / I am not happy either.
34. We are as civilized as we should be.
35. As far as my thinking is concerned, I firmly believe that I will win everyone‟s heart.
36. He can do anything but scold you.
37. It‟s not my love but an attraction towards that girl.
38. He started talking to me as if he knew me beforehand (he already knew me).
39. Even if train comes after 2 hrs, we must be ready.
40. Was any of them as handsome as he is?
41. Did he have as many cars as I have?
42. He didn‟t like fruits either. / Even he didn‟t like fruits.
43. For (Since/as) I didn‟t phone (call) him, He didn‟t talk to me for next whole day.
44. Raj doesn‟t know whether he will go Delhi or not.
45. He had no idea whether he would go. / He didn‟t know whether he would go.
46. That‟s how I grew up.
47. My mom is not such a lady who will buy your excuses.
48. No sooner had I opened this book than I remembered my childhood as I loved it when I was a kid.
49. I still love you more than my life.
194
50. None of them had as many pens as I had.
51. Is your suggestion as good as mine is.
52. That‟s where I had seen that stranger.
53. He didn‟t call me because (,for / as) he is angry with me.
54. He was not as tall as I.
55. Your eyes stare me in such a way that I feel myself lost for that a moment.
56. His circumstances are still out of his hands.
57. That girl will not like such a gift.
58. Few of them are as intelligent as my brother is.
59. That‟s when even I completed Graduation.
60. As soon as you reach there, call me up.
61. As far as I know, he is nice by nature.
62. Not only my life but also his is ruined due to this one wrong decision.
63. I could neither call him nor see him at the last breath (time).
64. There are so many big hits this year such as Dabang 2, Son of Sardar etc.
65. He was watching TV while playing with his friends.
66. Either mine is wrong or yours is.
67. You are not my friend that‟s why I didn‟t call you.
68. As long as you are standing here, even I will not go anywhere.
69. Such stories are very boring.
70. I can‟t say if he will call you for any such purpose.
71. I could do anything but call her.
72. Whether he eats or not, atleast I am not going to (gonna) eat.
73. Either I am wrong or you are.
74. As much as you love her, even I do.
75. Even I made him weep. / I also made him weep.
76. That‟s what I always disliked and what a coincidence, I have no choice but to do it.
77. He is still going through a bad phase.
78. Whether I am treated brutally or killed, Even my last breathe will say “ I love my country and I will
keep loving till the end “.
79. Whatever you say, I will keep doing till the end.
80. Unless he comes to meet, I am not going to go.
81. That‟s how we cross the road.
82. As you feel like.
83. I started studying as soon as (the moment) Dad came (turned up).
84. You are no one to me whereas (while) he is everything to me.
85. He waited for me until (unless) I came. / He waited for me by the time (as long as) I didn‟t come.
86. I have done as you had instructed me.
87. He called me while studying.
88. No sooner had I called you than you reached my home.
89. We have not seen the Taj Mahal yet (as yet).
90. How much money have you collected so far?
91. Such a man is arrogant.
92. She welcomed me in such a way that for a moment I felt as if I was a hero.
93. Even I never liked such a behavior.
94. I will work harder this year because I don‟t want to fail again.
95. I didn‟t need a TV but you provided me. I thank you so much.
96. I have nothing, yet I don‟t lose hope.
97. Someone is to blame; either you or I?
98. The mate without whom you could not have reached where you are today, where is he?
195
99. Unless (until) he returns my money, I am not going to (gonna) spare him.
100. He couldn‟t go up to that far.
101. That was not truth but fake.
102. The one, sitting with whom you had a snap. Who is he?
103. That‟s whom I had sent.
104. That‟s what we disputed on. / We disputed on the same matter.
105. Neither you do yourself not let do.
106. Nobody else has done such a negligence.
107. He still has lots of money. / He still has a lot of money.
108. Neither it rained, nor did anybody come.
109. You made him come so that we could be beaten.
110. The one with whom we are walking, he can‟t be a ghost.
111. The one whose heart is broken, he often feels the pain.
112. It will be holiday tomorrow.
113. Nobody was his either. / Nobody was hers either.
114. That‟s when I took out the gun. / I took out the gun exactly at that time.
115. Ram got it done so that nobody blames him.
116. Whenever they were asked, they people would keep quiet.
117. Even I was not scared of anybody.
118. Unless children ask, how will they know?
119. He will let you come provided you give him some money.
120. Why did I not have as many books as he had?
121. Even if we don‟t have a computer at home, then also we have learnt how to work on it.
122. Nobody was able to meet us, probably because we were different than others.
123. Not only they but also their family members have to be produced in court.
124. We have not called anyone yet.
125. Child had not even opened the eyes that he was killed.
126. Even if he let me go, but I can‟t even think of supporting him.
127. Do you still think so?
128. Though he is unwell, still I salute his courage that he has been working since morning.
129. He did so, so that people appreciate him.
130. Help your friends lest in need, they shouldn‟t help you.
131. Is this the boy whom you were asking something the other day?
132. That I drank wasn‟t water but something else.
133. You will not be able to stop me.
134. Does he still miss me?
135. I have not eaten/had/taken anything as yet.
136. Although you say anything about him, yet nobody knows him better than I.
137. I can‟t even think so.
138. He could neither think something nor say what he wanted to.
139. I don‟t eat such things either.
140. Either he will let you go or he will stop you, saying that he needs you.
141. Relations are those which teach us to love each other.
142. Gandhiji is the great man, hearing whose principles I grew up.
143. The one, who let you go, was my elder brother.
144. Even we didn‟t use to say to anyone.
145. The one, sitting on whose shoulders you saw the world, don‟t let him ever down.
146. I didn‟t even ask you how you were.
147. Even he was not told this.
148. Do you know how to drive the car?
196
Conjunctions – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
20 x 1 = 20
12345678910111213141516171819-
Hkys gh ;s nwfj;k¡ cgqr xgjh gSa] fQj Hkh rqe esjs fny ds lcls djhc gksA
jke u esjk nksLr Fkk u gSA
eSa vHkh Hkh lksp jgk gw¡A
oks ;gh rks pkgrh gSA
u oks esjs ftruk xksjk Fkk u rqEgkjs ftruk dkykA
jke ds nl HkkbZ gSa tcfd esjs dsoy nksA
ge lc bl rjg [ksyrs gSa tSls fd HkkbZ HkkbZ gksAa
oks oSls gh yM+k tSlk rqeus mls fl[kk;k FkkA
eSa jktsUnz ugha] lyeku gw¡A
eSaus rqEgsa eSlst Hkstk gh Fkk fd rqeus dkWy dj nhA
eSa lc dqN ns[k ldrk gw¡ gksrs gq, ij ugha ns[k ldrk rqEgsa jksrs gq,A
mlus fdrkc rd ugha [kksyh Fkh ij ikl gks x;kA
esjs lkFk jgks rkfd dqN lh[k ldksA
esjs ikl Hkh iSu ugha gSA
ftruh tYnh gks lds esjs ?kj vkvksA
esjk vkWfQl Hkh rqEgkjs vkWfQl ftruk gh nwj gSA
vkleku ds ftruk Å¡pk cuksA
mldk 'kjhj yksgs dh rjg etcwr Fkk ij fny ,d cPps dh rjg funksZ"kA
cPps gh ugha VhplZ Hkh vk;s FksA
20- eSa rqEgsa fdrkc n¡wxk ij rc tc rqe bls jkst+ i<+ksA
Q2: Choose the correct alternative:
10 x 1 = 10
1) My father always scolds me ………….. he was Hitler.
i) Even
ii) However
iii) As though
iv) So that
v) None of these
iii) So far
iv) Still
v) None of these
iii) can
iv) might
v) None of these
iii) Whether
iv) as
v) None of these
iii) Is
iv) Were
v) None of these
iii) Either
197
iv) too
v) None of these
2) I have not met him ……….
i) Till now
ii) As Yet
3) Work hard lest you…….fail.
i) will
ii) should
4) I can‟t say ……..he will come.
i) If
ii) That
5) Either you or he ……….wrong.
i) Am
ii) Are
6) Did you not go there ……….?
i) also
ii) even
7) Although I am your friend, ………it doesn‟t mean you make me fool.
i) then also ii) yet
iii) however
iv) still
v) but
iii) yet
iv) still
v) also
iv) have been
v) None of these
iv) will come
v) None of these
8) He can‟t…….go there.
i) even
ii) either
9) He as well as his friends ……….coming.
i) is
ii) are
iii) were
10) Whether he ……..or not, I must go.
i) comes
ii) came
iii) come
Q3: Correct the following sentences:
10 x 2 = 20
1) I will give you the book provided you will read that daily.
2) My friends have not reached till now.
3) I will see whether he is at home.
4) Read the whole book thoroughly lest you may fail.
5) Even if he will go, I don‟t care.
6) I am even now thinking about her.
7) As soon as Dad came, I started study.
8) You ordered me as if you are my boss.
9) Because I lost everything, I am depressed.
10) While walk, he was studying.
Answers
Q1:
1- Hkys gh ;s nwfj;k¡ cgqr xgjh gSa] fQj Hkh rqe esjs fny ds lcls djhc gksA
Even if the differences are quite deep, still you are the closest to my heart.
2- jke u esjk nksLr Fkk u gSA
Ram was neither my friend nor he is.
3- eSa vHkh Hkh lksp jgk gw¡A
I am still thinking.
4- oks ;gh rks pkgrh gSA
That‟s what she wants.
5- u oks esjs ftruk xksjk Fkk u rqEgkjs ftruk dkykA
Neither he was as fair as I nor as dark as you.
6- jke ds nl HkkbZ gSa tcfd esjs dsoy nksA
Ram has 10 brothers whereas/while I have two.
7- ge lc bl rjg [ksyrs gSa tSls fd HkkbZ HkkbZ gksAa
We all play as if we are brothers.
8- oks oSls gh yM+k tSlk rqeus mls fl[kk;k FkkA
He fought as/the way you had trained him.
9- eSa jktsUnz ugha] lyeku gw¡A
I am not Rajendra but Salman.
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10- eSaus rqEgsa eSlst Hkstk gh Fkk fd rqeus dkWy dj nhA
No sooner had I messaged you than you called.
11- ns[k ldrk g¡w eSa dqN Hkh gksrs gq, ij ugha ns[k ldrk rqEgsa jksrs gq,A
I can see anything happening but you crying.
12- mlus fdrkc rd ugha [kksyh Fkh ij ikl gks x;kA
He had not even opened the book but he passed.
13- esjs lkFk jgks rkfd dqN lh[k ldksA
Be with me so that you could learn something.
14- esjs ikl Hkh iSu ugha gSA
I don‟t have a pen either. / Even, I don‟t have a pen.
15- ftruh tYnh gks lds esjs ?kj vkvksA
Come my home as soon as possible.
16- esjk vkWfQl Hkh rqEgkjs vkWfQl ftruk gh nwj gSA
Even my office is as far as your office is.
17- vkleku ds ftruk Å¡pk cuksA
Be as high/tall as sky.
18- mldk 'kjhj yksgs dh rjg etcwr Fkk ij fny ,d cPps dh rjg funksZ"kA
His body was as strong as Iron but his heart was as innocent as a kid.
19- cPps gh ugha VhplZ Hkh vk;s FksA
Not only students but also teachers had come.
20- eSa rqEgsa fdrkc n¡wxk ij rc tc rqe bls jkst+ i<+ksA
I‟ll give you the book provided you read it daily.
Q2: Correct alternative is written in bold letters and underlined:
1) My father always scolds me ………….. he is Hitler.
i) Even
ii) However
iii) As though
iv) So that
v) None of these
iii) So far
iv) Still
v) None of these
iii) can
iv) might
v) None of these
iii) Whether
iv) as
v) None of these
iii) Is
iv) Were
v) None of these
iii) either
iv) too
v) None of these
2) I have not met him ……….
i) Till now
ii) As Yet
3) Work hard lest you…….fail.
i) will
ii) should
4) I can‟t say ……..he will come.
i) If
ii) That
5) Either you or he ……….wrong.
i) Am
ii) Are
6) Did you not go there ……….?
i) also
ii) even
199
7) Although I am your friend, ………it doesn‟t mean you make me fool.
ii) yet
i) then also
iii) however
iv) still
v) but
iii) yet
iv) still
v) also
8) He can‟t…….go there.
i) even
ii) either
9) He as well as his friends ……….coming.
i) is
ii) are
iii) were
iv) have been
v) None of these
iv) will come
v) None of these
10) Whether he ……..or not, I must go.
i) comes
ii) came
iii) come
Q3: Correct sentences are in italic letters just below the incorrect ones:
1) I will give you the book provided you will read that daily. (Incorrect)
I will give you the book provided you read that daily.
(Correct)
2) My friends have not reached till now.
My friends have not reached yet / as yet.
3) I will see whether he is at home.
I will see if he is at home.
4) Read the whole book thoroughly lest you may fail.
Read the whole book thoroughly lest you should fail.
5) Even if he will go, I don‟t care.
Even if he goes, I don‟t care.
6) I am even now thinking about her.
I am thinking about her even now. / I am still thinking about her.
7) As soon as Dad came, I started study.
As soon as Dad came, I started studying.
8) You ordered me as if you are my boss.
You ordered me as if you were my boss.
9) Because I lost everything, I am depressed.
Since/As/For I lost everything, I am depressed.
10) While walk, he was studying.
While walking, he was studying.
200
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
1- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ftruk gh nwj gSA
2- eSa jkgqy ugha jksgu gw¡A
3- eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A
4- rqe u vPNs gks u cqjAs
5- rqe ;k rks dEI;wVj ys yks ;k ysiVkiA
6- jke dqN Hkh dj ldrk gS ij fdlh dk fny ugha nq[kk
ldrkA
7- rqe ,d vPNs bUlku ugha gksA eSa Hkh ughaA
8- eSa vke ugha [kkrk] rqe Hkh ugha [kkrsA
9- Hkys gh oks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;k] fQj Hkh xtc dh
vaxzsth cksyrk gSA
10- jkds‛k ds ikl dbZ xkfM+;k¡ gS tSls eflZMht+] gksUMk
vkfnA
11- oks bruk vPNk nksLr Fkk fd eSa crk ugha ldrkA
12- rqe mruh nwj rd dHkh ugha nkSM+ ldrs ftruk eSa
nkSM+ ldrk gw¡A
13- rqe feyus vk ldrs gks tc rd eSa vkWfQl esa gw¡A
1415161718192021222324252627282930-
30 x 1 = 30
ftruh tYnh gks lds [kkuk [kk yksA
u eSaus [kk;k] u fi;kA
esgur djks rkfd bXt+ke esa ikl gks ldksA
eSa vHkh rd mlls ugha feyk gw¡A
bl rjg ds yksx fdlh ls ugha feyrsA
tc rd rqe esgur ugha djrs] lQy ugha gksxsA
pkgs rqe vkvks ;k u vkvks] eSa tk jgk gw¡A
eSa dg ugha ldrk oks vk;sxk ;k ughaA
oks 5000 # dek jgk gS tcfd rqe 10000A
;gh rks eSaus rqEgsa dgkA
u rqeus dqN dgk] u mlusA
yksx vHkh Hkh mlls yM+ jgs gSaA
Hkys gh rqe eq>s iSls ns nks] eSa ;s ugha d#¡xkA
eSa rqels yM+us dks rS;kj gw¡ c‛krsZ rqe mls NksM+ nksA
vxj rqe fnYyh vkvks rks eq>ls t+#j feyukA
eSa ogha rks tk jgk gw¡A
rqe u dsoy ,d HkkbZ gks cfYd ,d firk Hkh gksA
Q 2: Correct the following sentences if there is an error:
10 X 2 = 20
1. You don‟t like me. I don‟t like you too.
2. If I will go to market, I will meet you.
3. Computer is such device, which can stop working anytime.
4. Wheather you go or not, I will go to Shimla.
5. That‟s what I am telling you since morning.
6. He is not only a manager, but a student as well.
7. He is not in office since he is unwell.
8. He is working like a manager.
9. He has as much pencils as you have.
10. I am not yet satisfied.
Answers
Q1:
1- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ftruk gh nwj gSA
My house is as far as your house.
2- eSa jkgqy ugha jksgu gw¡A
I am not Rahul but Rohan.
3- eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A
I can go anywhere but/except your home.
4- rqe u vPNs gks u cqjAs
You are neither good nor bad.
5- rqe ;k rks dEI;wVj ys yks ;k ysiVkiA
You either take a computer or a laptop.
6- jke dqN Hkh dj ldrk gS ij fdlh dk fny ugha nq[kk ldrkA Ram can do anything but hurt someone.
7- rqe ,d vPNs bUlku ugha gksA eSa Hkh ughaA
You are not a good person. Neither do I.
8- eSa vke ugha [kkrk] rqe Hkh ugha [kkrsA
I don‟t eat mango, neither do you.
9- Hkys gh oks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;k] fQj Hkh xt+c dh vaxzst+h cksyrk gSA
Even if he never went to school, yet he speaks fluently.
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10- jkds‛k ds ikl dbZ xkfM+;k¡ gS tSls eflZMht+] gksUMk vkfnA
Rakesh has many cars such as Mercedez, Honda etc.
11- oks bruk vPNk nksLr Fkk fd eSa crk ugha ldrkA
He was such a good friend that I can‟t even tell you.
12- rqe mruh nwj rd dHkh ugha nkSM+ ldrs ftruk eSa nkSM+ ldrk gw¡A You can never run as far as I can.
13- rqe feyus vk ldrs gks tc rd eSa vkWfQl esa gw¡A
You can come to meet till I am in office.
14- ftruh tYnh gks lds [kkuk [kk yksA
Eat the food as soon as possible.
15- u eSaus [kk;k] u fi;kA
Neither I ate nor drank.
16- esgur djks rkfd bXt+ke esa ikl gks ldksA
Work hard so that you could pass the exam.
17- eSa vHkh rd mlls ugha feyk gw¡A
I have not met him yet.
18- bl rjg ds yksx fdlh ls ugha feyrsA
Such people don‟t meet anyone.
19- tc rd rqe esgur ugha djrs] lQy ugha gksxsA
Until/Unless you work hard, can‟t succeed.
20- pkgs rqe vkvks ;k u vkvks] eSa tk jgk gw¡A
Whether you come or not, I am going.
21- eSa dg ugha ldrk oks vk;sxk ;k ughaA
I can‟t say whether he will come or not.
22- oks 5000 # dek jgk gS tcfd rqe 10000A
He is earning Rs 5000 whereas you earn 10000.
23- ;gh rks eSaus rqEgsa dgkA
That‟s what I said to you.
24- u rqeus dqN dgk] u mlusA
Neither you said anything nor he.
25- yksx vHkh Hkh mlls yM+ jgs gSaA
People are still fighting with him.
26- Hkys gh rqe eq>s iSls ns nks] eSa ;s ugha d#¡xkA
Even if you give me money, I will not do it.
27- eSa rqels yM+us dks rS;kj gw¡ c‛krsZ rqe mls NksM+ nksA
I am ready to fight you, provided you leave him.
28- vxj rqe fnYyh vkvks rks eq>ls t+#j feyukA
If you visit Delhi, meet me for sure.
29- eSa ogha rks tk jgk gw¡A
That‟s where I am going.
30- rqe u dsoy ,d HkkbZ gks cfYd ,d firk Hkh gksA
You are not only a brother but also a father.
Q 2:
Incorrect Sentence
1. You don‟t like me. I don‟t like you too.
2. If I will go to market, I will meet you.
Correct Sentence
You don‟t like me. I don‟t like you either.
If I go to market, I will meet you.
3. Computer is such device, which can stop working anytime.
Computer is such a device, which can stop working anytime.
4. Wheather you go or not, I will go to Shimla.
5. That‟s what I am telling you since morning.
6. He is not only a manager, but a student as well.
7. He is not in office since he is unwell.
8. He is working like a manager.
9. He has as much pencils as you have.
10. I am not yet satisfied.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
Whether you go or not, I will go to Shimla.
That‟s what I have been telling you since morning.
He is not only a manager, but also a student.
He is not in office because/as/,for he is unwell.
He is working as a manager.
He has as many pencils as you have.
I am not satisfied yet/as yet. / I am yet not satisfied.
202
Lesson – 23
Imperative Sentences ¼vkKk lwpd okD;½
“vkKklwpd okD; oks gksrs gSa ftudh enn ls ge ;k rks fdlh dks dksbZ vkns‛k nsrs gSa] lykg nsrs gSa ;k fQj
fdlh ls dksbZ vuqjks/k djrs gSaA”
vxj eSa vkils dg¡w fd Þeq>s iSu nksÞ] rks ;k rks eSa vkidks vkns‛k ns jgk g¡w ;k fQj ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd eSa
vkils vuqjks/k ;k fourh dj jgk gw¡A ;s lc bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd esjs cksyus dk rjhdk dSlk gSA
“Imperative Sentences are those in which we either order someone, advice
someone or request for something from someone.”
If I say “Give me a pen”, then either I am ordering you to give me the pen, or it‟s possible that I
am requesting you to do the same. It all depends on the tone of my voice.
vkb, foLrkj ls le÷ksa (Let‟s understand in detail.)
¼fu;e½
¼lw=½
¼mnkgj.k½
Rule
Formula
Example
Do (djks)
vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks dgk x;k gksA
If it is said to do something in
a sentence.
Please/Kindly Do (—i;k djks)
vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks dgk x;k gks
ij request djrs gq,A
If it is said to do something in
the sentence but with request
(please/kindly).
Always Do (ges‛kk djks)
vxj okD; esa dqN ges‛kk djus dks dgk
x;k gksA
If it is said to always do
something in the sentence.
Verb 1st form +
Object.
Please/kindly + Verb
1st form + Object.
Always + Verb 1st
form + Object.
Don‟t (er djks)
vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks euk fd;k x;k
Don‟t + Verb 1st form
gksA
+ Object.
If it is said not to do something
in the sentence.
Never Do (dHkh er djks)
vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks euk fd;k x;k
gksA
Never + Verb 1st
If it is said not to do something
form + Object.
in the sentence.
203
1. jke ds lkFk tkvksA
Go with Ram.
2. ikdZ esa vkvksA
Come at the park.
1. Iyht+ cPpksa ls feyksA
Please meet the
children.
2. Iyht+ eq>s crkvksA
Kindly tell me.
1. ges‛kk lp cksyksAs
Always speak the
truth.
2. ges‛kk cM+ksa dks bTt+r nksA
Always respect elders.
1. >wB er cksykssA
Don‟t tell a lie.
2. ckWch dks er Mk¡VksA
Don‟t scold Boby.
1. xjhcksa dks dHkh er lrkvksA
Never bother the
poor.
2. dHkh >wB er cksyksA
Never tell a lie.
tSlk fd geus ns[kk fd vxj eq>s dguk gS “tkvks” rks eSa dg¡wxk “Go” ij vxj eSa dg nw¡ “Do go” rks bldk ;g
eryc gksrk gS fd eSa okD; dks tksj nsdj dg jgk g¡w ;kfu eSa dguk pkgrk g¡w “t+#j tkvks”
If I use „do‟ in imperative sentences such as “Do go”, “Do eat the food”, that indicates
that I am emphasizing the command.
vc nsf[k, Let dk iz;ksx &
Let (djus nks)
Don‟t let (er djus nks)
- Let + subject + Verb 1st form + Object.
- Don‟s +let + subject + Verb 1st form + Object.
or
- Let + subject + not + Verb 1st form + Object
bl rjg ds okD;ksa esa subject ;k rks noun gksxk tSls jke] lhrk vkfn ;k fQj subject ,d objective
pronoun tSls me, him, her, us, them vkfnA vxj vkidks objective pronoun esa dksbZ confusion gS
rks pronoun pSIVj ,d ckj fQj if<+,A
In such sentences, “subject” is either a noun such as Ram, Seeta etc or an objective pronoun such as
me, him, her, us, them etc. If you are not clear on objective pronoun then go back to the chapter of
pronoun.
Examples(mnkgj.k):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
eq>s tkus nksA
jksfgr dks [ksyus nksA
cPpksa dks ikdZ tkus nksA
mls er vkus nksA
ikik dks er tkus nksA
- Let me go.
- Let Rohit play.
- Let children go to park.
- Don‟t let him go. / Let him not go.
- Don‟t let dad go. / Let dad not go.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But in practice, there is.
2. I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.
3. Each problem that I solved became a rule which served afterwards to solve other problems.
4. Luck is something you are born with; but the destiny is something you make yourself.
5. Live every moment to the fullest; who knows what will happen tomorrow.
6. Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. (Mahatma Gandhi)
7. Don't be afraid to give up the good to go for the great.
8. No masterpiece was ever created without efforts.
9. Thinking should become your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across in your
life.
10. Winners are those who learn from their failures.
204
Imperative Sentences – Practice Exercise
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435-
363738394041424344454647-
esjs lkFk jgksA
vius nksLrkas ls ckr djksA
fdlh nksLr dks er NksM+ks A
esjs ckjs esa lkspksA
eq>s rqEgsa dqN crkus nksA
bl ijs‛kkuh dk gy fudkyksA
eq>s ns[kus nksA
ukd lkQ djksA
dHkh&dHkh ?kj vk;k djksA
mls ,d bUp Hkh er fgyus nksA
ges‛kk le; ds ikcUn jgksA
,sls pkykd vkneh ls lko/kku jgksA
viuh deht ds cVu cUn djksA
foosd dks mu yksxksa ls er feyus nksA
—Ik;k njokts dh dqUMh yxk nksA
dke ls th er pqjkvksA
mls <¡w<+us nksA
mls ijs‛kku er djksA
viuh dkj ;gk¡ [kM+h er djksA
mls ;s er djus nksA
dHkh&dHkh vius ekrk&firk dks ns[kus tkvksA
ml yM+ds ds lkFk BgjksA
xjhcksa dh enn djksA
bl yM+dh dks ;gk¡ dke djus nksA
lHkh diM+s izSl¼bL=h½ dj nksA
ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ls th er pqjkvksA
cky cuk yksA
mUgsa tkus nksA
FkksM+k ikuh vkSj feyk yksA
—i;k ued ikl djksA@—i;k ued ns nksA
le; ns[kksA
;gk¡ er mrjksA
gesa i<+us nks D;ksafd dy gekjk isij gSA
eksecRrh cq>k nksA
lc dks I;kj djks tks dksbZ rqEgkjh ftUnxh esa
vk;sA
viuk fglkc dj yksA
uhys iSu ls er fyf[k,A
;gk¡ ls pys tkvksA
bl dkj ls ckgj fudy tkvksA
[kpip er fy[kks] lkQ&lkQ fy[kksA
tYnh Bhd gks tkb,A
eqn~ns ij vkb,A
vius okns ls er eqdjksA
Q‛kZ ij ;gk¡ ogk¡ er FkwdksA
[kwc eqLdqjkvksA
t+Ynh vkWfQl igq¡pks D;ksfa d ckWl ukjkt+ gSA
T;knk er [kkvksA
484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495-
205
vius twrs fudky yksA
Qkyrw ckr er djksA
Vscy yxk yksA
cM+h&cM+h ckrsa er djksA
lqbZ esa /kkxk Mky nksA
uaxs iSj er pyksA
fdLer ij NksM+ nksA
fdlh dks nq[k er nksA
vius twrs ds Qhrs [kksy nksA
vius twrs ds Qhrs yxk yksA
vius uk[kwu dkVksA
viuh gn ls T+;knk [kpZ er djksA
ekfpl tyk yksA
ogk¡ fcYdqy [kM+s er gksukA
viuk ?kj lef>,A
uy cUn djksA
uy [kksyksA
igys mls cksyus nksA
dEI;wVj vkWQ dj nksA
ck;sa pyksA
nk;sa pyksA
bl ekeys dks NksM+ nksA
eq>s 500 dk NqV~Vk¼psUt½ nksA
viuh vaxzst+h lq/kkjksA
vius rd j[kks ;s ckrA fdlh dks Hkh er crkukA
dHkh&dHkh gels feyk djksA
bl ‚kCn dks fMD‛kujh esa <+w¡<ksA
viuh t++qcku ij dkcw j[kksA
ykbV cUn er djksA
eq>s lkeku [kksyus nksA
eq>s lkeku ck¡/kus nksA
—Ik;k fcLrj yxk nksA
eq>s ;s ;kn fnykukA
vius dke ls dke j[kksA
mls Qksu djksA
eq>s mls Qksu djus nksA
vius eu eqVko nwj djksA
uhacw fupksM+ nksA
mls er NqvksA
viuk [;ky j[kukA
mls iSls ns nksA
diM+s fupksM+ yksA
eq>s lHkh diM+s fupksMu+ s nksA
8 cts dk vykeZ yxk nksA
eq>s 9 cts dk vykeZ yxkus nksA
eq> ij Hkjkslk j[kksA
lUrjk Nhy yksA
fnekx ls [ksyksA
Answers
1. Be with me.
2. Talk to your friends.
3. Don‟t leave any friend.
4. Think about me.
5. Let me tell you something.
6. Find out the solution of this problem.
7. Let me see.
8. Blow the nose.
9. Come home sometimes.
10. Don‟t let him move even an inch.
11. Always be punctual.
12. Beware of such a clever man.
13. Button up your shirt.
14. Don‟t let Vivek meet those people.
15. Kindly bolt the door.
16. Don‟t shirk the work.
17. Let me find out/ search.
18. Don‟t bother her.
19. Don‟t park your car here.
20. Let him not do this.
21. Sometimes, go to see your parents.
22. Stay with that boy.
23. Help the poor.
24. Let this girl work here.
25. Iron all the clothes.
26. Don‟t shirk responsibilities.
27. Comb the hair.
28. Let them go.
29. Add a little more water.
30. Pass the salt please.
31. Look at the time.
32. Don‟t get off here.
33. Let us study as it is our paper tomorrow.
34. Blow out the candle.
35. Love everyone whoever comes in your life.
36. Clear your accounts.
37. Don‟t write with blue pen.
38. Go away from here.
39. Get out of this car.
40. Do not scribble, Write legibly.
41. Get well soon.
42. Come to the point.
43. Do not back out of your promise.
44. Don‟t spit on the floor here and there.
45. Smile a lot.
46. Reach office early as boss is angry.
47. Do not overeat.
48. Take off your shoes.
206
49. Do not talk nonsense.
50. Lay the table.
51. Do not beat about the bush.
52. Thread the needle.
53. Do not walk bare-footed.
54. Leave it to fate.
55. Don‟t hurt anybody.
56. Unlace your shoes.
57. Lace your shoes.
58. Pare your nails.
59. Don‟t spend beyond your limit.
60. Strike a match.
61. Don‟t stand there at all.
62. Feel at home here.
63. Turn off the tap.
64. Turn on the tap.
65. Let him speak first.
66. Shut down the computer.
67. Keep to the left.
68. Keep to the right.
69. Leave this matter.
70. Give me change of five hundred.
71. Improve your English.
72. Keep it to yourself. Do not tell anyone.
73. Sometimes, meet us.
74. Look up this word in the dictionary.
75. Mind your language.
76. Don‟t switch off the light.
77. Let me unpack the luggage.
78. Let me pack the luggage.
79. Make the bed please.
80. Remind me of it.
81. Mind your own business.
82. Call her up.
83. Let me call her.
84. Sink the differences.
85. Squeeze the lemon.
86. Don‟t touch him.
87. Take care of yourself.
88. Give him money.
89. Wring the clothes.
90. Let me wring all the clothes.
91. Set the alarm at 8.
92. Let me set the alarm at 9 o‟clock.
93. Trust me.
94. Peel off the orange.
95. Play wisely.
Imperative Sentences – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425-
le; er ns[kksA
;gk¡ ls er tkvksA
gesa i<+us nks D;ksafd ijlksa gekjk isij gSA
eksecRrh tyk ykssA
uhys iSu ls gh fy[kksA
;gk¡ vk tkvksA
bl ?kj ls ckgj fudy tkvksA
lkQ&lkQ fy[kus dh dksf‛k‛k djksA
tYnh Bhd gks tkvks] gesa cgqr dke djus gSaA
eqn~ns ij vkb, D;ksfa d le; cgqr de gSA
viuk oknk er rksM+ukA
rqe [kwc eqLdqjkvksA
t+Ynh djks D;ksafd ge ysV gks jgs gSaA
T;knk er [kkvks] isV QV tk;sxkA
twrs igu yksA
dEcy vks<+ yksA
dEcy vks<+ dj lksvksA
Qkyrw ckr er djks] fnekx [kjkc gksrk gSA
fcLrj yxk yksA
mlds ckjs esa ckr er djksA
de ls de iSu rks [kjhn yksA
uaxs iSj lM+d ij er pyksA
ckdh lc fdLer ij NksM+ nksA
ckdh lc eq> ij NksM+ nksA
fdlh dks Hkh nq[k er nksA
26272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950-
Answers
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le; er ns[kksA
;gk¡ ls er tkvksA
gesa i<+us nks D;ksafd ijlksa gekjk isij gSA
eksecRrh tyk ykssA
uhys iSu ls gh fy[kksA
;gk¡ vk tkvksA
bl ?kj ls ckgj fudy tkvksA
lkQ&lkQ fy[kus dh dksf‛k‛k djksA
tYnh Bhd gks tkvks] gesa cgqr dke djus gSaA
eqn~ns ij vkb, D;ksfa d le; cgqr de gSA
viuk oknk er rksM+ukA
rqe [kwc eqLdqjkvksA
t+Ynh djks D;ksafd ge ysV gks jgs gSaA
T;knk er [kkvks] isV QV tk;sxkA
twrs igu yksA
dEcy vks<+ yksA
50 x 1 = 50
fnu esa de ls de ,d ckj ugk fy;k djksA
viuh lq[k lqfo/kkvksa ij T+;knk [kpZ er djksA
iSu esa bad Mky yksA
cksrysa Hkj yksA ikuh vk jgk gSA
dkj ls tYnh mrjksA
ogk¡ tkus dh Hkwy er djukA
eq>s MkDVj er le>ksA eSa rks pijklh gw¡A
yksxksa ls ?kqy fey dj jgk djksA
fdpu esa ,d eksecRrh dk iSdsV j[k yksA
mldh dgkuh er lqukvks] eSa id x;k gw¡A
ogk¡ fcYdqy er tkuk] ogk¡ dqN ugha gSA
eq>ls er dfg,] dksbZ Qk;nk ughaA
njoktk cUn er djksA
FkksM+k lk ikuh ns nksA
FkksM+h fdrkcsa j[k yksA
FkksM+h pk; ns nhft,A
YkkbV vkWQ er djksA
eksckby dks lk;ysUV eksM esa j[kksA
igys mls tkus nksA
dEI;wVj vkWu djus dh xyrh er djukA
esjs lkFk lkFk pyksA
nk;ha rjQ pyksA
Eksjk gkFk idM+ yksA
dYiuk djks fd rqe fdlh igkM+ ij gksA
vanktk er yxkvksA
Don‟t see the time.
Don‟t go from here.
Let us study as it is our paper day after tomorrow.
Light the candle.
Write only with a blue pen.
Come here.
Go out of this home.
Try to write clear / legible.
Get well soon, we have lots of work to do.
Come to the point as we have less time.
Don‟t back out of your promise.
I wish you smile a lot.
Hurry up as we are getting late.
Don‟t overeat, stomach might blow up.
Put on the shoes.
Take a blanket.
207
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dEcy vks<+ dj lksvksA
Qkyrw ckr er djks] fnekx [kjkc gksrk gSA
fcLrj yxk yksA
mlds ckjs esa ckr er djksA
de ls de iSu rks [kjhn yksA
uaxs iSj lM+d ij er pyksA
ckdh lc fdLer ij NksM+ nksA
ckdh lc eq> ij NksM+ nksA
fdlh dks nq[k er nksA
fnu esa de ls de ,d ckj ugk fy;k djksA
viuh lq[k lqfo/kkvksa ij T+;knk [kpZ er djksA
iSu esa bad Mky yksA
cksrysa Hkj yksA ikuh vk jgk gSA
dkj ls tYnh mrjksA
ogk¡ tkus dh Hkwy er djukA
eq>s MkDVj er le>ksA eSa rks pijklh g¡wA
yksxksa ls ?kqy fey dj jgk djksA
fdpu esa ,d eksecRrh dk iSdsV j[k yksA
mldh dgkuh er lqukvks] eSa id x;k gw¡A
ogk¡ fcYdqy er tkuk] ogk¡ dqN ugha gSA
eq>ls er dfg,] dksbZ Qk;nk ughaA
njoktk cUn er djksA
FkksM+k lk ikuh ns nksA
water.
FkksM+h fdrkcsa j[k yksA
FkksM+h pk; ns nhft,A
YkkbV vkWQ er djksA
eksckby dks lk;ysUV eksM esa j[kksA
igys mls tkus nksA
dEI;wVj vkWu djus dh xyrh er djukA
esjs lkFk lkFk pyksA
nk;ha rjQ pyksA
Eksjk gkFk idM+ yksA
dYiuk djks fd rqe fdlh igkM+ ij gksA
vanktk er yxkvksA
Sleep with a blanket.
Don‟t talk rubbish/nonsense, I am fed up.
Make the bed.
Don‟t talk about him/her.
At least purchase a pen.
Don‟t walk bare footed on the road.
Leave rest on luck/destiny/God.
Leave rest on me.
Don‟t hurt anyone.
Take a bath at least once in a day.
Don‟t spend a lot on your luxuries.
Put the ink into the pen.
Fill the bottles. Water is running.
Quickly get off the car.
Don‟t mistake to go there.
Don‟t mistake me the doctor. I am a peon.
Mingle with people.
Keep a packet of candles in kitchen.
Don‟t tell me his story, I am fed up / bored / tired.
Don‟t go there at all, there is nothing.
Don‟t tell me, it is of no use.
Don‟t shut the door.
Give me some water. / Give me a little
Keep a few books.
Give me some/a little tea.
Don‟t turn/switch off the light.
Keep the mobile in silent mode.
Let him go first.
Don‟t mistake to switch on the computer.
Walk with me. / Pace with me. /Follow me.
Walk to the right.
Hold my hand.
Imagine that/as if you are in a mountain.
Don‟t guess.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. You are never too old to dream a new dream.
vki dHkh brus cw<+s ugha gksrs fd dksbZ u;k liuk u ns[k ldsaA
2. A successful person is the one who can lay a firm foundation with the stones thrown on
him by others.
,d lQy O;fDr oks gS tks nwljksa ds }kjk Qsd
a s x;s iRFkjksa ls ,d etcwr uhao cuk ldsA
3. A machine can replace an ordinary man but no machine can replace an extraordinary man.
,d e‛khu ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ys ldrh gS ij dksbZ Hkh e‛khu ,d vlk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ugha ys
ldrhA
208
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
1. Let me find out what he has.
2. Sometimes try to visit him.
3. He dropped in to my place.
4. Always be nice to people.
5. Don‟t do it. You‟ll repent sooner or later.
6. Kindly do the needful.
7. Don‟t lisp.
8. Do it because you are good at it.
9. Teach them something.
10. Look at me.
11. Have a look at it.
12. Have something.
13. Have a look at this page.
14. Get off the car.
15. Always behave like a literate.
16. Don‟t misbehave with others.
17. Don‟t defame me.
18. Never give up.
19. Switch on the mobile after a while.
20. Put on new clothes & take off the old
ones.
21. Be my friend.
22. Don‟t befool me.
23. Remind me of it tomorrow.
24. Love your real ones.
25. Don‟t scold that kid.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
50 x 1 = 50
Bear the charges yourself.
Don‟t watch such movies.
Repair it as soon as possible.
Let me purchase something for her.
Let me tell you something.
Be regular in gym.
Always believe in yourself.
Kindly help the poor.
Don‟t rip off the people.
Do good deed.
Let his father come.
Come and play with us.
Go and meet him.
Just do it, don‟t think much.
Wash the utensils.
Hang this poster on the wall.
Keep on the right.
Let go.
Let him try.
Count the stars.
Kindly meet me today.
Have atleast one burger.
Have a little food with me.
Have some water.
Let God decide what we achieve in life.
Answers
1. Let me find out what he has.
2. Sometimes try to visit him.
3. He dropped in to my place.
4. Always be nice to people.
5. Don‟t do it. You will repent sooner or later.
6. Kindly do the needful.
7. Don‟t lisp.
8. Do it because you are good at it.
9. Teach them something.
10. Look at me.
11. Have a look at it.
12. Have something.
209
eq>s irk yxkus nks fd mlds ikl D;k gSA
dHkh&dHkh mlds ;gk¡ tkus dh dksf‛k‛k djksA
oks esjs ;gk¡ Vid x;k@vk;kA
ges‛kk yksxksa ds fy, vPNs cuksA
,slk er djksA rqe vkt ugha rks dy iNrkvksxsA
ÑIk;k ;s dj nhft,A
er rqrykvksA
;s djks D;ksfa d rqe ;s djus esa vPNs gksA
mUgsa dqN i<+kvksA
eq>s ns[kksA
bls ns[kksA
dqN yks@dqN [kkyksA
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Have a look at this page.
Get off the car.
Always behave like a literate.
Don‟t misbehave with anyone.
Don‟t defame me.
Never give up.
Switch on the mobile after a while.
Put on new clothes and take off the old ones.
Be my friend.
Don‟t befool me.
Remind me of it tomorrow.
Love your real ones.
Don‟t scold that kid.
Bear the charges yourself.
Don‟t watch such movies.
Repair it as soon as possible.
Let me purchase something for her.
Let me tell you something.
Be regular in gym.
Always believe in your abilities.
Kindly help the poor.
Don‟t rip off the people.
Do good deed.
Let his father come.
Come and play with us.
Go and meet him.
Just do it, don‟t think much.
Wash the utensils.
Hang this poster on the wall.
Keep on the right.
Let go.
Let him try.
Count the stars.
Kindly meet me today.
Have atleast one burger.
Have a little food with me.
Have some water.
Let God decide what we achieve in life.
bl ist dks ns[kksA
dkj ls mrjksA
ges‛kk i<+s fy[ks bUlku tSlk O;ogkj djksA
fdlh ds lkFk xyr O;ogkj er djksA
eq>s cnuke er djksA
dHkh gkj er ekuksA
FkksM+h nsj esa eksckby vkWu dj nsukA
u;s diM+s iguks] iqjkus diM+s mrkj nksA
esjs nksLr cuksA@esjs nksLr cus jgksA
eq>s csodwQ er cukvksA
eq>s dy bldh ;kn fnykuk A
viuksa dks I;kj djksA
ml cPps dks er Mk¡VksA
[kPkkZ vius vki mBkvksA
,slh fQYesa er ns[kk djksA
ftruh tYnh gks lds bls fjis;j@Bhd dj nksA
eq>s mlds fy, dqN [kjhnus nksA
eq>s rqEgsa dqN crkus nksA
fte ges‛kk tkvksA
ges‛kk viuh dkfcfy;r is fo‛okl j[kksA
ÑIk;k xjhcksa dh enn djksA
yksxksa dks er ywVksA
vPNs deZ djksA
mlds firk dks vkus nksA
vkvks gekjs lkFk [ksyks A
tkvks mlls feyksA
cl dj nks] T+;knk er lkspksA
crZu /kksvksA
bl iksLVj dks nhokj ij yVdk nksA
nk;sa pyksA@nk;ha rjQ jgksA
tkus nksA
mls dksf‛k‛k djus nksA
rkjs fxuksA
Iyht+ vkt eq>ls feyksA
de ls de ,d cxZj rks [kkvksA
esjs lkFk FkksM+k [kkuk [kk yksA
FkksM+k ikuh ihyksA
Hkxoku dks QSlyk djus nks fd gesa thou esa D;k feysA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
You can tell a lie to others; not to yourself.
210
Lesson – 24
Let ¼djus nsuk½
“bu okD;ksa esa Subject dke dks djrk ugha cfYd djus nsrk gSA”
vxj eSa dgw¡ jke eq>s [ksyus nsrk gSSA ;gk¡ ij jke Subject gS ij oks [ksyus dk dke [kqn ugha dj jgk cfYd eq>s
djus ns jgk gSA
vxj eSa dgw¡ vatfy vfojr dks i<+us nsrh gSA ;gk¡ ij vatfy Subject gS ij vatfy i<+us dk dke [kqn ugha dj jgh
cfYd djus ns jgh gS vfojr dksA
vc vki le÷k x;s gksx
a s fd ;s ckr lkQ gS fd bu okD;ksa esa Subject dke dks djrk ugha cfYd djus nsrk gSA
ij /;ku nsus okyh ckr ;g gS fd Þdjus nsukÞ Hkh [kqn esa ,d fØ;k gS vkSj bl fØ;k dks „Let‟ dgrs gSaA
bl fØ;k „Let‟ dh rhu forms „Let‟ gh gSa & Let Let Let
vxj eSa dgw¡ rqe jke dks tkus nsrs gksA rks bldk eryc gqvk fd rqe jke dks ,d dke djus nsrs gks vkSj dke gS
ÞtkukÞA
bu okD;ksa esa tks Hkh dke djus fn;k tkrk gS pkgs oks [ksyus dk gks] i<+us dk gks ;k dksbZ vkSj dke] oks Object ds
ckn iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Let dk iz;ksx eq[; fØ;k dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA
,d ckr vkSj le>sa %
vxj eSa dgw¡ Þjke tkrk gSÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject gS jke vkSj fØ;k gS tkukA
ij vxj eSa dgw¡ Þjke tkus nsrk gSÞ rks ;gk¡ ij nks fØ;k,sa gSa & izFke(first) fØ;k gS Þdjus nsukÞ vkSj nwljh(second)
fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA izFke(first) fØ;k Þdjus nsukÞ rks eq[; fØ;k dh rjg iz;ksx esa vk;sxh ysfdu nwljh(second) fØ;k
ÞtkukÞ dks object ds ckn iz;ksx fd;k tk;sxkA
mnkgj.k (Example)%
1- eSa rqEgsa lksus nsrk gw¡A ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k ÞlksukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½
Subject:
Verb:
Tense:
eSa (I)
djus nsuk (Let)
Present Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Verb 1st + (s, es) + obj.)
I let you sleep.
2- jke eq>s lksus nsrk gSA ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k ÞlksukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½
Subject:
Verb:
Tense:
jke (Ram)
djus nsuk (Let)
Present Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Verb 1st + (s, es) + obj.)
Ram lets me sleep.
211
3- ikik us eq>s tkus fn;kA ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k ÞtkukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½
Subject:
Verb:
Tense:
ikik (Dad)
djus nsuk (Let)
Past Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Verb 2nd + obj.)
Dad let me go.
4- eSa rqEgsa fdrkc i<+us nw¡xkA ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k Þi<+ukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½
Subject:
Verb:
Tense:
eSa (I)
djus nsuk (Let)
Future Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Will + Verb 1st + obj.)
I will let you read the book.
uhps fn;s x;s okD;ksa dks lef÷k, &
Understand the sentences given below –
fgUnh okD;
English Sentence
Subject
jke tkrk gSA
Ram goes.
jke tkus nsrk gSA
Ram lets go.
jke eq÷ks tkus nsrk gSA
Ram lets me go.
jke us rqEgsa tkus fn;kA Ram let you go.
jke ugha tk jgk gSA
Ram is not going.
jke ugha tkus ns jgk gSA Ram is not letting go.
eSaus fdrkc yhA
I took the book.
eSaus fdrkc ysus nhA
I let take the book.
eSaus jke dks fdrkc ysus nhA I let Ram take the book.
eSa jke ls feyw¡xkA
I will meet Ram.
eSa jke ls feyus nw¡xkA
I will let meet Ram.
eSa rqEgsa jke ls feyus nw¡xkA I will let you meet Ram.
D;k rqe eq÷ks tkus nksxsA Will you let me go?
eSa tk ldrk gw¡A
I can go.
eSa tkus ns ldrk gw¡A
I can let go.
eSa rqEgsa tkus ns ldrk gw¡A I can let you go.
Ram
Ram
Ram
Ram
Ram
Ram
I
I
I
I
I
I
You
I
I
I
Tense/Modal
Main Verb Another Verb
Present Indefinite
Present Indefinite
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Present Continuous
Present Continuous
Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite
Modal(can)
Modal(can)
Modal(can)
Go
Let
Let
Let
Go
Let
Take
Let
Let
Meet
Let
Let
Let
Go
Let
Let
Go
Go
Go
Go
Take
Take
Meet
Meet
Go
Go
Go
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.
2. Good people don‟t need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a
way around the laws.
3. Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake. (Napoleon Bonaparte)
4. Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
212
Let – Practice Exercise
vkb,
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vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
jke eq>s lksus ugha nsrk A
49- rqe eq>s ‚kk;n u tkus nksA
rqe eq>s lksus nsrs gks A
50- oks iDdk eq>s tkus nsxk A
cPps eq>s i<+us ugha nsrs A
51- Hkxoku vkt ckfj‛k gksus nsaxs A
cPps i<+us ugha nsrsA
52- dksbZ eq>s i<+us ugha nsrk A
D;k jke rqEgsa tkus nsrk gS \
53- eSa rqEgsa ckt+kj tkus ns jgk gw¡A
mls tkus D;ksa ugha fn;k rqeus \
54- ge lc mls thus ugha nsrs A
eSa mls esjs ?kj vkus nw¡xk A
55- eq>s cxZj D;ksa ugha [kkus nsrs rqe \
eSa i<+us ugha nw¡xk A
56- oks esjk nksLr gS blfy, eSa mls xyr ugha djus nsrkA
eSa rqEgsa i<+us ugha nw¡xk A
57- ikik eq>s 18 lky ls igys dkj ugha pykus nsaxs A
eSa fdlh dks Hkh i<+us ugha nw¡xk A
58- rqe gesa tkus nks A
eSa gj fdlh dks i<+us nw¡xk A
59- eSa rqEgsa tkus D;ksa nw¡ \
jke ‚;ke dks vkus nsxk A
60- mlus eq>s dHkh jksus ugha fn;k A
mlus eq>s dqN ugha djus fn;k A
61- rqeus eq>s dHkh g¡lus ugha fn;k A
rqeus eq>s [kkus ugha fn;k A
62- rqe u lksrs gks u eq>s lksus nsrs gks A
ljdkj us gesa fcfYMax ugha cukus nh A
63- ;k rks eq>s tkus nks ;k fQj rqe tkvks A
ek¡ us cPps dks fiVus ugha fn;k A
64- eSaus ml fnu mls Qksu ugha djus fn;k A
eEeh eq>s Vh- oh- ns[kus nsrh gSA
65- eSaus Hkh vkus ugha fn;k A
eEeh eq>s Vh- oh- ugha ns[kus nsrh A
66- rqeus eq>s lkspus rd ugha fn;k A
D;k rqe eq>s tkus nksxs vxj eSa rqEgsa 10 :0 nw¡ rks A
67- oks eq>s Hkh lksus ugha nsrk A
ikik lkspus ugha nsrs vkSj fQj Mk¡Vrs gaSA
68- eSa u rqEgsa [ksyus nw¡xk u Vh- oh- ns[kus nw¡xkA
eSa rqEgsa xkus lquus nw¡xk ij igys iSls nksA
69- ge rqEgsa ,d lsd.M Hkh lkspus ugha nsaxs A
oks gesa ?kj esa ugha ?kqlus nsxk A
70- eSa rqEgsa feBkbZ [kkus nw¡xk ij rc tc rqe eq>s Hkh nksA
ikik gesa isM+ ij ugha p<+us nsrs A
71- eSMe us Dykl esa flQZ eq>s cSBus fn;kA
cPps eEeh ikik dks lksus ugha nsaxs A
72- oks jke dks thus ugha nsrk vkSj rqe mls ejus ugha nsrs A
eSa rqEgsa iSu ls fy[kus ugha ns ldrkA
73- eSa rqEgsa ,Dljlkbt+ ugha djus nwaxkA
eaS rqEgsa vke rksM+us nw¡xkA
74- eEeh vkSj ikik gesa [ksyus nsaxs A
ml yM+ds us eq>s ogk¡ [ksyus ugha fn;k A
75- D;k vki esjs HkkbZ dks tkus nksxs\
bl vkneh us jke dks ;gk¡ cSBus ugha fn;k A
76- jkgqy us eq>s dksbZ Hkh dke dHkh vdsys ugha djus fn;kA
eSa rqEgsa ;s ugha djus nw¡xkA
77- oks ge cPpksa dks eksckby ugha NsMu+ s nsrs gSaA
oks vDlj eq>s tkus nsrk gSA
78- ckWl eq÷ks lkspus rd ugha nsrs A
ge dHkh&dHkh mls [ksyus nsrs Fks A
79- eS lkspus D;ksa nw¡ \
ikik eq>s Ldwy tkus ugha nsrs A
80- jke mls D;ksa tkus ns \
esjk vdsykiu eq>s thus ugha nsxk A
81- eEeh eq>s i<+us t+:j nsxh A
eSa rqEgkjs nq[k dks c<+us ugha nw¡xk A
82- oks eq>s i<+us nsrk gS A
mlus eq>s dkj ugha pykus nh A
83- ;gk¡ yksx eq>s pSu ls thus ugha nsrAs
mlus eq>s ckbd ugha pykus nh A
84- cPps i<+us ugha nsrsA
mlus eq>s eksckby ugha [kjhnus fn;k A
85- D;k mlus rqEgsa vkus fn;k \
mlus eq>s dEI;wVj ugha pykus fn;k A
86- gesa D;ksa ugh cksyus fn;k rqeus \
mlus eq>s ikuh ugha ihus fn;k A
87- jke us lhrk dks t+gj D;ksa [kkus fn;k \
mlus eq>s [kkuk ugha [kkus fn;k A
88- ljdkj gesa viuh ckr ugha dgus nsrhA
D;k rqeus mls cSBus fn;k \
89- eSa rqEgsa ml cPps dks ugha ihVus nw¡xk A
D;k mlus eq>s Qksu djus fn;k \
90- jke rqEgsa dHkh thrus ugha nsxk A
rqeus mls tkus D;ksa fn;k \
91- lhrk dk HkkbZ eq>s vius ?kj esa ugha ?kqlus nsrk A
rqeus mls [ksyus D;ksa fn;k \
92- D;k rqe eq>s feyus nksxs \
mldh eEeh us mls ?kj ls fudyus ugha fn;kA
93- jke mls tkus ugha nsrkA
oks xjhc Fkk blfy, yksxkas us mls thus ugha fn;k A
94- yksx mls eq>ls feyus ugha nsrAs
D;k rqe eq>s pSu ls thus ns ldrs gksA
95- esjs ikik eq>s vkus ugha nsrsA
oks jke dks yM+us nsxh A
96- lhrk jke dks ogk¡ tkus D;ksa ugha nsrh\
213
Answers
1. Ram doesn‟t let me sleep.
2. You don‟t let me sleep.
3. Children don‟t let me study.
4. Children don‟t let study.
5. Does Ram let you go?
6. Why did you not let him go?
7. I will let him come my home.
8. I will not let study.
9. I will not let you study.
10. I will not let anybody study.
11. I will let everyone study.
12. Ram will let Shyam come.
13. He didn‟t let me do anything.
14. You didn‟t let me eat.
15. Government didn‟t let us construct a building.
16. Mom didn‟t let child be beaten.
17. Mom lets me watch the TV.
18. Mom doesn‟t let me watch the TV.
19. Will you let me go if I give you Rs 10?
20. Dad doesn‟t let think and then scolds.
21. I will let you listen to songs but first, you give
me money.
22. He‟ll not let us enter the house.
23. Dad doesn‟t let us climb upon the tree.
24. Children will not let mom and dad sleep.
25. I can‟t let you write with a pen.
26. I‟ll let you pluck the mangoes.
27. That boy didn‟t let me play there.
28. This man didn‟t let Ram sit here.
29. I will not let you do this.
30. He often lets me go.
31. We used to sometimes let him play.
32. Dad doesn‟t let me go to school.
33. My loneliness won‟t let me live.
34. I‟ll not let your pain increase.
35. He didn‟t let me drive the car.
36. He didn‟t let me ride the bike.
37. He didn‟t let me purchase the mobile.
38. He didn‟t let me operate the computer.
39. He didn‟t let me drink water.
40. He didn‟t let me eat the food.
41. Did you let him sit?
42. Did he let me call/phone/ring?
43. Why did you let him go?
44. Why did you let him play?
45. His mother didn‟t let him go out of home.
46. He was poor that‟s why people didn‟t let him
live.
47. Can you let me live peacefully?
48. She will let Ram fight.
49. You might not let me go.
50. He must let me go./ He‟ll definitely let me go.
51. God will let it rain today.
52. Nobody lets me study.
53. I am letting you go to market.
54. We all don‟t let him live.
55. Why do you not let me eat Burger?
56. He is my friend hence I don‟t let him do wrong.
57. Dad will not let me drive the car before 18.
58. You let us go.
59. Why do I let you go?
60. He never let me cry.
61. You never let me laugh.
62. You neither sleep nor let me sleep.
63. Either you let me go or you go.
64. I didn‟t let him call/phone that day.
65. Even I didn‟t let come.
66. You didn‟t even let me think.
67. He doesn‟t let me sleep either.
68. I‟ll neither let you play nor watch TV.
69. We‟ll not let you think even for a second.
70. I‟ll let you eat sweets provided you give me too.
71. Madam let only me sit in the class.
72. He doesn‟t let Ram live & you don‟t let him die.
73. I‟ll not let you exercise.
74. Mom and dad will let us play.
75. Will you let my brother?
76. Rahul never let me do any work alone.
77. He doesn‟t let we kids touch his mobile.
78. Boss doesn‟t even let me think.
79. Why do I let think?
80. Who does Ram let him go?
81. Mom must let me study.
82. He lets me study.
83. People here don‟t let me live peacefully.
84. Children don‟t let study.
85. Did he let you come?
86. Why did you not let us speak?
87. Why did Ram let Seeta eat poison?
88. Government doesn‟t let us say what we want.
89. I will not let you beat that child.
90. Ram will never let you win.
91. Seeta‟s brother doesn‟t let me enter his home.
92. Will you let me meet?
93. Ram doesn‟t let him go.
94. People don‟t let him meet me.
95. My father doesn‟t let me come.
96. Why does Seeta not let Ram go there?
214
Let – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
30 x 1 = 30
1. I will let him meet her.
2. They don‟t let you work.
3. She doesn‟t let you write.
4. Dad wasn‟t letting me go.
5. Will you please let us play?
6. I will let you take this book provided you give money.
7. Then, I might let you go there.
8. Dad doesn‟t let me sing.
9. I will not let you do this.
10. Why did you let me go?
11. You never let us go.
12. I will not let you beat my brother.
13. They will never let you win.
14. You didn‟t let him study that‟s why he failed.
15. Government can never let us do this.
16. Mom didn‟t let dad scold me.
17. Mom lets me eat whatever I want.
18. You didn‟t even let us talk.
19. Ram doesn‟t let me go either.
20. I‟ll neither let you write nor read.
21. We‟ll not let you enter even once.
22. I‟ll let you purchase provided you don‟t tell you dad.
23. She lets only Ram eat in the class.
24. He doesn‟t let me eat.
25. Let me go with people.
26. Ram will never let you earn profit.
27. Why did he let me do this?
28. He doesn‟t let go.
29. Either you do yourself or let me do.
30. My financial problem doesn‟t let me do business.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.
2. To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong.
3. When I dare to be powerful - to use my strength in the service of my vision, then it
becomes less and less important whether I am afraid.
215
Answers
1. I will let him meet her.
2. They don‟t let you work.
3. She doesn‟t let you write.
4. Dad wasn‟t letting me go.
5. Will you please let us play?
6. I will let you take this book provided you give money.
7. Then, I might let you go there.
8. Dad doesn‟t let me sing.
9. I will not let you do this.
10. Why did you let me go?
11. You never let us go.
12. I will not let you beat my brother.
13. They will never let you win.
14. You didn‟t let him study that‟s why he failed.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Government can never let us do this.
Mom didn‟t let dad scold me.
Mom lets me eat whatever I want.
You didn‟t even let us talk.
Ram doesn‟t let me go either.
I‟ll neither let you write nor read.
We‟ll not let you enter even once.
I‟ll let you purchase, provided you don‟t tell dad.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
She lets only Ram eat in the class.
He doesn‟t let me eat.
Let me go with people.
Ram will never let you earn profit.
Why did he let me do this?
He doesn‟t let go.
Either you do yourself or let me do.
My financial problem doesn‟t let me do business.
eSa mls mlls feyus nw¡xkA
os rqEgsa dke ugha djus nsrAs
oks rqEgsa fy[kus ugha nsrh A
ikik eq>s tkus ugha ns jgs FksA
D;k rqe Iyht+ gesa [ksyus nksxs \
eSa rqEgsa ;s fdrkc ysus nw¡xk c‛krZsa rqe iSls ns nksA
rc ‚kk;n eSa rqEgsa ogk¡ tkus nw¡A
ikik eq>s xkus ugha nsrAs
eSa rqEgsa ;s ugha djus nw¡xk A
rqeus eq>s tkus D;ksa fn;k \
rqe gesa dHkh tkus ugha nsrAs @rqeus gesa dHkh
tkus ugha fn;kA
eSa rqEgsa vius HkkbZ dks ihVus ugha nw¡xk A
os rqEgsa dHkh thrus ugha nsaxsA
rqeus mls i<+us ugha fn;k blfy, oks Qsy gks
x;k A
ljdkj gesa ;s dHkh ugha djus ns ldrh A
eEeh us ikik dks eq÷ks Mk¡Vus ugha fn;k A
eEeh eq>s [kkus nsrh gS tks dqN eSa pkgrk gw¡A
rqeus gesa ckr rd ugha djus nhA
jke Hkh eq>s tkus ugha nsrk A
u eSa rqEgsa fy[kus nw¡xk u i<+us A
ge rqEgsas ,d ckj Hkh ugha ?kqlus nsaxsA
eaS rqEgsa [kjhnus nw¡xk ij rc tc rqe ikik dks u
crkvksA
oks Dykl esa dsoy jke dks [kkus nsrh gSA
Okks eq>s [kkuss ugha nsrk A
eq>s yksxksa ds lkFk tkus nks A
jke vkidks equkQk dHkh ugha dekus nsxk A
mlus eq>s ;s D;ksa djus fn;k \
oks tkus ugha nsrk A
;k rks rqe [kqn djks ;k eq>s djus nksA
Eksjh vkfFkZd ijs‛kkuh eq>s O;olk; ugha djus
nsrhA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else.
2. If you look at what you have in life, you‟ll always have more. If you look at
what you don‟t have in life, you‟ll never have enough. –Oprah Winfrey
3. If you don‟t go after what you want, you will never have it.
216
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
30 x 1 = 30
jkgqy us fdlh dks Hkh mldh yk‛k dks Nqus ugha fn;k A
esjs viuksa us dHkh eq>s ;s eglwl ugha gksus fn;k fd eSa vdsyk gw¡A
mlus rqEgsa eq>ls D;ksa ugha feyus fn;k \
oDr us dHkh eq>s bl ckjs esa lkspus ughaa fn;k A
ikik eq>s dkj ughaa [kjhnus nsaxsA
eSa oknk djrk gw¡w] eSa vius thrs th rqEgsa dHkh jksus ugha nw¡xkA
ge lc mls tkus ugha nsaxsA
gesa cPpksa dks [ksyus nsuk pkfg,A
gesa ogk¡ tkus nksA
eq>s ;s dgus nks A
mls jkgqy ds lkFk fcYdqy er tkus nksA
eq>s ?kM+h ns[kus nksA
ekekth dks ?kj okil vkus nks] rc ckr djsaxsA
yksaxks dks tks dguk gS] dgus nksA
jkr dks xqt+j tkus nksA
lHkh dks vk tkus nksA
,d ckj esjs lius dks lp gks tkus nksA
eq>s ml yM+dh ls ‚kknh djus nksA
gesa mlds ?kj tkus nksA
eq>s dEI;wVj lh[k ysus nksA
cPpksa dks vk tkus nksA
ikik dks vkWfQl pys tkus nksA fQj ge [ksyx
sa sA
eq>s mlls fey ysus nksA
mUgsa rS;kj gks tkus nksA
eSaus rqEgsa ml fnu vkus ugha fn;kA eq>s csgn vQlksl gSA
ckYVh esa ikuh Hkjus nksA
ckYVh dks iwjk Hkjus nksA
tks gksrk gS] gksus nks A
;kf=;ksa dks ogk¡ igq¡pus rks nksA
esjh ckr iwjh gksus nks] fQj rqe viuh ckr j[kukA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. A man can be as great as he wants to be. If you believe in yourself and have
the courage, the determination, the dedication, the competitive drive and if
you are willing to sacrifice the little things in life and pay the price for the
things that are worthwhile, it can be done.
2. Always have dreams, because there is no achievement without a dream and
an action to materialize the dream.
3. People will always doubt your success but it‟s not about them, it‟s all about
you; what you dream, what you plan, what you put in & what you believe.
217
Answers
Rahul didn‟t let anyone touch his dead
body.
esjs viuksa us dHkh eq>s ;s eglwl ugha gksus fn;k fd eSa vdsyk gw¡A My real ones never let me feel that I was
alone.
mlus rqEgsa eq>ls D;ksa ugha feyus fn;k \
Why didn‟t he let you meet me?
oDr us dHkh eq>s bl ckjs esa lkspus ughaa fn;k A
Time never let me think about it.
ikik eq>s dkj ughaa [kjhnus nsaxsA
Dad will not let me purchase a car.
eSa oknk djrk gw¡w] eSa vius thrs th rqEgsa dHkh jksus ugha nw¡xk I promise that I will never let you weep till I
live.
ge lc mls tkus ugha nsaxsA
We all won‟t let him go.
gesa cPpksa dks [ksyus nsuk pkfg,A
We should let children play.
gesa ogk¡ tkus nksA
Let us go there.
eq>s ;s dgus nks A
Let me say this.
mls jkgqy ds lkFk fcYdqy er tkus nksA
Don‟t ever let him go with Rahul.
eq>s ?kM+h ns[kus nksA
Let me see the watch.
ekekth dks ?kj okil vkus nks] rc ckr djsaxsA
Let Maternal uncle return, then we‟ll talk.
yksxksa dks tks dguk gS] dgus nksA
Let people say whatever they want to.
jkr dks xqt+j tkus nksA
Let the night passby.
lHkh dks vk tkus nksA
Let everyone come.
,d ckj esjs lius dks lp gks tkus nksA
Let my dream come true once.
eq>s ml yM+dh ls ‚kknh djus nksA
Let me marry that girl.
gesa mlds ?kj tkus nksA
Let us go his home.
eq>s dEI;wVj lh[k ysus nksA
Let me learn computer.
cPpksa dks vk tkus nksA
Let children come.
ikik dks vkWfQl pys tkus nksA fQj ge [ksysx
a sA
Let Dad go to office. Then we‟ll play.
eq>s mlls fey ysus nksA
Let me meet him/her.
mUgsa rS;kj gks tkus nksA
Let them get ready.
eSaus rqEgsa ml fnu vkus ugha fn;kA eq>s csgn vQlksl gSA
I didn‟t let you come that day. I am so sorry.
ckYVh esa ikuh Hkjus nksA
Let bucket be filled.
ckYVh dks iwjk Hkjus nksA
Let bucket be fully filled.
tks gksrk gS] gksus nks A
Let happen, whatever happens.
;kf=;ksa dks ogk¡ igq¡pus rks nksA
Let passenger reach there at least.
esjh ckr iwjh gksus nks] fQj rqe viuh ckr j[kukA
Let me complete, then you lay/put your
point.
1- jkgqy us fdlh dks Hkh mldh yk‛k dks Nqus ugha fn;kA
23456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. The measure of who we are is what we do with what we have.
2. You can avoid reality but you can never avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.
3. I can write better than anybody who can write faster, and I can write faster than anybody
who can write better.
218
Lesson – 25
Causative Verbs (Get & Make)
“Causative Verbs dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc Subject dke dks djrk ugha cfYd djokrk gSA
vFkkZr fdlh rhljs O;fDr ds ek/;e lsA”
;w¡ rks „Get‟ dk eryc gksrk gS ikuk vkSj „Make‟ dk eryc gksrk gS cukuk ij „Get‟ vkSj „Make‟
Causative Verbs Hkh dgykrh gSaA
“Causative Verbs are used when the subject doesn‟t perform the action
(verb) himself but get it done by a third person.”
There are two causative verbs in English; Get & Make.
vxj eSa dgw¡ *jke us eq>s fHktok;k*] ;gk¡ ij jke Subject gSA jke eq>s Hkst ugha jgk cfYd fHktok jgk gSA *Hkstus*
dk dke dksbZ vkSj dj jgk gSA bl rjg ds okD;ksa esa eq[; fØ;k (main verb) „Get‟ ;k „Make‟ gksxh ij ;s
tkuuk csgn t+#jh gS fd ‟Get‟ dgk¡ ij yxsxk vkSj „Make‟ dgk¡ ijA
Normal Case
eSaus fd;k A
jke us HkstkA
cPpk i<+rk gSA
eSaus i= fy[kkA
rqeus cqyk;k FkkA
eSaus dkj ltk;hA
oks Hkst ldrk gSA
Causative Case
eSaus djok;k A
jke us fHktok;kA
cPpk i<+okrk gSA
eSaus i= fy[kok;kA
rqeus cqyok;k FkkA
eSaus dkj ltok;hA
oks fHktok ldrk gSA
Get
„Get‟ dk iz;ksx futhZo phtksa ds lkFk gksxkA („Get‟ will be used with non living)
Concept :jke us i= fy[kok;kA ;gk¡ ij i= futhZo (non living) gSA blfy, „Get‟ dk iz;ksx Main Verb dh rjg
gksxkA nwljh Main Verb *fy[kuk* ;kfu „Write‟ gS ftldh 3rd form iz;ksx gksxhA ;kn j[ksa Get okys okD;ksa esa
nwljh Main Verb tks Hkh gks mldh 3rd Form gh yxrh gSA
Example:
1- jke i= fy[kokrk gSA
2- eSa i= fy[kokrk gw¡A
3- jke i= fy[kok jgk gSA
4- jke i= fy[kok pqdk gSA
5- jke us i= fy[kok;k A
6- jke i= fy[kok jgk FkkA
7- jke i= fy[kok pqdk FkkA
Ram gets the letter written.
I get the letter written.
Ram is getting the letter written.
Ram has got the letter written.
Ram got the letter written.
Ram was getting the letter written.
Ram had got the letter written.
219
8- jke i= fy[kok;sxkA
9- jke i= fy[kok ldrk gSA
10- jke dks i= fy[kokuk pkfg,A
Ram will get the letter written.
Ram can get the letter written.
Ram should get the letter written.
Make
„Make‟ dk iz;ksx ltho ds lkFk gksxkA („make‟ will be used with living being)
Concept :-
jke us eq>ls fy[kok;kA ;gk¡ ij eSa ltho (living being) g¡Aw blfy, „Make‟ dk iz;ksx Main Verb dh rjg
gksxkA nwljh Main Verb *fy[kuk* ;kfu „Write‟ gS ftldh 1st form iz;ksx gksxhA ;kn j[ksa Make okys okD;ksa esa
nwljh Main Verb tks Hkh gks mldh 1st Form gh yxrh gSA vkSj nwljh ckr ;s fd nwljh Main Verb oks gksrh gS
tks subject ugha cfYd object djrk gSA vxj eSa dgw¡ fd Þjke us eq>s fHktok;kÞA ;gk¡ ij subject gS jke object g¡w
eSaA eSaus D;k dke fd;k Þtkus dkÞA blfy, nwljh Main Verb „send‟ ugha cfYd „go‟ gSA
Example:
1- jke eq>ls fy[kokrk gSA
2- eSa rqels fy[kokrk gw¡A
3- rqe eq>s fHktokrs gksA
4- lhrk gels fdrkc i<+ok jgh gSA
5- rqe eq>ls iSls [kPkZ djokvksxsA
6- eSa jke dks rqels fiVokšxkA
7- eSa jke lss rqEgsa fiVokšxkA
8- eSa rqels fiVokšxkA
9- eSa rqEgsa fiVokšxkA
Ram makes me write.
I make you write.
You make me go.
Seeta is making us read the book.
You will make me spend the money.
I will make you beat Ram. ¼ihVus dk dke rqe djksxs½
I will make Ram beat you. ¼ihVus dk dke jke djsxk½
I will make you beat. ¼ihVus dk dke rqe djksxs½
I will make you be beaten.
¼ihVus dk ugha cfYd fiVus dk dke rqe djksxs ;kfu rqe fiVksxs½
/;ku jgs fd fdlh dks ihVus dks beat dgrs gSa ij fdlh ls fiVus dks be beaten dgrs gSaA
FkksMk+ vkSj lef>, (Let‟s understand a bit more)
1234-
eSa
eSa
eSa
eSa
fy[kw¡xkA
fy[kokšxkA
rqels fy[kokšxkA
rqels i«k fy[kokÅ¡xkA
5- eSa i«k fy[kokÅ¡xkA
I will write.
I will make write.
I will make you write.
I will make you write a letter. / I will get the letter
written by you.
I will get the letter written.
4th sentence esa „Get‟ vkSj „Make‟ nksuksa esa ls dksbZ lk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa D;ksfa d blesa living(rqels) vkSj
non living(i«k) nksuksa gSaA
dqN egRoiw.kZ (Something Important)
„smile‟, „laugh‟, „cry‟, „weep‟, „understand‟, „happy‟, „sad‟ ds lkFk ges‛kk „Make‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
1- eSa rqEgsa [kq‛k d#¡xkA
I will make you happy.
2- eSa rqEgsa g¡lkÅ¡xkA
I will make you smile/laugh.
3- eSa rqEgsa #ykšxkA
I will make you weep/cry.
4- eSa rqEgsa nq[k nw¡xkA
I will make you sad. / I will hurt you.
5- eSa rqEgsa le>kšxkA
I will make you understand.
220
Causative Verbs (Get & Make) – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn
1- oks eq>ls fy[kokrk gSA
2- oks eq>s fHktokrk gSA
3- oks eq>s fHktokrk gS tgk¡ eSa okLro esa tkuk ugha
pkgrkA
4- oks eq>ls dke djokrh gSA
5- oks eq>ls i= fy[kokrh gSA
6- oks eq>s fHktok jgh gSA
7- oks eq>s csodwQ cuk jgh gSA
8- mlus eq>s le>k;k A
9- eSa rqels dke djokšxk A
10- eSa mls fHktok pqdk gksšxk A
11- rqe eq>s mlls yM+ok jgs gksA
12- rqe eq>s eglwl djok jgh gks fd rqe eq>s I;kj ugha
djrh cfYd esjs iSls ls I;kj djrh gksA
13- cPps eq>s csodwQ cuk jgs gSaA
14- esjk I;kj eq>s :yk jgk gSA
15- rqe gesa g¡lkrs FksA
16- eSa rqEgsa tkus ns ldrk FkkA
17- jke ;s fdlh ls Hkh djok ldrs gSaA
18- eSa rqEgsa [kkus dks dqN fnyok ldrk gw¡A
19- jke eq>s ikuh fnyk ldrk gSA
20- D;k rqe eq>s bXtS+e esa ikl djok ldrs gks \
21- eSa rqEgsa ikl djok ldrk gw¡A
22- iSlk rqEgsa I;kj ugha fnyok ldrkA
23- esjs ikik us eq>s eglwl djok;k fd iSlk cpkuk gh
lc dqN ugha gS cfYd gesa t+:jreanksa dh enn djuh
pkfg, A
24- le; eq>s esjh xyfr;ksa dk vglkl djok jgk gS tks
eSaus igys dh A
25- rqe gj fdlh dks [kq‛k ugha dj ldrsA
26- ikik vkidks dkj ugha fnyok ldrs D;ksafd muds ikl
iSls fcYdqy ugha gSaA
27- eSa rqEkls ugha [kjhnok ldrkA
28- D;k oks mls g¡lk ldk \
29- mls eq>s vglkl fnyokuk gksxk fd oks lcls vPNk
gSA
30- rqEgsa ;s dke djokuk iM+sxkA
31- oks eq>s cxZj f[kykrk gSA
32- oks eq>s vPNk [kkuk f[kykrk gSA
33- rqe eq>s vesfjdk dc fHktokvksxs \
34- jke gesa ikuh fiyok jgk FkkA
35- ml cPps us gj fdlh dks g¡lk;k A
36- rqeus eq>s :yk;k@:yok;k gSA
37- oks gkL; dkykdkj gSA oks yksxksa dks g¡lkrk gSA
38- eSa rqels xok ugha ldrk D;ksafd rqEgkjh vkokt+ lqjhyh
ugha gSA
39- jkgqy eq>ls viuk gkseodZ djok;sxkA
40- rqe mlls viuk gkseodZ D;ksa djokrs gks \
dfj, &
41- mlus rqels fdls dkWy djokbZ \
42- mlus ;s iSu rqEgsa dSls fnyok;k \
43- rqEgkjs I;kj us eq>s eglwl djok;kA
44- rqeus eq÷ks I;kj dh dher le÷kk;hA
45- rqEgkjs Hkk"k.k us eq>s izsfjr fd;kA
46- rqe jke dks mlls ugha fiVok ldrsA
47- rqe jke ls mls ugha fiVok ldrs A
48- eSa rqEgsa le>k ugha ldrkA
49- eSaus rqels ckYVh HkjokbZA
50- mlus rqels iSls D;ksa [kpZ djok;s \
51- eSa D;k djokrk gw¡ \
52- yksx tcjnLrh rqEgsa ogk¡ fHktok;saxs A
53- eSa dsoy mlls gh fdrkc i<+okšxkA
54- jke rqels ;s dke djok;sxkA
55- eSa cky dVokus tk pqdk FkkA
56- rqeus cky dgk¡ ls dVok;s \
57- eq>s ;s dke djokuk gSA
58- jke eq>ls dke djok ldrk FkkA
59- ge jke ls xkuk xok ldrs gSaA
60- oks eq>s fiVok;sxkA
61- eSa rqEgsa D;k le>k jgk gw¡ \
62- oks eq>ls vius 2 cSp i<+ok jgk gSA
63- geus mls ckgj fHktok;k A
64- rqe ;s fdlls djokvksxs \
65- tc dksbZ ugha vk;k] rc ikik us gels ;s djok;kA
66- eSaus gj fdlh dks ml gksVy esa [kkuk f[kyok;k A
67- rqeus eq>ls >wB cqyok;kA
68- jke eq>s jkst+ :ykrk gSA
69- rqe dc rd ;s dke [kRe djok nksxs \
70- D;k rqe eq>s Mk¡l fl[kok ldrs gks \
71- geus mls fHktok;k ij mlus ogk¡ dke ugha fd;kA
72- Oks rqEgsa vesfjdk fHktok;saxs c‛krsZ rqe mUgsa lkfcr djks
fd rqe lcls vPNs gks A
73- Hkys gh vkt oks eq>ls dke djok;s ij Hkfo"; esa eSa
mls lkfcr dj nw¡xk fd eSa okLro esa D;k gw¡A
74- ckWch us eq>s vPNk [kkuk f[kyk;k] tks mldh eEeh us
idk;k FkkA
75- rqeus eq>s dEI;wVj fl[kok;kA
76- rqEgkjs I;kj us eq>s rqEgkjs ikl okil cqyk;kA
77- mlus gesa dksd fiykbZ@fiyokbZA
78- jkgqy us gesa ,Dljlkbt+ djkbZ@djokbZA
79- rqeus eq>s fiVok;kA
80- rqeus mls eq>ls fiVok;kA
81- jkgqy us mlls eq>s dqN iSls fnyok;s A
82- eSaus cky dVok,A
83- jkgqy ;gha ls cky dVokrk gSA
84- D;k rqe cky dVokvksxs \
85- eSa ;s dke dSls djok ldrk gw¡ \
221
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He makes me write.
42. How did he get you this pen?
He makes me go.
43. Your love made me realize.
He makes me go where I really don‟t want to.
44. You made me understand the value of love.
She makes me work.
45. Your lecture motivated me.
She makes me write the letter./ She gets
46. You can‟t make him beat Ram.
the letter written by me.
47. You can‟t make Ram beat him.
6. She is making me go.
48. I can‟t make you understand.
7. She is making me fool.
49. I made you fill the bucket.
50. Why did he make you spend the money?
8. She made me understand.
51. What do I get done?
9. I will make you work.
52. People will forcefully make you go there.
10. I will have made him go.
53. I will make only him read the book.
11. You are making me fight with him.
12. You are making me realize that you don‟t 54. Ram will make you do this work.
55. I had gone to get the hair cut.
love me, rather you love my money.
56. From where did you get the hair cut?
13. Children are making me fool.
57. I have to get this work done.
14. My love is making me cry.
58. Ram could have got the work done by me.
15. You used to make us laugh.
59. We can make Ram sing the song.
16. I could have let you go.
60. He will make me be beaten.
17. Ram can get it done by anyone.
61. What am I making you understand?
18. I can get you something to eat.
62. He is making me teach his 2 batches.
19. Ram can get me water.
63. We made him go out.
20. Can you make me pass the exam?
64. From whom will you get this done?
21. I can make you pass.
65. When nobody came, then Dad made us do it.
22. Money can‟t get you love.
23. My dad made me realize that saving money 66. I made everyone eat the food in that hotel.
67. You made me tell a lie.
is not everything; rather we should help
68. Ram makes me cry every day.
needy people.
69. Until when will you get this work finished?
24. Time is making me realize my mistakes
70. Can you make me learn dance?
that I made in past.
71. We made him go but he didn‟t work there.
25. You can‟t make everyone happy.
72.
They will make you go America provided
26. Dad can‟t get you a car as he doesn‟t have
you prove them to be the best.
money at all.
73.
Even if he makes me work for him today, but in
27. I can‟t make you purchase.
future I will show him what actually I am.
28. Could he make her laugh?
74.
Bobby made me eat the delicious food,
29. He will have to make me realize, he is the
which his mom had cooked.
best.
75. You made me learn computer.
30. You will have to get this work done.
76. Your love made me come back to you.
31. He makes me eat Burger.
77. He made us drink coke.
32. He makes me eat good food.
78. Rahul made us exercise.
33. When will you make me go America?
79. You made me be beaten.
34. Ram was making us drink water.
80. You made me beat him.
35. That child made everyone laugh.
81. Rahul made me get some money from him.
36. You have made me cry.
37. He is a comedian. He makes people laugh. 82. I got the hair cut.
83. Rahul gets the hair cut from here.
38. I can‟t make you sing as your voice is not fine.
39. Rahul will make me write his homework. 84. Will you get the hair cut?
85. How can I get this work done?
40. Why do you make him write your homework?
41. Whom did he make you call?
222
Causative Verbs (Get & Make) – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I got it done myself.
Can you make him come?
Ram made him go.
People makes you fool.
Pen made me remember you.
They should not make you work in place of
study.
7. Get me something to read.
8. He got me nothing to eat.
9. Rohit is making me understand.
10. He used to make me eat the food.
11. By whom will you get this done?
12. Rahul got the bucket filled by me.
13. He makes only me write his homework.
14. My circumstances made me work there.
15. Your thinking got you good money.
16. He makes you smile.
17. I made him join there.
18. Computer was got repaired.
19. He made me drink coke.
20. Do you want to get this done by me?
21. I made him beat Rahul.
22. I made Rahul beat him
23. I am getting the hair cut.
24. I couldn‟t make you feel happy.
25. Seeta makes Ram cry.
26. He can never make me go there.
50 x 1 = 50
27. I got this mobile repaired by Sagar.
28. He was making me understand.
29. Saleem made Sagar call Rahul.
30. Saleem made Sagar come.
31. Why are you making us fool?
32. I will make him fool.
33. They both make her do their homework.
34. Aren‟t you getting food prepared?
35. Life is making me go where I don‟t want
to.
36. As soon as Dad came, he made us work.
37. Mom makes us feel comfortable.
38. His personality makes us feel that we
should also work on our personality.
39. Ram made us realize how important
money is.
40. You make me realize how bad I am.
41. I am trying to make to understand.
42. I have to get this work done.
43. From where did you get the hair cut?
44. Life will make you realize one day.
45. That boy makes me angry.
46. I was in exam. She got me answers.
47. Such incidences make us realize.
48. Nobody can make you fool.
49. How can you make him go there?
50. You made me tell a lie.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I got it done myself.
Can you make him come?
Ram made him go.
People makes you fool.
Pen made me remember you.
They should not make you work in place of study.
mUgsa rqels i<+kbZ ds ctk; dke ugha djokuk pkfg,A
7. Get me something to read.
8. He got me nothing to eat.
223
eSaus ;s [kqn djok;k A
D;k rqe mls cqyok ldrs gks \
jke us mls fHktok;k A
yksx rqEgsa csodwQ cukrs gSaA
iSu us eq>s rqEgkjh ;kn fnykbZ A
eq>s i<+us dks dqN fnyok nksA
mlus eq>s [kkus dks dqN ugha fnyok;kA
9. Rohit is making me understand.
10. He used to make me eat the food.
11. By whom will you get it done?
12. Rahul made me fill the water.
13. He makes only me write his homework.
14. My circumstances made me work there.
15. Your thinking got you good money.
16. He makes you smile.
17. I made him join there.
18. Computer was got repaired.
19. He made me drink coke.
20. Do you want to get this done by me?
21. I made him beat Rahul.
22. I made Rahul beat him
23. I am getting the hair cut.
24. I couldn‟t make you happy.
25. Seeta makes Ram cry.
26. He can never make me go there.
27. I got this mobile repaired by Sagar.
28. He was making me understand.
29. Saleem made Sagar call Rahul.
30. Saleem made Sagar come.
31. Why are you making us fool?
32. I will make him fool.
33. They both make her do their homework.
34. Aren‟t you getting food prepared?
35. Life is making me go where I don‟t want to.
36.
37.
38.
39.
As soon as Dad came, he made us work.
Mom makes us feel comfortable.
He makes us feel that we are nothing.
Ram made us realize how important money is.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
You make me realize how bad I am.
I am trying to make you understand.
I have to get this work done.
From where did you get the hair cut?
Life will make you realize one day.
That boy makes me angry.
I was in exam. She got me answers.
Such incidences make us realize.
Nobody can make you fool.
How will you make him go there?
You made me tell a lie.
224
jksfgr eq>s le>k jgk gSA
oks eq>s [kkuk f[kyokrk FkkA
rqe ;s fdlls djokvksxs \
jkgqy us eq>ls ikuh Hkjok;k A
oks dsoy eq>ls viuk gkseodZ fy[kokrk gSA
esjs gkykrksa us eq>ls ogk¡ dke djok;k A
rqEgkjh lksp us rqEgsa vPNk iSlk fnyok;k A
oks rqEgsa g¡lkrk gSA
eSaus mls ogk¡ tkWbZu djok;k A
dEI;wVj Bhd djok;k x;k A
mlus eq>s dksd fiykbZ@fiyokbZA
D;k ;s rqe eq>ls djokuk pkgrs gks \
eSaus jkgqy dks mlls fiVok;k A
eSaus mldks jkgqy ls fiVok;k A
eSa cky dVok jgk gw¡ A
eSa rqEgsa [kq‛k ugha dj ik;k A
lhrk jke dks :ykrh gSA
oks eq>s ogk¡ dHkh ugha fHktok ldrk A
eSaus ;s eksckby lkxj ls Bhd djok;kA
oks eq>s le>k jgk FkkA
lyhe us jkgqy dks lkxj ls dkWy djok;h A
lyhe us lkxj dks cqyok;k A
rqe gesa csodwQ D;ksa cuk jgs gks \
eSa mls csodwQ cukšxk A
oks nksuksa mlls viuk gkseodZ djokrs gSa A
D;k rqe [kkuk ugha cuok jgs \
ft+Unxh eq>s ogk¡ fHktok jgh gS] tgk¡ eSa tkuk ugha
pkgrkA
tSls gh ikik vk;s] mUgksua s gels dke djok;k A
ek¡ gesa vkjke eglwl djokrh gSA
oks gesa eglwl djokrk gS fd ge dqN ugha gSaA
jke us gesa eglwl djok;k fd iSlk D;k e;kus j[krk
gSA
rqe eq>s vglkl fnykrs gks fd eSa fdruk cqjk gw¡A
eSa rqEgsa le>kus dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gw¡A
eq>s ;s dke djokuk gSA
rqeus cky dgk¡ ls dVok;s \
ft+Unxh rqEgsa ,d fnu eglwl djok;sxh A
oks yM+dk eq>s xqLlk fnykrk gSA
eSa bXt+ke esa FkkA mlus eq>s mÙkj fnyok;sA
,slh ?kVuk,¡ gesa eglwl djokrh gSA
rqEgssa dksbZ Hkh csodwQ ugha cuk ldrk A
rqe mls ogk¡ dSls fHktokvksxs \
rqeus eq>ls >wB cqyok;k A
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
1. Child made me come.
2. Rahul had got the work done.
3. I wanted to make you meet Seeta.
4. I must get the work done by you.
5. You can make me do this.
6. I will make them go somewhere else.
7. We have to get the hair cut.
8. Ram used to make me go.
9. I have to get mom a saree.
10. Ram will get it done himself.
11. Children will make you happy.
12. Papa got me a watch.
13. Friend made me meet his family members.
14. I had made Rahul purchase a pen.
15. Why did he get the hair cut from there?
16. I made my mom apply Mahendi onto my hair.
17. He made me spend money.
18. You always make me cry.
19. I can make him laugh.
20. Meet him lest he should make you go America.
21. Get the food cooked.
22. Get the poor few clothes.
23. You must get us something.
24. Make me meet him once.
25. Make us listen to this story once.
26. Make Ram come from there lest he should die.
27. I got my heart broken.
28. Don‟t make me fool.
29. He is making us laugh.
30. They were making us fight each other.
225
30 x 1 = 30
Answers
1. Child made me come.
2. Rahul had got the work done.
3. I wanted to make you meet Seeta.
4. I must get the work done by you.
5. You can make me do this.
6. I will make them go somewhere else.
7. We have to get the hair cut.
8. Ram used to make me go.
9. I have to get mom a saree.
10. Ram will get it done himself.
11. Children will make you happy.
12. Papa got me a watch.
13. Friend made me meet his family members.
14. I had made Rahul purchase a pen.
15. Why did he get the hair cut from there?
16. I made my mom apply Mahendi onto my hair.
17. He made me spend money.
18. You always make me cry.
19. I can make him laugh.
20. Meet him lest he should make you go America.
21. Get the food cooked.
22. Get the poor few clothes.
23. You must get us something.
24. Make me meet him once.
25. Make us listen to this story once.
26. Make Ram come from there lest he should die.
27. I got my heart broken.
28. Don‟t make me fool.
29. He is making us laugh.
30. They were making us fight each other.
cPps us eq>s cqyok;kA
jkgqy us dke djok;k FkkA
eSa rqEgsa lhrk ls feyokuk pkgrk FkkA
eq÷ks rqels dke t+:j djokuk pkfg,A
rqe eq>ls ;s djok ldrs gksA
eSa mUgsa dgha vkSj fHktok nw¡xkA
gesa cky dVokus gSaA
jke eq>s fHktokrk FkkA
eq>s eEeh dks ,d lkM+h fnyokuh gSA
jke ;s [kqn djok;sxkA
cPps rqEgsa [kq‛k djsaxsA
ikik us eq>s ?kM+h fnyok;hA
nksLr us eq>s vius ?kjokyksa ls feyok;kA
jkgqy dks eSaus ,d iSu [kjhnok;k FkkA
mlus cky ogk¡ ls D;ksa dVok;s \
eSaus viuh eEeh ls ckyksa esa esagnh yxokbZA
mlus eq÷kls iSls [kpZ djok;sA
rqe ges‛kk eq>s :ykrs gksA
eSa mls g¡lk ldrk gw¡A
mlls feyks ,slk u gks oks rqEgsa vesfjdk fHktok nsA
[kkuk cuok yksA
xjhcksa dks dqN diM+s fnyok nksA
rqEgsa gesa dqN rks fnyokuk gh pkfg,A
eq>s mlls ,d ckj feyok nksA
gesa ;s dgkuh ,d ckj lquok nksA
jke dks ogk¡ ls okil cqyok yks dgha oks ej u tk,A
eSaus viuk fny rqM+ok fy;kA
eq>s csodwQ er cukvksA
oks gesa g¡lk jgk gSA
oks gesa ,d nwljs ls yM+ok jgs FksA
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fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
226
Lesson – 26
Active & Passive Voice
Active Voice esa os okD; gksrs gSa ftuesa Subject Hkh fn;k gksrk gS o Subject ds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z dk
Hkh o.kZu gksrk gSA os lHkh okD; tks geus “Tense” pSIVj esa i<+s Fks] lHkh Active Voice esa ekus tkrs gSaA
Passive Voice esa os okD; gksrs gSa ftuesa fØ;k rks gksrh gS ij ;k rks okD; esa Subject dk ftØ gh ugha
gksrk vkSj vxj ft+Ø gksrk Hkh gks rks ,sls okD;ksa esa Subject ds lkFk Þ}kjkÞ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vkb, foLrkj ls le÷ksAa vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks Hkh t+#j lquaAs
Let‟s understand in detail. Do listen to audio lecture as well.
Concept – Passive of Tenses
There are two voices of the Tense Sentences:
1) Active Voice 2) Passive Voice
pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSa &
Let‟s understand with the help of following examples –
okD;
(Sentence)
Active
Voice /
Passive
Voice
eSa tk jgk gw¡A
Active Voice
eq>s Hkstk tk jgk gSA
Passive
Voice
eq>s jke ds }kjk Hkstk tk
jgk gSA
Passive
Voice
gesa crk;k x;k FkkA
Passive
Voice
jke dks ihVk tk;sxkA
Passive
Voice
Explanation
Subject gS ÞeSaÞ tks fØ;k dks dj jgk gSA fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA pw¡fd
Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
eq>s Hkstk tk jgk gS fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu Hkst jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k
x;kA tks eq>s Hkst jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
tks eq>s Hkst jgk gS oks gS jke ;kfu Hkstus dh fØ;k dks jke dj jgk
gSA blfy, jke Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject fn;k rks x;k gS ij Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA
gesa crk;k x;k Fkk fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu crk jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k
x;kA tks gesa crk jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
jke dks ihVk tk;sxk fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu ihVsxk] ;s ugha crk;k
x;kA tks jke dks ihVsxk] ogh rks Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
227
eSaus [kkuk [kk fy;k gSA
Active Voice
mls iwNk x;kA
Passive
Voice
Subject gS eSa tks fØ;k dks dj pqdk gSA fØ;k gS Þ[kkukÞA
pw¡fd Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
mls iwNk x;k fdlh ds }kjkA ij fdlus iwNk] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA
ftlus iwNk] ogh rks Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
;s igpku djuk cgqr t+#jh gS fd okD; Active Voice esa gS ;k Passive Voice esAa
It‟s vital to recognize whether the sentence is in active voice or in passive voice.
vxj Active Voice esa gS rks Tense ds fglkc ls helping verb yxkb,A tSlk vkius Tense ds pSIVj esa
i<+k gSA vxj Passive Voice esa gS rks helping verb uhps Vscy ds fglkc ls gh yxkb,A vkSj ,d cgqr
t+#jh ckr ;s gS fd Passive Voice esa ges‛kk Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
If the sentence is in active voice, then you need to simply follow the rules taught in „Tenses‟
chapter. If in passive voice, then the helping verbs are to be used exactly the way written in
the table below. Also note that in passive sentences, 3rd form of the verb is to be used.
Tense
Active Voice
(AV)
Helping Verbs
Passive
Voice (PV)
Helping
Verbs
Present Indefinite
(rk] rs] rh)
Do, Does
Is, Am, Are
Present Continuous
(jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa)
Is, Am, Are
Is, Am, Are +
being
Present Perfect
(pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] fy;k gS] fn;k gS] yh gS] nh gS] dh gS)
Has, Have
Has been,
Have been
Present Perfect Continuous
( jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSaA le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx)
Has been, Have
been
-
Past Indefinite
(vk;k] x;k] fy;k] fn;k] yh] nh] dh)
Did
Was, were
Past Continuous
(jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks)
Was, Were
Was, Were +
being
Past Perfect
(pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] fn;k Fkk] yh Fkh] nh Fkh] dh Fkh)
Had
Had been
Past Perfect Continuous
( jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs FksA le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx)
Had been
-
Future Indefinite
(xk] xs] xh)
Will
Will be
228
Future Continuous
(jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxs)
Future Perfect
(pqdk gksxk] pqdh gksxh] pqds gksaxs] fy;k gksxk] fn;k gksxk] yh
gksxh] nh gksxh] dh gksxh)
Future Perfect Continuous
( jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxAs le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx)
Will be
-
Will Have
Will have been
Will have been
-
pkj ,sls Tense gSa ftuds Passive Voice ugha gksrs &
There are four tenses that don‟t have their passive voices –
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
3. Future Continuous Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Examples:
okD;
vuqokn
Sentences
Tense igpkfu,
Identify the Tense
Active/
Passive
Translation
eq>s Ldwy Hkstk x;kA
Past Indefinite
Passive
I was sent to school.
jke dks crk;k x;k gSA
Present Perfect
Passive
Ram has been told.
ikik dks cqyk;k tk;sxkA
Future Indefinite
Passive
Dad will be called.
eSaus lkspk FkkA
Past Perfect
Active
I had thought.
rqEgkjk uke D;ksa fy;k tk jgk gS \
Present Continuous
Passive
Why is your name
being called?
mls fnYyh esa ns[kk x;kA
Past Indefinite
Passive
He was seen in Delhi
cPpksa us iRFkj Qsd
a sA
Past Indefinite
Active
Children threw the
stones.
mls Mk¡Vk tk jgk FkkA
Past Continuous
Passive
He was being scolded.
iRFkj Qsd
a s tk,sx
a sA
Future Indefinite
Passive
Stones will be thrown.
gesa D;ksa Mk¡Vk tkrk gS \
Present Indefinite
Passive
Why are we scolded?
D;k veu dks Hkstk x;k gksxk \
Future Perfect
Passive
Will Aman have been
sent?
229
;‛kh dks D;ksa cqyk;k x;k \
Past Indefinite
Passive
Why was Yashi called?
ikik dks D;k dgk x;k gS \
Present Prefect
Passive
What has Dad been
told?
gesa bruk D;ksa ijs‛kku fd;k tk jgk
gS \
Present Continuous
Passive
Why are we being
bothered this much?
eSaus D;k dgk Fkk \
Past Perfect
Active
What had I said?
eq÷ks D;k dgk x;k Fkk \
Past Perfect
Passive
What had I been said?
Concept – Passive of Modals
pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSa &
Let‟s understand with the help of following examples –
Sentence
Active
Voice /
Passive
Voice
eSa tk ldrk gw¡A
Active Voice
eq>s Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
Passive
Voice
eq>s jke ds }kjk Hkstk tk
ldrk gSA
Passive
Voice
Explanation
Subject gS ÞeSaÞ vkSj fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA pw¡fd Subject fn;k
x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
eq>s Hkstk tk ldrk gS fdlh ds }kjkA fØ;k gS ÞHkstukÞA ij dkSu
Hkst ldrk gS] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA tks eq>s Hkst ldrk gS ogh rks
Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
tks eq>s Hkst ldrk gS oks gS jke ;kfu Hkstus dh fØ;k dks jke dj
ldrk gSA blfy, jke Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject fn;k rks x;k gS ij Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA
;s igpku djuk cgqr t+#jh gS fd okD; Active Voice esa gS ;k Passive Voice esAa
It‟s vital to recognize whether the sentence is in active voice or in passive voice.
vxj Active Voice esa gS rks Modal ds fglkc ls helping verb yxkb,A tSlk fd vkius Modal
pSIVj esa i<+k gSA ij vxj okD; Passive Voice esa gS rks vkidks flQZ bruk djuk gS fd ftu modals ds
lkFk fØ;k dh QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS tSls can, could, should, must, may, might, has to,
have to, had to, will have to, would like to vkfn] muds lkFk „be‟ yxk nsuk gS vkSj ftu
modals ds lkFk fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS tSls could have, should have, must have,
may have, might have vkfn] muds lkFk „been‟ yxk nsuk gSA uhps Vscy ds ek/;e ls lef>,A vkSj
,d cgqr t+#jh ckr ;s fd Passive Voice esa ges‛kk Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
230
If the sentence is in active voice, then you need to simply follow the rules taught in „Modals‟
chapter. If in passive voice, then what you have to do is: the modals which use 1st form of the
verb like can, could etc, you have to just add „be‟ with them in passive voice and the modals
which use 3rd form of the verb like could have, should have etc, you have to add „been‟ with
them. Let‟s understand with the following table:
Also to be noted that you have to always use the 3 rd form of the verb in passive voice
sentences.
Sentence
Modal
Active/
Passive
Voice
Translation
Explanation
can ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k dh QLVZ
QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa can ds
lkFk be yxk nsaxsA
eq>s Hkstk tk
ldrk gSA
Can
Passive
voice
I can be sent.
jke dks iSls
fn, tkus
pkfg,A
Should
Passive
voice
Ram should be
given money.
cPpksa dks i<+k;k
tk ldrk FkkA
Could
have
Passive
voice
Children could
have been
taught.
rqEgsa vesfjdk
Hkstk tkuk
pkfg, FkkA
Should
have
Passive
voice
You should
have been sent
to America.
vkt rqEgsa Ldwy
esa fx¶V fn;k
Have to
tkuk gSA
Passive
voice
We use 1st form of the verb with „can‟
that‟s why in passive voice, we‟ll use
„be‟ with „can‟.
should ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k dh
QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa
should ds lkFk be yxk nsaxsA
We use 1st form of the verb with
„should‟ that‟s why in passive voice,
we‟ll use „be‟ with „should‟.
Could have ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk
fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive
voice esa could have ds lkFk been yxk nsx
a sA
We use 3rd form of the verb with „could
have‟ that‟s why in passive voice, we‟ll
use „been‟ with „could have‟.
Should have ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk
fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive
voice esa should have ds lkFk been yxk nsaxsA
We use 3rd form of the verb with
„should have‟ that‟s why in passive
voice, we‟ll use „been‟ with „should
have‟.
Have to ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k
dh QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa
You have to be have to ds lkFk be yxk nsaxsA
given a gift in
school today.
231
We use 1st form of the verb with „have
to‟ that‟s why in passive voice, we‟ll
use „be‟ with „have to‟.
Examples:
Sentences
Identify
the Modal
Active/
Passive
Translation
eq>s Ldwy Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
Can
Passive
I can be sent to school.
jke dks iwNk ldrk gS fd oks dgk¡
FkkA
Can
Passive
Ram can be asked where he
was.
ikik dks cqyk;k tkuk pkfg,A
Should
Passive
Dad should be called.
rqEgsa fdrkc nh tkuh gSA
Have to
Passive
You have to be given a book.
mls Mk¡Vk tkuk pkfg, FkkA
Should
have
Passive
He should have been scolded.
mls fnYyh cqyk;k tk ldrk FkkA
Could have
Passive
He could have been called
Delhi.
gesa i<+k;k tkrk FkkA
Used to
Passive
We used to be taught.
gesa ugha i<+k;k tkrk FkkA
Used to
Passive
We didn‟t use to be taught.
D;k gesa i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \
Used to
Passive
Did we use to be taught?
D;k gesa ugha i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \
Used to
Passive
Did we not use to be taught?
Concept – Passive of Let
Let ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ftl rjg geus Tense ds Passive Voice cuk;s Fks] Bhd mlh rjg cuk;saxsA
bl pSIVj dks i<+us ls igys vkidks uhps fn;s x;s nksuksa pSIVj i<+s gksus pkfg, vkSj le> Hkh vkus pkfg,A
1. Let
2. Passive of Tenses
fcuk ;s nksuksa pSIVj i<+s vkSj le÷ks vki bl pSIVj dks vPNh rjg ugha le> ik;saxsA
pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSaA
Sentence
Active
Voice /
Passive
Voice
jke eq>s lksus nsrk gSA
Active
Voice
eq>s lksus fn;k tk jgk gSA
Passive
Voice
Explanation
Subject gS ÞjkeÞ tks fØ;k dks djus nsrk gSA izeq[k fØ;k gS Þdjus
nsukÞ vkSj nwljh fØ;k ÞlksukÞA pw¡fd Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy,
;g Active Voice gSA
eq>s lksus fn;k tk jgk gS fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu eq>s lksus dk dke
djus ns jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA tks eq>s bl dke dks djus ns
jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
232
lhrk us jke dks iwNus fn;kA
jke dks iwNus fn;k x;kA
Subject gS lhrkA
Active Voice bl okD; esa Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active
Voice gSA
fdlus jke dks iwNus dk dke djus fn;k] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA
Subject ugha fn;k x;k gSA blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA
vxj Subject fn;k Hkh tkrk rks dqN bl rjg ls fd Þjke dks
Passive Voice
lhrk ds }kjk iwNus fn;k x;kAÞ lhrk tks fd Subject gS mls
Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkA rc Hkh rks okD; Passive
Voice gh gksrkA
vxj okD; Active Voice esa gS rks okD;ksa dks mlh rjg ls cuk;saxs tSlk vkius „Let‟ pSIVj esa i<k FkkA
vxj okD; Passive Voice esa gS rks helping verb mlh Vscy ds fglkc ls gh yxk,saxs tks Vscy vkius „Passive
of Tenses‟ esa ns[khA
vkidks crk;k tk pqdk gS fd Passive Voice esa ges‛kk Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
cl ;s /;ku jgs fd “Let” dh rhuksa forms “Let” gh gSaA
Examples:
Sentences
Identify the
Tense
Active/
Passive
Translation
eq>s Ldwy tkus fn;k x;kA
Past Indefinite
Passive
I was let go to school.
jke dks bXtS+e esa cSBus ugha fn;k
x;k gSA
Present Perfect
Passive
Ram has not been let sit in
the exam.
ikik dks vkus fn;k tk;sxkA
Future Indefinite
Passive
Dad will be let come.
mls [ksyus fn;k tk jgk FkkA
Past Continuous
Passive
He was being let play.
EnglishWale.com “l{ke
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Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
233
Active & Passive Voice - Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445-
rqEgsa Mk¡Vk tkrk gSA
gesa ihVk tk jgk FkkA
eq>s ,d fdrkc nh tk;sxhA
bl iqjLdkj ds fy, dsoy ,d vkneh pquk tkrk gSA
eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr dks ‚kkfUrfiz; ns‛k ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
D;k mls Hkstk x;k \
rqEgkjs fy, LiS‛ky [kkuk cuk;k tk jgk gSA
muds lkFk ogk¡ cqjk crkZo fd;k x;kA
mls ,d egku ;ks)k ds #i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA
;s fy[kk tk pqdk gSA
D;k mls I;kj fd;k tkrk gS \
fQYe ds esxk fgV gksus dh ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh gSA
xSax ds eqf[k;k dks 2 cts ekdsZV esa ns[kk x;k gSA
D;k mUgsa bl ‚kjkjr ds fy, Mk¡Vk x;k \
nksuksa nksf"k;ksa dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSSA
pk; gj lqcg ih tkrh gSA
mls fdlds lkFk Hkstk x;k \
mls eMZj ds ckjs esa D;ksa ugha iwNk tkrk \
4 fVdVsa cqd dj yh x;h gSaA
fdLer ls eq>s ogk¡ Hkstk x;k vkSj eSa rqels feyk A
eq>s ,d v/;kid ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
cPpksa dks ckgj Hkstk x;kA
eq>s blds ckjs esa lwfpr ugha fd;k x;kA
fdrkcsa Nkih tk jgh gSaA
bl txg ls dqN dqflZ;k¡ gVkbZ xbZ gSaA
bl bykds esa dkjsa ugha pykbZ tkrhA
mls dc rd ugha iwNk x;k \
gj txg feBkb;k¡ ck¡Vh tk jgh gaSA
ogk¡ ,d fcfYMax cukbZ tk pqdh gSA
oks iqfyl ds }kjk idM+k x;k A
I;kt vkSj vkyw dkQh vf/kd ek=k esa dkVs x;s A
vijkf/k;ksa dks <+w¡<k tk jgk gSA
mls xksyh ls ekj fn;k x;k A
ckfj‛k ds dkj.k ehfVax jn~n dj nh x;h A
?kM+h Bhd djkbZ x;hA
gesa ,slk dqN ugha fn;k x;k gSA
gesa ogk¡ Qkyrw esa D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \
eq>s dgha Hkstk x;k gSA
D;k rqEgsa crk;k x;k gS fd ge dgk¡ gaS \
,d fo/kkFkhZ dks mlds lgikBh }kjk izrkfM+r fd;k
x;kA
mls Vªd dh vksj /kDdk fn;k x;k rkfd oks ej tk,A
nhokyh [kq‛kh ls eukbZ xbZ A
D;k rqEgsa rqEgkjh ykijokgh ds fy, naM fn;k tk,xk \
gesa dgha vkSj Hkstk tk jgk gSA
464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990234
iSu mBk fy;k x;k gSA
mls ;g D;ksa fn;k x;k \
gesa D;k crk;k x;k \
mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \
mls ?klhV dj iqfyl LVs‛ku ys tk;k x;k A
gekjh fdrkcksa dks QkM+k x;k vkSj dwM+snku esa Qsad
fn;k x;k A
gesa 6 Dykl rd vaxzst+h ugha i<+kbZ tkrh A
bl lky dqN fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ySiVkWi fn;s x;s gSaA
mlds HkkbZ dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;kA
25 izfr‛kr lhVsa xjhc LVwMSUV~l ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA
bUlku dks LoxZ Hkstk tkrk gS vxj oks vPNs deZ djsA
jke dks Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
mls iwNk tkuk pkfg, FkkA
gesa Hkstk tkuk gSA
rqEgsa cqyk;k tkuk Fkk ij ugha cqyk;k tk ldkA
;s dke gks tkuk pkfg, FkkA
eEeh dks iwNk tkrk FkkA
D;k jke dks fdrkc nh tk ldrh gS \
rqEgsa D;ksa ugha i<+k;k tk ldk \
mls D;k fn;k x;k \
jke dks fdlds lkFk Hkstk tkuk pkfg, \
eksckby dk iz;ksx D;ksa gksuk pkfg, \
gesa D;k i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \
eq>s eksckby fn;k tk ldrk gSA
vxyk iz‛u D;k gksuk pkfg, \
rqEgsa ltk feyuh pkfg,A
gesa dqN iSls [kpZ ds fy, feyus pkfg,A
gekjh ru[okg c<+kbZ tkuh gSA
mls iwNk tkuk FkkA
gkseodZ t+#j djuk pkfg,A
lkjs iz‛u gy fd;s tk ldrs gaSA
[kkus dk rjhdk lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA
mls jke dh otg ls cqyk;k x;k A
eq>s daiuh ls ckgj ugha fudkyk tk ldkA
fdlh dk Hkh fny nq[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
gj fdlh dk fny ugha thrk tk ldrkA
esjs lkFk fdlh dks Hkstk ugha tkuk pkfg, A
mls dgk¡ Hkstk tkuk pkfg,A
mldk uke dqN nsj ckr iqdkjk tkuk gSA
;gk¡ ij iSu ls fy[kk tkuk gSA
rqEgsa ;s ugha fn;k tkukA
eNfy;ksa dks dgha vkSj Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
;s ikuh fi;k ugha tk ldrk D;ksfa d ;g [kkjk gSA
bls fdlh Hkh gky esa csp fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
eq>s i<+us ugha fn;k tkrkA
Answers
1. You are scolded.
2. We were being beaten.
3. I will be given a book.
4. Only one person is chosen for this prize.
5. I have been told about you.
6. India is known as a peaceful nation.
7. Was he sent?
8. A special food is being prepared for you.
9. They were treated badly there.
10. He was known as a great warrior.
11. It has been written.
12. Is he loved?
13. The movie has been declared a mega hit.
14. The chief of the gang is seen in market at 2.
15. Were they scolded for this mischief?
16. Both the culprits have been identified.
17. Tea is taken every morning.
18. With whom was he sent?
19. Why is he not asked about the murder?
20. 4 Tickets have been booked.
21. Fortunately, I was sent there and I met you.
22. I am known as a teacher.
23. Children were sent outside.
24. I was not informed about this.
25. Books are being printed.
26. Some chairs have been moved from this place.
27. Cars are not driven in this area.
28. Until when was he not asked?
29. Sweets are being distributed all over.
30. A building has been constructed there.
31. He was caught by police.
32. Onions and potatoes were cut in huge
quantity.
33. Criminals are being sought (searched).
34. He was shot dead.
35. Meeting was cancelled due to rain.
36. Watch was repaired.
37. We have not been given anything as such.
38. Why are we unnecessarily sent there?
39. I have been sent somewhere.
40. Have you been told where we are?
41. A student was tortured by his classmate.
42. He was pushed towards a truck so that he dies.
43. Diwali was celebrated with joy.
44. Will you be punished for your negligence?
45. We are being sent somewhere else.
46. Pen has been picked.
47. Why was he given this?
48. What was told to us?
49. Where had they been sent?
50. He was dragged to police station.
51. Our books were torn & thrown into the dustbin.
52. We are not taught English up to 6th standard.
53. Few students have been given laptops this year.
54. His brother was killed.
55. 25% seats are reserved for poor students.
56. Human is sent to heaven if he does good deeds.
57. Ram can be sent.
58. He should have been asked.
59. We have to be sent.
60. You had to be called but couldn‟t be.
61. This work should have been done.
62. Mom used to be asked.
63. Can Ram be given the book?
64. Why could you not be taught?
65. What was he given?
66. With whom should Ram be sent?
67. Why should mobile be used?
68. What did we use to be taught?
69. I can be given a mobile.
70. What should be the next question?
71. You must be punished.
72. We should be given some money to spend.
73. Our salary has to be increased.
74. He had to be asked.
75. Homework must be done.
76. All the questions can be solved.
77. The way of eating can be improved.
78. He was called due to Ram.
79. I could not be fired from the company.
80. Anybody can be hurt.
81. Everybody‟s heart can‟t be won.
82. Nobody should be sent with me.
83. Where should he be sent?
84. His name has to be called after a while.
85. Pen has to be used here.
86. You have not to be given this.
87. Fishes can be sent somewhere else.
88. This water is not drinkable as it is saline.
89. It should be sold at any cost.
90. I am not let study.
235
Active & Passive Voice - Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Choose the best alternatives:
1- gesa Hkstk x;kA
a) We were sent.
16 x 1 = 16
b) We were to go.
c) We were made go.
d) We were let go.
2- jke dks Mk¡Vk tk jgk FkkA
a) Ram was scolding. b) Ram was being scold. c) Ram was being scolded. d)Ram was made scolded.
3- mls eq>ls feyok;k tk;sxkA
a) He will be meeting me.
c) He will be made to meet me.
b) He will be made meet me.
d) He will make me meet.
4- rqEgsa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \
a) What are you taught?
c) What do you be taught?
b) What are you be taught?
d) What are you learned?
5- eq>s fHktok;k x;kA
a) I was sent.
b) I was made sent.
c) I was made go.
d) I made go.
6- mUgsa crk;k x;k FkkA
a) They were told.
b) They had been told.
c) They were informed.
d) They were been told.
7- rqEgsa D;ksa ugha tkus fn;k x;k \
a) Why did you not go?
c) Why were you not let go?
b) Why did you not let go?
d) Why were you not let gone?
8- D;k gesa [ksyus fn;k tk;sxk vkt \
a) Will we be let play today?
c) Will we let play today?
b) Will we be made play today?
d) Will we get the play today?
9- eq>ls dke djok;k tk ldrk gS A
a) I can get the work done.
d) I can made do the work.
b) Work can be done by me.
d) I can be made do the work.
10- D;k rqEgsa ihVk tkrk Fkk \
a) Had you to be beaten?
d) Were you use to be beaten?
b) Were you use to beat? c) Did you use to be beaten?
e) Had you been to be beaten?
11- lhrk dks gkWfLiVy ys tk;k x;k FkkA
a) Seeta was brought to hospital.
c) Seeta was made bring to hospital.
b) Seeta had been brought to hospital.
d) Seeta was got brought to hospital.
236
12- vkt gesa Dykl esa u;k VkWfid i<+k;k tkuk gSA
a) We have to be taught a new topic in the class today.
b) We are to be taught a new topic in the class today.
c) We have been to teach a new topic in the class today.
d) We have to teach a new topic in the class today.
13- lcdks tkus fn;k tk;sxkA
a) All will let go.
b) All will be gone.
c) All will let be gone.
d) All will be let go.
14- gesa
a)
b)
c)
d)
[kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA
We were not given the food.
We didn‟t be given the food.
We didn‟t use to be given the food.
We were not to be given the food.
15- rqe
a)
b)
c)
d)
eq>s i<+us D;ksa ugha ns jgs \
Why are you not letting me study?
Why do you not let me study?
Why are you not let me study?
Why are you not let me studying?
16- ;s dke fdlls djok;k x;k Fkk \
a) By whom was this work got done?
b) By whom did this work get done?
c) By whom had this work been got done?
d) By whom had this work been get done?
Answers
1. (a) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence
2. (c) Answer hint: Past Continuous Tense Passive Sentence
3. (b) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence of causative verb (make)
4. (a) Answer hint: Present Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence
5. (c) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence of causative verb (make)
6. (b) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence
7. (c) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
8. (a) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
9. (d) Answer hint: Modal (can) Passive Sentence of Causative verb (make)
10. (c) Answer hint: Modal (use to) Passive Sentence
11. (b) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence
12. (a) Answer hint: Modal (have to) Passive Sentence
13. (d) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
14. (c) Answer hint: Modal (use to) Passive Sentence
15. (a) Answer hint: Present Continuous Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
16. (c) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence of Causative Verb (Get)
237
Test – II
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425-
gesa iwNk tk jgk gS fd ge dkSu gSaA
rqEgsa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
eq>s jkst+ ihVk tkrk FkkA
mls ?klhV ds ?kj ls ckgj fudkyk x;k A
jke dks jkst+ gkWfLiVy ys tk;k tkrk gSA
gesa vkt dqN u;k i<+k;k tkuk pkfg, A
rqe pksj gksA D;k rqEgsa ihVk ugha tkuk pkfg, \
;s dke jke ds }kjk djok;k x;k A
eq>s Hkh fdrkc nh tk ldrh Fkh ij vki eq>s I;kj ugha
djrs blfy, vkius ugha nhA
eq>s ;gk¡ Hkstk x;k gSA
cPpksa dks D;k fn;k tk,xk \
eq>s ogk¡ tkus ugha fn;k x;k A
eq>s ihVk tk;sxk A
mls csotg ogk¡ fHktok;k x;k A
jke dks MaMs ls ihVk x;k A
rqEgsa fHktok;k tk jgk gSA
tc rqe xyr dke djrs gks] D;k rqEgsa Mk¡Vk ugha tkrk\
mls crk;k tk jgk FkkA
mls ogk¡ D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \
[kwuh dks frgkM+ tsy ys tk;k x;k A
jke dks ugha Hkstk tk,xk A
rqEgsa Ldwy esa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \
eq>ls pkj iz‛u iwNs x;s A
mls dHkh ugha ihVk x;k A
jke dh eEeh dks ckt+kj esa ns[kk x;k FkkA
50 x 1 = 50
262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849-
D;k mls cqyk;k x;k \
mlds firk dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;k A
mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk tk jgk gS \
vc gekjh lSysjh c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg, A
jkgqy dks dgk x;k Fkk fd mls 2 ?kaVs i<+uk gSA
gesa fHktok;k tk;sxk A
eq>s dqN Hkh ugha fn;k x;k A
jkgqy dks Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;k gksxk A
cPpksa dks vkt dqN ugha i<+k;k x;k A
jkgqy dks lqyk;k tk jgk gSA
eq>s lc dqN fn;k x;k tks dqN eSaus ek¡xk A
gesa fdlh vkSj ds lkFk Hkstk x;k A
mls [kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA
D;k mls dksbZ vokMZ fn;k tkuk gS \
rqEgsa mlds lkFk dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \
ikik dks vesfjdk Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
fny dh ckr dks Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gSA
lc cPpksa dks pkWdysV nh x;h gSaA
eq>ls ,d xkuk xok;k x;k A
mls fdlds lkFk fcBk;k x;k \
ikik dks esjs ckjs es xyr crk;k x;kA
ogk¡ ,d iqy cuk;k tk;sxk A
gesa vxys eghus lwpuk nh tk;sxh A
D;k rqEgsa iSls fn;s tkrs gSa Ldwy esa \
50- cPpksa dks D;k fn;k x;k \
Answers
1. gesa iwNk tk jgk gS fd ge dkSu gSa A
2. rqEgsa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
3. eq>s jkst+ ihVk tkrk FkkA
4. mls ?klhV ds ?kj ls ckgj fudkyk x;k A
5. jke dks jkst+ gkWfLiVy ys tk;k tkrk gSA
6. gesa vkt dqN u;k i<+k;k tkuk pkfg, A
7. rqe pksj gksA D;k rqEgsa ihVk ugha tkuk pkfg, \
8. ;s dke jke ds }kjk djok;k x;k A
9. eq>s Hkh fdrkc nh tk ldrh Fkh ij vkius ugha nhA
10. eq>s ;gk¡ Hkstk x;k gSA
11. cPpksa dks D;k fn;k tk,xk \
12. eq>s ogk¡ tkus ugha fn;k x;k A
13. eq>s ihVk tk;sxk A
14. mls csotg ogk¡ fHktok;k x;k A
15. jke dks MaMs ls ihVk x;k A
We are being asked who we are.
You may/can be sent.
I used to be beaten daily.
He was dragged out of the house.
Ram is taken to hospital daily.
We should be taught something new today.
You are a thief. Should you not be beaten?
This work was got done by Ram.
Even I could have been given the book but you didn‟t.
I have been sent here.
What will children be given?
I was not let go there.
I will be beaten.
He was unnecessarily made go there.
Ram was beaten with a stick.
238
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
rqEgsa fHktok;k tk jgk gSA
You are being made go.
tc rqe xyr dke djrs gks] D;k rqEgsa Mk¡Vk ugha tkrk \ When you do wrong, are you not scolded?
mls crk;k tk jgk FkkA
He was being told.
mls ogk¡ D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \
Why is he sent there?
[kwuh dks frgkM+ tsy ys tk;k x;k A
The criminal was taken to the Tihar Jail.
jke dks ugha Hkstk tk,xk A
Ram will not be sent.
rqEgsa Ldwy esa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \
What are you taught in school?
eq>ls pkj iz‛u iwNs x;s A
I was asked four questions.
mls dHkh ugha ihVk x;k A
He was never beaten.
jke dh eEeh dks ckt+kj esa ns[kk x;k FkkA
Ram‟s mother had been seen in the market.
D;k mls cqyk;k x;k \
Was he called?
mlds firk dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;k A
His father was killed.
mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk tk jgk gS \
Where are they being sent?
vc gekjh lSysjh c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg, A
Now, our salary must be increased.
jkgqy dks dgk x;k Fkk fd mls 2 ?kaVs i<+uk gSA
Ram had been told that he had to study for 2 hours.
gesa fHktok;k tk;sxk A
We will be made go.
eq>s dqN Hkh ugha fn;k x;k A
I was not given anything.
jkgqy dks Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;k gksxk A
Rahul will have been expelled from the school.
cPpksa dks vkt dqN ugha i<+k;k x;k A
Children were not taught anything today.
jkgqy dks lqyk;k tk jgk gSA
Rahul is being made sleep.
eq>s lc dqN fn;k x;k tks dqN eSaus ek¡xk A
I was given everything that I demanded.
gesa fdlh vkSj ds lkFk Hkstk x;k A
We were sent with someone else.
mls [kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA
He didn‟t use to be given the food.
D;k mls dksbZ vokMZ fn;k tkuk gS \
Has he to be given an award?
rqEgsa mlds lkFk dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \
Where had you been sent with him?
ikik dks vesfjdk Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
Dad can be sent to America.
fny dh ckr dks Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gSA
Even, the heart can be read.
lc cPpksa dks pkWdysV nh x;h gSaA
All the children have been given chocolates.
eq>ls ,d xkuk xok;k x;k A
I was made sing a song.
mls fdlds lkFk fcBk;k x;k \
With whom was he made sit?
ikik dks esjs ckjs es xyr crk;k x;kA
Dad was told wrong about me.
ogk¡ ,d iqy cuk;k tk;sxk A
A bridge will be constructed there.
gesa vxys eghus lwpuk nh tk;sxh A
We will be informed next month.
D;k rqEgsa iSls fn;s tkrs gSa Ldwy esa \
Are you given money in school?
cPpksa dks D;k fn;k x;k \
What were children given?
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. If you think of something difficult, that means you have not understood it
well.
vxj vkidks dqN eqf‛dy yxrk gS] rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd vkius mls <ax ls le÷kk ughaA
239
Lesson – 27
Special Cases
bl pSIVj esas dqN bl rjg ds okD;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS] ftlls vki dqN vyx rjg ds okD;ksa dks
Hkh le> ik;sx
a As ;s cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ pSIVj gSA vki bu dkWUlsIV~l dks lef>, vkSj fQj vH;kl dfj,A
This chapter will let you know about a few special cases which will
enhance your skills of making sentences of different types. It‟s certainly
an important lesson. Understand the concept & then practice.
Get ¼chekj gks tkuk½
123456-
eq>s [kk¡lh gks xbZA
jke dks cq[kkj gks x;k gSA
tc Hkh ikik Mk¡Vrs gSa] rqEgsa cq[kkj gks tkrk gSA
mls Vhch gks x;k FkkA
BaMk ikuh er fi;ks] rqEgsa BaM yx tk,xhA
jke Hkhxk gqvk gSA mls cq[kkj gks ldrk gSA
I got cough.
Ram has got fever.
Whenever dad scolds you, you get fever.
He had got TB.
Don‟t drink cold water, You will get cold.
Ram is drenched. He may get cold.
Fond of ¼‛kkSdhu½
Rule: vxj Subject fdlh verb ;kfu fØ;k ;kfu fdlh dke dk ‚kkSdhu gS] rks ml verb ds lkFk „ing‟ dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd jke fØdsV dk ‚kkSdhu gSA fØdsV dksbZ fØ;k ugha gSA ij vxj eSa dgw¡ fd jke [ksyus dk
‚kkSdhu gSA bl okD; esa jke subject gS vkSj oks [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu gSA [ksy+uk ,d fØ;k gSA blfy, play ds lkFk ing
yxkuk t+#jh gksxkA
Rule: If the subject is fond of any verb, then „ing‟ needs to be used with that verb. If I
say “Ram is fond of cricket.” This sentence is correct but if I say “Ram is fond of play.”
This sentence is incorrect as „play‟ is a verb and I need to use „ing‟ with it so the correct
sentence would be “Ram is fond of playing.”
1234-
eSa laxhr dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A
rqe blds ‚kkSdhu D;ksa gks \
jke i<+us dk ‚kkSdhu FkkA
;s yM+dk [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu gSA
yxk;kA½
5- eSa fØdsV dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A
laKk gS½
6- eSa fØdsV [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A
yxk;kA½
I am fond of music.
¼laxhr dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS ½
Why are you fond of it ?
Ram was fond of reading. ¼i<+uk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ing yxk;kA½
This boy is fond of Playing.¼[ksyuk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ing
I am fond of cricket. ¼fØdsV dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS] ;s [ksy dk uke ;kfu
I am fond of playing cricket.¼[ksyuk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ing
240
Meant for / Made for ¼cuk gksuk½
Rule: vxj Subject fdlh verb ;kfu fØ;k ;kfu fdlh dke ds fy, cuk gS] rks ml verb ds lkFk „ing‟ dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd jke [ksyus ds fy, cuk gSA bl okD; esa jke subject gS vkSj oks [ksyus ds fy,
cuk gSA [ksy+uk ,d fØ;k gSA blfy, play ds lkFk ing yxkuk t+#jh gksxkA
Rule: If the subject is meant for some verb, then „ing‟ needs to be used with that verb.
If I say “Ram is meant for cricket.” This sentence is correct but if I say “Ram is meant
for play.” This sentence is incorrect as „play‟ is a verb and I need to use „ing‟ with it so
the correct sentence would be “Ram is meant for playing.”
123456-
rqe fct+usl ds fy, cus gks A
rqe fct+usl djus ds fy, cus gks A
rqe flQZ esjs fy, cus gksA
ge ,d nwljs ds fy, cus gaSA
fdrkc i<us ds fy, cuh gSA
v/;kid i<+kus ds fy, cus gSaA
You are meant for business.
You are meant for doing business.
You are only meant for me.
We are meant /made for each other.
Book is meant for reading.
Teachers are meant for teaching.
Made in (Country Name)
Made of (Material Name)
Made by (Company Name/Person‟s Name)
12345-
;s eksckby pkbZuk dk gSA
This mobile is made in China. (China is the name of a country)
;s eksckby IykfLVd dk gSA This mobile is made of Plastic. (Plastic is the name of a material)
;s eksckby uksfd;k dk gSA
This mobile is made by Nokia. (Nokia is the name of a company)
;s ewfrZ lksus dh gSA
This idol is made of Gold. (Gold is a material noun)
xwxy ekbZdzkl
s ks¶V us cuk;k gSA Google is made by Microsoft. (Microsoft is the name of a
company)
6- ;g oSclkbV eSaus cukbZ gSA
This website is made by me. („me” is a person)
Able to
¼dkfcy gksuk] ;ksX; gksuk] leFkZ gksuk] dj lduk½
1- eSa ;s dke djus ds dkfcy gw¡A
I am able to do this work.
2- jke ;s dke dj ldrk gSA
Ram is able to do this work. / Ram can do this work.
3- D;k rqe bl fct+ul
s dks l¡Hkkyus ds dkfcy gksA Are you able to handle this business?
241
How to + verb 1st form
tc Hkh vki dksbZ dke djuk ;k rks tkurs gks ;k fQj ugha tkurs gks] rks how to dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekuk ,d okD; gS Þjke fy[kuk tkurk gSAÞ
vxj eSa dgw¡ “Ram knows writing.” rks ;s xyr ugha gS ij ,slk dguk “Ram knows how to write.”
csgrj rjhdk gSA
1234567891011-
eSa ukpuk tkurk gw¡A
eSa ukpuk ugha tkurk gw¡A
D;k eSa ukpuk tkurk gw¡ \
jke [ksyuk tkurk gSA
jke fØdsV [ksyuk tkurk gSA
D;k oks [ksyuk tkurk Fkk \
eSa fØdsV [ksyuk ugha tkurk FkkA
eSa iatkch cksyuk tkurk gw¡A
eSa vaxzst+h cksyuk tkurk gw¡A
jke dkj pykuk tkurk gSA
jke ckbd pykuk ugha tkurkA
I know how to dance.
I don‟t know how to dance.
Do I know how to dance ?
Ram knows how to play.
Ram knows how to play cricket.
Did he know how to play ?
I didn‟t know how to play cricket.
I know how to speak Punjabi.
I know how to speak English.
Ram knows how to drive a car.
Ram doesn‟t know how to ride a bike.
Keep on ¼djrs jguk½ $ Verb 1st form + ing
123456789101112-
oks i<+rk jgrk gSA
yksx yM+rs jgrs gSaA
eSa mlds ?kj tkrk jgw¡xkA
eSa mlds ?kj tkrk jgrk FkkA
cPps [ksyrs jgrs gaSA
vady lksprs jgrs gSa] dqN cksyrs ugha A
jke 24 ?kaVs i<+rk jgrk gSA
oks fnu Hkj [kkuk cukrk jgkA
ge pyrs jgsA
oks lksrk jgkA
jkgqy nkSM+rk jgkA
EkSa feyrk jgk Hkys gh yksxksa us cgqr VksdkA
He keeps on reading.
People keep on fighting.
I will keep on going his home.
I used to keep on going his home.
Children keep on playing.
Uncle keeps on thinking, doesn‟t say anything.
Ram keeps on studying 24 hours.
He kept on cooking the food for the whole day.
We kept on walking.
He kept on sleeping.
Rahul kept on running.
I kept on meeting even though people objected a lot.
Having $ Verb 3rd form
(After doing something)
¼fØ;k djus ds ckn½
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rqels feyus ds ckn] eSa ogk¡ tkÅ¡xkA
jke ds lkFk [kkuk [kkus ds ckn] eSaus iwNkA
;s ns[kus ds ckn] eSa ogk¡ tkus dh fgEer ugha dj ldrkA
ikik ls vuqefr ysus ds ckn] eSa ?kj ls fudy x;kA
5- rqEgsa ikus ds ckn ekuks lkjs [okc iwjs gks x;sA
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Having met you, I will go there.
Having eaten the food with Ram, I asked.
Having seen this, I can‟t dare to go there.
Having taken permission from dad, I left
home.
Having found you, as if all dreams came
true.
ÞÅ¡Þ formation
bl rjg ds okD; ges‛kk iz‛uokpd gksrs gSaA
These sentences are always interrogative in nature.
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D;k eSa tkš \
eSa dgk¡ tkÅ¡ \
eSa fdlls dgw¡ \
eSa mlls dSls feyw¡\
D;k eSa ogk¡ u tkÅ¡ \
vc eSa D;k d:¡ \
;s ckr vc fdls crkš \
Do I go?
Where do I go?
Who do I say?
How do I meet him?
Do I not go there?
What do I do now?
Whom do I tell this now?
Hold + verb 1st form + ing
¼jksd ikuk@dkcw dj ikuk½
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I couldn‟t hold laughing.
Ram couldn‟t hold his tears.
I couldn‟t hold my emotions.
Will Ram be able to hold himself from talking to her?
I won‟t be able to hold laughing.
eSa g¡lh ugha jksd ik;k A
jke vius vk¡lw ugha jksd ik;k A
eSa viuh Hkkoukvksa ij dkcw ugha dj ik;k A
jke mlls ckr djus ls [kqn dks jksd ik;sxk D;k\
eSas g¡lh ugha jksd ikÅ¡xkA
Suggest
¼yxuk½
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rqEgkjh Qkyrw ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe ikxy gksA
Your nonsense suggests that you are mad.
mlds ckr djus ds rjhds ls yxrk gS fd oks cgqr vehj gSAHis way of talking suggests that he is very rich.
mlds pyus ds rjhds ls yxrk gS fd oks dksbZ ekWMy gSA Her way of walking suggests that she is a modal.
mldh vkokt+ ls yxk ekuks eSa mls igys Hkh fey pqdk gw¡A Her voice suggested as if I have already met her.
eq÷ks ,slk yxk ekuks rqeus dbZ fnuksa ls [kkuk u [kk;k gksA I felt as if you had not taken the food for a long.
The very
¼;gh ;k ogh½
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eq>s
eq>s
jke
D;k
D;k
;gh fdrkc pkfg, A
;gh iSu pkfg, A
ogh yM+dk gSA
rqe ogh yM+ds gks tks ml fnu thrk Fkk \
;s ogh eksckbZy gS ftlds ckjs esa rqe crk jgs Fks\
This is the very book I need. / I need the very book.
I need the very pen.
Ram is the very boy.
Are you the same boy who had won that day?
Is this the very mobile which you were telling about?
243
Or so ¼,dkn½
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veu ,dkn fnu esa vk tk;sxk A
jke ,dkn lky esa vesfjdk tk jgk gS A
eSa ,dkn ckj mlds ?kj x;k Fkk A
ikik ,dkn ?kaVs esa igq¡pus okys gSaA
mlus ;s ,dkn g¶rs esa fd;kA
Aman will come in a day or so.
Ram is going to America in a year or so.
I had gone to his home once or so.
Dad is about to/going to reach in an hour or so.
He did it in a week or so.
The one(s) ¼oks½
With Singular subject ¼,dopu ds lkFk½
With Plural subject ¼cgqopu ds lkFk½
jke oks gS tks esjs lkFk
FkkA
ge oks gSa tks rqEgkjs
lkFk FksA
;s oks gS tks eSaus rqEgsa
fx¶V fd;k FkkA
;s oks gSa tks eSaus [kjhns
FksA
ekrk firk oks gSa ftuds
fcuk ft+Unxh v/kwjh gSA
the one
the ones
*jke* ,dopu gS blfy, the one dk iz;ksx fd;k
Ram is the one, who was x;kA
„Ram‟ is a singular subject hence „the
with me.
one‟ is used.
*ge* cgqopu gS blfy, the ones dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;kA
We are the ones, who
„we‟ is a plural subject hence „the
were with you.
ones‟ is used.
*;s* ,dopu gS blfy, the one dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;kA
This is the one that I
„This‟ is a singular subject hence „the
had gifted to you.
one‟ is used.
*;s* cgqopu gS blfy, the ones dk iz;ksx fd;k
These are the ones that I x;kA
„These‟ is a plural subject hence „the
had purchased.
ones‟ is used.
*ekrk firk* ;kfu nks yksx ;kfu cgqopu blfy, the
Mom & Dad are the
ones dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
ones, without whom, life
„Mom & Dad‟ is a plural subject
is incomplete.
hence „the ones‟ is used.
uksV & vxj *oks* ds lkFk dqN vkSj Hkh gks tSls oks yM+dk] oks cPps] oks iSu] oks fdrkcsa vkfn rks „the one‟ dh txg
dsoy „the‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
jke oks yM+dk gS tks esjs lkFk FkkA
Ram is the boy who was with me.
ge oks yksx gSa tks rqEgkjs lkFk FksA
We are the people who were with you.
;s oks eksckbZy gS tks eSaus rqEgsa fx¶V fd;k FkkA
This is the mobile that I had gifted to you.
;s oks fdrkcsa gSa tks eSaus [kjhnh FkhaA
These are the books that I had purchased.
fcfurk oks cgu gS tks eksgCcsokyk esa jgrh gSA
Binita is the sister, who lives in
Mohobewala.
Anjali is the sister, who has got married
just a year ago.
vatfy oks cgu gS ftldh ,d lky igys gh ‚kknh
gqbZ gSA
244
fc‛ku flag jk.kk oks O;fDr gSa tks viuh t+qcku ds iDds
gSaA
veu oks yM+dk ugha ftlds lkFk usgk ckr dj jgh
FkhA
Pushkar uncle is the man, who cares for
everyone.
Dimpi Bhaiya is the person, whose son‟s
name is Prateek.
Bishan Singh Rana is the person, who is
a man of words.
Aman is not the boy, whom Neha was
talking to.
;‛kh oks yM+dh gS tks DykWl esa QLVZ vkbZ gSA
Yashi is the girl, who stood first in class.
lanhi oks HkkbZ gS tks iqfyl esa gSA
Sandeep is the brother, who is in police.
vkf‛kdh&2 oks fQYe gS] tks eq÷ks cgqr ilUn gSA
Ashiqui-2 is the movie that I like a lot.
I;kj oks vglkl gS tks vUnj ls eglwl gksrk gSA
Love is the feeling that comes from
within.
Bikrant is the person, who wants to
contribute significantly to uplift
education.
Mujeeb Khan is the person, who is my
best friend.
Amit, Sumit, Sagar, Saleem, Nikhil,
Chandramohan, Rakesh and Varun are
the friends, whom I love to share my
feelings with.
Kuldeep is the brother, whom I love a
lot.
Amit Rana is the guy who doesn‟t get
scared of anyone.
Avirat and Yashi are the two cute
children, whom their maternal uncle
Bikrant loves more than himself.
My mother is the woman, who can‟t see
anyone in trouble.
iq"dj vady oks vkneh gSa tks lHkh ds fy, lksprs gSaA
fMEih HkS;k oks O;fDr gS ftlds csVs dk uke izrhd gSA
fcØkUr oks O;fDr gS tks f‛k{kk ds mRFkku ds fy, viuk
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsuk pkgrk gSA
eqthc [kku oks O;fDr gS] tks esjk lcls fiz; fe= gSA
vfer] lqfer] lkxj] lyhe] fuf[ky] pUnzeksgu] jkds‛k
o o#.k oks nksLr gS] ftuls viuh fny dh ckr dguk
eq÷ks vPNk yxrk gSA
dqYnhi oks HkkbZ gS tks eq÷ks cgqr fiz; gSA
vfer jk.kk oks cUnk gS tks fdlh ls ugha MjrkA
vfojr vkSj ;‛kh oks nks I;kjs cPps gSa ftUgsa mudk
fcØkUr ekek [kqn ls Hkh T+;knk I;kj djrk gSA
esjh eEeh oks vkSjr gSa] tks fdlh dks ijs‛kkuh esa ugha
ns[k ldrhA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. The measure of who we are is what we do with what we have.
2. You can avoid reality but you can never avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.
3. Life is not about waiting for storm to pass; it‟s about learning to dance in the rain.
245
Special Cases - Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
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vkt rqEgkjk psgjk vPNk yx jgk gSA
rqEgsa ns[kus ds ckn eq>s vPNk yxkA
jke vkSj lhrk ,d nwljs ds fy, gh cus gSaA
D;k rqe vaxszth cksyuk tkurs gks \
eSa fnu Hkj [ksyrk jgrk FkkA
;g iSu Hkkjr esa cuk gSA
rqe tc mldh gkyr ns[kksxs rks vius vk¡lw jksd ugha
ikvksxsA
pkgs oks tks djs] eSa lkFk nw¡xkA
jke ds ikl iSls ugha gSa] vc jke D;k djs \
rqEgkjh vkokt+ vPNh yxhA
;g p‛ek pkbZuk esa cuk gSA
[kkuk [kkus ds ckn eq>s tkuk FkkA
iSlk [kpZ djus ds fy, gh gksrk gSA
D;k rqe fy[kuk tkurs Fks \
eSa jkr Hkj i<+rk jgkA
ge dgk¡ lks;sa \
eSa vk¡lw ugha jksd ik;kA
;g eksckby vkWLVªsfy;k esa cuk gSA
eSa dkj pykuk ugha tkurkA
rqEgkjh vkokt+ ls yxrk gS fd rqEgsa [kk¡lh gSA
oks ukjkt+ gks x;kA
eSa fdls iwNw¡ \
eSa ijs‛kku gks x;kA
lhrk dEI;wVj pykuk ugha tkurh FkhA
eEeh ,dkn lky esa Bhd gks tk;sxhA
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eSa oks ugha ftlus rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks Mk¡VkA
rqe oks bUlku gks ftls eSa pkgrh g¡wA
D;k eSa ogk¡ tkÅ¡ \
oks [kkuk cukuk ugha tkurkA
fny dks dSls eukš \
;s ckr vPNh yxrh gSA
cPps dks BaM yx x;h FkhA
rqEgkjk ;s dguk fd eSa ikxy gw¡] eq>s vPNk ugha
yxkA
rqEgkjk eq>s Mk¡Vuk Bhd ugha FkkA
jke dk eq>s Mk¡Vuk Bhd ugha FkkA
ikik dk eq>s ihVuk Bhd ugha FkkA
;g laxhr vPNk yx jgk gSA
yxrk gS rqEgsa eSa vPNk ugha yxkA
yxrk gS rqe ikxy gksA
jksVh eEeh us cuk;h FkhA
eSa rqEgsa ns[krk jgw¡xkA
oks [kkuk idkuk D;ksa ugha tkurh\
eSa ?kj igq¡pus okyk gw¡A
Vªsu vkus okyh FkhA
eSa ;s dke djus ;ksX; gw¡A
;s jke us cuk;k gSA
D;k rqe [ksyuk tkurs gks \
f[kM+fd;k¡ ydM+h dh cuh gaSA
eSa blh dke ds fy, cuk gw¡A
;s njoktk yksgs dk gSA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else.
2. If you look at what you have in life, you‟ll always have more. If you look at what
you don‟t have in life, you‟ll never have enough. –Oprah Winfrey
3. If you don‟t go after what you want, you will never have it.
4. Whenever you see a successful person you only see the public glories, never the
private sacrifices to reach them.
5. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you
didn‟t do than by the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from
safe harbor, catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.
6. Talent does what it can; genius does what it must.
246
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Your face is looking good today.
Having seen you, I felt good.
Ram & Seeta are meant for each other.
Do you know how to speak in English?
I used to play throughout the day.
This pen is made in India.
When you will see his plight, you wouldn‟t
be able to hold your emotions.
8. No matter what, I‟ll stand by him.
9. Ram doesn‟t have money, what does he do
now?
10. Your voice sounded pretty.
11. These spectacles are made in China.
12. I had to go after having food. / Having had
food, I had to go.
13. Money is to spend.
14. Did you know how to write?
15. I kept on reading whole night.
16. Where do we sleep?
17. I couldn‟t hold tears.
18. This mobile is made in Australia.
19. I don‟t know how to drive the car.
20. You voice suggests you are suffering from
cough.
21. He got angry.
22. Whom do I ask?
23. I got annoyed.
24. Seeta didn‟t know how to operate a
computer.
25. Mom will be fine in a year or so.
26. I am not the one who scolded your brother.
27. You are the person who I love.
28. Do I go there?
29. He doesn‟t know how to prepare the food.
30. How do I convince my heart?
31. This sounds good.
32. Child had got cold.
33. Yours saying that I was mad, I didn‟t like.
34. Yours scolding me was not fair.
35. Ram‟s scolding me was not fair.
36. Dad‟s beating me was not fair.
37. This music is sounding good.
38. Seems as you didn‟t like me.
39. Seems as you are mad.
40. Roti was made by Mom.
41. I will keep on watching you.
42. Why does she not know how to cook the
food?
43. I am about to reach home.
44. Train was about to arrive.
45. I am able to do this work. / I can do this
work.
46. This is made by Ram.
47. Do you know how to play?
48. Windows are made of wood,
49. I am meant only for this.
50. This door is made of Iron.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be afraid you will make a mistake.
2. If you do what you always did, you will get what you always got.
3. When I was 5 years old, my mother always told me that happiness was the key to
life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I
wrote down „happy‟. They told me I didn‟t understand the assignment, and I told
them they didn‟t understand life.
247
Special Cases - Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:
10 x 1 = 10
1. If you are meant for each other, no one can separate you.
2. You may get cold.
3. Sachin was fond of playing Cricket.
4. This mobile is not meant for playing games.
5. Is it made by you?
6. Does he know how to prepare the food?
7. You keep on irritating me.
8. Having met your friends, I can guess why you don‟t study.
9. How do I express my feelings?
10. You are not preparing for exams. It suggests you are least bothered.
Q2: Translate the following sentences into English:
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rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe T;knk lksprs gksA
;s eksckbZy lSelax dk gSA
eSa [kqn dks ugha jksd ldrk A
eSa dkfcy bUlku gw¡A
lhrk ogh yM+dh rks gS tks ml fnu vk;h FkhA
ge ,dkn fnu esa vk ldrs gSa A
jke oks yM+dk gS ftlus rqEgkjh enn dh FkhA
gesa lnhZ yx x;h FkhA
eSa flQZ rqEgkjs fy, gh cuk gw¡A
eSa iatkch fy[kuk tkurk gw¡A
Answers
Q1:
1. If you are meant for each other, no one can separate you.
vxj rqe ,d nwljs ds fy, cus gks] rks rqEgsa dksbZ vyx ugha dj ldrkA
2. You may get cold.
rqEgsa lnhZ yx ldrh gSA
3. Sachin was fond of playing Cricket.
lfpu fØdsV [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu FkkA
4. This mobile is not meant for playing games.
;g eksckbZy xsEl [ksyus ds fy, ugha cuk gSA
248
10 x 1 = 10
5. Is it made by you?
D;k ;s rqeus cuk;k gS \
6. Does he know how to prepare the food?
D;k oks [kkuk cukuk tkurk gS \
7. You keep on irritating me.
rqe eq>s ijs‛kku djrs jgrs gksA
8. Having met your friends, I can guess why you don‟t study.
rqEgkjs nksLrksa ls feyus ds ckn] eSa vanktk yxk ldrk gw¡ fd rqe i<+kbZ D;ksa ugha djrsA
9. How do I express my feelings?
eSa viuh Hkkoukvksa dks dSls O;Dr d#¡ \
10. You are not preparing for exams. It suggests you are least bothered.
vki bXtS+El ds fy, rS;kjh ugha dj jgsA blls yxrk gS fd vkidks jRrh Hkj Hkh ijokg ughaA
Q2:
1- rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe T;knk lksprs gksA
Your talks suggest, you think a lot.
2- ;s eksckbZy lSelax dk gSA
This mobile is made by Samsung. / It‟s a Samsung mobile.
3- eSa [kqn dks ugha jksd ldrk A
I can‟t hold myself.
4- eSa dkfcy bUlku g¡wA
I am an able man.
5- lhrk ogh yM+dh rks gS tks ml fnu vk;h FkhA
Seeta is the very/same girl who had come the other day.
6- ge ,dkn fnu esa vk ldrs gSa A
We can come in a day or so.
7- jke oks yM+dk gS ftlus rqEgkjh enn dh FkhA
Ram is the boy who had helped you.
8- gesa lnhZ yx x;h FkhA
We had got cold.
9- eSa flQZ rqEgkjs fy, gh cuk gw¡A
I am meant only for you.
10- eSa iatkch fy[kuk tkurk gw¡A
I know how to write Punjabi.
249
Lesson – 28
Fillers
Fillers ,sls ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa ds lewg gksrs gSa tks ,sls oDr esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa tc vaxzst+h esa ckr djrs gq, ge
vpkud chp esa dgha vVd tkrs gSaA buls gesa FkksMk+ oDr fey tkrk gS vkSj nwljs O;fDr dks ,slk Hkh eglwl ugha gksrk
fd ge vVd x;s FksA Fillers dk iz;ksx djuk iwjh rjg xyr Hkh ugha gS D;ksfa d gj ckj ckr djrs oDr ,dne ls
lgh ‚kCn fnekx esa vk tk;s ,slk t+#jh ugha gSA gk¡] ij /;ku jgs fd tc vki fdlh bUVjO;w esa gksa ;k fQj fdlh
lhfu;j ;k cM+ksa ls ckr dj jgs gka]s rks fillers dk iz;ksx de ls de dfj,A
Fillers are nothing but a few words that help us to take some time before uttering the next
word/Sentence. While speaking, sometimes the accurate word doesn‟t strike immediately
and then it becomes useful to use fillers so that the fluency is not broken. So we can‟t say
that using fillers is not good, rather I would say sometimes you are bound to use them.
However, in formal conversations i.e. Interview conversation, professional conversation
with superiors/seniors, speaking with teachers etc, we must avoid using fillers. Sometimes,
it becomes a habit if we unnecessarily use them.
Fillers are (Fillers ds mnkgj.k½ “um”, “like” “you know”, “it's like”, “I mean”, “actually”, “basically”, “well” etc.
vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand):
vkidks dguk gS jke vui<+ gSA vkius dgk Ram is….vkidks ;kn ugha vk;k fd vui<+ dks illiterate dgrs gSaA
vki vVd x;sA vkidks FkksM+k lkspuk iM+k vkSj bl nkSjku vkius filler dk iz;ksx dj fy;kA filler cksyrs oDr vki
lksp jgs Fks fd vui<+ dks cksyrs D;k gSaA vpkud ;kn vk;k vkSj vkius dg fn;k vkSj vkxs c<+ x;sA
uhps fn;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg filler yxk;sAa
Ram is um….. illiterate.
Ram is like….. illiterate.
Ram is you know….. illiterate.
Ram is I mean….. illiterate.
Ram is actually….. illiterate.
Ram is basically….. illiterate.
Examples:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Ummm, I think he is a genuine guy.
Well, I don‟t know about him.
I mean, he is not trustworthy.
She is, you know, she is not trustworthy.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. (Mahatma Gandhi)
250
Lesson – 29
Question Tags
Question tags D;k gS \ ekuk eSa vkils ckr dj jgk gw¡A eSa ugha tkurk fd vki fdl rjg ds bUlku
gSaA vxj eSa vkils iwNw¡ ÞD;k vki pkykd gSa \Þ rks vkidk mÙkj gksxk Þgk¡Þ ;k fQj ÞukÞA ysfdu lksfp, fd
vxj eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vki pkykd gSa] rks eSa ;s ugha iwNw¡xk ÞD;k vki pkykd gSa \Þ] ctk; blds eSa rks ;s
dgw¡xk fd Þvki pkykd gSa] gS uk \Þ ;k fQj dqN bl rjg ls Þvki pkykd gSa] ugha D;k\Þ ;k fQj dqN bl
rjg ls Þvki pkykd gSa] gS fd ugha\Þ bl rjg ls cksyus dk lh/kk eryc ;s gS fd eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vki
okLro esa pkykd gks ij fQj Hkh eSa rks cl ;w¡ gh vki ls iwN jgk gw¡A ;s lc & ÞgS uk \Þ] Þugha D;k\Þ] ÞgS
fd ugha\Þ vkfn question tags gh rks dgykrs gSaA
vxj okD; ldkjkRed gS] rks question tag udkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is good.” rks
question tag gksxk “isn‟t he?”
vxj okD; udkjkRed gS] rks question tag ldkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is not good.”
rks question tag gksxk “is he?”
Question tags are nothing but just a confirmation that the speaker seeks from other
person, he is talking to, even though he knows what he is asking is true. Let me explain.
Suppose I am talking to you. I have no idea what kind of person you are. If I ask you “Are
you clever?” you might reply; “yes” or “no”. But think about the case where I literally
feel that you are clever. Now I would not ask you like “Are you clever?”, rather I would
say “You are clever, aren‟t you?” Here, it‟s just a formality because I know that you are
clever. This „aren‟t you‟ is nothing but a question tag.
If the sentence is positive, then the question tag will be in negative form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is good.” Then the question tag will be “isn‟t he?”
If the sentence is negative, then the question tag will be in positive form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is not good.” Then the question tag will be “is he?”
Scenario No. 1
vxj okD; ldkjkRed gS] rks question tag udkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is good.” rks question
tag gksxk “isn‟t he?”
If the sentence is positive, then the question tag will be in negative form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is good.” Then the question tag will be “isn‟t he?”
1234567-
Pankaj is good, isn‟t he ?
Pinki is a sweet girl, isn‟t she ?
You are mad, aren‟t you ?
I am bad, am I not ?
He was happy, wasn‟t he ?
We were sad, weren‟t we ?
I have money, haven‟t I ?
iadt vPNk gS] gS uk \
fiadh vPNh yM+dh gS] gS uk \
rqe ikxy gks] ugha D;k \
eSa cqjk gw¡] gS uk \
oks [kq‛k Fkk] ugha \
ge nq[kh Fks] gS uk \
esjs ikl iSls gaS] ugha \
251
89101112131415161718192021-
Father has something, hasn‟t he ?
He had a book, hadn‟t he ?
You go to school, don‟t you ?
Ram goes to school, doesn‟t he ?
She is playing, isn‟t she ?
You have seen the Taj, haven‟t you ?
He will go to school, won‟t he ?
You went there, didn‟t you ?
I had come, hadn‟t I ?
Bus will have gone, won‟t it ?
He will be sleeping, won‟t he ?
You can go alone, can‟t you ?
I should go, shouldn‟t I ?
It is love, isn‟t it ?
ikik ds ikl dqN gS] gS uk \
mlds ikl fdrkc Fkh] ugha D;k \
rqe Ldwy tkrs gks] gS uk \
jke Ldwy tkrk gS] gS uk \
oks [ksy jgh gS] gS uk \
rqeus rktegy ns[kk gS] gS fd ugha \
oks Ldwy tk;sxk] gS uk \
rqe ogk¡ x;s] gS fd ugha \
eSa vk;k Fkk] gS fd ugha \
cl pyh x;h gksxh] gS uk \
oks lks jgk gksxk] gS uk \
rqe vdsys tk ldrs gks] gS fd ugha \
eq>s tkuk pkfg,] D;k dgrs gks \
;s I;kj gS] gS uk \
Scenario No. 2
vxj okD; udkjkRed gS] rks question tag ldkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is not good.” rks
question tag gksxk “is he?”
If the sentence is negative, then the question tag will be in positive form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is not good.” Then the question tag will be “is he?”
1234567891011121314151617181920-
jke vPNk ugha gS] gS D;k \
rqe ikxy ugha gks] gks D;k \
eSa ikxy ugha gw¡] g¡w D;k \
oks [kq‛k ugha Fkk] Fkk D;k \
ge nq[kh ugha Fks] Fks D;k \
esjs ikl iSls ugha gSa] gaS D;k \
jke ds ikl dqN ugha gS] gS D;k \
mlds ikl fdrkc ugha Fkh] Fkh D;k \
rqe Ldwy ugha tkrs gks uk \
jke Ldwy ugha tkrk] gS uk \
oks ugha [ksy jgh gS] gS uk \
rqeus rktegy ugha ns[kk gS uk \
oks Ldwy ugha tk;sxk] gS uk \
rqe ogk¡ ugha x;s] gS uk \
eSa ugha vk;k Fkk] vk;k Fkk D;k \
cl ugha x;h gksxh] gS uk \
oks lks ugha jgk gksxk] gS uk \
rqe ugha tk ldrs] gS uk \
eq>s tkuk ugha pkfg,] D;k dgrs gks \
;s I;kj ugha gS] gS D;k \
Ram is not good, is he ?
You are not mad, are you ?
I am not mad, am I ?
He was not happy, was he ?
We were not sad, were we ?
I don‟t have money, do I?
Ram doesn‟t have anything, does he?
He didn‟t have a book, did he ?
You don‟t go to school, do you ?
Ram doesn‟t go to school, does he ?
She is not playing, is she ?
You haven‟t seen the Taj, have you ?
He will not go to school, will he ?
You didn‟t go there, did you ?
I hadn‟t come, had I ?
Bus will not have gone, will it ?
He will not be sleeping, will he ?
You can‟t go, can you ?
I shouldn‟t go, should I ?
It is not love, is it ?
252
Lesson – 30
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal fØ;k,a izk;% nks ‚kCnksa dk lewg gksrh gSa ftlesa ,d ‚kCn fØ;k gksrh gS vkSj izk;% nwljk ‚kCn ,d
Preposition gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij & ,d Phrasal fØ;k gS “Get in”. blesa “Get” ,d fØ;k gS vkSj “in”,d
izSiksft+‛kuA
Phrasal Verbs are usually two-word phrases, consisting of a verb for sure & mostly the
another word is a preposition. For example – A phrasal verb is “Get in”. Here, “Get” is a
verb & “in” is a preposition.
vkb, ns[ksa &
Let‟s have a look –
Get
1
Get in/Get
on
To board a vehicle
¼fdlh okgu esa p<+uk½
I got on the bus.
¼eSa cl esa p<+kA½
2
Get off /
Get down
To leave a vehicle
¼fdlh okgu ls mrjuk ½
He was getting off the car.
¼oks dkj ls mrj jgk FkkA½
To escape
¼cp fudyuk½
Ram got away with the
punishment.
¼jke lt+k ls cp fudykA½
To wake up
¼mBuk] tkxuk½
She gets up at 6.
¼oks 6 cts mBrh gSA½
To stand up
¼[kM+s gksuk½
Get up all the students.
¼lkjs cPps [kM+s gks tkb,A½
Get along
with
Develop good terms with
someone
¼fdlh ds lkFk vPNs laca/k cukuk½
I get along with all my colleagues.
¼lHkh lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk esjs vPNs laca/k gSaA½
Get out of
To leave for outside
¼ckgj fudyuk½
I want you to get out of my home.
¼eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe esjs ?kj ls ckgj fudy
tkvksA½
Get over
To recover from some
trouble
¼fdlh ijs‛kkuh ls ckgj fudyuk½
Ram could somehow get over his
problems.
¼jke fdlh rjg viuh ijs‛kkfu;ksa ls ckgj fudy
ik;kA½
3
4
5
6
7
Get away
with
Get up
253
8
Get
through
To pass an exam/a test
¼fdlh ijh{kk esa ikl gks tkuk½
I couldn‟t get through the exam.
¼eSa ijh{kk esa ikl ugha gks ik;kA½
Run
1
Run after
To chase
¼ihNk djuk] ihNs Hkkxuk½
Does he run after money?
¼D;k oks iSls ds ihNs Hkkxrk gS \½
2
Run
away/off
To escape, flee
¼cp fudyuk@Hkkx tkuk½
I ran away from there, the moment I
saw him.
¼eSa ogk¡ ls Hkkx x;k tSls gh eSaus mls ns[kkA ½
3
Run down
To feel weakness in body
¼‛kjhj esa detksjh eglwl djuk½
I am run down in health today.
¼esjh rfc;r Bhd ugha gSA½
Study quickly
¼tYnh tYnh i<+uk½
Don‟t run over the lesson.
¼ikB dks t+Ynh t+Ynh er i<ksA ½
4
He ran over the defending champion.
¼mlus fiNys lky ds fotsrk dks gjk fn;kA½
uksV & Defending champion oks gksrk gS tks
fiNys lky dk fotsrk gksA
Run over
To knock down
¼gjk nsuk½
Turn
Switch on–light, tap, a
switch etc. ¼vkWu djuk & ykbV]
uy] dksbZ cVu vkfn½
Switch off–light, tap, a
switch etc. ¼vkWQ djuk & ykbV]
uy] dksbZ cVu vkfn½
I turned on the tap.
¼eSaus uy [kksyk½
1
Turn on
2
Turn off
3
Turn
around
To turn
¼iyVuk½
He turned around, the moment I
called out his name.
¼tSls gh eSaus mldk uke iqdkjk] oks iyV x;kA½
4
Turn over
To turn the page
¼ist iyVuk½
Stop turning over the page.
¼ ist iyVuk cUn djksA½
5
Turn
upside
down
To turn something
opposite
¼myV dj iwjh rjg iyV nsuk½
It is a glass, if I turn it upside down,
it would form a conical shape.
¼;g ,d fxykl gS] vxj eSa bls iyV dj mYVk dj
nw¡ rks ;g ,d ‚k¡dw dk vkdkj cu tk,xkA½
254
Don‟t turn off the computer.
¼dEI;wVj dks cUn er djksA½
Put
1
Put out /
off
Extinguish (light/fire/gas etc)
¼cq>kuk&ykbV@vkx@xSl vkfn½
Kindly put out the fire.
¼—i;k vkx cq>k nksA½
2
Put down
To write
¼fy[kuk½
All the students are requested to
put down their ideas.
¼lHkh fo/kkfFkZ;ksa ls vuqjks/k gS fd os vius fopkj
j[ksaA½
3
Put
forward
To present/propose
¼is‛k djuk@izLrko j[kuk ½
I put forward my report.
¼eSaus viuh fjiksVZ is‛k dhA½
4
Put up
To live
¼jguk½
I put up in Delhi
¼eSa fnYyh esa jgrk g¡wA½
5
6
7
Put
through
To transfer the call / to pass
the phone to someone else
¼Qksu dkWy dks fdlh nwljs O;fDr@foHkkx esa
Vªk¡LQj dj nsukA ;k fQj Qksu dks fdlh
nwljs dks ns nsukA
Mr. Rakesh, now I am putting
you through to Mobile
Department.
¼fe0 jkds‛k] vc eSa vkidh dkWy dks eksckbZy
foHkkx esa transfer dj jgh gw¡A½
To gain weight/mass
¼otu c<+uk ;k c<+kuk@
ekl c<+uk ;k c<+kuk½
I have put up 10 Kgs in just 10
days.
¼eSaus viuk otu 10 fnu esa 10 fdyks c<+k fn;k
gSA½
;k
¼10 fnu esa esjk otu 10 fdyks c<+ x;k gSA½
To wear
¼iguuk½
She puts on Saree even at home.
¼oks ?kj ij Hkh lkM+h igurh gSA½
To bear / To tolerate
¼lgu djuk½
I can‟t put up with your anger.
¼eSa vkids xqLls dks lgu ugha dj ldrhA½
Put on
Put up
with
Go
1
2
Go away
To depart
¼fudy tkuk½
Just go away from my life.
¼cl esjh ft+Unxh ls pys tkvksA½
Go down
Decrease in the price
¼dher ?kVuk½
Prices of mobiles are going
down day by day.
¼eksckbyksa ds ewY; fnu c fnu fxj jgsa gSaA½
255
3
Go on
To continue
¼tkjh j[kuk½
Go on with your story please.
¼—i;k viuh dgkuh tkjh jf[k,A ½
4
Go around
In an affair
¼fdlh ds lkFk vQs;j esa gksuk½
Priya is going around with him.
¼fiz;k dk mlds lkFk vQs;j py jgk gSA½
I am not going against you.
¼eSa rqEgkjk fojks/k ugha dj jgk gw¡A½
5
6
7
8
Go against
To be contrary to
¼fdlh O;fDr ;k ckr dk fojks/k djuk½
He goes against everything that
I put forward.
¼tks Hkh ckr eSa j[krk gw¡ oks mldk fojks/k djrk
gSA½
To read
¼i<+uk½
I have gone through this book
many a time.
¼eSaus ;s fdrkc dbZ ckj i<+h gSA½
To face
¼lkeuk djuk] >syuk½
He had to go through such a
trouble.
¼mls bruh ijs‛kkuh >syuh iM+hA½
Increase in price
¼dher c<+uk½
Prices of food grains are
increasing.
¼vukt+ dh dhersa c<+ jgh gSaA½
To start
¼vkxs c<+uk@‛kq# djuk½
Here is the money as your
demand. Now, you can go ahead.
¼;s jgs iSls] tks vkius dgs FksA vc vki dke
‚kq# dj ldrss gSaA½
Go
through
Go up
Go ahead
Break
1
2
Break in /
into
Break off
Enter with the aim of theft.
¼pksjh ds bjkns ls ?kqluk ;k fcuk btkt+r
?kqluk½
The thief broke in my house.
¼pksj esjs ?kj esa ?kql x;kA½
To end a relationship
¼fj‛rk [kRe gksuk ;k djuk½
I broke off with her.
¼esjk mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe gks x;kA½
;k
¼eSaus mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe dj fn;kA½
256
3
4
Break up
To end a relationship
¼fj‛rk [kRe gksuk ;k djuk½
I broke up with her.
¼esjk mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe gks x;kA½
;k
¼eSaus mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe dj fn;kA½
To escape from some prison
¼fdlh dSn ls Hkkx tkuk ;k cp fudyuk½
That criminal broke out the jail.
¼ml vijk/kh us tsy rksM+ nhA½
;k
¼oks vijk/kh tsy ls Hkkx x;kA½
To spread
¼QSykuk ;k QSy tkuk½
This disease has broken out in
the city.
¼;g chekjh ‚kgj esa QSy x;h gSA½
To quarrel
¼>xM+uk½
Why do you break with me?
¼rqe eq>ls D;ksa >xM+rs gks \½
To collapse
¼<g tkuk ;k [kjkc gks tkuk½
All the poorly constructed houses
broke down.
¼lHkh [kjkc rjhds ls cus ?kj <g x;sA½
Break out
5
Break
with
6
Break
down
Come
1
Come
across
To face/meet
¼feyuk@#c# gksuk½
I came across her brother last
year.
¼eSa mlds HkkbZ ls fiNys lky #c# gqvkA½
2
Come up
with
Produce an idea
¼dksbZ fopkj vkuk½
I have come up with an idea.
¼eq>s ,d vkbfM;k vk;k gSA½
3
Come to
Amount to
¼dqy feykdj fdruk fglkc½
Rs 20 for onion and Rs 10 for pen,
it comes to 30.
¼20 # dk I;kt vkSj 10 # dk iSu] dqy
feykdj gqvk 30A½
4
Come up
Increase in the price
¼dher c<+uk½
Prices are coming up.
¼dhersa c<+ jgh gSaA½
5
Come
down
Decrease in the price
¼dher ?kVuk½
Prices are coming down.
¼dhersa ?kV jgh gSaA½
Come by
To pass
¼xqtjuk½
He just came by me but I ignored.
¼oks cl esjs ikl ls xqtjk ij eSaus ut+jvankt+
fd;kA½
6
257
Look
1
2
3
Look
after/out
Look up
Look for
I am looking after my parents.
¼eSa vius eEeh ikik dh ns[kHkky dj jgk gw¡A½
Take care of
¼[;ky j[kuk½
To search something in
dictionary / book
¼fMD‛kujh@fdrkc esa dqN <¡w<uk½
He was looking up the book for
a sentence.
¼oks fdrkc esa ,d okD; <w¡< jgk FkkA½
I am looking up a word in the
dictionary.
¼eSa ‚kCndks‛k esa ,d ‚kCn <w¡< jgk gw¡A½
To search
¼<w¡<uk½
Are you looking for a room?
¼D;k rqe dejk <w¡< jgs gks \½
4
Look into
To investigate
¼tk¡p iM+rky djuk½
Police is looking into the
matter.
¼iqfyl ekeys dh tk¡p iM+rky dj jgh gSA½
5
Look down
upon
To treat someone nothing
¼fdlh dks de le>uk@rqPN le>uk½
Don‟t look down upon the poor.
¼xjhcksa dks uhp@de@rqPN er le>ksA½
Few others
1
2
To take the clothes off
¼diM+s mrkjuk½
Take off the dirty clothes and
put on the clean ones.
¼xUns diM+s mrkj nks vkSj lkQ diM+s igu
yksA½
Airplane departure from
airport
¼gokbZ tgkt dk ,;jiksVZ ls fudyuk½
Plane took off exactly at 8.
¼tgkt us Bhd 8 cts mM+ku HkjhA½
To adhere the rules
¼fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk½
We must abide by the company
policy.
¼gesa dEiuh dh uhfr dk ikyu djuk
pkfg,A½
Take off
Abide by
3
Back out of
Not to keep one‟s words
¼viuh ckr ;k okns ls eqdjuk½
I never back out of my
promises.
¼eSa vius oknksa ls dHkh ugha eqdjrkA½
4
Blow out
To extinguish
¼cq>kuk½
He blew out the candle.
¼mlus eksecRrh cq>k nhA½
258
5
Act upon
To follow
¼vey djuk@ikyu djuk½
Ram always acts upon my
advice.
¼jke ges‛kk esjh lykg ij vey djrk gSA½
6
Bring up
To foster
¼ikyuk@ikyu iks"k.k djuk½
They brought me up.
¼mUgksaus eq>s ikykA½
I was brought up in Dehradun.
¼eSa nsgjknwu iyk c<+kA½
7
Call off
To cancel
¼jn~n djuk½
He called off the meeting.
¼mUgksaus ehfVax jn~n dhA½
To call someone
¼fdlh dks iqdkjuk½
I was calling out for help but
no one turned up.
¼eSa lgk;rk ds fy, iqdkj jgk Fkk ij dksbZ
ugha vk;kA½
8
Call out/in
He couldn‟t carry on his
project due to not having
enough money.
¼oks t+#jr eqrkfcd iSlk u gksus dh otg ls
viuk izkstDs V tkjh ugha j[k ik;kA½
9
Carry on
To continue
¼tkjh j[kuk½
10
Cast off
To abandon
¼R;kxuk@vyx dj nsuk½
Snake casts off the outer skin.
¼lk¡i dsapqyh dks vyx dj nsrk gSA½
11
Cut down
To reduce
¼de dj nsuk½
Prices are cut down by a great
extent.
¼dhersa dkQh gn rd de dj nh x;ha gSaA½
12
Cut off
To end
¼lekIr djuk½
He cuts off the phone.
¼oks Qksu dkV nsrk gSA½
I just want to get rid of this
trouble.
¼eSa cl bl ijs‛kkuh ls NqVdkjk ikuk pkgrk
gw¡A ½
13
Get rid of
To make yourself away from
something/someone
¼NqVdkjk ikuk½
14
Give up
To abandon
¼R;kxuk@NksM+ nsuk½
I had given up bad habits.
¼eSaus cqjh vknrsa NksM+ nh FkhA½
15
Keep up
To continue
¼tkjh j[kuk½
Keep up the good work.
¼vPNk dke tkjh jf[k,A½
259
16
17
18
19
20
21
I held on the project due to not
receiving money.
¼eSaus izkt
s sDV dks iSls u feyus dh otg ls
jksd fn;kA½
Hold on
To stop
¼jksduk½
Give in
To accept defeat
¼gkj eku ysuk½
Pull up
See after
Stand by
Turn out
To take out
¼dksbZ tkudkjh fudkyuk½
Look after
¼ns[kHkky djuk½
To be with
¼lkFk nsuk½
Prove to be
¼lkfcr gksuk½
260
Don‟t give in till the last
breath of yours.
¼vkf[kjh lk¡l rd gkj er ekuksA½
I pulled up the data of all the
employees.
¼eSaus lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dk MsVk fudky fy;k
gSA½
I can‟t see after them unless I
go there.
¼eSa mudh ns[kHkky ugha dj ldrk tc rd
eSa ogk¡ u tkÅ¡A½
He stood by me, in good or bad,
every time when I needed him.
¼mlus esjk lkFk fn;k] vPNs es]a cqjs esa] ges‛kk
tc Hkh eq>s mldh t+#jr FkhA½
This project will turn out to be
a master piece.
¼;g izkt
s sDV ,d ekLVj ihl lkfcr gksxkA½
uksV& ekLVj ihl dk eryc gS ,d vuwBk
vkSj vf}rh;A ftlds tSlk dksbZ Hkh u gksA
Lesson – 31
Prepositional Phrases
ftl rjg Phrasal fØ;kvksa esa fdlh u fdlh fØ;k dk gksuk t+#jh gS] mlh rjg Prepositional
phrases esa fdlh u fdlh Preposition dk gksuk t+#jh gSA
Prepositional phrases, just like phrasal verbs having at least one verb in
it, are the ones having at least one of the prepositions in it.
vkb, ns[ksa (Let‟s have a look) –
A few important prepositional phrases…..
According to ¼ds vuqlkj½
1. According to my sisters, I am the best brother in the world.
2. According to Aman, Life is beautiful.
3. It‟s not an easy question according to mathematics department Head Mrs. Pooja Rana.
At the risk of ¼[krjk eksy ysdj½
1. I came to your house at the risk of my life but you didn‟t even open the door.
2. At the risk of his life, he saved me.
3. Even at the risk of being caught by his enemies, he did it with great courage.
At the top of one‟s voice ¼ne yxkdj vkokt+ yxkuk ;k fpYykuk½
1. He shouted at the top of his voice when his elder brother slapped him.
2. Why are you shouting at the top of your voice?
Because of/due to ¼ds dkj.k] dh otg ls½
1. I started playing cricket due to my father‟s enormous support.
2. Because of poverty, many people die every year.
3. Just because of your commitment to work, you could get this promotion.
By all means / at anyhow ¼fdlh Hkh rjg] fdlh Hkh dher ij] pkgs tSls Hkh½
1. Just complete this chapter today by all means.
2. I have to meet her today at anyhow.
For the sake of / For one‟s sake ¼ds [kkfrj½
1. For your mom‟s sake, please open the door right now.
2. For God sake, do exactly what I am saying.
In favor of ¼ds i{k es½a
1. Don‟t take the decision in favor of your brother otherwise people will doubt you.
2. I did it in favor of you because I loved you.
In the hope of ¼mEehn es½a
1. I studied hard in the hope of scoring good marks but all in vein.
2. In the hope of success, he wasted his teenage but eventually he achieved what he
desired for.
261
In lieu of / In the place of / Instead of ¼ds cnys es½a
1. I purchased a mobile instead of wasting money on laptop.
2. In lieu of tears, I preferred to smile.
In order to ¼ds cnys es½a
1. I sacrificed my whole life in order to provide you better education.
2. In order to find peace, he roamed the world but he ended up his journey back to
his country itself.
On behalf of / on one‟s behalf ¼dh rjQ ls½s
1. Please say sorry to him on behalf of me. / Please say sorry to him on my behalf.
2. I wrote a letter to Mr Ram on behalf of you. / I wrote a letter to Mr Ram on your
behalf.
With reference to ¼ds lanHkZ es½a
1. With reference to our conversation last week, I am sending my brother to your
home.
2. With reference to my application, I want to talk to you.
Not at all ¼fcYdqy ugha½
1. Not at all! I can never come with you.
2. He can‟t read at all.
Anything at all ¼dqN Hkh & tksj nsrs gq, dguk½
1. I can do anything at all for you.
2. He loved doing anything at all to pass the exam.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. The only way to do great work is to love what you do.
(Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½
2. People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people
will never forget how you made them feel.
yksx Hkwy tk;saxs vkius D;k dgk] yksx Hkwy tk;sx
a s vkius D;k fd;k] ij yksx dHkh ugha Hkwysaxs fd vkius mUgsa
dSlk eglwl djok;kA
3. I am not a product of circumstances. I am a product of my decisions.
eSa gkykrksa ls fufeZr izk.kh ugha] esjk fuekZ.k esjs QSlyksa ls gqvk gSA
4. When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane
takes off against the wind, not with it. –Henry Ford
tc lc dqN vkids f[kykQ gks jgk gks] rks ;s ckr ;kn djuk fd gokbZtgkt Hkh gok ds fo#) gh mM+ku Hkjrk
gS] mlds lkFk ughaA ¼gSujh QksMZ½
262
Lesson – 32
Confusing Similar Words ¼Hkzfer djus okys ,d tSls ‚kCn½
Hkzfer djus okys ‚kCn dbZ rjg ds gksrs gSa &
nks ‚kCnksa dh LiSfyax ,d tSlh yxs ij ,dkn v{kj dh fHkUurk gks ;k fQj nks ‚kCnksa dk mPpkj.k fcYdqy ,d
tSlk gks ysfdu vFkZ fHkUu gksa ;k fQj ,d gh ‚kCn dk mPpkj.k vyx&2 rjhdksa ls fd;k tk;s vkfnA
Confusing similar words are of many types:
2 words may have same spelling but different meanings, 2 words may have
different spelling but same pronunciation etc.
vkb, ns[ksa &
Let‟s have a look –
Exercise – 1
Cast
dkLV
&
Caste
dkLV
&
fdlh ukVd ;k fQYe ds ik=ksa dh lwph
](list of characters in a drama, movie etc)
tkfr
2.
Story
Storey
LVksjh
LVksjh
-
dgkuh
eafty ¼bekjr dh½] (the horizontal division of building)
3.
Suit
Suite
Sweet
lwV
LohV
LohV
-
dksV iSUV] diM+s
gksVy dk dejk
ehBk
4.
Currant djSUV
Current djSUV
-
fd‛kfe‛k
unh dh /kkjk] orZeku dh ?kVuk,¡
5.
Tasty
Testy
VsLVh
VSLVh
-
Lokfn"V
xqLlSy ¼ftls tYnh xqLlk vkrk gks ½ (short tempered)
6.
Lightening
Lightning
7.
Heat
Hit
ghV
fgV
-
xeZ djuk
ekjuk
8.
Weak
Week
ohd
ohd
-
detksj
lIrkg
9.
Fond
Found
QkWUM QkmUM -
‚kkSdhu
ik;k (2nd form of “find”)
lhd
fld
<¡<w uk] dksf‛k‛k djuk
chekj
1.
10. Seek
Sick
ykbVfuax
ykbVfuax
-
-
jks‛kuh
vkdk‛k esa fctyh dk peduk
263
11. Sign
Shine
lkbu
‚kkbu
-
gLrk{kj djuk (signature djuk)
peduk
12. Same
Shame
lse
‚kse
-
leku] ,d tSlk
‚keZukd
13. Ran
Rain
jSu
jsu
-
nkSM+k] (2nd form of “run”)
ckfj‛k
14. People
Pupil
ihiy I;wfiy -
15. Shoulder ‚kksYMj Soldier
lksYtj -
yksx
f‛k";
da/kk
flikgh
16. Weep
Wipe
ohi
okbi
-
jksuk
iksaNuk
17. Small
Smell
LekWy
LeSy
-
NksVk
xa/k
18. Close
Close
Dyksl Dykst+ -
[kkl] djhch (He is my close friend.)
cUn djuk (I closed the door.)
19. Tired
Tyre
Vk;MZ
Vk;j
-
Fkdk gqvk
xkfM+;ksa dk Vk;j
20. Break
Brake
czsd
czsd
-
rksM+uk
xkfM+;ksa dk czsd
21. There
Their
nsvj
ns;j
-
ogk¡
mudk
22. Whether oSnj
Weather oSnj
-
pkgs
ekSle
23. Check
Cheque
pSd
pSd
-
pSd djuk
cSad dk pSd
24. Heart
Hurt
gkVZ
gVZ
-
fny
pksV igq¡pkuk] nq[k igq¡pkuk
25. Waste
Waist
West
osLV
osLV
oSLV
-
csdkj
dej
if‛pe fn‛kk
264
26. Dear
Dare
fM;j
Msvj
-
fiz;
fgEer djuk
27. Chick
Cheek
fpd
phd
-
eqxhZ dk cPpk
xky
28. Hill
Heel
Heal
Hell
Hail
Hale
fgy
ghy
ghy
gSy
gsy
gsy
-
igkM+
,M+h
t+[e Hkjuk
ujd
vksys iM+uk
LoLFk
29. Reach
Rich
jhp
fjp
-
igq¡puk
vehj
30. Bed
Bad
C;M@csMcSM
-
fcLrj
cqjk
31. Warm
Worm
okWeZ
okseZ
-
xeZ
dhM+k
32. Letter
Later
Latter
Late
Lately
ySVj
ysVj
ysVj
ysV
ysVyh
-
i=
ckn esas
ckn okyk
nsj
gky gh esa
33. Soap
Shop
lksi
‚kkWi
-
lkcqu
nqdku
34. Sweet
Sweat
LohV
LoSV
-
ehBk
ilhuk
35. Fist
Feast
fQLV
QhLV
-
eqB~Bh
nkor
36. And
End
,sUM
,UM
-
vkSj
lekIr
37. Confident dkWfUQMSUVConfidant dkWfUQMsUV38. Google
Goggles
xwxy xkWxYt+ -
fo‛okl ls Hkjk gqvk
lgk;d
bUVjusV dk ,d lpZ batu
p‛ek
265
39. Heroin
Heroine
gSjksbu ghjksbu -
40. Deference MSQjSUl Difference fMQjSUl-
,d izdkj dk u‛khyk Mªx
fQYe dh ghjksbu
lEeku
eueqVko] vUrj
Exercise – 2
This exercise is purely in English. Now you must develop a habit of using English as
much as possible. If you have a confusion in any word, kindly refer to dictionary.
1. Accessary
Accessory
- Helper
- Spare part
13. Compliment
Complement
- Commendation
- Match, Supplement
2. Amiable
Amicable
- Lovable
- Friendly
14. Corporal
Corporeal
- Pertaining to body
- Tangible
3. Ascent
Assent
- Climb up
- To agree
15. Bridal
Bridle
- Marriage related
- Limit
4. Bail
Bale
- Security
- Bundle
16. Counsil
Counsel
- Assembly
- Advice
5. Beneficial
Beneficent
- Useful
- Kind person
17. Affluent
- Rich
Effluent
- A small river, coming
out of a large river or a lake
6. Ball
Ball
Bowl
Bawl
- Sphere
- Social gathering for dance 18. Lapse
- Loophole
- A utensil
Elapse
- Expire
- Cry loudly
19. Emigrant - He is an emigrant in india
- A break of law, contract etc
(he is actually a foreigner)
- Back part of a rifle
Immigrant - He is an immigrant from
India (He is an Indian)
- A big gun
- A rule or law
20. Ghastly
- Horrible
Ghostly
- Related to ghosts
- Calendar (of date)
- A pressing machine
21. Godly
- Holy
Godlike
- Just like God
- Immature
- Innocent
22. Vacation
- Holiday
Vocation
- Profession
7. Breach
Breech
8. Cannon
Canon
9. Calendar
Calender
10. Childish
Childlike
11. Chord
Cord
- A string of music instrument
12. Coarse
Course
- Rough (Antonym of fine)
- Line of action
- A thin rope
23. Urban
Urbane
266
- Belong to town
- Cultured
24. Vicious
Viscous
- Cruel
- Sticky
40. Rigorous
Vigorous
- Severe, Rigid
- Energetic
25. Veracity
Voracity
- Truthfulness
- Greediness
41. Sheer
Shear
- Absolute
- Shave/ Trim
26. Suit
Suite
- To fit, clothes
- A set of rooms
42. Vassal
Vessel
- Pauper
- Utensil
27. Vein
Vain
- Blood vessels
- Useless
43. Venal
Venial
- Evil
- Forgivable
28. Verbal
Verbose
- Oral
- Talkactive
44. Willing
Wilful
- Wanting, to want
- Stubborn
29. Right
Rite
- Correct, A side
- Ceremony
45. Potable
Portable
- Drinkable
- Movable
46. Prescribe
Proscribe
- To recommend
- To prohibit
30. Prophecy (Noun )
Prophesy (Verb)
- Prediction
-To predict
31. Proceed
Proceeds
- Continue
- Collections
47. Funeral
Funereal
- Burial
- Horrible
32. Premier
Premiere
- Supreme, Chief, first
- Opening show
48. Dissent
Descent
- Disagree
- Collapse, Downwards
33. Intelligent
Intelligible
- Wise
- Readable
49. Elicit
Illicit
- To deduce
- Illegal
34. Ingenious
Ingenuous
Indigenous
- Prudent
- Gullible
- Native
50. Discrete
Discreet
- Distinct, clear
- Prudent
51. Disinterested
Uninterested
- Impartial
- Boring.
- Refrain from
- Ancestors
- Ancestors
35. Momentary
Momentous
- For a moment
- Important
36. Patrol
Petrol
- Police patrolling
- Car Petrol
52. Forbear
Forebear
Forerunner
37. Prosecute
Persecute
- To sue
- To harass
53. Corps
Corpse
- Military Branch
- Dead body
38. Salon
Saloon
- Parlour
- Large room
54. Tear
- Water drops coming out
of eyes.
- Standard.
Tier
39. Route
Rout
- Path
- Defeat
267
55. Sculpture - Art
Sculptor - Artist
58. Tasty
Testy
56. Wile
Vile
- To deceive
- Cruel
59. Bash
Bashful
57. Pen
Pan
- That we use to write.
- To criticize badly
60. Aleft
Aloft
- Good in taste
- Short tempered.
- To hit physically or verbally
- Shy
- To the left side
- Above
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. When I dare to be powerful - to use my strength in the service of my vision, then it
becomes less and less important whether I am afraid.
2. If you genuinely want something, don't wait for it -- teach yourself to be impatient.
3. You efforts today make your tomorrow. so make your every today count.
4. If you want to make a permanent change, stop focusing on the size of your problems
and start focusing on the size of you.
5. The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be afraid you will make a mistake.
6. If you do what you always did, you will get what you always got.
7. When I was 5 years old, my mother always told me that happiness was the key to
life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I
wrote down „happy‟. They told me I didn‟t understand the assignment, and I told
them they didn‟t understand life.
8. All what we are, is the result of what we have thought.
9. Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds
discuss people.
10. To be a great champion you must believe you are the best. If you‟re not,
pretend you are. (Muhammad Ali)
11. Life is 10% what happens to me and 90% of how I react to it.
12. What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise.
268
Lesson – 33
One word Substitution ¼iwjk okD; flQZ ,d ‚kCn esa½
vkb, ns[ksa fd fdl rjg dsoy ,d ‚kCn ,d iwjs okD; dh txg ys ldrk gSA
Let‟s see how a word can replace the whole sentence.
,d ckj vdcj dks iwNk x;k fd vki dkSu gSa\ vdcj us tokc fn;k &
ÞeSa oks gw¡ ftls vkt rd dksbZ gjk ugha ik;kAÞ “I am the one who has never been
defeated.”
chjcy us vdcj ls dgk & egkjkt vki bruk yEck okD; cksyus ls vPNk flQZ ,d ‚kCn dg fn;k dhft,
&
Þvts;Þ “Invincible”
D;ksfa d vts; dk vFkZ gksrk gS & ftls vkt rd dksbZ gjk ugha ik;kA
Because „invincible is the one, who has never been beaten/defeated.‟
egku vdcj dks chjcy dk ;s lq÷kko ‚kkunkj yxkA
Great Akbar loved this brilliant advice of Birbal.
1. Centenary
2. Contemporary
3. Celibacy
4. Democracy
5. Epicure
6. Exonerate
7. Fastidious
8. Fatalist
9. Incorrigible
10. Invincible
11. Indispensable
12. Inevitable
13. Irrevocable
14. Inflammable
15. Medieval
16. Omnipotent
17. Omnipresent
18. Polyandry
19. Polygamy
20. Red- tapism
21. Venial
22. Theist
23. Atheist
24. Ascetic
25. Connoisseur
26. Philologist
Celebration of a hundredth year.
One who lives with the trend.
To abstain from sex.
Government of the people, for the people, by the people.
A person fond of enjoyment.
To free a person from all the blames.
A person difficult to please.
One, who just believes in luck.
Something, that can‟t be corrected.
One, who can never be beaten/defeated.
Something which can‟t be ignored.
Something which can‟t be ignored.
That can‟t be changed at any cost.
That can catch fire easily.
Belonging to the middle ages.
One who is all powerful.
One who is found everywhere.
Practice of having more than one husband at a time
Practice of having more than one wife at a time
Too much official formality.
A pardonable fault.
Who believes in God.
Who doesn‟t believe is God.
A person, who renounces the world and devotes himself to a strictly devout life
Who is well versed in any subject
Who studies about the language.
269
27. Archaeologist
28. Gullible
29. Bellicose
30. Hygienist
31. Omnivorous
32. Cannibal
33. Philanthropist
34. Feminist
35. Parasite
36. Fastidious
37. Credulous
38. Bigot
39. Mercenary
40. Orthodox
41. Foster child
42. Omniscient
43. Democracy
44. Autocracy
45. Bureaucracy
46. Monarchy
47. Antidote
48. Aesthetics
49. Venial
50. Prologue
51. Polyglot
52. Philology
53. Phonology
54. Genocide
55. Morphology
56. Cartography
57. Calligraphy
58. Ideology
Who studies ancient build and monuments.
Who is easily be fooled.
Who is fond of fighting
Who is very health conscious
Who eats every thing
Who eats human flesh
Who is a lover of humanity
Who is devoted to the welfare of women
Who depends on others
Who can‟t be easily pleased
Who easily believes on whatever is told
Who strongly hold an opinion or believe
Who only works for money or reward
Who holds conventional beliefs
Who is brought up by persons, who are not his parents
Who knows everything
Government by people, of people, for people
Government by one person
Government by officials
Government by a monarch
A medicine which counteracts poison
Study of the nature of beauty
That may be forgiven
Introductory Preface of a drama
Multilingual
Science of languages
Science of climates effect
Extermination of a race
Science of animal body Structure
Science of map making
Art of characteristic writing
Idea of a group of people
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. A man is a product of his thoughts what he thinks, he becomes. (Mahatma Gandhi)
O;fDr vius fopkjksa dk ,d izk.kh gS] oks tSlk lksprk gS oSlk gh cu tkrk gSA ¼egkRek xk¡/kh½
2. Our dream can come true if we have a firm desire to materialize them.
gekjk liuk lkdkj gks ldrk gS vxj gekjs vUnj mUgsa iwjk djus dh izcy bPNk gksA
3. Be the change that you want to see in the world. (Mahatma Gandhi)
igys [kqn esa oks cnyko dhft, tks cnyko vki nqfu;k esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA ¼egkRek xk¡/kh½
4. Your talent is nothing without opportunity.
fcuk ekSds ds vkidh izfrHkk dqN Hkh ugha gSA
5. Education is the weapon that can be used to change the world.
f‛k{kk oks gfFk;kj gS ftldk iz;ksx dj nqfu;k dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
270
Lesson – 34
Special & Complex Sentences
vkb, uhps fn;s x;s dqN vyx rjg ds okD;ksa dks jV ysa vkSj tc&2 ekSdk feys] budk iz;ksx djsAa ,d ckr
ges‛kk ;kn j[ksaA fdlh Hkh Hkk’kk ij vPNh idM+ rHkh cukbZ tk ldrh gS tc vkids ‚kCndks‛k esa ,sls ‚kCn gksa
tks vkids okD;ksa dks NksVk ysfdu izHkkoh cuk nsAa
Let‟s cram a few sentences given below and use them whenever you get an
opportunity. Always remember, if you want to have a good command over
a language, you must have certain special words in your dictionary, which
can make your sentences short but effective.
1. She is very talkactive. / She talks a lot.
oks cgqr ckrwuh gSA
2. You are my namesake. / Your name and my name are same.
rqe esjs geuke gksA
3. I am a person/man of words. / I keep my words.
eSa t+qcku dk iDdk gw¡A
4. I am a spendthrift. / I spend a lot.
eSa cgqr [kpZ djrk gw¡A
5. I am in trouble.
eSa ijs‛kkuh esa gw¡A
6. I have financial problem these days.
eq>s vktdy iSls dh fnDdr gSA
7. He is blind of one eye. / One of his eyes is not working.
mldh ,d vk¡[k [kjkc gSA
8. This is a good excuse.
;s ,d vPNk cgkuk gSA
9. He was idle all the time. / He was free all the time. / He had nothing to do all the
time.
oks lkjs fnu [kkyh FkkA
10. My younger brother has his own ways. / My younger brother does not follow others‟
advices.
esjk NksVk HkkbZ viuh et+hZ dk ekfyd gSA
11. I have my own ways.
eSa vius eu dh djrk gw¡ A
12. I had pain in my hand. / My hand was paining.
esjs gkFk esa nnZ FkkA
13. What brings you here? / Why did you come here?
dSls vkuk gqvk \
14. Does it make any difference?
D;k blls dksbZ QdZ iM+rk gS \
15. How did you find Delhi?
rqEgsa fnYyh dSlh yxh \
16. I was out of station. / I was out of the city/town. / I was not in the city.
eSa ‚kgj ls ckgj FkkA
17. She couldn‟t hold weeping. / She couldn‟t control her tears.
oks vius vk¡lw ugha jksd ldh@ik;hA
271
18. She couldn‟t hold laughing. / She couldn‟t control her laugh.
oks viuh g¡lh ugha jksd ldh@ik;hA
19. She couldn‟t hold herself talking to him./ She couldn‟t control herself from talking to
him.
oks vius vki dks mlls ckr djus ls ugha jksd ldh@ik;hA
20. I have got a car. / I have a car.
esjs ikl dkj gSA
21. He has got a computer. / He has a computer.
mlds ikl dEI;wVj gSA
22. Let it be./ Forget it./ Leave it.
NksM+ uA ;k ckr [kRe djksA ;k Hkwy tkvksA
23. He is unwell. / He is ill. / He is suffering from an ailment.
mldh rch;r Bhd ugha gSA
24. I met with an accident yesterday. / I had an accident yesterday.
dy esjk ,DlhMsVa ¼nq?kZVuk½ gks x;k A
25. Where does this road go to? / Where is this road going?
;s jksM dgk¡ tkrh gS \
26. You have given me a rupee extra.
rqeus eq>s ,d :i;s T+;knk ns fn;k gSA
27. This cloth is of inferior quality. / The quality of this cloth is not very good.
;s diM+k ?kfV;k DokfyVh dk gSA
28. The sky is full of clouds. / The sky is over cast. / Clouds are all covering the sky.
vkleku cknyksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA
29. You look younger than your age. / You don‟t look that old.
rqe viuh mez ls de yxrs gksA
30. He looks older than his age.
oks viuh mez ls T+;knk yxrk gSA
31. I am feeling sleepy. / My body needs rest.
eq>s uhan vk jgh gSA
32. I am feeling appetite. / My stomach is demanding food.
eq>s Hkw[k yx jgh gSA
33. I am feeling feverish. / I feel as if I have got fever.
eq>s cq[kkj lk yx jgk gSA
34. You should be ashamed of yourself.
rqEgsa vius vki ij ‚keZ vkuh pkfg,A
35. How is your study going on? / How is your study?
vkidh i<+kbZ dSlh py jgh gS \
36. What is going on in his mind?
mlds fnekx esa D;k py jgk gS \
37. What is going on there?
ogk¡ D;k py jgk gS \
38. Is something going on there?
D;k ogk¡ dqN py jgk gS \
39. She has got on to my heart and soul.
oks esjs fnyks fnekx ij cl x;h gSA
40. Money has got on to his mind.
iSlk mlds fnekx ij gkoh gks x;k gSA
41. This is not a thoroughfare. / This way is not for common people.
;g vke jkLrk ugha gSA
272
42. It is in talk. / Everybody is talking about this.
;s ppkZ esa gSA
43. He is a notorious person.
oks ,d dq[;kr O;fDr gSA
44. The road has been closed for repairs.
jksM fjis;fjax dh otg ls cUn gks xbZ gSA
45. The mobile was with him for repairs.
eksckby fjis;fjax ds fy, mlds ikl FkkA
46. This is a rumour. / This is in the air.
;g ,d vQokg gSA
47. Who is to blame? / Who is guilty? / Who is culprit?
nks"kh dkSu gS \
48. You were shouting at the top of your voice. / You were shouting so loud.
rqe tku yxkdj fpYyk jgs FksA
49. These pens are selling like anything. / These pens are selling heavily.
;s iSu /kM+Yys ls fcd jgs gaSA
50. Are you in the right?
D;k rqe lgh gks \
51. Are you on the right?
D;k rqe nk;ha rjQ gks \
52. Are you in the wrong?
D;k rqe xyr gks \
53. Are you on the left?
D;k rqe ck;ha rjQ gks \
54. Are you in your senses?
D;k rqe gks‛k esa gks \
55. Are you scared of me?
D;k rqe eq>ls Mjrs gks \
56. I had a headache./ My head was paining.
eq>s fljnnZ gks jgk FkkA
57. I had a stomachache./ My stomach was paining.
esjk isVnnZ gks jgk FkkA
58. The lamp has no oil. / There is no oil in the lamp.
ySEi esa rsy ugha gSA
59. I had a pain in my leg. / My leg was paining.
esjk iSj nnZ gks jgk FkkA@esjs iSj esa nnZ FkkA
60. It is getting dark.
va/ksjk gks jgk gSA
61. There is no shortage of food grains in our country.
gekjs ns‛k esa vukt dh deh ugha gSA
62. There is a saying that „nothing is impossible‟.
,d dgkor gS] vlEHko dqN Hkh ughaA
63. Is there a way to get out of this problem?
bl ijs‛kkuh ls NqVdkjk ikus dk D;k dksbZ rjhdk gS \
64. Here is your watch.
;s jgh vkidh ?kM+hA@;s yhft, vkidh ?kM+hA
65. Here is the money.
;s yhft, iSlsA@;s jgs iSlsA
273
66. Here is the pen.
;s yhft, iSuA
67. Here comes the teacher.
yks] Vhpj vk x;s A
68. Here comes Rohit.
yks] jksfgr vk x;k A
69. Here comes you.
yhft,] vki vk x;sA
70. Here comes I. / Here I am.
;s yks] eSa vk x;k A
71. Since when have you been here?
rqe dc ls ;gk¡ gks \
72. This is out of my control/hands.
;s esjs dkcw ls ckgj gSA
73. The house is on fire. / The house is burning.
?kj ty jgk gSA
74. God‟s grace is always with you.
Hkxoku dk vk‛khZokn ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk gSA
75. Don‟t copy others.
nwljksa dh udy er djksA
76. Don‟t write with a pencil.
isfUly ls er fy[kksA
77. Keep the fire on.
vkx tyh jgus nksA
78. We should give up bad habits.
gesa cqjh vknrsa NksM+ nsuh pkfg,A
79. Chew the food well.
[kkuk vPNh rjg pckvksA
80. Blow your nose.
ukd lkQ djksA
81. Button up the coat.
dksV ds cVu cUn djksA
82. Hold this mobile with both hands.
bl eksckby dks nksuksa gkFkksa ls idM+ksA
83. All the while I was waiting for Ram.
iwjk fnu eSa jke dk bUrt+kj dj jgk FkkA
84. I will come after a while.
eSa FkksM+h nsj ckn vkšxkA
85. Looks as, he is someone to you.
yxrk gS] oks rqEgkjk dksbZ gSA
86. Looks as, our teacher is not here today.
yxrk gS] gekjs v/;kid vkt ;gk¡ ugha gSaA
87. Looks as, you are not well today.
yxrk gS] rqEgkjh rfc;r Bhd ugha gS vktA
88. He came to me as usual. / As usual, he came to me.
oks ges‛kk dh rjg esjs ikl vk;kA
89. As usual, Dad scolded him and he left home.
ikik us ges‛kk dh rjg mls Mk¡Vk vkSj oks ?kj ls pyk x;kA
274
90. Come what may, we will not do so.
pkgs tks gks] ge ,slk ugha djsaxsA
91. No matter what, I‟ll go there.
pkgs tks gks] eSa ogk¡ tkÅ¡xkA
92. God knows who he is.
Hkxoku tkus oks dkSu gSA
93. God knows where they are.
Hkxoku tkus os dgk¡ gSaA
94. God knows who made this.
Hkxoku tkus ;s fdlus cuk;kA
95. The winters are round the corner.
lfnZ;k¡ vkus okyh gSaA
96. The summers are round the corner.
xfeZ;k¡ vkus okyh gSaA
97. I will go in a month or so.
eSa ,dkn eghus esa vk tkšxkA
98. They will go London in a year or so.
os ,dkn lky esa yUnu tk;saxsA
99. He will come in a day or so.
oks ,dkn fnu esa vk;saxsA
100. Dad is about to reach in an hour or so.
Ikkik ,dkn ?kaVs esa igq¡pus okys gSaA
101. I am whiling away my time. / I am passing my time. / I am doing time pass.
eSa viuk le; dkV jgk gw¡A
102. I am tired of eating it daily. / I am fed up of eating it daily.
eSa ;s jkst+&jkst+ [kkdj Fkd x;k gw¡A
103. I am tired of you. / I am fed up with you.
eSa rqels id x;k gw¡A
104. He will be hereabouts Kanpur this time.
oks bl le; dkuiqj ds vklikl gksxk A
105. I am sure of success. / I am sure that I will get success.
eq>s fo‛okl gS fd eSa lQy gks tkÅ¡xkA
106. Keep in mind that you have to go there. / Don‟t forget that you have to go there.
/;ku j[kuk rqEgsa ogk¡ tkuk gSA
107. You have been a great help to me. / You have helped me a lot.
rqeus esjh cgqr enn dh gSA
108. How old are you? / What is your age?
rqe fdrus lky ds gks \
109. We can‟t assess the value of this gift.
ge bl fx¶V dh vgfe;r dks ugha vk¡d@eki@rksy ldrsA
110. Sachin has real flair/interest/taste/passion for cricket.
lfpu ds vUnj fØdsV dh ,d vthc lh yyd gSA
111. He is coming from afar. / He is coming from a long distance.
oks cgqr nwj ls vk jgk gSA
112. He seemed very aloof all the time. / He seemed very quiet and neutral all the time.
oks lkjs fnu cgqr pqi&pqi lk yxkA
113. I like the lisping of children.
eq>s cPpksa dk rqrykuk ilUn gSA
275
114. I didn‟t work up to the par. / I didn‟t work up to the expectations.
eSaus mEehn ds eqrkfcd dke ugha fd;kA
115. This is the very book I want.
;gh fdrkc rks eSa pkgrk gw¡A
116. She was in a shock due to her brother‟s death.
oks viuh HkkbZ dh ekSr dh otg ls lnesa esa FkhA
117. I have to unravel this enigma. / I have to solve this puzzle.
eq>s ;s igsyh lqy>kuh gSA
118. I will always stand by you. / I will always be there with you.
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk lkFk nw¡xkA
119. I had heard a footfall.
eSaus dneksa dh vkokt+ lquh FkhA
120. My hairs haven‟t turned white yet.
esjs cky vHkh Hkh lQsn ugha gq, gSaA
121. I have turned 18.
eSa 18 lky dk gks x;k gw¡A
122. He has turned 15.
oks 15 lky dk gks x;k gSA
123. You have turned 80.
rqe 80 lky ds gks x;s gksA
124. Have you seen him lately/recently?
D;k rqeus gky gh esa mls ns[kk gS \
125. For the time being, you wait here.
fQygky rqe ;gk¡ bUrtkj djksA
126. I am giving you this book for the time being.
fQygky eSa rqEgsa ;s fdrkc ns jgk gw¡A
127. Sumit is not seen around.
lqfer vklikl ugha fn[k jgk gSA
128. Mom was not seen around.
eEeh vklikl ugha fn[k jgh FkhaA
129. They are not seen around.
os vklikl ugha fn[k jgs gSaA
130. He started studying and made it look as if he had been studying for a long.
oks i<+us yxk vkSj ,slk fn[kk;k ekuks oks dkQh nsj ls i<+ jgk gksA
131. Let‟s stroll. / Let‟s walk.
pyks Vgyrs gSaA
132. These books are of no use to me.
;s fdrkcsa esjs fdlh dke dh ugha A
133. India is tottering against Australia.
Hkkjr vkWLVªsfy;k ds fo:)@f[kykQ+ yM+[kM+k jgk gSA
134. Will you do me a favor?
D;k rqe esjh enn djksxs \@D;k rqe eq> ij ,d vglku djksxs \
135. The auspicious date of Kalpana‟s marriage is 13th of April 2013.
dYiuk dh ‚kknh dh ‚kqHk frFkh 13 vizSy 2013 gSA
136. What wrong have I done to him?
eSaus mlds lkFk D;k xyr fd;k gS \
137. We are not in speaking terms. / We don‟t talk to each other.
gekjs chp ckrphr ugha gSA
276
138. We are not in visiting terms. / We don‟t visit each other‟s homes. / We don‟t go to
each other‟s homes.
gekjs chp ,d nwljs ds ;gk¡ vkuk tkuk ugha gSA
139. It is not worthwhile going there. / There is no benefit to go there.
ogk¡ tkuk Bhd ugha gSA
140. You should confess your fault. / You should accept your mistake.
rqEgsa viuh xyrh eku ysuh pkfg, A
141. I will not spare you.
eSa rqEgsa ugha NksM+w¡xk A
142. To be honest, I am very happy.
lp dgw¡ rks eSa cgqr [kq‛k gw¡A
143. He has become unconscious.
oks csgks‛k gks x;k gSA
144. Your marriage is drawing near.
rqEgkjh ‚kknh djhc vk jgh gSA
145. The launching date is drawing near.
ykWfUpax dh rkjh[k djhc vk jgh gSA
146. I laid my condition. / I put my condition.
eSaus viuh ‚krZ j[khA
147. I am in a dire need of money.
eq>s iSls dh l[r t+:jr gSA
148. We shouldn‟t abase/debase/defame others.
gesa nwljkas dk vieku ugha djuk pkfg,A
149. As always, Yashi came to my laps.
ges‛kk dh rjg] ;‛kh esjh xksn esa vk;hA
150. I was craving to see you.
eSa rqEgsa ns[kus ds fy, rM+Ik jgk FkkA
151. What‟s that bulge in your pocket?
rqEgkjh tsc esa oks mHkjk gqvk D;k gS \
152. What‟s that bulge in the sea?
leqnz esa oks mHkjk gqvk D;k gS \
153. He is hovering between life and death.
oks ft+Unxh vkSj ekSr ds chp tw>@>wy jgk gSA
154. The flood created havoc there.
Ckk<+ us ogk¡ rckgh epk nhA
155. They created havoc there.
mUgksaus ogk¡ rckgh epk nhA
156. Throughout the day, I was busy.
iwjs fnu eSa O;Lr FkkA
157. Throughout the summers, I used AC.
iwjh xfeZ;ksa es]a eSaus ,lh pyk;kA
158. Please keep still while I take your photograph.
Iyht+ fgyuk er] tc eSa vkidh QksVks [khpw¡A
159. I liked his cordial behavior.
eq>s mldk eS=hiw.kZ@Lusgiw.kZ O;ogkj vPNk yxkA
160. I don‟t like those guys who cram at the last month before exams.
eq>s oks yksx ilUn ugha tks bXtS+El ls ,d eghus igys jV ysrs gSaA
161. Doctor tried a lot to keep him alive but of no avail/use.
MkWDVj us mls ft+Unk j[kus dh cgqr dksf‛k‛k dh ij dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gqvkA
277
162. Leave the door ajar.
njokts dks vk/kk [kqyk NksM+ nksA
163. The vegetable seller is ripping you off.
lCth cspus okyk vkidks ywV jgk gSA
164. I retorted him in such a way that he will not do it again.
eSuas mls ,slk djkjk tokc fn;k fd oks ;s nksckjk ugha djsxkA
165. What are you fumbling in Almirah?
rqe vyekjh esa D;k VVksy jgs gks \
166. What are you whispering in his ear?
rqe mlds dku esa D;k QqlQqlk jgs gks \
167. We will keep a vigil on his activity.
ge mldh gjdr ij ut+j j[ksaxsA
168. The blood is oozing from the wound.
?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA
169. What do you do in your leisure time?
rqe [kkyh le; esa D;k djrs gks \
170. I am not a puppet.
eSa dBiqryh ugha gw¡A
171. We should be ready for its consequences.
gesa blds ifj.kkeksa ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
172. This is not love but infatuation.
;s I;kj ugha vkd"kZ.k gSA
173. You can keep this book for keeps.
rqe ;s fdrkc ges‛kk ds fy, j[k ldrs gks A
174. He is having a sound sleep.
oks cgqr xgjh uhan esa gSA
175. I had a sound sleep last night.
dy jkr eq>s cgqr xgjh uhan vk;hA
176. Sumit is here.
lqfer ;gk¡ gSA
177. Sumit is very much here.
lqfer ;gha ij gSA ¼t+kjs nsrs gq,½
178. Mom is at home.
eEeh ?kj ij gSaA
179. Mom is very much at home.
eEeh ?kj ij gh gSaA ¼t+ksj nsrs gq,½
180. He was shivering with cold.
oks BaM ls dk¡i jgk FkkA
181. I don‟t like to run after anybody.
eSa fdlh ds ihNs Hkkxuk ilUn ugha djrk A
182. We should not think ourselves to be clever.
gesa vius vki dks pkykd ugha le>uk pkfg,A
183. I am taking off the clothes.
eSa diM+s mrkj jgk gw¡A
184. I took off the shoes.
eSaus twrs mrkjs A
185. I am putting on the clothes.
eSa diM+s igu jgk gw¡A
278
186. I put on the shoes.
eSaus twrs igus A
187. He put ointment on the wound.
mlus ?kko ij ejge yxk;kA
188. I sighed of relief.
eSaus pSu dh lk¡l yhA
189. There is no problem in our relation.
gekjs fj‛rs esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gaSA
190. Dowry system is a malediction for our society.
ngst+ izFkk gekjs lekt+ ds fy, ,d vfHk‛kki gSA
191. Terrorist attacks occur due to the security lapse.
vkradoknh geys lqj{kk [kkfe;ksa dh otg ls gksrs gSaA
192. I could see his face after a lapse of six months.
eSa 6 eghus ds ckn mldk psgjk ns[k ik;kA
193. The one, who faces fiasco, sometimes blames to his luck.
tks cqjh rjg vlQyrk dks >syrk gS] oks dHkh&dHkh viuh fdLer dks nks"k nsrk gSA
194. I will leave no stone unturned.
eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+w¡xkA
195. He has been addicted to smoking.
oks flxjsV ihus dk vknh gks x;k gSA
196. He is delivering a lecture.
oks Hkk"k.k ns jgk gSA
197. The sun is still at its place.
lw;Z viuh txg ij fLFkj gSA
198. He stood first in class.
oks Dykl esa QLVZ vk;kA
199. I stand second in class.
eSa Dykl esa lSdUM vkrk gw¡A
200. Would that I was a girl. / If I was a girl.
dk‛k eSa yM+dh gksrk A
201. It will serve my purpose.
blls esjk dke pyk tk;sxkA
202. I went for the interview off hand.
eSa fcuk rS;kjh bUVjO;w ds fy, x;k A
203. I am familiar with the heads and tails of life.
eSa thou ds mrkj&p<+ko ls voxr gw¡A
204. We shouldn‟t lose our temper over trifles.
gesa NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ij vkik ugha [kksuk pkfg,A
205. That criminal is still at large.
oks vijk/kh vHkh Hkh idM+ ls ckgj gSA
206. It is not a matter of kindness. It will rather please me.
;s cM+Iiu dh ckr ugha A eq>s rks cfYd [kq‛kh gksxhA
207. We have plenty of time.
gekjs ikl cgqr le; gSA
208. You are just in time. I would have left just in 2 mins.
rqe fcYdqy le; is vk;sA cl nks feuV esa eSa fudy x;k gksrkA
209. This revolution will unearth the black money.
;g ØkfUr CySd euh dk inkZQk‛k dj nsxhA
279
210. I don‟t want to delve into your matter.
eSa rqEgkjs ekeys esa ugha ?kqluk pkgrkA
211. He has been fired/expelled from the job.
mls ukSdjh ls fudky fn;k x;k gSA
212. Put all the children to sleep.
lHkh cPpksa dks lqyk nksA
213. Sip the juice slowly.
twl dks gYds&gYds fi;ksA
214. Try my coat on.
esjs dksV dks igu ds ns[kksA
215. See him off.
mls fonk dj nksA
216. Look after the guests.
esgekuksa dh ns[kHkky@[kkfrjnkjh djksA
217. Sachin‟s departure is a terrible blow for India.
Lkfpu dk vkÅV gksuk Hkkjr ds fy, ,d tcjnLr >Vdk gSA
218. Your work is praiseworthy.
rqEgkjk dke iz‛kaluh; gSA@rqEgkjk dke rkjhQ ds dkfcy gSA
219. Don‟t be arrogant of your money.
vius iSls dk ?keaM er djksA
220. I give my consent.
eSa viuh vuqefr@lgefr nsrk gw¡A
221. I am not imposing my will on you.
eSa rqe ij viuh et+hZ ugha Fkksi jgk gw¡A
222. You had to suffer because of me.
rqEgsa esjh otg ls ijs‛kkuh >syuh iM+hA
223. You are very short tempered.
rqe cgqr xqLlsckt gksA@rqe tYnh viuk vkik [kks nsrs gksA
224. Settle this matter somehow.
bl ekeys@eqn~ns dks fdlh rjg lqy>kvksA
225. Please apologize on my behalf.
esjh rjQ ls Iyht ekQh ek¡x ysukA
226. I have unknowingly hurt you.
eSaus rqEgsa vutkus esa nq[k igq¡pk;k gSA
227. You knowingly hurt me.
rqeus eq>s tku cw>dj nq[k igq¡pk;k A
228. Many people were injured in the road mishap.
jksM nq?kZVuk esa dbZ yksx ?kk;y gq,A
229. Arrogance can never caress me.
?keaM eq>s dHkh Nw ugha ldrkA
230. Conversation increases the proximity.
ckrphr ls djhch c<+rh gSA
231. He couldn‟t escape himself from the impulse of cigarette.
oks [kqn dks flxjsV dh ryc ls cpk ugha ik;kA
232. He went through the whole book. / He read the whole book.
mlus iwjh fdrkc i<+hA
233. I go through the newspaper every day. / I read the newspaper every day.
eSa U;wt+iis j jkst+ i<+rk gw¡A
280
234. Put out the fire lest it should spread around.
vkx cq>k nks dgha pkjkas vksj u QSy tk,A
235. He got off the morning train.
oks lqcg dh Vªus ls mrjkA
236. He got through the IAS exam.
mlus vkb , ,l bXtS+e ikl dj fy;kA
237. On the way back I went to his home.
okfil vkrs gq,] eSa mlds ?kj x;kA
238. Rs 15 for onions, Rs 12 for beans. It comes to Rs 27.
15 :i;s dk I;kt] 12 :i;s dh chUl] 27 :i;s gks x;kA
239. I am watering the plants.
eSa ikS/kksa dks ikuh ns jgk gw¡A
240. He is a late riser. / He wakes up late in the morning.
oks nsj ls mBrk gSA
241. He is an early riser. / He wakes up early in the morning.
oks tYnh mBrk gSA
242. The demise of his father saddened me.
mlds ikik dh ekSr us eq>s nq[kh dj fn;kA
243. I am supposed to go there today.
eSa vkt ogk¡ tkus okyk gw¡A
244. I will remain indebted to you.
eSa ges‛kk vkidk vkHkkjh@‛kqØxqtkj jgw¡xkA
245. Don‟t mistake me for a Doctor.
eq>s MkWDVj le>us dh xyrh er djksA
246. He mistook me for an Engineer.
mlus eq>s baftfu;j le>us dh xyrh dhA
247. I agree with you but not quite.
eSa rqels lger gw¡ ij iwjh rjg ugha A
248. These clothes are worn out.
;s diM+s iqjkus@NksVs gks x;s gaSA
249. We should not back out of our promise.
gesa viuh ckr@okns ls ugha eqdjuk pkfg,A
250. This animal is becoming extinct.
;g tkuoj foyqIr gks jgk gSA
251. He ascribed his failure to his bad luck.
mlus viuh vlQyrk dk nks"k viuh cqjh fdLer dks fn;kA
252. He ascribed his success to his dad.
mlus viuh lQyrk dk Js; vius firk dks fn;kA
253. I never shirk responsibility.
eSa ft+Eesnkjh ls dHkh th ugha pqjkrkA
254. This is a backpaining work.
;s dej rksM+ nsus okyk dke gSA
255. Feed me bit by bit.
eq>s FkksM+k&FkksM+k djds f[kykvksA
256. My salary has been credited into my Allahabad bank account.
esjh lSyjh esjs bykgkckn cSad vdkmUV esa vk xbZ gSA
257. I have only 3 leaves in my credit.
esjs ikl dsoy 3 NqfV~V;k¡ gSaA
281
258. He doesn‟t act on my advice.
oks esjh lykg dks ugha ekurkA
259. Please have a little more.
Iyht+ FkksM+k vkSj yhft,A
260. I am at your service.
eSa vkidh lsok esa gkftj gw¡A
261. You should travel light.
rqEgsa gYds lkeku ds lkFk ;k=k djuh pkfg,A
262. Nobody can stand against fate.
HkkX; ds lkeus dksbZ ugha fVd ldrk A
263. You don‟t take pity on the poor.
rqe xjhcksa ij n;k ugaha djrsA
264. We tossed a coin, it came down heads.
geus VkWl fd;k] gSM vk;kA
265. We tossed a coin, it came down tails.
geus VkWl fd;k] VsYl vk;kA
266. It‟s a blistering heat today.
vkt ririkrh xehZ gSA
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
a hA –
Aditya Sir
282
Lesson – 35
Extensive Translation Exercise
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vH;kl djsa o vius vki dks fu[kkfj,A
Practice the following sentences and polishes yourself.
“Practice makes a man perfect.”
“The more you practice, the better you become.”
1-
/;ku nhft,A
2-
ekQ djsa vkidks d’V gqvkA
3-
tSlh vkidh et+hZA
4-
vkjke ls cSfB,A
5-
vki eq>s cksyus nksA ¼xqLls esa½
6-
vkius ge ij cgqr d`ik dhA
7-
lkspus ds fy, oDr nhft,A
8-
vkils feydj [kq‛kh gqbZA
9-
mlus tku cw>dj rqEgsa nq[k igq¡pk;kA
10-
xyrh vutkus esa gqbZA
11-
eSa lM+d ikj dj jgk FkkA
12-
eq>s ekSr ls Mj ugha yxrkA
13-
rqEgsa ‚keZ vkuh pkfg,A
14-
rqEgkjh ,slk djus dh fgEer dSls gqbZ !
15-
rqEgkjh fgEer dSls gqbZ !
16-
rqEgkjs fcuk eSa fcYdqy vdsyk gks x;k gw¡A
17-
eSa jkst+ vkidh QksVks ns[krk FkkA
18-
eq>s uhan vk jgh gSA
Pay attention
is vVSa‛kuSorry to hurt you.
lkWjh Vq gVZ ;wAs you wish.
,st+ ;w fo‛kFeel at home. / Be comfortable.
Qhy ,sV gkse-@ch dEQVsZcyLet me speak.
ySV eh LihdIt‟s very kind of you.
bV~l oSjh dkbZUM vkWQ ;wGive me some time to think.
fxo eh le Vkbe Vq fFkadPleasure to meet you.
IyS‛k+j Vq ehV ;w He knowingly hurt you.
gh uksbaxyh gVZ ;w It happened unknowingly.
bV gSiUM vuuksbaxyhI was crossing the road.
vkb okWt+ ØkSflax n jksM I am not afraid of death.
vkb ,e ukWV vQjsM vkWQ MSFkYou must be ashamed.
;w eLV ch v‛ksEMHow dare you do so!
gko Msvj ;w Mw lks !
How dare you!
gko Msvj ;w !
I am lonely without you.
vk;e yksUyh fonkmV ;w I would see your pic daily.
vkb oqM lh ;kSj fid MsyhI am feeling sleepy.
vk;e Qhfyax Lyhih283
19-
eSa vkils ijlksa lqcg feyw¡xkA
20-
D;k eq>s ,d Xykl ikuh fey ldrk gS \
21-
vkt jkgqy dk tUefnu gSA
22-
rqe bruk dke er djks Fkd tkvksxsA
23-
eq>s cgqr t+kjs fd Hkw[k yxh gSA
24-
rqe [kke[kk ijs‛kku gks jgs gksA
25-
vius vki ij Hkjkslk j[kksA
26-
mls rqEgkjh enn dh t+:jr gSA
27-
vkWfQl dsoy 20 feuV dh nwjh ij gSA
28-
eSa mUgsa vPNh rjg ls tkurk gw¡A
29-
vkt 4 Qjojh gS og vizSy esa vk,xkA
30-
eSa 3 lIrkg ls ;gk¡ jg jgk gw¡A
31-
‚;ke ;gk¡ 1985 ls jg jgk gSA
32-
esjs vkus ls igys ;gk¡ dkSu jgrk Fkk \
33-
rqEgsa tkus ls igys crkuk pkfg, FkkA
34-
‚;ke jksfgr dk iM+kslh gSA
35-
esjs ?kj ls FkksM+h nwj vtZqu dk ?kj gSA
36-
rqEgsa vkWfQl igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxrk gS \
37-
rqEgsa viuk [kqn /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
38-
oks esjs fy, dqN Hkh dj ldrk gSA
39-
eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqe ,slk D;ksa dj jgs gksA
40-
eS vkWfQl ds fy, fudy gh jgk FkkA
41-
jke dh vksj ls ek¡Qh ek¡x yhft,A
42-
jke FkksM+k ysV gks x;kA
I‟ll meet you day after tomorrow.
vkby ehV ;w Ms vkQVj VqekWjksCan I get a glass of water?
dSu vk; xSV v Xykl vkWQ okWVj \
It‟s Rahul‟s birthday today.
bV~l jkgqYl cFkZMs VqMsDon‟t do this much work, you will get tired.
MksUV Mw fnl ep odZ] ;w foy xSV Vk;MZI am feeling very appetite.
vk;e Qhfyax oSjh ,siSVkbVYou are stressed for no reason.
;w vkj LVªSLM QkWj uks jht+uBe confident.
ch dkWufQMSUVHe needs your help.
gh uhM~l ;kSj gSYiIt takes only 20 mins to reach office.
bV VsDl vksUyh V~oSUVh feuV~l Vq jhp vkWfQlI know him very well.
vkb uks fge oSjh oSyIt‟s 4th Feb today, he will come in April.
bV~l QksFkZ QSc VqMs] gh foy de bu ,fizyI‟ve been here for 3 weeks.
vkbo chu fg;j QkWj Fkzh ohDlShyam has been here since 1985.
‚;ke gSt+ chu fg;j flUl ukbZUVhu ,Vh QkboWho lived here before me?
gw fyOM fg;j fcQksj eh \
You must have told before leaving.
;w eLV gSo VksYM fcQksj yhohaxShyam is Rohit‟s neighbor.
‚;ke bt+ jksfgRl uscjRohit‟s home is little afar from mine.
jksfgRl gkse bt+ fyfVy vQkj ÝkWe ekbuHow long do you take to reach office?
gko yk¡x Mq ;w Vsd Vq jhp vkWfQl\
You must take care of yourself by your own.
;w eLV Vsd dsvj vkWQ ;kSjlSYQ ck; ;kSj vksuHe can do anything for me.
gh dSu Mw ,sfufFkax QkWj ehI know, why you are doing so.
vkb uks ok; ;w vkj Mwbax lks I was just leaving for work.
vkb okt+ tLV yhfoax QkWj odZKindly say sorry on Ram‟s behalf.
dkbUMyh ls lkWjh vkWu jkEl fcgkQ+Ram got a little late.
jke xkWV v fyfVy ysV284
43-
lqudj cgqr nq[k gqvkA
44-
vxj vkKk nsa rks dqN dguk pkgw¡xkA
45-
ek¡Q dhft, ¼Qksu ugha lquus ij½
46-
pfy, eSa vkidh enn dj nw¡A
47-
pfy, eSa vkidh FkksM+h enn dj nsrk gw¡A
48-
FkksM+k f[klfd,A
49-
D;k eSa cSB ldrk gw¡ \
50-
D;k vki esjs fy, FkksMk+ le; fudky ldrs gSa \
51-
,slk xyrh ls gqvkA
52-
,slk rqDds ls gqvkA
53-
Eksjh vksj ls ek¡Qh ek¡x yhft,A
54-
eSa iwjh dksf‛k‛k d:axkA
55-
vc eSa dqN cksyw¡A
56-
mEehn gS vki ets esa gksA
57-
d`ik djds /khjs cksfy,A
58-
;s lqudj rqEgsa cgqr nq[k gksxkA
59-
rqe D;k pkgrs gks \
60-
rqe D;k lksp jgs gks \
61-
D;k rqe dqN cksyuk pkgrs gks \
62-
rqEgkjs firkth D;k dke djrs gSa \
63-
jke vkt dy D;k dj jgk gS \
64-
rqEkus tks dgk bldk D;k eryc gS \
65-
fnus‛k D;k djrk gS \
66-
D;k rqEkus dksf‛k‛k dh \
Sorry to hear that.
lkWjh Vq fgvj nSVIf you allow, I would like to say something.
bQ ;w vyko] vkbZ oqM ykbZd Vq ls lefFkUxBeg your pardon! / Sorry. / I couldn‟t get it.
csx ;ksj ikjMu!@lkWjh!@vkbZ dqUV xsV bVLet me help you.
ySV eh gSYi ;wLet me help you.
ySV eh gSYi ;wKindly move a bit.
dkbUM~yh ewo v fcVMay I sit?
es vkbZ flV \
Can you please spare some time for me?
dSu ;w Iyht+ Lis;j le Vkbe QkWj eh \
It happened by mistake.
bV gSiUM ck; feLVsdIt happened by chance.
bV gSiUM ck; pkUlConvey my apologies.
dUos ek; vikWykstht+I‟ll try my level best.
vkbZy Vªk; ek; ySoy cSLVMay I say something now?
es vkbZ ls lefFkax uko \
Hope, you are enjoying yourself.
gksi] ;w vkj ,sutkWf;ax ;kSjlSYQPlease speak slowly.
Iyht+ Lihd LyksyhYou will be hurt hearing this.
;w foy ch gVZ fgvfjax fnlWhat do you want?
oV Mq ;w okWUV \
What are you thinking?
oV vkj ;w fFkafdax \
Do you want to say something?
Mq ;w okWUV Vq ls lefFkax \
What is your father? / What does your father do?
oV bt+ ;kSj QknlZ \ @ oV Mt+ ;kSj Qknj Mw \
What is Ram doing these days?
oV bt+ jke Mqbax nht+ Mst+ \
What do you mean?
oV Mq ;w ehu \
What does Dinesh do?
oV Mt+ fnus‛k Mw \
Did you try?
fMM ;w Vªk; \
285
67-
rqEkus vius Hkfo’; ds fy, D;k lkspk gS \
68-
rqe dkSu gks \
69-
os yksx dkSu Fks \
70-
Mk¡l fdlus fd;k \
71-
nsgjknwu dkSu tk,xk \
72-
;s xkuk fdlus fy[kk \
73-
;gk¡ dkSu vk;k Fkk \
74-
vkidks fdlls feyuk gS \
75-
eq>ls dkSu feyuk pkgrk gS \
76-
rqEgsa fdlls ckr djuh gS \
77-
bl fcfYMax dk efyd dkSu gS \
78-
rqe n¶rj dSls tkrs gks \
79-
vc vkidh rch;r dSlh gS \
80-
vki bruh xehZ esa dSls jgrs gks \
81-
jke dk ?kj dSlk gS \
82-
nsgjknwu esa ekSle dSlk gS \
83-
rqEgkjs firkth fd vk;q fdruh gS \
84-
rqe okil dSls vk;s \
85-
nsgjknwu ls esjB fdruh nwj gS \
86-
djhc 100 fdyksehVjA
87-
rqEgsa ogk¡ ig¡qpus esa fdruk oDr yxsxk \
88-
rqe dkSu lh fdrkc i<+uk pkgrs gks \
89-
rqEgkjk euilan xkuk dkSu lk gS \
90-
rqe dkSu lh fQYe ns[kuk ilan djksxh \
What have you thought for your career?
oV gSo ;w FkkWV QkWj ;kSj dfj;j \
Who are you?
gw vkj ;w \
Who were they/those people?
gw oj ns@nkst+ ihiy \
Who danced?
gw MkULM \
Who will go Dehradun?
gw foy xks nsgjknwu \
Who wrote this song?
gw jksV fnl lkWUx \
Who had come here?
gw gSM de fg;j \
Who do you want to meet?
gw Mq ;w okWUV Vq ehV \
Who wants to meet me?
gw okWUV~l Vq ehV eh \
Whom do you want to talk?
gwe Mq ;w okWUV Vq VkWd \
Who is the owner of this building?
gw bt+ n vksuj vkWQ fnl fcfYMax \
How do you go to office?
gko Mq ;w xks Vq vkWfQl \
How are you now?
gko vkj ;w uko \
How do you manage in such a heat?
gko Mq ;w eSut
s bu lp v ghV \
How is Ram‟s house?
gko bt+ jkEl gkÅl \
How is the weather in Dehradun?
gko bt+ n oSnj bu nsgjknwu \
How old is your father?
gko vksYM bt+ ;kSj Qknj \
How did you come back?
gko fMM ;w de cSd \
How far is Meerut from Dehradun?
gko Qkj bt+ esjB ÝkWe nsgjknwu \
About 100 kilometers.
vckmV gUMªSM fdyksfeVjHow much time will you take to reach there?
gko ep Vkbe foy ;w Vsd Vq jhp ns;j \
Which book do you want to read?
fop cqd Mq ;w okWUV Vq jhM \
Which is your favorite song?
fop bt+ ;kSj QsojsV lk¡x \
Which movie would you like to watch?
fop ewoh oqM ;w ykbd Vq okWp \
286
91-
rqEgsa dkSu lk xkuk lcls T+;knk ilan gS \
92-
rqe dkSu ls LVs‛ku ij gks \
93-
rqe [ksyus dc tkrs gks \
94-
jke dc i<+rk gS \
95-
rqEkus lhrk dks dc ns[kk \
96-
jke Ldwy dc vk,xk \
97-
rqe f‛keyk ls dc vk;s \
98-
vkidk HkkbZ dgk¡ dke djrk gS \
99-
vkius ;s iqLrd dgk¡ ls yh \
100- jke jkst dgk¡ tkrk gS \
101- rqe dgk¡ ls vk jgs gks \
102- rqe dy dgk¡ tkvksxh \
103- rqe ,slh cdokl D;ksa djrs gks \
104- mlus rqEgas ,slk D;ksa dgk \
105- jke vkt xqLls esa D;ksa Fkk \
106- vkt rqe Ldwy D;ksa ugha x;s \
107- D;k gqvk \
108- D;k jke us eq>s cqyk;k Fkk \
109- eSa tkš \
110- eSa Hkh lkFk pyw¡ \
111- D;k ‚;ke vk jgk gS \
112- eSa dqN ykš \
113- rqEgkjk eryc D;k gS \
114- le> x;s \
Which song do you like the most?
fop lkWUx Mq ;w ykbZd n eksLV \
Which station you are at?
fop LVs‛ku ;w vkj ,sV \
When do you go to play?
oSu Mq ;w xks Vq Iys \
When does Ram study?
oSu Mt+ jke LVMh \
When did you see Seeta?
oSu fMM ;w lh lhrk \
When will Ram come school?
oSu foy jke de Ldwy \
When did you come back from Shimla?
oSu fMM ;w de cSd ÝkWe f‛keyk \
Where does your brother work?
oSu Mt+ ;kSj cznj odZ \
Where did you take this book from?
os;j fMM ;w Vsd fnl cqd ÝkWe \
Where does Ram go daily?
os;j Mt+ jke xks Msyh \
Where are you coming from?
os;j vkj ;w dfeax ÝkWe \
Where will you go tomorrow?
os;j foy ;w xks VqekWjks \
Why do you talk such a nonsense?
ok; Mq ;w VkWd lp v ukWulSUl \
Why did he say so to you?
ok; fMM gh ls lks Vq ;w \
Why was Ram angry today?
ok; okWt+ jke ,sx
a zh VqMs \
Why did you not go to school today?
ok; fMM ;w ukWV xks Vq Ldwy VqMs \
What happened?
oV gSiUM \
Had Ram called me?
gSM jke dkWYM eh \
May I go? / Shall I go?
es vkbZ xks \@‚kSy vkbZ xks \
May I accompany you? / Shall I accompany
you?
es vkbZ vdEiuh ;w \@‛kSy vkbZ vdEiuh ;w \
Is Shyam coming?
bt+ ‚;ke dfeax \
Do I bring something?
Mq vkbZ fczax lefFkax \
What do you mean?
oV Mq ;w ehu \
Understood?
vUMLZVqM \
287
115- D;k jke vanj gS \
116- vanj dkSu gS \
117- jke dgk¡ gS \
118- vki dc vk;s \
119- esjk ,d dke djksxs \
120- dy rqEgkjh NqV~Vh Fkh D;k \
121- D;k rqe dgha tk jgs gks \
122- dEI;wVj pkyw djsa D;k \
123- D;k rqEgas irk gS \
124- D;k rqe Ldwy ugha tkvksxs \
125- D;k [kjkch gS \
126- vki eq>ls ukjkt gSa D;k \
127- crkbZ;s eSa vkidh D;k lsok dj ldrk gw¡ \
128- ge dgk¡ ij gSa \
129- dkSu vk;k Fkk njokts ij \
130- ;g fdldk eksckbZy uEcj gS \
131- rqe dc feyksxs \
132- rqe okil dSls vk;s \
133- jke us i<+kbZ D;ksa NksMh+ \
134- vc vkids firkth dSls gSa \
135- lcls vPNh ‚kVZ dkSu lh gS \
136- oks yM+dk dgk¡ gS \
137- vc gekjh vxyh eqykdkr dc gksxh \
138- ;g ‚kVZ fdrus dh gS \
Is Ram in?
bt+ jke bu \
Who is in?
gw bt+ bu \
Where is Ram?
os;j bt+ jke \
When did you come?
oSu fMM ;w de \
Would you do me a favor?
oqM ;w Mw eh v Qsoj \
Were you in off yesterday?
oj ;w bu vkWQ ;LVMsZ \
Are you going somewhere?
vkj ;w xksbZax leos;j \
Do we switch on the computer?
Mq oh fLop vkWu n dEI;wVj \
Do you know?
Mq ;w uks \
Will you not go to school?
foy ;w ukWV xks Vq Ldwy \
What is the fault?
oV bt+ n QkWYV \
Are you annoyed with me?
vkj ;w vukWbM fon eh \
Tell me, how can I help you?
VSy eh] gko dSu vk; gSYi ;w \
Where are we?
os;j vkj oh \
Who was there at the door?
gw okWt+ ns;j ,sV n Mksj \
Whose mobile number is this?
gwt+ eksckbZy uEcj bt+ fnl \
When will you meet?
oSu foy ;w ehV \
How did you come back?
gko fMM ;w de cSd \
Why did Ram drop studies?
ok; fMM jke MªkWi LVMht+ \
How is your father now?
gko bt+ ;kSj Qknj uko \
Which shirt is the best?
fop ‚kVZ bt+ n csLV \
Where is that boy?
os;j bt+ nSV ckW; \
When will we meet next?
oSu foy oh ehV uSDLV \
What is the cost of this shirt?
oV bt+ n dkWLV vkWQ fnl ‚kVZ \
288
139- fdrus fnu yxsaxs \
140- ;g njoktk cUn D;ksa gS \
141- vkt dkSu lh fQYe yxh gS \
142- vki brus ijs‛kku D;ksa gSa \
143- rqe eq÷ks D;ksa ugha le>rs \
144- eSa vkils dqN iwN jgk gw¡ \
145- D;k vki esjh ckr lqu jgs gks \
146- D;k vki eq>s igpkurs gks \
147- eSa rqEgkjs fy, D;k ykš \
148- ;gh eksckbZy eSa pkgrk FkkA
149- ;s esjh iqLrdsa gSa] os rqEgkjh iqLrdsa gSa A
150- ;s iqLrdsa esjh gSa] os iqLrdsa rqEgkjh gSa A
151- bu yM+dksa es ls gjsd Ldwy tkrk gSA
152- geus f‛keyk esa [kwc vkuUn fy;k A
153- rqEgkjs :[ks O;ogkj ls mls pksV igq¡ph gSA
154- ;g fdrkc rqEgkjs fdlh dke dh ugha gSA
155- rqEgsa vHkh rqjUr tkuk gksxk A
156- ;s fdrkc fdldh gS \
157- vkils ;s mEehn ugha FkhA
158- rqEgkjh vkokt+ cgqr vPNh gSA
159- eSa vkidk ges‛kk ,glkuean jgw¡xk A
160- njokts is dkSu [kM+k gS \
161- eS rqe ij Hkjkslk dSls dj ldrk gw¡ \
162- esjh ckr /;ku ls lquks A
How long will it take?
gko ykWUx foy bV Vsd \
Why is this door closed?
ok; bt fnl Mksj DyksTM
+ \
Which movie is on today?
fop ewoh bt+ vkWu VqMs \
Why are you so worried?
ok; vkj ;w lks ofjM \
Why don‟t you understand me?
ok; MksUV ;w vUMLZVSUM eh \
I am asking you something.
vk;e vkfLdax ;w lefFkaxAre you listening to me?
vkj ;w fylfuax Vq eh \
Do you know me?
Mq ;w uks eh \
What do I bring for you?
oV Mq vk; fczax QkWj ;w \
This is the very mobile, I want.
fnl bt+ n oSjh eksckbZy] vkbZ okWUV These are my books, those are yours.
nht+ vkj ek; cqDl] nkst+ vkj ;kSlZThese books are mine, those are yours.
nht+ cqDl vkj ekbu] nkst vkj ;kSlZ Each one of these boys goes to school.
bZp ou vkWQ nht+ ckW;t+ xkst+ Vq LdwyWe enjoyed a lot in Shimla.
oh ,UtkW;M v ykWV bu f‛keyk Your rude behavior has hurt him.
;kSj :M fcgsfo;j gSt+ gVZ fgeThis book is of no use to you.
fnl cqd bt+ vkWQ uks ;wt+ Vq ;w You will have to leave right away.
;w foy gSo Vq yho jkbV vosWhose is this book?
gwt bt+ fnl cqd \
I didn‟t expect it from you.
vkbZ fMUV ,sDliSDV bV ÝkWe ;w Your voice is pretty nice.
;kSj okWbl bt+ fizfV ukblI will be indebted to you.
vkbZ foy ch bUMSfVM Vq ;w Who is at the door?
gw bt+ ,sV n Mksj \
How can I trust you?
gkWo dSu vk; VªLV ;w \
Listen to me carefully.
fylu Vq eh dsvjQqyh289
163- eq>s bl fdrkc dh dher ugha ekywe A
164- Xykl esa FkksM+k ikuh vkSj MkyksA
165- i= Mkd }kjk Hkstk x;kA
166- xsan dks nhokj ds Åij ls Qsadks A
167- eSa ykbu esa rqEgkjs vkxs FkkA
168- ‚;ke rqEgkjs ihNs [kM+k FkkA
169- dye est ij gSA
170- eSa vanj vk jgk gw¡A
171- iqy ds uhps ,d uko FkhA
172- fdrkc rfd, ds uhps gSA
173- esjs firk dh txg dksbZ ugha ys ldrkA
174- dHkh vius ekrk firk ds fo#) ugha tkuk pkfg,A
175- lksp gh bUlku dks cM+k cukrh gSA
176- [kqn ds fy, rks gj dksbZ djrk gSA
177- rqe eq>ls ukjkt+ ugha gks u \
178- rqe mlls bruh uQjr D;ksa djrs gks \
179- eSa mlls dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡A
180- vkt ds ckn oks rqEgsa dHkh pksV ugha igq¡pk;sxkA
181- eSa rqEgsa tkus ugha nw¡xk A
182- eq>s xqLlk vk jgk gS A
183- eq>s cqjk yx jgk gS A
184- rqEgsa ,slk ugha dguk pkfg, Fkk A
185- vkt tgk¡ eSa g¡w] dy dksbZ vkSj FkkA
186- ;s Hkh ,d nkSj gS] oks Hkh ,d nkSj FkkA
I have no idea of the cost of this book.
vkbZ gSo uks vkbfM;k vkWQ n dkWLV vkWQ fnl cqdPour some more water into the glass.
iksj le eksj okWVj buVq n XyklLetter was sent by post.
ySVj okWt+ lSUV ck; iksLVThrow the ball over the wall.
Fkzks n ckWy vksoj n okWy I was ahead of you in the queue.
vkbZ okWt+ vgSM vkWQ ;w bu n D;wShyam was standing behind you.
‚;ke okWt+ LVSfUMax fcgkbUM ;wPen is on the table.
iSu bt+ vkWu n VscyI am coming in.
vk;e dfeax buThere was a boat under the bridge.
ns;j okWt+ v cksV vUMj n fcztBook is beneath / underneath the pillow.
cqd bt+ fcuhFk@vUMjuhFk n fiyksNobody can replace my father.
ukscMh dSu fjIysl ek; QknjNever go against your parents.
usoj xks vxsULV ;kSj isjUs V~lThinking makes a person great.
fFkafdax esDl v ijlu xszVObviously, Everybody does for himself.
vkWfc;lyh] ,sojhcMh Mt+ QkWj fgelSYQYou are not angry with me, are you?
;w vkj ukWV ,axzh fon eh] vkj ;w \
Why do you hate him this much?
Okk; Mq ;w gsV fge fnl ep \
I want to say something to him.
vkbZ okWUV Vq ls lefFkax Vq fgeNow onwards, he will never hurt you.
uko vkWuoMZ~l] gh foy uSoj gVZ ;wI will not let you go.
vkbZ foy ukWV ySV ;w xks I am feeling angry.
vk;e Qhyhax ,UxzhI am feeling bad.
vk;e Qhyhax cSMYou shouldn‟t have said so.
;w ‚kqMUV gSo lsM lksToday where I am, earlier somebody else was.
VqMs os;j vk;e] vjfy;j lecMh ,sYl okWt+It‟s also a time, that was also a time.
bV~l vkWYlks v VkbZe] nSV okWt+ vkWYlks v VkbZe290
I want to go but I can‟t.
vkbZ okWUV Vq xks cV vkbZ dkUV;s esjh etcwjh gh rks gSA
It‟s nothing but my helplessness.
bV~l ufFkax cV ekW; gSYiySluSl;s dqN iUus gh rks gSaA
These are nothing but a few papers.
nht+ vkj ufFkax cV v ¶;w isilZcrkvks] eq>s D;k djuk pkfg, \
Tell me, what should I do?
VSy eh] oV ‚kqM vkbZ Mw \
oks fnYyh ls vHkh&2 vk;k gSA
He has just come from Delhi.
gh gSt+ tLV de ÝkWe MSYghrqe ges‛kk eq>s ogk¡ tkus ls jksdrs gksA
You always stop me from going there.
;w vkWyost+ LVkWi eh ÝkWe xksbZax ns;jrqEgsa rEckdw ls cpuk pkfg,A
You must refrain from Tobacco.
;w eLV fjsÝsu ÝkWe VcSdksrqEgsa vius dke esa O;Lr jguk pkfg,A
You must be busy in your work.
;w eLV ch fct+h bu ;kSj odZgesa lQyrk dk iwjk Hkjkslk gSA
We are sure of success.
oh vkj ‚;ksj vkWQ lDlSleSa ges‛kk flQZ rqEgkjs ckjs esa lksprk gw¡A
I always think only about you.
vkbZ vkWyost+ fFkad vksuyh vckmV ;wrqe Hkh vaxszt+h lh[kuk pkgrs gks] gS u \
You also want to learn English, don‟t you?
;w vkWylks okWUV Vq yuZ baxfy‛k] MksUV ;w \
eq>s vkidk i= feyk ij eSa i<+ ugh ldkA
I got your letter but I couldn‟t read.
vkbZ xkWV ;kSj ySVj cV vkbZ dqMUV jhMtc vki vk;s] oks fudy pqdk FkkA
When you came, he had left.
oSu ;w de] gh gSM yS¶Vfdlh dk fny nq[kk ds fdlh dks dqN gkfly ugha gksrkANobody gains nothing by hurting someone.
ukscMh xsUl ufFkax ck; gfVZax leouD;k vkidks ugha ekywe] oks chekj py jgk gS \
Don‟t you know, he is unwell?
MksUV ;w uks] gh bt+ vuoSy \
eSa tkurk gw¡] vki eq>ls ukjkt gksA
I know, you are not happy with me.
vkbZ uks] ;w vkj ukWV gSIih fon eh og fxVkj dk vknh gks x;k gSA fnu jkr ctkrk gSAHe is addicted of guitar, plays day and night.
gh bt+ ,sfMfDVM vkWQ fxVkj] Iyst+ Ms ,sUM ukbVrqe ,slk dSls dj ldrs gksA
How can you do this?
gko dSu ;w Mw fnl \
rqe ,slk lksp Hkh dSls ldrs gksA
How can you even think so?
gko dSu ;w bZou fFkad lks \
rqe fnu jkr mUufr djks] ;gh esjh nqvk gSA
May God bless you!
es xkWM CySl ;w!
;g i= cq/kokj rd igq¡p tkuk pkfg,A
This letter must reach before Wednesday.
fnl ySVj eLV jhp fcQksj osUt+MsrqEgsa ns[kdj eq>s vius HkkbZ dh ;kn vkrh gSA
You remind me of my brother.
;w fjekbUM eh vkWQ ek; cznj eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk [;ky j[kw¡xkA
I will always take care of you.
vkbZ foy vkWyost+ Vsd dsvj vkWQ ;wmls I;kj dk eryc ugha irkA
He doesn‟t know the meaning of love.
gh Mt+u uks n ehfuax vkWQ yo-
187- eSa tkuk rks pkgrk gw¡ ij tk ugha ldrkA
188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210-
291
It‟s Wednesday today, he will come on
Sunday.
bV~l osUt+Ms VqMs] gh foy de vkWu lUMsoks esjs dke ls cgqr [kq‛k gq,A
He got very happy with my work.
gh xkWV oSjh gSIih fon ek; odZeq>s bl ckr fd [kq‛kh gS fd eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gw¡A
I am happy to be your friend.
vk;e gSIih Vq ch ;kSj ÝSUM;s esjk lkSHkkX; gS fd eSa rsjk nksLr gw¡A
It‟s my pleasure to be your friend.
bV~l ek; IyS‛k+j Vq ch ;kSj ÝSUMvkils ckr djds cgqr vPNk yxkA
It was pleasure talking to you.
bV okWt+ IyS‛k+j VkWfdax Vq ;w?kcjkvks er A
Don‟t worry.
MksUV ojhrqEgsa vPNk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A
You must behave well.
;w eLV fcgso oSyeSa dke esa yxk gqvk FkkA
I was into some work.
vkbZ okWt+ buVq le odZrqEgsa mldk t+jk Hkh [;ky ugha vk;kA
You didn‟t even think about him.
;w fMUV bou fFkad vckmV fgegesa vius ekrk firk dk vknj djuk pkfg,A
We must respect our parents.
oh eLV fjLiSDV voj@vkj isjasV~lrqe dgk¡ tkuk pkgrs gks \
Where do you want to go?
os;j Mq ;w okWUV Vq xks \
vkidks gqbZ vlqfo/kk ds fy, gesa [ksn gSA
Inconvenience regretted.
budUohfUk;Ul fjxzSVM
s eSa rqels t+:j feyw¡xk A
I‟ll surely meet you.
vkby ‚;ksjyh ehV ;w eSa vkidk bart+kj d:¡xk A
I‟ll wait for you.
vkby osV QkWj ;w eq>s rqels dqN dguk gSA
I want to say something to you.
vkbZ okWUV Vq ls lefFkax Vq ;wge lcdks vaxzsth Hkk’kk lh[kuh pkfg,A
We all must learn English language.
oh vkWy eLV yuZ bZaxfy‛k ySaxostmldh izfrHkk dkfcysrkjhQ gSA
His talent is praiseworthy.
fgt+ VSysUV bt+ izsto+ nhZeSa vHkh baftfu;fjax dh i<+kbZ dj jgk gw¡A
I am pursuing Engineering.
vk;e ijlqf;ax ,aaftfu;fjaxeq>s fdrkc i<+uk cgqr ilan gSA
I love reading books.
vkbZ yo jhfMax cqDlvc eq>s pyuk pkfg,A
I must leave now.
vkbZ eLV yho ukotc rd rqe esgur ugha djksxs] lQy ugha gks ikvksxsAUnless you work hard, you‟ll not be able to succeed.
vuysl ;w odZ gkMZ] ;w foy ukWV ch ,cy Vq lDlhMrqe ijlksa fnYyh esa FksA
You were in Delhi day before yesterday.
;w oj bu MSYgh Ms fcQksj ;LVMZsrqe dgha Hkh tkvks] eSa rqEgsa ugha NksM+wxkA
You go anywhere, I‟ll not spare you.
;w xks ,uhos;j] vkbZy ukWV Lis;j ;wtc rc vki ugha vkvksxs] eSa bUrt+kj d#¡xkA
Until you come, I‟ll wait.
vufVy ;w de] vkbZy osV-
211- vkt cq/kokj gS] oks jfookj dks vk,xkA
212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234-
292
235- oks bruk chekj gS fd fcLrj ls mB ugha ldrkA
236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258-
He is too weak to rise from the bed.
gh bt+ Vw ohd Vq jkbt+ ÝkWe n csMrqe ,d vPNs dykdkj cu ldrs gks vxj rqe ;s djksAYou can become a good artist, provided you do this.
;w dSu fcde v xqM vkfVZLV] izkos kbMsM ;w Mw fnlog bruk det+ksj gS fd py ugha ldrkA
He is too weak to walk.
gh bt+ Vw ohd Vq okWdtSls gh eSaus [ksyuk ‚kq: fd;k] ikik vk x;sA
The moment I started playing, dad turned up.
n ekWesUV vkbZ LVkVsZM Iysbax] MSM VuZM~ vimlus ,slk D;k dgk fd rqEgsa cqjk yx x;k \
What did he say to make you feel bad?
oV fMM gh ls Vq esd ;w Qhy cSM \
pyks dgha ?kweus pyrs gSaSA
Let‟s go somewhere for a walk.
ySV~l xks leos;j QkWj v
a okWdesjk rqEgas nq[k igq¡pkus dk dksbZ bZjknk ugha FkkA
I didn‟t mean to hurt you.
vkbZ fMUV ehu Vq gVZ ;wesjk rqEgas nq[k igq¡pkus dk dksbZ bZjknk ugha gSA
I don‟t mean to hurt you.
vkbZ MksUV ehu Vq gVZ ;wjke dk rqEgas nq[k igq¡pkus dk dksbZ bZjknk ugha gSA
Ram doesn‟t mean to hurt you.
jke Mt+u ehu Vq gVZ ;wrqe rks tkurs gks fd eSa etcwj gw¡A
You know it very well that I am helpless.
;w uks bV oSjh oSy nSV vk;e gSYiySleq>s ekQ djuk eSa rqEgkjh dksbZ enn ugha dj ldrkA I am sorry, I can‟t help you.
vk;e lkWjh] vkbZ dkUV gSYi ;wgesa [kq‛kh gS fd vkt ge brus yksxksa rd igq¡p pqds gaSA We are happy to reach these many people now.
oh vkj gSIih Vq jhp nht+ eSuh ihiy ukovki yksxksa ds lg;ksx ds fy, /kU;oknA
Thanks for your cooperation.
FkSaDl QkWj ;kSj dqvkWijs‛kurqe eq>ls feyus dc vkvksxs \
When will you come to meet me?
oSu foy ;w de Vq ehV eh \
esjs firkth eq>s MkWDVj cukuk pkgrs gSaA
My father wants me to become a doctor.
ek; Qknj okWUV~l eh Vq fcde v MkWDVjeSa mUkdk ;s liuk t+:j iwjk d:¡xkA
I‟ll surely make his dream come true.
vkbZy ‚;ksjyh esd fnl Mªhe de Vwª ?kj ls fudyk gh Fkk fd ckfj‛k ‚kq: gks x;hA
No sooner had I left home, than it started raining.
uks lwuj gSM vkbZ yS¶V gkse] nsu bV LVkVsZM jsfuaxva/ksjk u gks tk, blls igys gesa ;gk¡ ls fudyuk pkfg,A We must leave before it gets dark.
oh eLV yho fcQ+ksj bV xSV~l MkdZtc rd tokc ugha nksxs] eSa rqEgsa tkus ugha nw¡xkA
Until you answer, I‟ll not let you go.
vufVy ;w vkUlj] vkbZy ukWV ySV ;w xkseSa ckt+kj x;k Fkk] jktw eq>s feyk FkkA
I met Raju in market.
vkbZ eSV jktw bu ekdsZVeq>s vius vki ij Hkjkslk gSA
I believe in myself.
vkbZ fcyho bu ek;lSYQge 15 tuojh dks fnYyh ds fy, jokuk gq,A
We left for Delhi on 15th January.
oh yS¶V Q+kWj MSYgh vkWu fQQVhUFk tSUojhtuojh esa eq>s uSuhrky tkuk iM+kA
I had to visit Nainital in January.
vkbZ gSM Vq foft+V uSuhrky bu tSUojheSa rqEgsa ekj Mkyw¡xk] mlus ,slk dgkA
I‟ll kill you, he said so.
vkbZy fdy ;w] gh lsM lks293
259- rqeus mls tkus D;ksa fn;k \
260- eq>s vc bldh vknr lh gks x;h gSA
261- oks tSlk Hkh gS] esjk HkkbZ gSA
262- rqe dqN Hkh djks eq>s dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rkA
263- dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rkA
264- gesa ;s dke djus fd fy, dqN oDr pkfg,A
265- eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqe csgrj dj ldrs FksA
266- nksuksa ,d nwljs ds cgqr djhch gSaA
267- eSa vxys eghus f‛keyk tkÅ¡xkA
268- vki mls xyr er lef>,A
269- eS tkurk gw¡ rqe ,slk dHkh ugha dj ldrsA
270- gesa dM+h ls dM+h esgur djuh gSA
271- Hkys gh rqe eq>s ekj Mkyks ij eSa ugha tkšxkA
272- tc rqe vk;s eSa Vh-oh- ns[k jgk FkkA
273- eq>s yxk rqEgsa crkuk pkfg,A
274- eSa mls /kks[kk ugha ns ldrkA
275- mlus eq÷ks /kks[kk fn;kA
276- rqeus mls xyr le>kA
277- D;k eSa otg tku ldrk gw¡ \
278- rqeus dgk Fkk eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk lkFk nw¡xkA
Why did you let him go?
ok; fMM ;w ySV fge xks \
I am used to it now.
vk;e ;wT+M Vq bV ukoHowever he is, he is my brother.
gkoSoj gh bt+] gh bt+ ek; cznjYou do anything, I don‟t care.
;w Mw ,sfufFkax] vkbZ MksUV dsvjIt doesn‟t make any difference.
bV Mt+u esd ,suh fMÝSUlWe need some time to do this work.
oh uhM le Vkbe Vq Mw fnl odZI know, you could have done better.
vkbZ uks] ;w dqM gSo Mu cSVjBoth are close to each other.
cksFk vkj Dyks‛k Vq bZp vnjI‟ll go Shimla next month.
vkbZy xks f‛keyk uSDLV eUFkDon‟t take him wrong.
MksUV Vsd fge jkSaxI know you can never do this.
vkbZ uks ;w dSu uSoj Mw fnlWe have to work harder than the hardest.
oh gSo Vq odZ gkMZj nsu n gkMSZLVEven if you kill me, I‟ll not go.
bou bQ ;w fdy eh] vkbZy ukWV xksWhen you came, I was watching TV.
osu ;w de] vkbZ okWt+ okfpax VhohI thought, I must tell you.
vkbZ FkkWV] vkbZ eLV VSy ;wI can‟t cheat her.
vkbZ dkUV phV gjHe cheated on me.
gh phVsM vkWu ehYou misunderstood him.
;w felvUMLVqM fgeMay I know the reason?
es vkbZ uks n jht+u \
You had told me, you will always stand by me.
;w gSM VksYM eh] ;w foy vkWyost LVSUM ck; eh-
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
We must win the final war irrespective of how many battles we‟ve lost before.
QdZ ugha iM+rk fd fdruh yM+kbZ;k¡ ge igys gkj pqds gSa] gesa vafre ;q) thruk gSA
294
Lesson – 36
Objective Exercises
Objective exercises of this lesson are to assess your ability to choose the
correct verb, helping verb, articles and prepositions. If you find
difficulties in choosing the correct alternative, that simply means you
have to revise respective chapters.
Let‟s assess ourselves…..
Objective Exercise – Verbs
fjDr LFkkuksa dks lgh fØ;k ;k lgk;d fØ;k ls Hkfj, &
Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs or helping verbs:
1. You ………spoken with me.
a) have
b) has
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
c) do
d) did
e) none of these
2. She ……….walking for a long.
a) have been
b) has been
3. He ………..found a watch.
a) have
b) has
4. I will study provided he ………me money.
a) give
b) will give
c) gives
d) gave
e) none of these
5. I have …….you.
a) seeked
b) sought
c) founded d) finded
e) none of these
6. I ……….left by the time you reach my home.
a) will
b) have
c) will have d) had
e) none of these
7. He and his father ………..taking part in this competition.
a) have been
b) has been
c) are
d) was
e) is
c) look
d) were
e) none of these
c) got
d) kept
e) none of these
8. My hair ………black.
a) are
b) is
9. You didn‟t ……….money.
a) have
b) has
10. I firmly …….. that you have an extraordinary career.
a) belief
b) believe
c) faith
295
d) want
e) none of these
11. I ………..him.
a) love
b) loves
c) loved
d) a & c
e) none of these
c) driven
d) driving
e) none of these
c) have
d) was
e) none of these
b) tyre
c) tired
d) tear
e) none of these
b) are
c) is
d) all of the above
12. He has ……………this car.
a) drive
b) drove
13. He ………asleep at that time.
a) has
b) had
14. I am ………..today.
a) tire
15. All ……well.
a) do
16. Sumit …………went to America.
a) has
b) had
c) was
d) has been
e) none of these
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
c) go
d) going
e) none of these
d) drive
e) none of these
17. Those guys …………not study at all.
a) have
b) has
18. Aditya ……….for a walk.
a) gone
b) went
19. Speed Bike ……….is thrilling.
a) rider
b) riding
c) ride
20. Children ………..excuses if they don‟t like your advice.
a) make
b) makes
c) made
d) does
e) none of these
d) leave
e) none of these
d) have been
e) none of these
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
c) seeing
d) saw
e) none of these
d) oozing
e) none of these
21. I have …………up bad habits.
a) give
b) gave
c) given
22. Things ……….going tough these day.
a) have
b) is
c) are
23. The stone ………..not move itself.
a) have
b) has
24. Mom is not ……….around.
a) see
b) seen
25. Blood ……….from the wound.
a) ooze
b) come
c) oozes
296
26. Why ………they fight with Ram?
a) have
b) has
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
c) been
d) have to
e) none of these
d) teached
e) none of these
27. I will …….with you.
a) have
b) be
28. Life …………us thousand things.
a) teaches
b) teach
c) learn
29. He ………….waiting for you since Monday.
a) have
b) has been
c) is
d) was
e) none of these
c) do
d) have
e) none of these
c) seeing
d) seen
e) none of these
30. It ………..not matter to me.
a) has
b) does
31. I am ………….TV.
a) watching
b) looking
32. They both …………..sleeping at this time.
a) are
b) were
c) will be
d) all of these
e) none of these
c) have
d) has
e) none of these
c) do
d) am
e) none of these
33. My trousers …………black.
a) is
b) are
34. I ……..at fault.
a) have
b) has
35. He …………her of murder.
a) accuse
b) accuses
c) accusing d) a & b
e) none of these
c) find
d) founded
e) none of these
c) had
d) not
e) none of these
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
36. You have ………….. me.
a) found
b) get
37. She will …….. been mad.
a) have
b) has
38. He……..not work with me.
a) have
b) has
39. He………lived in Delhi for about two years.
a) have
b) did
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
c) is
d) had
e) none of these
40. The road …….bent ahead.
a) have
b) has
297
41. The glass …………broken.
a) have
b) has
c) is
d) are
e) none of these
c) has been d) did
e) none of these
c) am
d) was
e) none of these
c) had
d) all of these
e) none of these
c) do
d) does
e) none of these
42. Mobile ……………ringing for a long.
a) have
b) has
43. I …………still look for her.
a) have
b) has
44. He does not …………brain.
a) have
b) has
45. …… you go to school?
a) have
b) has
46. He was sweating when he ………up to me.
a) came
b) comes
c) come
d) coming
e) none of these
d) has come
e) none of these
47. If he………….., he will meet you.
a) will come
b) came
c) comes
48. Your success……on your stars.
a) depended
b) depending
c) depend d) depends
e) none of these
c) faith
e) none of these
49. I don‟t………in luck.
a) believe
b) belief
d) rely
50. He is …………..from one company to another.
a) hoping
b) leaving
c) departing d) switching
e) a & d
Answer Sheet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
B
B
C
B
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. D
16. E
17. C
18. B
19. B
20. A
21. C
22. C
23. D
24. B
25. C
298
26. C
27. B
28. A
29. B
30. B
31. A
32. D
33. B
34. D
35. B
36. A
37. A
38. D
39. E
40. C
41. C
42. C
43. E
44. A
45. C
46. A
47. C
48. D
49. A
50. E
Objective Exercise – Articles
fjDr LFkkuksa dks lgh vkfVZdy ls Hkfj, &
Fill in the blanks with appropriate Articles (A, An, The):
1. I am at ………home.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
2. She invited me to ……….dinner.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
3. I was studying in ………..Delhi university.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
4. I was born in ………….Calcutta.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
5. He is one of …………..most intelligent students of mine.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
6. You are……..honest boy.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
c) an
d) No article
7. You are……..honest.
a) the
b) a
8. I have four and …………half years of experience with international BPOs.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
9. He is …………..greatest warrior of today.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
10. He is weak in……….mathematics.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
11. All………..boys are naughty.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
c) an
d) No article
12. He lives in………….US.
a) the
b) a
13. I am from……………Delhi
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
14. She lives in……………Dilshad Colony.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
299
15. I have read………..whole book.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
16. He is one of…………best students of mine.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
17. I met with …………accident yesterday.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
18. He is ……….PM of India.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
19. You should go by……………bus.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
c) an
d) No article
20. I am not ……….best.
a) the
b) a
21. A woman is more sensitive than………..man.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
22. I will meet you on………..Sunday.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
23. Don‟t make……….noise.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
24. I have been working for………….hour.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
25. He is ………….union leader.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
26. He is working for …….university.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
c) an
d) No article
27. I am at………….fault.
a) the
b) a
28. I have only one and……………half kilos rice.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
29. I will meet you in…….morning.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
300
30. He studies at………..night.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
31. ……….Earth is revolving around the Sun.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
32. It is not…..book but a novel.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
33. I have been waiting for …….reply since I questioned you.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
34. I don‟t expect ………answer from you.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
35. He was going to …….school.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
36. I was coming from………..market.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
37. People took the injured guy to ……….hospital.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
38. Police has been looking into ……matter for quite a long.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
39. ………Gold is a precious metal.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
40. Ram is a brother of ………guy who I had met the other day.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
41. He was in ……….Australia last year.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
42. Honesty is ………best policy.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
43. My watch is made in ……..India.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
44. Mobile has been ringing for ……. long.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
301
45. I loved ……..way she spoke with me.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
46. He does not have ……..brain.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
c) an
d) No article
47. …….love is life.
a) the
b) a
48. I distributed ………pens, you had given me, to all the students.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
49. I am ……..one who doesn‟t talk to many people.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
50. It is your ………..best attempt.
a) the
b) a
c) an
d) No article
Answer Sheet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D
D
D
D
A
6. C
7. D
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. A
13. D
14. D
15. A
16. A
17. C
18. A
19. D
20. A
21. B
22. D
23. B
24. C
25. B
26. B
27. D
28. B
29. A
30. D
31. A
32. B
33. B
34. C
35. D
36. D
37. D
38. A
39. D
40. A
Objective Exercise – Prepositions
fjDr LFkkuksa dks lgh izSiksft+‛kUl ls Hkfj, &
Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions:
1. You must not look down…………the poor.
b)
at
b) on
c) in
d) upon
e) to
d) upon
e) to
2. She invited me…………dinner.
a) at
b) on
c) in
3. The day proved fatal………….his plan.
a) at
b) on
c) in
d) upon
e) to
d) upon
e) over
4. I was born………..Calcutta.
a) at
b) on
c) in
5. He is very bad…………..expressing himself.
a) at
b) on
c) in
d) upon
302
e) into
41. D
42. A
43. D
44. B
45. A
46. D
47. D
48. A
49. A
50. D
6. You should look……………the matter.
a) at
b) on
c) in
d) into
e) over
7. I was tired…………your rubbish talk.
a) by
b) on
c) of
d) upon
e) over
d) upon
e) over
8. Take care…………your parents
a) off
b) on
c) of
9. Pour some more milk……….the jug.
a) inside
b) on
c) in
d) upon
e) into
10. I can ride……………the horse back.
a) at
b) on
c) in
d) upon
e) over
d) upon
e) over
d) upon
e) over
c) off
d) with
e) onto
c) then
d) from
e) above
d) upon
e) over
d) than
e) over
d) of
e) by
11. The stone came……….me.
a) down upon b) down at c) onto
12. She lives………Dilshad Garden.
a) at
b) on
c) in
13. Wipe the dust…………..the table.
a) from
b) by
14. He is older…………..I.
a) to
b) than
15. You are younger …………me.
a) at
b) to
c) in
16. He is far ahead………….others.
a) by
b) on
c) of
17. I am running short………money.
a) at
b) with
c) off
18. He has lived in Delhi………..two years.
a) in
b) for
c) about
d) since
e) over
d) for
e) over
d) below
e) down
19. He is content ………this amount.
a) in
b) with
c) by
20. Letter is kept ……….the pillow.
a) under
b) beneath c) over
303
21. She has married …………… him last year.
a) to
b) with
c) within
d) by
e) No Preposition
22. You should be ashamed ……………yourself.
a) at
b) on
c) by
d) of
e) No Preposition
23. I told him to be careful……………the traffic.
a) at
b) on
c) in
d) by
e) of
c) in
d) to
e) with
c) in
d) to
e) by
24. He is ………….blame.
a) at
b) on
25. I am…….. fault.
a) at
b) on
26. A leaf is kept ……….the Mathematics book.
a) under
b) above
c) over
d) below
e) underneath
d) above
e) by
d) upon
e) over
d) by
e) over
27. I have seen …….my parents.
a) of
b) to
c) off
28. I prefer studying ……night.
a) at
b) on
c) in
29. He studies …….the evening.
a) at
b) on
c) in
30. The Earth is revolving……. the Sun.
a) by
b) surround c) around d) about
e) over
31. Does it make any difference ……….you?
a) at
b) on
c) with
d) to
e) beneath
32. I was looking ……..a room as I had to relocate immediately.
a) at
b) for
c) on
d) over
e) onto
33. I went for the interview ……..hand but I got selected.
a) of
b) in
c) off
d) with
e) over
d) below
e) before
34. Ram is younger ……..me.
a) to
b) than
c) by
35. I will blame you ………that negligence.
a) for
b) about
c) under
d) to
304
e) over
36. He assures you ………assistance.
a) for
b) with
c) of
d) upon
e) over
b) up
c) into
d) upon
e) than
d) under
e) underneath
37. What‟s…….?
a) at
38. He was sitting ……….10 people.
a) among
b) between c) in
39. Can you see the man …………the road?
a) at
b) across
c) in
d) beyond
e) off
40. Your imagination is ……………….dreams.
a) at
b) across
c) off
d) beyond
e) over
41. He got………….the bus and rushed to school.
a) from
b) by
c) of
d) off
e) over
42. This mobile is ……..no use …….me.
a) of, to
b) to, of
c) of, of
d) off, to
e) to, off
43. I will always remain indebted ………..my parents.
a) at
b) of
c) to
d) by
e) over
44. Put out the fire lest it should spread ……..
a) out
b) off
c) away
d) onto
e) over
45. I got very happy, the moment I saw my best friend dropped………
a) at
b) on
c) in
d) upon
e) over
46. I came ……..your home but didn‟t courage to knock ……the door.
a) at, at
b) up to, on c) up to, at d) till, at
e) till, on
47. We had…….return to home quickly as it was getting dark.
a) on
b) to
c) by
d) off
e) No Preposition
c) after
d) ahead
e) No Preposition
48. I run ……….money.
a) by
b) before
49. You are addicted……………gambling.
a) to
b) of
c) with
d) by
e) beneath
d) onto
e) over
50. She died………….hard work.
a) of
b) from
c) with
305
51. My house is adjacent……..his house.
a) to
b) by
c) with
d) across
e) No preposition
d) along
e) No preposition
52. She is married…………Ram.
a) to
b) with
c) by
53. You should investigate………….the matter.
a) about
b) into
c) over
d) onto
e) No preposition
d) onto
e) No preposition
54. I discussed……….the issue.
a) about
b) into
c) over
55. You should look after……………..your parents.
a) out
b) off
c) away
d) onto
e) No preposition
56. He was applying the cream……………..his face.
a) on
b) onto
c) up to
d) in
e) over
d) onto
e) over
57. He will come home………….Holi.
a) on
b) in
c) at
58. The convict escaped………..the punishment.
a) off
b) of
c) from
d) onto
e) No preposition
59. I was tired…………listening to his excuses.
a) out
b) off
c) of
d) onto
e) over
60. I opened………..the fiftieth page of the book.
a) out
b) off
c) at
d) in
e) No preposition
61. He killed his brother…………an arrow.
a) of
b) off
c) with
d) onto
e) over
d) of
e) then
62. He is a friend ………mine.
a) than
b) to
c) from
63. He is……….weak that he can‟t talk.
a) too
b) to
c) so
d) All of these
e) No Preposition
64. He is sitting………………the auditorium.
a) out
b) at
c) in
d) into
e) over
d) of
e) over
65. I am running short…………time.
a) out
b) off
c) away
306
66. I wish……..early rains.
a) for
b) off
c) of
d) on
e) No preposition
67. She broke……….. the house to steal something.
a) in
b) on
c) away
d) onto
e) No preposition
d) onto
e) up
d) onto
e) No preposition
d) inside
e) upon
68. I broke……….with Priya.
a) out
b) off
c) away
69. I made him………..go there.
a) in
b) on
c) at
70. This chain is made………..Gold.
a) by
b) of
c) in
71. This computer is made…………America.
a) by
b) of
c) in
d) inside
e) upon
c) at
d) onto
e) No preposition
72. I am ……….the wrong.
a) in
b) on
73. This cloth is inferior……….my cloth.
a) than b) to
c) then
d) rather than
e) over
74. I will reach office………….6 o‟clock.
a) by
b) at
c) before
d) All of these
e) No Preposition
75. His car is parked………….the road.
a) to
b) by
c) along
d) upon
e) with
Answer Sheet
1. D
2. E
3. E
4. C
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. E
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. B
20. B
21. A
22. D
23. C
24. D
25. A
26. E
27. C
28. A
29. C
30. C
31. D
32. B
33. C
34. A
35. A
36. C
37. B
38. A
39. B
40. D
41. D
42. A
43. C
44. E
307
45. C
46. C
47. B
48. C
49. A
50. B
51. E
52. A
53. E
54. E
55. E
56. B
57. C
58. C
59. C
60. C
61. C
62. D
63. C
64. C
65. D
66. A
67. A
68. B
69. E
70. B
71. C
72. A
73. B
74. D
75. C
Lesson – 37
Sentence Correction Exercises
The sentences taken in this lesson are based on all the concepts taught in
previous chapters. Unless your basics are strong, you will find difficulty in
correcting the sentences out here.
This is a kind of self assessment of your understanding to concepts taught
so far. If you face any difficulty in understanding the logic of correction in
this lesson, go back to the respective lesson and learn the concept again. If
you still face issues, mail us at englishwale12@gmail.com or place your
doubts in student helpdesk forum after logging into
www.englishwale.com. We are always there to help you out.
Exercise – I
S.
No
v‛kq) okD;
Incorrect Sentence
‚kq) okD;
Correct Sentence
1.
Does he goes for a walk?
Does he go for a walk?
2.
I doesn‟t know what to do.
I don‟t know what to do.
3.
He is greatest.
He is great. / He is the greatest.
4.
He don‟t remember what I said.
He doesn‟t remember what I said.
5.
He has went to market.
He has gone to market.
6.
He has been doing it since two years.
He has been doing it for two years.
7.
All boys are naughty.
All the boys are naughty.
8.
She must be standing on the door.
She must be standing at the door.
9.
India is our country and we are it‟s
inhabitants.
India is our country and we are her
inhabitants.
10.
Hi, its me.
Hi, it‟s I.
11
I have been working with you from
yesterday.
12
I have never seen such a wonderful people.
I have been working with you since
yesterday.
I have never seen such wonderful
people.
13
He is one of the best friend of mine.
He is one of the best friends of mine.
14
Let he dance.
Let him dance.
308
15
I went market yesterday.
I went to market yesterday.
16
This is a womens park.
This is a women‟s park.
17
He is going to the market.
He is going to market.
18
You, who is honest, shouldn‟t do it.
You, who are honest, shouldn‟t do it.
19
I, who is a good man, can never do it.
I, who am a good man, can never do it.
22
Neither the ball nor the bats was in good
condition.
Neither the bats nor the ball were in good
condition.
It take 2 minutes.
23
The director and the producer is dead.
24
The director and producer are dead.
Neither the ball nor the bats were in
good condition.
Neither the bats nor the ball was in good
condition.
It takes 2 minutes.
The director and the producer are dead.
(Director & Producer are 2 different
persons.)
nksuksa ls igys “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2 O;fDr
gSaA
The director and producer is dead.
(Director & Producer is the same
person.)
20
21
dsoy ‚kq#vkr esa “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa ,d gh
O;fDr gSA
25
Director and Producer is dead.
Director and Producer are dead.
(Director & Producer are 2 different
persons.)
nksuksa ls igys “the” ugha yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2
O;fDr gSaA
26
Neither my brother nor I is happy.
Neither my brother nor I am happy.
27
Either she or I is telling a lie.
Either she or I am telling a lie.
28
Either I or she is telling a lie.
Either I or she is telling a lie.
29
Ajay as well as his brothers deserve the
award.
Ajay as well as his brothers deserves the
award.
30
I have seen the film and she has also.
I have seen the film and so has she.
31
The bus left before we reached.
The bus had left before we reached.
32
He is addicted to smoke.
33
A Mr. Patel had come to our office today.
34
He never hesitates to sing.
He is addicted to smoking.
This sentence is correct.
A Mr. Patel – dksbZ fe0 iVsyA
He never hesitates in singing.
35
He has passion to read books.
He has passion for reading books.
36
Mr. Kumar is my English Teacher.
Mr. Kumar is my teacher of English.
37
His Exam starts from Monday.
His Exam starts on Monday.
38
I have learnt it word by word.
I have learnt it word for word.
309
39 It‟s female compartment.
It‟s a ladies‟ compartment.
40 It‟s color is black.
Its color is black.
41 Open your book in page number 8.
Open your book at page number 8.
42 Mr. Kumar is my Mathematics teacher.
Mr. Kumar is my teacher of
Mathematics.
43 This is the house whose roof leaks.
This is the house the roof of which leaks.
44 This is the chair whose legs are broken.
This is the chair the legs of which are
broken.
45 He died from Cancer.
He died of Cancer.
46 He died with Typhoid.
He died of Typhoid.
47 He is going to the school.
He is going to school.
48 I am coming from the hospital.
I am coming from hospital.
49 I am sitting at the home.
I am sitting at home.
50 I have lost my patience.
I have lost patience.
51 I say you.
I say to you.
52 Mr. Kumar is my Science teacher.
Mr. Kumar is my teacher of science.
53 I resigned from HCL and joined IBM.
I resigned HCL and joined IBM.
54 First in all, I told him about his mistakes.
First of all, I told him about his
mistakes.
55 We need a house to live.
We need a house to live in.
56 Raju secured only passing marks in Maths.
Raju secured only pass marks in Maths.
57
No less than hundred soldiers were died in
that blast.
No fewer than hundred soldiers were
died in that blast.
58 One day, you will be of my age.
One day you will be my age.
59 You have got perfect furnitures.
You have got perfect furniture.
60 He is master of English.
He is a master of English.
61 My trouser is old.
My trousers are old.
esjh iSaV iqjkuh gSA
310
62
My scissors are sharp.
My scissors are sharp.
63
Riches is transitory.
Riches is transitory.
64
Mr. Goyal is my Commerce teacher.
Mr. Goyal is my teacher of Commerce.
65
The sheep is grazing.
The sheep are grazing.
66
Mr. Kumar is my Hindi teacher.
Mr. Kumar is my teacher of Hindi.
67
My hair are black.
My hair is black.
68
I found two hair in vegetable.
I found two hairs in vegetable.
69
Rahul looks me.
Rahul looks at me.
70
Hindustan times is a newspaper.
The Hindustan Times is a newspaper.
71
He lives in UK.
He lives in the UK.
72
My house is made of the stone.
My house is made of stone.
73
He invited me for the lunch.
He invited me to lunch.
74
Ram‟s and Mohan‟s houses is under repair.
75
I appeared in B.Tech Exam in June this
year.
Ram‟s and Mohan‟s houses are under
repair.
I appeared at B. Tech Exam in June this
year.
76
Sit in the door.
Sit at the door.
77
Somebody is knocking on the door.
Somebody is knocking at the door.
78
The thief escaped off the police.
The thief escaped from the police.
79
I have got an account in Allahabad bank.
I have got an account with Allahabad
bank.
80
Open fifth page.
Open at the fifth page.
81
He is writing by a pen.
He is writing with a pen.
82
None of you was present in the class.
None of you were present in the class.
83
Each one of you are my friend.
Each one of you is my friend.
84
My friends enjoyed in the party.
My friends enjoyed themselves in the
party.
85
You should avail the facilities.
You should avail yourself the facilities.
311
86
God helps all the rich & poor people.
God helps all the rich & the poor.
87
Many a students is working hard.
Many a student is working hard.
88
Call me anything else than a donkey.
Call me anything else but a donkey.
89
How clever man is he!
How clever man he is!
90
The teacher had hardly reached the class,
then the students began to make a noise.
91
No sooner had I reached the room, then
you started studying.
The teacher had hardly reached the
class, when the students began to make
a noise.
No sooner had I reached the room, than
you started studying.
92
I love to walk in the park.
I love walking in the park.
93
He likes to music more than his life.
He likes music more than his life.
94
He loves to read the newspaper.
He loves reading the newspaper.
95
Unless you don‟t go there, nothing will
change.
Unless you go there, nothing will
change.
96
Work hard lest you may fail the exam.
Work hard lest you should fail the exam.
The manager and the director are dead.
97
nksuksa ls igys “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2
O;fDr gSaA
The manager and the director is dead.
(Manager & Director - 2 different persons)
98
He will come home in Christmas.
He will come home at Christmas.
99
You can cut the potato by a knife.
You can cut the potato with a knife.
100 Take the book from the table
Take the book off the table
101 I enjoy myself a lot during summer.
I enjoy myself a lot during the summer.
The singer and philosopher is dead.
nksuksa ls igys “the” ugha yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa ,d gh
O;fDr gSaA
102 The singer and philosopher are dead.
(Singer & Philosopher – same person)
The singer and the philosopher are dead.
103 The singer and the philosopher is dead.
nksuksa ls igys “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2
O;fDr gSaA
Neither Ali nor his friends was present in
the party.
105 Many a girl love Rahul.
( Singer & Philosopher - 2 different
persons)
Neither Ali nor his friends were present
in the party.
Many a girl loves Rahul.
106 I have purchase 12 dozen bananas.
I have purchased 12 dozen bananas.
107 He gave me an advice.
He gave me a piece of advice.
108 Did he advice you?
Did he advise you?
104
312
110
The crocodile is the largest of all other
reptiles.
Preeti is the best of all other students in
111
the class.
Each of the ladies performs her duty
well.
The crocodile is the largest of all the
reptiles.
Preeti is the best of all the students in
the class.
112 Swati is more smarter than Neha.
Swati is smarter than Neha.
113 I lain the book on the table.
I laid the book on the table.
114 He made me to go there.
He made me go there.
115 I discussed about the matter.
I discussed the matter.
116 I am so happy today.
I am very happy today.
117 He was so tired to walk any further.
He was too tired to walk any further.
118 He had told to me.
He had told me.
109 Each of the ladies perform her duty well.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. The measure of who we are is what we do with what we have.
2. You can avoid reality but you can never avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.
3. I can write better than anybody who can write faster, and I can write faster than anybody who
can write better.
4. Not everything that can be counted counts; and not everything that counts can be counted.
5. In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But in practice, there is.
6. I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.
7. Each problem that I solved became a rule which served afterwards to solve other problems.
8. Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.
9. Once we decide we have to do something, we can go miles ahead.
10. When you stop chasing the wrong things you give the right things a chance to catch you.
313
Exercise – II
S.
No
v‛kq) okD;
Incorrect Sentence
‚kq) okD;
Correct Sentence
1
I am enjoying.
I am enjoying myself.
2
Rahul that is my best friend is a
dancer.
Rahul, who is my best friend, is a dancer.
3
The boy, who is my best friend, is a
dancer.
The boy who is my best friend is a dancer.
or
The boy that is my best friend is a dancer.
4
Marble table that is my favourite is
expensive.
Marble table, which is my favourite, is
expensive.
5
The table, which is my favourite, is
expensive.
The table which is my favourite is
expensive.
or
The table that is my favourite is expensive.
6
Four dozens bananas are kept there.
Four dozen bananas are kept there.
7
The child has no idea where his
parents were.
The child has no idea where his parents
are.
8
Seeta is in class fifth.
Seeta is in fifth class. / Seeta is in class
five.
9
Rahul is honest person.
Rahul is an honest person. / Rahul is
honest.
10
Aman is an honest person in his
dealings.
Aman is a person honest in his dealings./
Aman is a person who is honest in his
dealings.
11
Ram is my the best friend.
Ram is my best friend.
12
He is Shakespeare of our class.
He is the Shakespeare of our class. /
He is a Shakespeare of our class.
13
She has two son-in-laws.
She has two sons-in-law.
14
They have got a summon today.
They have got a summons today.
15
They have got two summons today.
They have got two summonses today.
16
He gave me some informations.
He gave me some information.
He gave me some pieces of information.
17
I have many furnitures.
I have many furniture.
18
The famous singer and politician were
present there.
The famous singer and politician was
present there.
314
19
The famous singer and the politician was
present there.
The famous singer and the politician
were present there.
20
The team couldn‟t win because it was split
into three groups.
The team couldn‟t win because they
were split into three groups.
21
We should be kind to the poor people.
We should be kind to the poor.
We should be kind to poor people.
22
Take money from the rich people.
Take money from the rich. / Take
money from rich people.
23
Any of the two girls can do this work.
Either of the two girls can do this work.
24
I, he and you will go.
You, he and I will go.
25
It was me who did it.
It was I who did it.
26
Each one of you has seen this.
Each of you has seen this.
27
I was sitting amongst 20 people.
I was sitting among 20 people.
28
I was among the crowd.
I was amongst the crowd.
29
Rohit‟s and Mohit‟s home is just round the
corner.
Rohit and Mohit‟s home is just round
the corner. /
Rohit‟s and Mohit‟s homes are just
round the corner.
30
All the guests who I invited to dinner were
present.
All the guests whom I invited to dinner
were present.
31
I invited my friend on dinner.
I invited my friend to dinner.
32
It is worth fifty rupees.
It is worth rupees fifty.
33
He is one of my best friend.
He is one of my best friends.
34
Who did you see that day?
Whom did you see that day?
35
You and I know one another for many
years.
You and I know each other for many
years.
36
You, he and I know each another for many
years.
You, he and I know one another for
many years.
37
I, he and you are good boys.
You, he and I are good boys.
38
You, he and I are bad boys.
I, you and he are bad boys.
39
Rahul told that he was unhappy.
Rahul said that he was unhappy.
40
Rahul said to me that he was unhappy.
Rahul told me that he was unhappy.
315
41
Its good that you have come.
It‟s good that you have come.
42
You had promised that you would
come.
You had promised me that you would
come.
43
You had promised me that you will
come.
You had promised me that you would
come.
44
Your face resembles with my mom.
Your face resembles my mom.
45
The police shot the criminal.
The police shot at the criminal.
The police shot the criminal dead.
46
Police has caught the criminal.
The police has caught the criminal.
47
Tell me how are you.
Tell me how you are.
48
I asked him who is he.
I asked him who he was.
49
I don‟t know that he will go to Shimla
or not.
I don‟t know whether he will go to Shimla
or not.
50
Study lest you will fail.
Study lest you should fail.
51
I am also not good.
I am not good either. / Even, I am not good.
52
I don‟t have something.
I don‟t have anything. / I have nothing.
53
He is so weak to walk.
He is too weak to walk. / He is so weak
that he can‟t walk.
54
I am so weak to pass the exam.
I am too weak to pass the exam. / I am so
weak that I can‟t pass the exam.
55
She lived in a boarding.
She lived in a boarding house.
56
I am suggesting you.
I am suggesting to you.
57
I want your reply.
I want a reply from you.
58
Doctor suggested us newer
medications.
Doctor suggested to us newer medications.
59
I love to go there.
I love going there.
60
I am looking forward to meet him.
I am looking forward to meeting him.
61
I am used to smoke a lot.
I am used to smoking a lot. / I used to
smoke a lot.
62
This question is difficult to be solved.
This question is difficult to solve.
316
63
He loves to read books.
He loves reading books.
64
They like to watch TV.
They like watching TV.
65
I and the members of my team has seen
the Taj.
I and the members of my team have seen
the Taj.
66
I along with the members of my team
have seen the Taj.
I along with the members of my team has
seen the Taj.
67
If you will go there, tell him about me.
If you go there, tell him about me.
68
If Ram will come your home, he will talk
to you.
If Ram comes your home, he will talk to
you.
If you go there with me, you will also see
that Aman‟s house. (Future)
69
If you went there with me, you would also
see that Aman‟s house.
(Present)
If you gone there with me, you would
have also seen Aman‟s house.
If you had gone there with me, you would
have also seen that Aman‟s house.
(Past possibility)
If I am fit, we will play together. (Future)
If I were fit, we would play together.
(Present)
If I had been fit, we would have played
together. (Past possibility)
70
If I was fit, we would have played
together.
71
Last week, I have met you.
Last week, I had met you.
72
Since morning, she is studying.
Since morning, she has been studying.
73
Since yesterday, I am upset.
Since yesterday, I have been upset.
76
He is with me for a long.
He has been with me for a long.
77
I am here ever since you have come.
78
By 6 o‟clock tomorrow, I will finish it.
I have been here ever since you have
come.
By 6 o‟clock tomorrow, I will have finished
it.
79
I prefer tea to coffee.
I prefer tea over coffee.
80
I prefer singing over dancing.
I prefer singing to dancing. / I prefer to
sing to dance.
81
I am not only your brother but your
friend as well.
I am not only your brother but also your
friend.
317
82
He not only went there but talked to He not only went there but also talked to
that girl too.
that girl.
83
Myself Saleem.
I am Saleem. / My name is Saleem. / This
is Saleem.
84
Because you are my friend, I will
stand by you.
Since/As/For you are my friend, I will
stand by you.
85
I will stand by you since you are my
friend.
I will stand by you as/for/because you are
my friend.
86
His performance is more superior
than mine.
His performance is superior to mine.
87
Rahul was braver than wise.
Rahul was more brave than wise.
88
You are taller than me.
You are taller than I.
89
He is older than me.
He is older than I.
90
Ram is younger than I.
Ram is younger to me.
91
He is senior than I.
He is senior to me.
92
I am more brave than you.
I am braver than you.
93
He is braver than wise.
He is more brave than wise.
94
Of the three, he is the better.
Of the three, he is the best.
95
Of the two, he is the best.
Of the two, he is better.
96
Of the four, he is better.
Of the four, he is the best.
97
I am worse than him.
I am worse than he.
98
He is so clever.
He is very clever.
99
The God is great.
God is great.
100
I am so clever as my brother.
I am as clever as my brother.
101
I am not as clever as my brother.
I am not so clever as my brother.
102
Wherever you will go, you will find
God.
Wherever you go, you will find God.
103
I don‟t know to speak English.
I don‟t know how to speak in English.
318
104
He doesn‟t know Punjabi.
He doesn‟t know how to speak in Punjabi.
105
Translate from Hindi to English.
Translate Hindi into English./
Translate from Hindi into English.
106
He has finished three-fourth of this
book.
He has finished three-fourths of this book.
107
There is no problem in whole UP.
There is no problem in whole of UP.
108
I love writing by a pen.
I love writing with a pen.
109
I have no house to live.
I have no house to live in.
110
Do not discuss about this topic.
Do not discuss this topic.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
2. No masterpiece was ever created without efforts.
3. Thinking should become your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across
in your life.
4. Winners are those who learn from their failures.
5. The number one reason people fail in life is because they listen to their friends, family, and
neighbors.
6. There is no chance, no destiny, no fate, that can hinder or control the firm resolve of a determined
soul.
7. Whatever the mind of man can believe, can be achieved.
8. Strive not to be a success, but to be of value.
9. You miss 100% of the shots you don‟t take.
10. Every time you lose, you gain experience.
11. Unless you try, you can‟t say whether you‟ll succeed or not. So go ahead and try your best.
12. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn‟t do than by
the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe harbor, catch the trade winds
in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.
13. Even thousands of stars can‟t replace the Moon; Similarly thousands of ordinary men can‟t
replace an extraordinary man.
319
Lesson – 38
Mixed Practice Exercise
Translate the following sentences into English……
1- mls ?kj yk;k x;k A
2- eq>s 2 feuV fn;s x;s Fks A
3- ;s yksx rqels dc feys \
4- ;s dke dkSu djrk gS \
5- eSa vDlj rqEgkjs ?kj vkrk Fkk A
6- rqe yksxksa dks iSls ugha fn;s tk ldrs A
7- mlus cPpksa dks cSBus fn;k FkkA
8- eSa cgqr nsj ls mls <wa< jgk gw¡ A
9- ckcj dks vdcj ls feyus fn;k tk;sxk A
10- bl ns‛k esa nhikoyh dc eukbZ tkrh gS \
11- rqEgsa fdlds ?kj tkuk gS \
12- D;k rqEgsa ,slk dguk pkfg, Fkk \
13- jke ds HkkbZ ds ikl D;k ugha gS \
14- rqels feys gq, dbZ lky gks x;s gSa A
15- ‚kk;n oks Ldwy x;k gksxk A
16- Ykksx ,sls D;ksa gksrs gSa \
17- mlus ,slk dHkh ugha fd;k A
18- yksxksa dks ?kj tkuk iM+k A
19- rqels dksbZ ‚kknh ugha djuk pkgsxk A
20- eksckbZy esa D;k gS \
21- oks fdlh vkSj ds liuksa esa [kks;k gqvk Fkk A
22- gesa i<+us D;ksa ugha fn;k tk jgk gS \
23- D;k rqe ;gk¡ lks ikvksxs \
24- mlds fdrus HkkbZ Fks \
25- T+;knk Vh oh ns[kuk vk¡[kksa ds fy, Bhd ugha gS A
26- oks ‚kk;n eq>s ;kn dj jgk gks A
27- mlus vkus fn;k A
28- ‚kk;n dy vksys iM+sa A
29- oks eq>s vDlj ;kn vkrk Fkk A
30- jke us dgk gS A
31- cxZj [kk;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \
32- lHkh dks dqN fn;k tk jgk Fkk A
33- Hkxoku Ñ".k dks ekjk ugha tk ldrkA
34- vxj eSa vkrk rks rqels feyrk A
35- ;gk¡ ckfj‛k D;ksa ugha gksrh \
36- Ekq>s ?kqlus ugha fn;k tk jgk Fkk A
37- oks esjs vkxs [kM+k Fkk A
38- ijlksa NqV~Vh Fkh A
39- fdl ghjks dk HkkbZ fnYyh esa gS \
40- mls jkst+ gkWfLiVy D;ksa ys tk;k tkrk Fkk \
41- T+;knk lkspuk csdkj gS A
42- cPpksa dks Hkstk tk,xk A
43- mlds psgjs us eq>s ,d vkneh dh ;kn fnyk nh ftls eSa
1985 esa feyk FkkA
44- HkkbZ iDdk Ldwy ds fy, fudy x;k gksxk A
45- eSus dgk Fkk fd eSa tkšxk A
320
46- eSa pkjksa HkkbZ;ksa esa lcls cM+k gw¡ A
47- oks dc ls [ksy jgk gS \
48- geus mls fn[kk;k Fkk A
49- ;s fdl isM+ dk vke gS A
50- jke mu fnuksa gels feyrk Fkk A
51- rqEgsa gkWfLiVy D;ksa ys tk;k x;k \
52- jke dks Hkstk tkuk pkfg, A
53- oks esjk D;k yxrk gS \
54- mls [kkuk ugha fn;k tk;sxk A
55- gesa Hkstk tk jgk gS A
56- eSa rqEgsa tkus ugha nsrk A
57- thruk mldh vknr cu x;h gS A
58- mls fdlus ugha ns[kk \
59- oks fdlds lkFk i<+rk Fkk \
60- esjs ikl fdlh dk iSu ugha gS A
61- esjk fny mlls T+;knk etcwr gS A
62- vkt vksys ugha iM+s A
63- rqels feys gq, eq>s dbZ lky gks x;s gaS A
64- eq>s Ldwy igq¡pus esa 10 feuV yxrs gSa A
65- 25 lky yxs A
66- ;s cPpk fdl vkSjr dk gS \
67- D;k ;s ml yM+dh dk gS \
68- oks eq>s dHkh gkjus ugha nsxk A
69- fdrus fnu yxs \
70- ogk¡ dkSu fNik gqvk gS \
71- fdl yM+ds dh cgu ogk¡ [kM+h Fkh \
72- eSa dc ls txk gqvk gw¡\
73- ‚kk;n mlus ns[kk gksxk \
74- eq>s dgk x;k Fkk fd eq>s vesfjdk Hkstk tk,xk A
75- ;s dc gqvk \
76- rqe eq>ls de iSls okys gks A
77- gesa lqcg ls i<+k;k tk jgk gS A
78- oks dkQh nsj ls lks;k gqvk gS A
79- mls Hkstk tkuk pkfg, A
80- eSa dy ls ;gk¡ cSBk gw¡ A
81- ;s eksckbZy rqEgkjs eksckbZy ls T+;knk iqjkuk gS A
82- mlds ikl fdlh vkSj dk iSu Fkk A
83- D;k eSa mlls T+;knk cqjk gw¡ \
84- Ckkfj‛k fdrus cts gqbZ \
85- D;k rqEgsa ugha tkuk \
86- D;k irk] mlus dgk gks A
87- Lkjdkj gesa fonzksg D;ksa ugha djus nsrh \
88- eq>s pSu ls thus nks A
89- mldk dqN ugha gS] lc esjk gS A
90- esjh gS ;s fdrkc \
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
He was brought home.
I had been given 2 minutes.
When did these people meet me?
Who does this work?
I used to often come your home.
You people can‟t be given money. /
Money can‟t be given to you people.
7. He had let children sit.
8. I have been searching him for a long?
9. Babar will be let meet Akbar.
10. When is Diwali celebrated in this country?
11. Whose home have you to go?
12. Should you have said so?
13. What does Ram‟s brother not have?
14. It has been many years having met you.
15. He might have gone to school.
16. Why are people so?
17. He never did so.
18. People had to go home.
19. Nobody would like to marry you.
20. What is there in mobile?
21. He was lost in someone else‟s dreams.
22. Why are we not letting study?
23. Will you be able to sleep here?
24. How many brothers did he have?
25. Watching TV a lot is not good for eyes.
26. He might be missing me.
27. He let come.
28. It might hail tomorrow.
29. He used to often miss me.
30. Ram has said.
31. How many days has it been to you
having eaten/taken/had burger?
32. All were being given something.
33. Lord Krishna can‟t be killed.
34. If I came, I would meet you.
35. Why does it not rain here?
36. I was not being let enter.
37. He was standing ahead of me.
38. It was holiday day before yesterday.
39. Which actor‟s brother is in Delhi?
40. Why did he use to be taken to hospital
every day?
41. Thinking a lot is a waste.
42. Children will be sent.
43. His face reminded me of a man whom I
had met in 1985.
44. Brother must have left for school.
45. I had said that I would go.
46. I am the eldest among 4 brothers.
47. Since when has he been playing?
48. We had shown him.
49. Which tree‟s mango is it?
50. Ram used to meet us those days.
51. Why were you brought to hospital?
52. Ram should be sent.
53. What is he to me?
54. He will not be given the food.
55. We are being sent.
56. I don‟t let you go.
57. Winning has become his habit.
58. Who didn‟t see him?
59. With whom did he use to study?
60. We don‟t have anybody‟s pen.
61. My heart is stronger than his.
62. It didn‟t hail today.
63. It has been many years having met you.
64. It takes me 10 minutes to reach school.
65. It took 25 years.
66. Of which woman is this child?
67. Is it of that girl? / Is it that girl‟s?
68. He will never let me lose.
69. How many days did it take?
70. Who is hidden there?
71. Which boy‟s sister was standing there?
72. Since when/From when am I awake?
73. He might/may have seen.
74. I was said that I will be sent to America.
75. When did it happen?
76. You are poorer than I.
77. We are being taught since morning.
78. He is asleep for a long.
79. He should be sent.
80. I have been sitting here since
yesterday.
81. This mobile is older than your mobile.
82. He had somebody else‟s pen.
83. Am I worse than he?
84. At what time did it rain?
85. Have you not to go?
86. He might/may have said.
87. Why does Government not let us
protest?
88. Let me live peacefully.
89. His is nothing, all is mine.
90. Mine is this book.
321
Lesson – 39
Mixed Test Papers
Let‟s check our progress through following mixed test papers.
If you don‟t score more than 80%, that clearly means you are not competent
enough to go any further. In that case, go back and re-revise the lessons.
Mixed Test - I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English:
30 x 1 = 30
1- eSa dbZ yksxksa ds chp cSBk FkkA
17- bruk vklku ugha gksrkA
2- canj isM+ ls dwnkA
18- lkspus dh ckr ;s gS fd ge ;s djsaxs dSls \
3- jke dks eq>ls feyok;k tk;sxkA
19- rqe esjh etcwjh dk Qk;nk mBk jgs gks A
4- eq>s fHktok;k x;k A
20- ,slk djuk fdlh iki ls de ugha gSA
5- eq>s jkst+ fl[kk;k tkrk FkkA
21- ckj&ckj cqykdj mldk le; [kjkc er djksA
6- eSa iwN jgk gw¡ fd rqe dkSu gksA
22- vius vki dks T+;knk pkykd le>us dh xyrh
7- vxj eSa Bhd gksrk] rks ge lkFk [ksyrsA
er djksA
8- eSa lqcg ls ;gk¡ gw¡A
23- D;k irk dc esjh fdLer cny tk;s!
9- fdrkc rfd;s ds uhps FkhA
24- csdkj dh ckrsa djus ls dksbZ Qk;nk ugha A
10- jke dks [ksyus ugha fn;k x;kA
25- ,slk lkspuk fcYdqy tk;t+ ugha gSA
11- eq>s le>k;k tk jgk FkkA
26- eSa ;s lc djds NksM+ pqdk gw¡ tks rqe vc dj
12- ;s rqEgsa eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs fy, D;k ek;us
jgs gks A
j[krs gks \
27- ;gh rks fdrkc gS tks eSaus rqEgsa nh FkhA
13- mldh gjdrksa ls yxrk gS fd oks vHkh Hkh cPpk gSA
28- ge oks gSa tks nqfu;k thr ldrs gSaA
14- ;s lquus esa vPNk yxrk gS ij dj ds ns[kks] et+kd
29- mldh gkyr ns[kdj eSa vius vk¡lw ugha jksd
ugha gSA
ik;kA
15- oDr us rqEgkjh ;knksa dks /kq¡/kyk dj fn;k FkkA
30- esjs lkjs nksLr ogha ij FksA
16- mlus rqEgsa /kks[kk fn;k] rqe mls vc Hkh pkgrs
gks \
Q2: Correct the following sentences if incorrect:
1) He as well as his friends is good.
2) The Director & Producer is dead.
3) A Mr. Ram is sitting outside and waiting. He is wearing a blue shirt.
4) I took the mobile from the table.
5) The Table, which is my favourite is expensive.
6) You, he & I are to blame.
7) You, he & I are doing a good job.
8) He along with the members of his team has seen the Taj.
9) If he will come, he will scold you.
10) He is older than me.
11) I will see whether he is there.
12) He is 3 years younger than me.
13) Even if he will go, I don‟t care.
14) I am here for 3 days.
15) The moment he come, baby starts weeping.
16) You looks tired today.
17) Because you are my friend, I will help you.
18) I have got 3 hair on my head.
19) He was used to my anger.
20) He hide behind the wall.
322
10 x 2 = 20
Answers
Q1:
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
eSa dbZ yksxksa ds chp cSBk FkkA
I was sitting amongst many people.
canj isM+ ls dwnkA
Monkey jumped off the tree.
jke dks eq>ls feyok;k tk;sxkA
Ram will be made meet me.
eq>s fHktok;k x;k A
I was made go.
eq>s jkst+ fl[kk;k tkrk FkkA
I used to be taught every day.
eSa iwN jgk gw¡ fd rqe dkSu gks A
I am asking who you are.
vxj eSa Bhd gksrk] rks ge lkFk [ksyrsA
If I was fit, we would play together.
eSa lqcg ls ;gk¡ gw¡A
I have been here since morning.
fdrkc rfd;s ds uhps FkhA
Book was underneath/beneath the pillow.
jke dks [ksyus ugha fn;k x;kA
Ram was not let play.
eq>s le>k;k tk jgk FkkA
I was being made understand.
;s rqEgsa eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs fy, D;k ek;us j[krs gks \ How do I tell you what you are to me.
mldh gjdrksa ls yxrk gS fd oks vHkh Hkh le÷knkj ugha gSA His activities suggest as he isn‟t mature yet.
;s lquus esa vPNk yxrk gS ij dj ds ns[kks] et+kd ugha gSA It sounds good but if you do it, it‟s not a joke.
oDr us rqEgkjh ;knksa dks /kq¡/kyk dj fn;k FkkA
Time had diminished your memories.
mlus rqEgsa /kks[kk fn;k] rqe mls vc Hkh pkgrs gks\
He cheated on you, do you still love him?
bruk vklku ugha gksrk A
It‟s not that easy.
lkspus dh ckr ;s gS fd ge ;s djsaxs dSls \
The matter of concern is, how we will do it?
rqe esjh etcwjh dk Qk;nk mBk jgs gks A
You‟re taking advantage of my helplessness.
,slk djuk fdlh iki ls de ugha gSA
Doing so is not less than a sin.
ckj&ckj cqykdj mldk le; [kjkc er djksA
Don‟t waste his time by calling him again & again.
vius vki dks T+;knk pkykd le>us dh xyrh er djksA
Don‟t mistake thinking yourself too clever.
D;k irk dc esjh fdLer cny tk;s A
Who knows, when my fate turns.
csdkj dh ckrsa djus ls dksbZ Qk;nk ugha A
There is no point of talking nonsense.
,slk lkspuk fcYdqy tk;t+ ugha gSA
It‟s not ethical thinking so.
eSa ;s lc djds NksM+ pqdk gw¡ tks rqe vc dj jgs gks A I‟ve already gone through, that you‟re doing now.
;gh rks fdrkc gS tks eSaus rqEgsa nh FkhA
This is the very book that I had given to you.
ge oks gSa tks nqfu;k thr ldrs gSaA
We are the ones who can win the world.
mldh gkyr ns[kdj eSa vius vk¡lw ugha jksd ik;kA
Seeing his condition, I couldn‟t hold tears.
esjs lkjs nksLr ogha ij FksA
All of my friends were very much there.
Q2: Corrected Sentences are written just below the incorrect ones 1) He as well as his friends is good.
2) The Director & Producer is dead.
3) A Mr. Ram is sitting outside and waiting. He is wearing a blue shirt.
(Correct Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
4) I took the mobile from the table.
I took the mobile off the table.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
5) The Table, which is my favourite is expensive.
The Table which is my favourite is expensive.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
6) You, he & I are to blame.
I, you & he are to blame.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
323
7) You, he & I are doing a good job.
(Correct Sentence)
8) He along with the members of his team has seen the Taj.
(Correct Sentence)
9) If he will come, he will scold you.
If he comes, he will scold you.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
10) He is older than me.
He is older than I.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
11) I will see whether he is there.
I will see if he is there.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
12) He is 3 years younger than me.
He is 3 years younger to me.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
13) Even if he will go, I don‟t care.
Even if he goes, I don‟t care.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
14) I am here for 3 days.
I have been here for 3 days.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
15) The moment he come, baby starts weeping.
The moment he comes, baby starts weeping.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
16) You looks tired today.
You look tired today.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
17) Because you are my friend, I will help you.
Since/as/for you are my friend, I will help you.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
18) I have got 3 hairs on my head.
(Correct Sentence)
19) He was used to my anger.
(Correct Sentence)
20) He hide behind the wall.
He hides behind the wall. / He hid behind the wall.
(Incorrect Sentence)
(Correct Sentence)
324
Mixed Test – II
Q 1: Choose the correct spelling in the followings:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
i) Grammar
i) Tommorrow
i) Parhaps
i) Pronounciation
i) Calendar
ii) Grammer
ii) Tomorow
ii) Perheps
ii) proununciation
ii) Calendir
iii) Gremmar
iii) Tommorow
iii) Perhaps
iii) Pronunciation
iii) Calander
5x1=5
iv) Gremmer
iv) Tomorrow
iv) Parheps
iv) Prununciation
iv) Celender
Q 2: Tick whether the sentence is correct or incorrect:
1. I am working ever since you went out.
2. He is not such person who can fight till the end.
3. My parents got me written a letter.
4. He keep on calling me fool.
5. He gets up early in the morning.
6. His awkward behavior suggests me that he is not social.
7. None of Ram & Shyam is my friend.
8. Did you not tell him something?
9. I don‟t like burger too.
10. People don‟t like me much.
11. Rain has started.
12. Today is my birthday.
13. He had told me that he will not go.
14. I am going to the school.
15. The Earth is revolving around Sun.
Q 3: Translate the following sentences into Hindi
123456789101112131415-
rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe lpeqp ikxy gksA
mls xqLlk vk x;kA
eq>s ?kj yk;k x;kA mlds ckn eSa lks ik;kA
mls dgk x;k Fkk fd rqe ekjs tkvksxsA
eSa rqEgsa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA
mlus eq>s cgqr #yk;k FkkA
eSa oks gw¡ tks dÒh ugha gkjkA
mlus eq>s D;ksa tkus fn;k \
tc oks Fkk] rqe ugha FksA
eq>s mlls ckr djus esa dbZ lky yxsA
dbZ lky gks x;s gSaA
ftlus eq>s pkgk oks vc bl nqfu;k esa ugha gSA
ckfj‛k gks jgh gS] gS uk \
oks ,dkn fnu esa vk tk;sxkA
pkgs rqe ftruk i<+ yks] ikl ugha gks ldrsA
325
15 x 1 =15
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
Correct
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
15 x 2 =30
Answers
Q 1: Correct spellings are underlined:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
i) Grammar
i) Tommorrow
i) Parhaps
i) Pronounciation
i) Calendar
ii) Grammer
ii) Tomorow
ii) Perheps
ii) proununciation
ii) Calendir
iii) Gremmar
iii) Tommorow
iii) Perhaps
iii) Pronunciation
iii) Calander
iv) Gremmer
iv) Tomorrow
iv) Parheps
iv) Prununciation
iv) Celender
Q 2: Corrected Sentences are written just below the incorrect ones 1. I am working ever since you went out.
I have been working ever since you went out.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
2. He is not such person who can fight till the end.
He is not such a person who can fight till the end.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
3. My parents got me written a letter.
My parents made me write a letter. / My parents got a letter written by me.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
4. He keep on calling me fool.
He keeps on calling me fool.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
5. He gets up early in the morning.
(Correct)
6. His awkward behavior suggests me that he is not social.
(Correct)
7. None of Ram & Shyam is my friend.
(Correct)
8. Did you not tell him something?
Did you not tell him anything?
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
9. I don‟t like burger too.
I don‟t like burger either.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
10. People don‟t like me much.
(Correct)
11. Rain has started.
It has started raining.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
12. Today is my birthday.
It‟s my birthday today.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
13. He had told me that he will not go.
He had told me that he would not go.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
14. I am going to the school.
I am going to school.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
15. The Earth is revolving around Sun.
The Earth is revolving around the Sun.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
326
Q 3:
123456789101112131415-
rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe lpeqp ikxy gksA
mls xqLlk vk x;kA
eq>s ?kj yk;k x;kA mlds ckn eSa lks ik;kA
mls dgk x;k Fkk fd rqe ekjs tkvksxsA
eSa rqEgsa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA
mlus eq>s cgqr #yk;k FkkA
eSa oks gw¡ tks dÒh ugha gkjkA
mlus eq>s D;ksa tkus fn;k\
tc oks Fkk] rqe ugha FksA
eq>s mlls ckr djus esa dbZ lky yxsA
dbZ lky gks x;s gSaA
ftlus eq>s pkgk oks vc bl nqfu;k esa ugha gSA
Ckkfj‛k gks jgh gS] gS uk\
oks ,dkn fnu esa vk tk;sxkA
pkgs rqe ftruk i<+ yks] ikl ugha gks ldrsA
Your talks suggest that you are really mad/crazy.
He got angry. / He got annoyed. / He turned angry.
I was brought to home. Thereafter, I could sleep.
He was told that you would be killed.
How do I tell you what you are to me.
He had made me cry a lot.
I am the one who never lost.
Why did he let me go?
When he was there, you weren‟t.
It took me many years to have a word with him.
It has been many years.
The one who loved me is no more.
It‟s raining, isn‟t it?
He will come in a day or so.
No matter how much you study, you can‟t pass.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1. There is only one way to avoid criticism: do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. So
remember, if you are criticized, never be afraid.
2. You can‟t make it big unless you try.
3. When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a
single bit of talent left and could say, I used everything you gave me.
4. Every time you lose, you gain experience.
5. Unless you try, you can‟t say whether you‟ll succeed or not. So go ahead and try your
best.
6. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn‟t
do than by the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe harbor,
catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.
7. Failure is better teacher than success, because when you fail, you tend to focus more
for the next try.
8. You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.
9. The best revenge is massive success.
327
Mixed Test - III (Tense + Simple Sentence)
Q1. Correct the following sentences:
10 x 1 = 10
1. He do not has a pen.
2. Does people have computers?
3. Why does you not do this?
4. It don‟t sound good to me.
5. Why doesn‟t we work together?
6. Ram and Shyam works together.
7. Those peoples are doing something.
8. My brother‟s friend have not come.
9. My brother has been studying for 2 pm.
10. I have saw off my mother.
Q2. Translate the following sentences into English:
12345678910-
10 x 1 = 10
eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa D;ksa ugha lksprk gw¡ \
jke vkSj vkfnR; fdl vkWfQl ls vk jgs gSa \
oks vkneh rqEgsa /kedh dSls nsrk gS \
;g lquus esa vPNk yx jgk gS ij esjk fny [kq‛k ugha gSA
D;k rqe lcus mlds dneksa dh vkokt+ lquh gS\
Lkhrk Hkxoku dh iwtk dc ls dj jgh gS \
eSa vkWWfQl ds vUnj igys gh vPNh rjg ls ns[k pqdk g¡Aw
rqe dc rd vkWfQl esa jgrs gSa \
oks bl tuojh ls fdl dEiuh ds fy, xkuk xk jgk gS \
eSa 2 ?kaVs ls BaM ls dkai jgk g¡wA
Q3. Write three forms of the following verbs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Seek (<+w¡<uk)
7. Run (nkSM+uk)
8. Come (vkuk)
9. Bring (ykuk)
10. Ride (2 wheeler pykuk)
Feed (f[kykuk)
Begin (‚kq# djuk)
Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk)
Hold (idM+uk)
Hide (fNiuk)
328
10 x 1 = 10
Answers
1. Corrected sentences are given below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He does not have a pen.
Do people have computers?
Why do you not do this?
It doesn‟t sound good to me.
Why don‟t we work together?
6. Ram and Shyam work together.
7. Those people are doing something.
8. My brother‟s friend has not come.
9. My brother has been studying since 2 pm.
10. I have seen off my mother.
2. Translated Sentences:
1- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa D;ksa ugha lksprk g¡w \
Why do I not think about you?
2- jke vkSj vkfnR; fdl vkWfQl ls vk jgs gSa\
From which office are Ram & Aditya coming?
3- oks vkneh rqEgsa /kedh dSls nsrk gS\
How does that man threaten you?
4- ;g lquus esa vPNk yx jgk gS ij esjk fny [kq‛k ugha gSA
It is sounding good but my heart is not happy.
5- D;k rqe lcus mlds dneksa dh vkokt+ lquh gS\
Have you all heard his footfall?
6- Lkhrk Hkxoku dh iwtk dc ls dj jgh gS\
Since when has Seeta been worshiping God?
7- eSa vkWWfQl ds vUnj igys gh vPNh rjg ls ns[k pqdk g¡Aw
I have already seen properly inside the office.
8- rqe dc rd vkWfQl esa jgrs gks\
Until when do you stay in office?
9- oks bl tuojh ls fdl dEiuh ds fy, xkuk xk jgk gS\
For which company has he been singing since this January?
10- eSa 2 ?kaVs ls BaM ls dkai jgk g¡wA
I have been shivering with the cold for 2 hours.
3. Three forms of the verbs:
1. Feed (f[kykuk)
2. Begin (‚kq# djuk)
3. Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk)
4. Hold (idM+uk)
5. Hide (fNiuk)
6. Seek (<+w¡<uk)
7. Run (nkSM+uk)
8. Come (vkuk)
9. Bring (ykuk)
10. Ride
fed(QSM)
began
hurt
held
hid (fgM)
sought
ran
came
brought
Rode
fed
begun
hurt
held
hidden
sought
run
come
brought
Ridden
329
Mixed Test – IV
Q1: Translate the following sentences in English:
60 marks
10 x 1 = 10 marks
1 marks each:
1) ckgj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
2) ;s dqN vkSj ugha esjk I;kj gSA
3) ek¡ us gesa tUe fn;kA
4) ;s jksM+ dgk¡ tkrh gS\
5) oks iSlk esjs fdlh dke dk ughaA
6) jke ;gha ij FkkA
7) vkf[kjdkj 'kknh ds 'kqHk fnu dh ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh gSA
8) /;ku j[kuk rqEgsa esjs ?kj vkuk gSA
9) eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+w¡xkA
10) eqÖks dbZ lky yxs mls Hkwyus esAa
10 x 2 = 20 marks
2 marks each:
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
pkgs dksbZ dqN Hkh dgs eSa rqEgkjk lkFk nw¡xkA
ngst izFkk ,d vfHk'kki gSA
e¡gxkbZ Hkz’Vkpkj dks tUe nsrh gSA
ftudh Å¡xyh idM+dj rqeus pyuk lh[kk muds dU/kksa dks dHkh Ökqdus er nsukA
mlus lkQ euk dj fn;kA
rqe D;k ‚krZ j[kuk pkgrs gks\
fgUnw ejs gq, dks tykrs gSa vkSj eqfLye nQukrsA
eSa viuh lQyrk dk Js; rqEgsa nsrk gw¡A
vkx cq÷kk nks ,slk u gks fd QSy tk,A
ml "kM+;a= dk inkZQk‛k eSa d#¡xkA
3 marks each:
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
10 x 3 = 30 marks
vklikl gh jguk, eSa cl vHkh vk jgk gw¡A
lfpu dk vkmV gksuk ,d tcjnLr ÷kVdk gSA
vPNk gqvk rqe vk x;s, eSa cl vHkh fudy x;k gksrkA
eq÷ks Hkksyk Hkkyk le÷kus dh xyrh er dj, iNrk,xkA
,d dgkor gS, “uQjr iki ls djks ikih ls ughaA”
ftEesnkjh ls Hkkxuk yxrk gS rqEgkjs [kwu esa gSA
ekuks lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gkasa gesa feys gq,A
ftruk eSa lkspw¡xk] mruk gh ikxy gks tkÅ¡xkA
eSaus tkucwÖkdj dHkh rqEgkjk fny ugha nq[kk;kA
,d ckr dg¡,w ikl gksdj Hkh cgqr nwj gks rqeA
Q 2: Write the meaning of the following words:
40 X 1 = 40 marks
Shirk, shy away, bury, off hand, enchant, fiasco, totter, dacoit, abase, sigh of relief, delve,
imbibe, lisp, notorious, hover, retaliate, havoc, trifles, indebted, altogether, instincts, ascribe,
thoroughfare, mist, fist, demise, lately, vigilance, fumble, auspicious, assess, confess, unearth,
malediction, aloof, rip off, negligence, deliberately, Legislative assembly, Ointment
330
Answers
Q1: Translated Sentences:
10 X 1 = 10 marks
1 marks each:
1) It‟s hailing outside.
2) It‟s nothing but my love.
3) Mother bred us.
4) Where does this road lead to?
5) That money is of no use to me.
6) Ram was very much here.
7) Finally, auspicious date of marriage is announced.
8) Keep in mind, you have to come to my home
9) I‟ll not leave any stone unturned.
10) It took me many years to forget her.
2 marks each:
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
10 X 2 = 20 marks
Irrespective of what anyone says, I‟ll stand by you.
Dowry system is a malediction.
Inflation breeds corruption.
One whose fingers you resorted to toddle, don‟t let him ever down.
He refused a point blank.
What condition do you want to lie?
Hindus burn the dead bodies and Muslims bury.
I ascribe my success to you.
Put out the fire lest it should spread out.
I‟ll unearth that conspiracy.
10 X 3 = 30 marks
3 marks each:
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
Stick around, I am just coming.
Sachin‟s departure is big blow.
Thank God you dropped in, I would have just left.
Don‟t mistake me for a credulous, you would regret.
There is a saying, “Hate sin, not a sinner.”
To shirk responsibility seems to be in your blood.
As if centuries have passed since we met.
Deeper I think, more I‟ll go mad.
I never hurt you unknowingly.
You know what, although near, yet afar you are.
Q 2: (Answers)
40 X 1 = 40 marks
th pqjkuk( nwj Hkkxuk( nQukuk( fcuk rS;kjh ds( [kq‛k djuk( ?kksj vlQyrk( yM+[kM+kuk( Mkdw( vieku djuk( pSu dh lk¡l
ysuk( ?kqluk( xzg.k djuk( rqrykuk( dq[;kr( >wyuk( djkjk tokc nsuk( rgydk( NksVk eksVk >xM+k( dtZnkj( iwjh rjg ls(
izo`fr( Js; nsuk( vke jkLrk( vksl( eqÎh( e`R;q( gky gh esa( ns[kjs[k djuk( VVksyuk( ‚kqHk ( vk¡duk( xyrh eku ysuk( mtkxj
djuk( vfHk‛kki( mnklhu( ywVuk( ykijokgh( tkucw>dj( fo/kkulHkk( Øhe
331
Lesson – 40
Translation Exercises
Let‟s practice a few translation exercises; Hindi to English & English to Hindi.
The more you practice, the better you become.
The more you face problems, the more you strive to find solutions.
The more you understand a concept, the nearer you reach to your aim.
The more you try to speak, the more you command a language.
“Practice & Practice & Practice, keep doing it. Success is for sure.
English to Hindi Translation Exercises
1.
This is the story of a boy who had to put down his first love „Guitar‟ and get into father‟s
business. But all of a sudden, something as such happened which changed his life and made
him pick the gun. Earlier, he was absolutely carefree and now he was worried for his
family. He had lost a lot in his life. His father was brutally killed. His Mother was shot 10
bullets to dead. Left were only his two sisters and one brother. He picked the gun in
revenge but he had to also ensure that if he was caught, what would happen with his
siblings. Hence, whatever he did, he would be cautious. He himself punished all the
culprits. Nobody could ever know who killed them. There was a doubt but no evidence.
;s ,d ,sls yM+ds dh dgkuh gS ftls viuk igyk I;kj fxVkj NksM+uk iM+k vkSj ikik ds fctusl esa yxuk iM+kA ij
vpkud dqN ,slk gqvk ftlus mldh ftUnxh gh cny nh vkSj mls cUnwd mBkus ij etcwj dj fn;kA igys mls fdlh
dh ijokg rd ugha Fkh vkSj vc oks vius ifjokj dh fpUrk djrk FkkA mlus thou esa cgqr dqN [kks fn;k FkkA mlds
firk dks csjgeh ls dRy dj fn;k x;kA mldh ek¡ dks 10 xksfy;k¡ ekjh x;hA flQZ cph mldh nks cgusa vkSj ,d HkkbZA
cnys dh Hkkouk ls mlus cUnwd mBkbZ ij mls ;s Hkh ns[kuk Fkk fd vxj oks idM+k x;k rks mlds HkkbZ cguksa dk D;k
gksxkA blfy, oks tks djrk] cM+s /;ku ls djrk A mlus lHkh xqugxkjksa dks [kqn gh ltk ns nhA dksbZ dHkh ugha tku
ik;k fd mu yksxksa dk ekjk fdlus] ‚kd Fkk ij fcuk fdlh lcwr dsA
2.
What is an Ambition? Ambition is a firm goal that we set for ourselves. It also changes with
our experience. As time passes by and we experience lot many new things, which changes
the way we take things, either something adds on to our goal or something eliminates. For
example, a person wants to become a social worker and he is firm in his idea. Sudden in life,
he encounters (goes through) a terrible phase and he realizes the importance of money, now
he sets a target of having good money as well. Now, there are two types of people. Ones are
those who change their viewpoint and entirely change their target and otherwise are those
who just add money earning to their original idea of social welfare but not at the cost of
their original goal. Hence, a goal is not static, but dynamic.
egRokdka{kk D;k gS \ egRokdka{kk ,d fuf‛pr y{; gS] tks ge vius fy, r; djrs gSaA ;g gekjs vuqHko ds lkFk&lkFk
cnyrk Hkh jgrk gSA tSls&tSls le; chrrk gS vkSj ge dbZ ubZ phtsa vuqHko djrs gSa] ;s gekjs lkspus ds rjhds esa cnyko
ykrk gS] fQj ;k rks vius y{; esa ge dqN vkSj tksM+ nsrs gSa ;k dqN ?kVk nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekuk ,d O;fDr
lks‛ky odZj ¼lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ ½ cuuk pkgrk gSA vpkud ftUnxh esa oks ,d cgqr cqjs nkSj ls xqt+jrk gS vkSj iSls dh
egRrk dks eglwl djrk gSA vkSj vc iSlk dekuk Hkh viuk m)s‛; cuk ysrk gSA nks rjg ds yksx gksrs gSaA ,d rks oks tks
lksp gh cny ysrs gSa vkSj iwjh rjg vius y{; dks cny nsrs gSaA nwljs oks tks vius ewy m)s‛; ;kfu lekt dY;k.k ds
lkFk iSls dekus dks Hkh vius y{; esa tksM+ nsrs gSa ij vius ewy m)s‛; dks NksM+rs ughaA vr% y{; vpy¼static½ ugha
py¼dynamic½ gksrk gSA
332
3.
It was Sunday and I had to go for an interview. I got up at about 8, took a bath and got
ready. I was a bit scared thinking about the interview. In fact, it was the first time when I
was about to face an interview. My friends had told me a lot about how to face but it was
obvious that I was scared. I left for the interview venue. When I reached there, I read a
quote by Thomas Alva Edison on the board, written as “I will not say that I failed thousand
times, rather I would say, I know thousand ways which can cause failure”. This encouraged
me and I realized that it didn‟t matter if I failed, rather I must be optimist for future.
Thinking this, I reached at a specious hall; where already about 50 candidates were sitting.
I looked here and there. I saw a receptionist sitting there. I went to her. She asked me for
my resume. I provided the same. She had a glance on it and she advised me to have a seat.
My name was called after a long wait. The moment I stepped in the interview room, I was
straight away asked what I liked the first thing about the venue. I told the interviewer
about Edison‟s quote. She got impressed. She asked me just a few more questions and asked
me to wait outside. After a little while, a lady called my name and I was informed that I got
through. It proved to be one of the best days of my life.
laMs FkkA eq>s bUVjO;w ds fy, tkuk FkkA eSa djhc 8 cts mBk] ugk;k vkSj rS;kj gks x;kA eSa bUVjO;w ds ckjs esa lkspdj
Mjk gqvk FkkA lp rks ;s Fkk fd ;s igyh ckj Fkk tc eSa bUVjO;w nsus okyk FkkA esjs nksLr us eq>s bUVjO;w ds ckjs esa dkQh
dqN ckrk;k Fkk ij t+kfgj lh ckr Fkh fd eSa Mjk gqvk FkkA eSa fudy iM+k ogk¡ ds fy, tgk¡ bUVjO;w gksuk FkkA tc eSa
ogk¡ igq¡pk] eSus FkkWEl vYok ,fMlu dh dgh ckr cksMZ ij i<+h] fy[kk Fkk ÞeSa ;s ugha dgw¡xk fd eSa gt+kj ckj vlQy
gqvk] cfYd eSa rks ;s dgw¡xk fd eSa ,sls gt+kj rjhds tkurk gw¡ ftuls vki lQy ugha gksaxsÞA blus eq>s gkaSlyk fn;k vkSj
eSaus eglwl fd;k fd bl ckr ls QdZ ugha iM+rk fd eSa vlQy gks tkÅ¡] cfYd eq>s rks vk‛kkoknh gksuk pkfg,A ;s lksprs
gq,] eSa ,d cM+s gkWy esa igq¡pk] tgk¡ djhc 50 yksx cSBs FksA eSaus b/kj&m/kj ns[kkA eSaus ,d fjlSI‛kfuLV dks ns[kk] eSa mlds
ikl x;kA mlus eq>ls esjk jST;wes ekaxk] eaSus fn;kA mlus eq>s ,d ut+j ns[kk vkSj eq>s cSBus dh lykg nhA dkQh nsj
ckn esjk uke iqdkjk x;kA tSls gh eaSus bUVjO;w #e esa dne j[kk] eq>s lh/ks ;s iz‛u iwNk x;k fd ;gk¡ lcls igyh pht+
eq>s D;k ilUn vk;hA eaSus bUVjO;w ysus okys O;fDr dks ,fMlu dh dgh ckr ds ckjs esa crk;kA oks izHkkfor gks xbZAa
mUgkasus eq>s dqN vkSj iz‛u iwNs vkSj ckgj bUrtkj djus dks dgkA FkksM+h gh nsj ckn] ,d efgyk us esjk uke fy;k vkSj
eq>s lwfpr fd;k x;k fd eSa flySDV gks x;kA ;s esjh ft+Unxh ds lcls vPNs fnukas esa ls ,d lkfcr gqvkA
4.
Colors of Life
Life is called colorful with so many colors in it. Colors are nothing but the reference of
several phases of life. Life is given names i.e. Struggling, Beautiful or any other adjective
as such. It differs person to person and it all depends on how we take it. We are all born
with some innate instincts, positive or negative which differs us in how we celebrate win
and how we surpass a loss. Losing a race, by two people might be seen in two different
ways. One might consider himself a weaker contender and promise to improvise further
whereas the other one might blame his fortune. This exhibits two different behavior
patterns of two individuals. However, the way we expect life, is not necessarily what it
turns out to be. Hence, our perception about it changes with our experience. The more we
experience, the more colors we discover.
ftUnxh dks dgk tkrk gS fd ;s dbZ jaxks ls Hkjh gSA jax dqN vkSj ugha thou ds dbZ i{kksa dks n‛kkZrs gSA ftUnxh dks dbZ
fo‛ks"k.kksa ls uokt+k tkrk gS tSls eqf‛dy Hkjh] [kwclwjr vkSj ,sls gh dbZ vkSj fo‛ks"k.kA ;s bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd
vyx&vyx yksx bls fdl rjg le>rs gaSA ge lHkh dk tUe dqN LokHkkfod izo`fRr;ksa ds lkFk gqvk gSA ldkjkRed ;k
udkjkRed tks gekjh lksp ds fglkc ls gS fd ge fdl rjg viuh thr dk t‛u eukrs gaS ;k viuh gkj dk ‚kksdA nks
yksx ,d jsl dh gkj dks nks vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls ys ldrs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd ,d vius vki dks detksj le>dj
vius vki dks csgrj cukus dk iz.k ys rks nwljk viuh fdLer dks nks" k nsA ;g nks O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkfjd uewus dks
n‛kkZrk gSA ij le>us dh ckr ;g gS fd tks ge mEehn djrs gSa] t+:jh ugha fd ogh gksA blfy,] gekjh lksp gekjs
vuqHko ds lkFk cnyrh gSA ftrus T+;knk ge vuqHko ysrs gSa] thou ds mrus gh jaxks ls voxr gksrs gaSA
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5.
Criminals
Criminals are those who commit crime for any reason at all. This is the actual definition
that we expect from all of us and also we expect such people to be given the title „criminals‟.
However, needless to say that this title is not in fact given to all, who commit crimes and
neither, all the people, who are given this title are necessarily criminals. What we often
hear is about hidden crimes, which are never unearthed; reasons are many. Sometimes it‟s
because the victim is scared of future repercussions to himself/herself or to loved ones and
sometimes it‟s because victim is completely unaware of the laws, which might give him/her
justice. These crimes are huge in numbers. I believe, Education plays a vital role in
minimizing crime rate. Our country will grow if we grow our hereabouts. A revolution
doesn‟t demand many but one.
vijk/kh oks gksrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh dkj.ko‛k vijk/k djrs gSaA ;gh oks ifjHkk"kk gS tks ge lHkh ls mEehn djrs gaSA vkSj ;s Hkh
mEehn djrs gSa fd ,sls yksxksa dks vijk/kh uke fn;k tk,A ij ;s crkus dh t+:jr ugha fd ;g uke okLro esa lHkh
vijkf/k;ksa dks ugha fn;k tkrk vkSj ;g Hkh t+#jh ugha fd ftUgas fn;k tkrk gS oks vijk/kh gh gksAa ge vDlj fNis gq,
vijk/kksa ds ckjs esa lqurs gSa tks dHkh mtkxj gh ugha gq,] dkj.k dbZ gaS] dHkh&dHkh ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd ihfM+r
Hkfo"; ds nqLizHkkoksa ls Mjrk gS tks mlds lkFk ;k mlds viuksa ds lkFk gks ldrs gSa ;k fQj dHkh blfy, fd oks dkuwu
ds ckjs esa tkurk gh ugha tks mls U;k; ns ldrs gSaA ;s vijk/k cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa gksrs gSaA eSa le>rk gw¡ fd f‛k{kk
vijk/k dh nj de djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA gekjk ns‛k vkxs c<+sxk vxj ge vius vkl&ikl dh rjDdh
djsAa ,d ØkfUr ds fy, dbZ ugha] ,d gh dkQh gSA
6.
Diwali
Diwali is the most important festival of Hindus. This festival is celebrated with joy and
happiness. It is a festival of light. The reason of celebrating this festival is that on this day,
Lord Rama had come back to Ayodhya after 14 years of exile. On his arrival, people of
Ayodhya lighted the whole city with Diyas. Since then, Hindus has been celebrating this
festival. It is celebrated with fireworks and crackers. In this festival, distributing sweets
has also become a trend. But there is something that we can‟t ignore that on this day, air
pollution is on high due to the smoke of crackers.
nhokyh fgUnqvksa dk lcls izeq[k R;ksgkj gSA ;g R;ksgkj g’kksZYykl ls euk;k tkrk gS A ;g jks‛kuh dk R;ksgkj gSA bl
R;ksgkj dks eukus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd bl fnu Hkxoku jke 14 o’kksaZ ds cuokl ds ckn v;ks/;k okil vk;s FksA Hkxoku
jke ds bl vkxeu ij] v;ks/;k okfl;ksa us ‚kgj dks nh;ksa ls txex dj fn;kA rc ls] fgUnw bl R;ksgkj dks euk jgs gSaA
bls iVk[kksa ds lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA bl R;ksgkj esa feBkbZ ck¡Vuk Hkh ,d izpyu lk cu x;k gSA ij ,d ckr gS ftls
ge >qByk ugha ldrs fd bl fnu iVk[kksa ds /kq,¡ ds dkj.k ok;q izn’w k.k vR;f/kd ek=k esa gksrk gSA
7.
When I was a kid
How cruel I feel I was when I was a kid. I used to kill small creatures like ants, fishes, birds
etc without any regret. Every day was a new day of my sin. I would separate the nests off
the tree, thinking that the bird would have to face trouble finding her children. Even if kids
would die, I would feel no pain. I would make two ants fight and imagine how I would have
experienced if I was of their size. I would kill birds with a special weapon called “Gulail”. I
remember an incidence when I rather ate toffees of the school fee than pay to Class Teacher
and next day hid behind the tree. Having been seen, I jumped into a canal and put myself
under water thinking they couldn‟t see me, just like a pigeon, closes eyes seeing cat
believing that she is not being seen. It‟s something that makes me laugh now. Whatever it
was, cute it was. It is true that childhood is like a dream that is to be broken some or the
other day.
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eSa eglwl djrk gw¡ fd eSa fdruk Øwj Fkk] tc eSa ,d cPpk FkkA eSa NksVs izkf.k;ksa tSls phaVh] eNfy;ksa] if{k;ksa vkfn dks ekj
fn;k djrk gS oks Hkh fcuk fdlh iNrkos dsA gj fnu esjs iki dk ,d u;k fnu FkkA eSa ?kksl
a yksa dks isM+ ls vyx dj nsrk
Fkk] ;s lkspdj fd fpfM+;k¡ dks vius cPpksa dks <w<a us esa fnDdr >syuh iM+sxhA cPps pkgs ej tk,] eq>s nnZ eglwl Hkh ugha
gksrk FkkA eSa nks phafV;ksa dks yM+krk Fkk vkSj ;s dYiuk djrk Fkk fd eq>s dSlk eglwl gksrk vxj eSa muds ftrus vkdkj
dk gksrkA eSa ,d vuks[ks gfFk;kj xqysy ls if{k;ksa dks ekj fn;k djrk FkkA eq>s ,d ?kVuk ;kn gS tc eSaus Dykl Vhpj
dks Qhl nsus ds ctk, ml iSls dh VkWQh [kk yh vkSj vxys fnu isM+ ds ihNs fNi x;kA vkSj ns[ks tkus ij] eSa ugj esa
dwn x;k vkSj vius vki dks ikuh esa ?kqlk fn;k] ;s lkspdj fd oks eq>s ns[k ugha ik;saxs fcYdqy ,d dcwrj dh rjg tks
fcYyh dks ns[kdj vk¡[k cUn dj ysrk gS vkSj ;s lksprk gS fd mls ns[kk ugha tk jgk gSA vc ;s ckr eq>s g¡lk nsrh gSA
ij tks dqN Hkh Fkk ;s] cgqr I;kjk FkkA
;g lp gS fd cpiu ,d lius dh rjg gS ftls ,d u ,d fnu VwVuk gh gSA
8.
Recent incidents have threatened Delhi. People are in a dilemma what to do. They are quite
agitated due to increasing crimes against women. Its witness is people‟s protest at Jantar
Mantar. But only protest is not our aim but we want our views to be reached to
Government. In future, such incidents might happen with our loved ones to. Such shameful
incidents defame our nation. If we really want to stop these, we will have to raise our voice.
gky gh esa gqbZ ?kVukvksa us fnYyh dks ngyk fn;k gSA yksx le> ugha ik jgs gSa fd oks djsa rks D;k djsaA efgykvksa ds lkFk
gks jgs t++qeZ ds f[kykQ yksx dkQh vkØks‛k esa gSa] ftldk lcwr gS tUrj eUrj ij gks jgk yksxks dk fonzksg izn‛kZuA ij
fonzksg djuk gh gekjk m)s‛; ugha gS cfYd ge ljdkj rd viuh ckr igq¡pkuk pkgrs gSaA dy ,slh ?kVuk,¡ gekjs fdlh
vius ds lkFk Hkh gks ldrh gaSA bl rjg dh ‚keZukd ?kVuk,¡ gekjs ns‛k dks cnuke djrh gaSA vxj ge lgh ek;us esa bu
?kVukvksa dks jksduk pkgrs gSa rks gesa vkokt+ mBkuh gksxh A
9.
Poverty
Poverty is a malediction for our society. If you really want to realize what poverty is, then
you must interact with people who live in slums. Talk to them, ask them about their lives,
their past and then see how difficult their lives have been. I lived a middle class life and
always got almost everything that I wanted, even though I had to ask my dad for many a
time. I firmly believe that pain ideally is realized by the one who goes through, not by
everybody. Indian Government has put in several efforts to improvise their lives, Huge is
the number of NGOs, which claim to help the needy but implementation is not up to the
mark and the major reasons of Government‟s failure is nothing but the corruption.
In fact, poverty and corruption go hand by hand. Both are mutually related to a great
extent. If you are poor, you tend to do anything and everything that can get you some
money and that‟s where corruption comes from. However, there are numerous examples,
where even the rich are corrupt due to the greediness for having more money.
xjhch gekjs lekt ds fy, ,d vfHk‛kki gS] vxj okLro esa xjhch dks eglwl djuk pkgrs gks] rks vkidks mu yksxksa ls
feyuk pkfg, tks xUnh cLrh esa jgrs gSaA muls ckr djks] mUgsa iwNks muds thou ds ckjs esa] muds chrs dy ds ckjs esa
vkSj fQj ns[kks mudh ft+Unxh fdruh eqf‛dy jgh gSA eSaus ,d e/;e Lrj dh ft+U nxh th vkSj yxHkx oks gj pht+ ik;h
tks eSus pkgh] gkyk¡fd eq>s vius firk ls dbZ ckj dguk iM+kA eSa ;s fo‛okl djrk gw¡ fd nnZ lgh ek;uksa esa ogh eglwl
djrk gS] tks mlls xqtjrk gS] gj dksbZ ughaA Hkkjr ljdkj us muds thou lq/kkj gsrq dbZ iz;kl fd;s gS a] dbZ lkjs xSj
ljdkjh laLa Fkku (NGO) gSa tks t+#jreanks dh enn djus dk nkok djrs gSa ij okLrfodrk dqN vkSj gS vkSj ljdkj dh
vlQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k dqN vkSj ugha cfYd Hkz"Vkpkj gSA
okLro esa] xjhch vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaA nksuksa ,d nwljs ls dkQh gn rd tqM+s gq, gSaA vxj vki xjhc gks]
rks iSlk izkIr djrs gsrq vki dqN Hkh djus dks rRij jgrs gks vkSj ;gha ls tUe gksrk gS Hkz"Vkpkj dkA ij fQj Hkh] dbZ
,sls mnkgj.k gSa tgk¡ vehj Hkh T+;knk iSls ds ykyp esa Hkz"V gksrs gSaA
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10.
Uncertainty of Life
Life is full of uncertainty. It is difficult to say about future as what we think is not
necessarily going to happen. But it doesn‟t mean that we leave putting efforts. We must
improvise on every next day, as in we must make everyday count. Someone has said,
whatever we expect, we often achieves lesser. If it is true why don‟t we aim at more than
what we dream so that we might get what we want. No matter what fortune has for us,
efforts mustn‟t remain below the mark.
Tkhou vfuf‛prrkvksa ls Hkjk gSA dy ds ckjs esa dg ikuk eqf‛dy gS D;ksafd tks ge lksprs gSa oSlk gh gks] t+:jh ugha gSA
ij bldk ;g vFkZ Hkh ugha fd ge iz;kl djuk NksM+ nsaA gesa gj fnu vius vki dks igys ls csgrj cukuk pkfg, ;kuh
gesa gj fnu dks iwjh rjg thuk pkfg,A fdlh us dgk gS fd ftruk gekjs eu esa gS] ge vDlj mlls de gh ikrs gSaA
;fn ;s lp gS rks ge D;ksa u mlls T+;knk dks y{; cuk;sa rkfd gesa mruk gh fey tk,] ftruk ge pkgrs gSaA Hkfo"; esa
pkgs tks gks] iz;kl dHkh de u jg tk,¡A
Hindi to English Translation Exercises
The following paragraphs are just mixed up with several conversations in
between, hence you might feel no flow from one sentence to another in many
cases; but don‟t worry, just focus on translation, not on sequence.
1eSa dHkh dHkh lksprk gw¡ fd rqe esjs lkFk cSBks vkSj dqN vPNh ckrsa py jgh gksa ij eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s mruk
vklku ugha gSA gkyk¡fd eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ge iwjh rjg vyx gSaA rqe cgqr vPNh yM+dh gks vkSj eSa cgqr cqjk yM+dk gw¡A
ij lp es]a eSa vius vki dks cnyus dh dksf‛k‛k d#¡xkA eSa dkQh gn rd vius vki dks cny Hkh pqdk gw¡A rqe eq>s D;ksa
ugha le>rh\ ij eSa rqEgsa Cyse ugha d#¡xkA ;g rqEgkjs vkSj esjs chp dh ckr gSA ge nksuksa vPNs nksLr gSaA tc esjs lkFk
dksbZ ugha Fkk] rqe rc Hkh esjs lkFk FkhA eSa rqEgkjk vkHkkjh gw¡A
I sometimes think that you sit with me and an interesting talk is going on but I know, it‟s
not that easy. Though, I know we are different altogether. You are a very nice girl and I am
a bad boy. But seriously, I will try to change myself. I have even changed myself to a great
extent. Why don‟t you understand me? But I will not blame you. This is between you and
me. We both are good friends. When nobody was with me, you were still with me. I am
grateful to you.
2-
vki dSls gSa\ eSa vPNk gw¡A vki crkb,\ eSa Hkh vPNk g¡Aw vki dh QSfeyh dSlh gS\ vPNh gS A vki ds cPps dSls
gSa\ os vPNs gSaA vkidk #Vhu D;k gS\ eSa lqcg 6 cts mBrk gw¡A ugkrk gw¡A mlds ckn ?kweus tkrk gw¡A ikdZ esa ?kweuk
vPNk yxrk gSA fQj okil vk tkrk gw¡A dy tc eSa ?kweus x;k] eSaus ,d cUnj ns[kkA mlds ikl nks iSu FksA pyks NksM+ksA
okil vkus ds ckn eSa uk‛rk djrk gw¡A esjh eEeh cgqr vPNk [kkuk cukrh gSaA [kkus ds ckn eSa vkWfQl pyk tkrk gw¡A eSa
10 cts vkWfQl igq¡prk gw¡A izkStsDV cukrk gw¡A 2 cts yUp djrk gw¡A v¡xM+kbZ ysrk gw¡A 4 cts vkWfQl ls fudyrk gw¡A 5
cts ?kj igq¡prk gw¡A fQj FkksM+k i<+kbZ djrk gw¡A i<+kbZ ds ckn] FkksM+k [ksyrk gw¡A [ksyus ds ckn] iwtk djrk gw¡A U;wt+ ns[krk
gw¡A U;wt+ ns[kuk vPNk yxrk gSA eSa vHkh Hkh U;wt+ ns[k jgk gw¡A lkFk esa [kkuk Hkh [kkuk jgk gw¡A 10 cts lksus tkrk gw¡A
dSlk gS esjk #Vhu\ vPNk gS esjs nksLrA eSa iwtk ugha djrk gw¡A eSa [ksyrk Hkh ugha gw¡A
How are you? I am fine. You tell me? I am fine too. How is your family? Good. How are your
children? They are good. What is your routine? I get up at 6 o‟clock in the morning, take a
bath and then go for a walk. I like walking in the park. Then I come back. Yesterday when I
went for a walk, I saw a monkey having two pens. Leave it. After coming back, I take
breakfast. My mom cooks pretty nice food. After having food, I go to office. I reach office at
10 o‟clock. I prepare the project. I take lunch at 2 o‟clock. I stretch. I leave office at 4. I reach
home at 5. Then I study bit. After studying, I play for a while. After playing, I worship. I
watch news. I like watching News. I am still watching it and eating the food as well. At 10,
I go to bed. How is my routine? It‟s nice mate. I don‟t worship. I don‟t play either.
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3os pkj yM+fd;k¡ gS vkSj rqe dsoy nks yM+ds gksA muds ikl fnekx gS vkSj rqEgkjs ikl dke gSA rqe vxj fey
dj dke djks rks lc Bhd gks ldrk gSA bl nqfu;k esa lc dqN lEHko gSA rqeus dHkh muls ckr dh bl ckjs esa\ eSa rks
dHkh ugha dj ik;kA vxyh ckj tc rqe ogk¡ tkvks rks muls t+#j feyukA os cgqr vPNs bUlku gSaA lHkh yM+fd;k¡ viuk
dke le; ij djrh gSaA rqe Hkh djrs gks ij deh jg tkrh gSA D;k rqe esjs ckjs es tkurs gks \ eq>s ,slk ugha yxrkA eq>s
oks ?kM+h feyh ij eSaus okfil dj nhA D;k eSaus vPNk ugha fd;k\ rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>k ij eSaus rqEgas nksLr le>kA
vkt oDr vk pqdk gS fd ge ,d nwljs dks le>saA ns[krs gSa rqe dc le>ksxsA ysfdu eq>ls nwj er tkukA eSa oknk djrk
gw¡ fd eSa Hkh ugha tkÅ¡xkA
They are four girls and you are only 2 boys. They have mind and you have work. If you work
together, then everything can be alright. Everything is possible in this world. Did you talk
to them about this? I could never do. When you go there next time, meet them for sure.
They are very nice human beings. All the girls finish their work in time. You also do but
something misses. Do you know about me? I don‟t think so. I found that watch but I
returned. Did I not do well? You always took me wrong but I took you as a friend. Now the
time has come that we understand each other. Let‟s see when you understand. But don‟t go
away from me. I promise that I will not go either.
4eSa dgha tk jgk gw¡A eq>s ugha irk dgk¡\ ‚kk;n ogha tgk¡ eSa rUgkbZ esa tkrk gw¡A cM+k lqdwu feyrk gSA efUnjksa dh
?kfUV;ksa dh vkokt+ lqukbZ nsrh gSA ,slk yxrk gS tSls Hkxoku esjs cgqr ikl gSA eSa fiNys 4 ?kaVs ls py jgk gw¡ ij vHkh
Hkh ogk¡ ugha ig¡pk gw¡A tkurs gks D;ksa\ D;ksafd eSa rqels Qksu ij ckr Hkh dj jgk gw¡A djhc 2 ?kaVs gks pqds gSaA irk gS\ ,d
gkFkh fn[k jgk gSA cM+k I;kjk lk gSA yxrk gS ;s 1 lky dk gSA eq>s tkuojksa dk cgqr rt+qZck gSA eSa vklkuh ls tkuojksa
dh mez crk ldrk gw¡A
I am going somewhere. I don‟t know where? Most probably, the place where I go in my
loneliness. I feel good. The sound of temple‟s bells is heard. It seems as God is just quite
nearby me. I have been walking for last 4 hours but not reached there yet. You know why?
Because I‟ve been talking to you over the phone as well. It has been about 2 hrs. You know
what? I can see an elephant. He is very cute. It looks a year old. I have rich experience
about animals. I can easily figure out animals‟ age.
5-
eSa dke dj pqdk gw¡ ij rqe iwNrs gh ugha gksA eSa rqels vuqjks/k djrk gw¡ fd rqe iwNk djksA irk ugha rqe D;k dj
jgs gksA gesa ,d nwljs ls iwNuk pkfg,A eSa tkurk gw¡ ;g vklku ugha gS ij ukeqefdu dqN Hkh ughaA ge nksuksa lksp esa
fcYdqy vyx gSaA ,slk D;ksa gS\ blfy, D;ksfa d ge dHkh dke ds ckjs esa ckr ugha djrs\ eSa ugha tkurk fd rqe D;k
lksprs gks\ eSa id pqdk gw¡A D;k rqe ugha ids\ ‚kk;n rqe Hkh] ij rqe dHkh crkrs ughaA eSa rqEgkjh cgqr bT+t+r djrk gw¡
ij bldk ;g eryc ugha fd rqe esjh ijs‛kkuh le÷kks gh ughaA
I have worked but you don‟t ask. I request you that you ask. I don‟t know what you are
doing. We must ask each other. I know it‟s not easy but nothing is impossible. We both are
different altogether in thinking. Why is it? Is it because we never talk about work? I don‟t
know what you think? I am fed up. Aren‟t you? Perhaps, you too but you never express. I
respect you a lot but it doesn‟t mean that you don‟t even understand my problems.
6-
rqeus dHkh mlls ckr dh bl ckjs esa\ fdl ckjs esa\ nksLr] rqe Hkwy tkrs gksA ge dHkh Hkh dke ds ckjs esa ckr
ugha djrsA eSa fiNys 4 ?kaVs ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gw¡A rqels Qksu ij ckr Hkh dh ij dksbZ Qk+;nk ugha gqvkA rqEgsa D;k yxrk
gS fd eSa ikxy gw¡ ! eSaus ,slk rks ugha dgkA pyks NksM+ksA vkt ,slk yx jgk gS tSls eSaus rqEgsa [kks fn;k gksA D;k rqeus jke
dks dHkh ns[kk gS\ gk¡ ns[kk rks gS ij Hkwy x;k g¡w mldk psgjkA
Did you ever talk to him on this matter? About what? Mate, you forget. We never discuss
about work. I have been trying for last 4 hours. We even had a talk over the phone but of no
use. What do you think, I am mad! I didn‟t say so. Anyways Leave it. Now, I feel as if I have
lost you. Have you ever seen Ram? Yes I have but I‟ve forgotten his face.
337
Lesson – 41
Written Conversations
All the conversations of this chapter are taken just for the learning purpose and
any similarities to any events, resemblance to any person/place/thing would be
just a coincidence.
Conversation –1 ¼okrkZyki&1½
jkds'k
% xqM ekWfuZax ljA
Rakesh
: Good Morning sir.
Mk0 caly
% xqM ekWfuZax] vUnj vk tkb,A
Dr. Bansal : Morning. Come in please.
jkds'k
% lj dqN fnuksa ls esjs flj esa dkQh nnZ jgrk gSA djhc 15 fnu gks x;s gSaA nnZ vDlj jkr esa gksrk gS eSa
tc lksus tkrk gw¡] mlds FkksM+k igys 9 cts ds djhcA
Rakesh
: Sir, Actually, I have got a severe headache for a few days. It has been about 15
days now. Pain mostly occurs at night, just before I go to bed, at about 9.
Mk0 caly
% dgha ls nokb;k¡ yh \
Dr. Bansal : Did you take medicine from somewhere?
jkds'k
% vc rd rks ugha A gkyk¡fd eSa lksp jgk FkkA
Rakesh
: Not yet. Though, I was thinking.
Mk0 caly
% fdlh Hkh chekjh dks gYds esa ugha ysuk pkfg,A 15 fnu rks cgqr gksrs gSaA 5&7 fnu rks pyrk gSA pyks
vkius ;s rks le>k fd nnZ vDlj ,d gh le; ij gksrk gS vkSj oks Hkh lksus ls igysA
Dr. Bansal : No illness must be taken lightly. 15 days is more than enough. 5-7 days
period is acceptable. Anyways, now you atleast made out that the headache
occurs at the same time before going to bed.
jkds'k
% igys eaSus lkspk fd [kqn gh Bhd gks tk;sxk ij vc eq>s Mj yx jgk gSA [kkus&ihus dk [;ky u j[kus
dh otg ls tks chekfj;k¡ vkt dy gks jgh gS mUgsa lkspdj gh Mj yxus yxrk gSA
Rakesh
: Well, initially I thought it might be cured itself but now I am a bit scared.
Due to irregularity in food habits, the illnesses which are known these days, I
get horrified even thinking about those.
Mk0 caly
% ?kcjkus dh ckr ugha gSA vc vki eq> ij NksM+ nhft,A vPNk crkvksA bu 15 fnuksa [kk¡lh tqdke]
cq[kkj ;k fQj pDdj vkuk tSlk dqN gqvk \
Dr. Bansal : Not to worry. Leave it on me now. Let me know if in these 15 days, you had
cold, cough, fever or any giddiness sort of.
jkds'k
% gk¡ nks ckj pDdj vk;kA vk¡[kksa ds vkxs va/ksjk lk Nk x;k FkkA
Rakesh
: yeah, I felt giddiness twice. It just got dark in front of eyes.
Mk0 caly
% rst lkal yks A fpUrk djus dh t+:jr ughaA eSa dqN nokb;k¡ fy[k ds ns jgk gw¡A ckgj eSfMdy LVksj
ls [kjhn ysukA lc Bhd gks tk,xkA vc vki 2 fnu ckn fQj vkb,A ns[krs gSa D;k QdZ iM+rk gSA
Dr. Bansal :Breathe heavily. Don‟t worry. I am writing a few medicines. Purchase from
the medical store outside. Everything will be alright. Now you have to come
after 2 days. Let‟s see the progress.
jkds'k
% Bhd gS Mk0- lkgc A
Rakesh
: That‟s fine, Doctor.
lhek
% oks okyk VSMh fn[kkukA fdrus dk gS \
Seema
: Show me that teddy bear please! How much is that for?
Conversation – 2 ¼okrkZyki&2½
338
nqdkunkj
% ;s yhft,] ;s okyk 500 dk gSA ;s vkphZt+ dEiuh dk gSA
Shopkeeper: Here it is. This one is for Rs. 500. It is of Archies.
lhek
% vkSj VSMh gSa D;k \
Seema
: Have you got a few more?
nqdkunkj
% ,d lsdUMA fn[kkrk gw¡A
Shopkeeper: Give me a moment. I will show you.
lhek
% HkS;k] fcYdqy vkdZ"kd VSMh fn[kkb,A vyx&vyx jaxksa esa HkhA
Seema
: Bhaiya, show me attractive ones. And in different colors too.
nqdkunkj
% m/kj nsf[k,A ftrus Hkh VSMh gS lc ,d lkFk j[ks gSaA vxj muesa ls dksbZ ilUn u vk;s rks ‚kke rd
dk bUrt+kj dfj,A esjs ikl djhc 15&20 vkSj vk tk;saxsA
Shopkeeper: Look at there. All the teddies are kept together. If you don‟t like any of those,
kindly wait till the evening. I will get about 15-20 more by then.
lhek
% HkS;k] ;s okyk I;kjk yx jgk gSA t+jk fudky ds fn[kkb,A
Seema
: Bhaiya, this one is looking cute. Just take it out.
nqdkunkj
% eSMe ;s FkksMk+ e¡gxk gSA
Shopkeeper: This one is a bit costly madam.
lhek
% fdrus dk gS \
Seema
: For how much?
nqdkunkj
% ;s okyk 900 dk iM+sxkA
Shopkeeper: It will cost you 900. / It is for 900 bucks.
lhek
% FkksMk+ Bhd&Bhd yxkb,A
Seema
: Bhaiya, be reasonable. / Discount me a bit.
nqdkunkj
% 800 ls de ugha gks ik;sxkA
Shopkeeper: Not less than 800.
lhek
Seema
nqdkunkj
% HkS;k] pyks Bhd gSA iSd dj nhft,A eq>s fdlh dks fx¶V djuk gSA
: It‟s okey. Pack/Wrap it. I have to gift it to someone.
% ;s yhft,A
Shopkeeper: Here it is.
lhek
% ;s yhft, iSls] FkSaD;w] HkS;kA
Seema
: Here is the money, thanks bhaiya.
fiz;k
% xqM ekWfuZax lj A
Conversation – 3 ¼okrkZyki & 3½
Priya
: Good morning, sir.
fe0- ‚kekZ
% xqM ekWfuZax cPps A dSls gks vki \
Mr. Sharma: Good morning dear. How are you doing?
fiz;k
% eSa Bhd gw¡ ljA
Priya
: I am doing well, sir.
fe0- ‚kekZ
% dy dk gkseodZ gks x;k gS \
fiz;k
% dy lj ?kj ij dqN fj‛rsnkj vk x;s Fks blfy, [kkuk cukus esa bruh O;Lr gks xbZ fd fcydqy le;
ugha fudky ik;hA eSaus lkspk jkr esa d#¡xh ij oks jkr esa ?kj ij gh :ds blfy, eqf‛dy gks x;kA
Priya
: Actually sir, yesterday some relatives had dropped in so I got so busy into
cooking food that I couldn‟t spare time. I thought, I would do at night but they
stayed even at night so it got difficult to manage.
fe0- ‚kekZ
% pyks dksbZ ckr ugha] esgeku pys x;s \
fiz;k
% vkt nksigj esa tk;saxsA tc rd eSa ?kj igq¡pw¡xh] oks tk pqds gksaxsA
Mr. Sharma: Have you done yesterday‟s homework?/ Are you done with the homework?
Mr. Sharma: It‟s ok. Have they left? / Are they gone?
Priya
fe0- ‚kekZ
: They will go in the afternoon. By the time I reach home, they‟ll have left.
% Bhd gS fQj dy pSd djk ysuk] vkt eSa Dykl esa gkseodZ ugha nw¡xkA
Mr. Sharma: That‟s alright. Get it checked tomorrow. I won‟t give homework today.
339
fiz;k
% oSls ,d ckr dgw¡ ljA gkseodZ FkksM+k eqf‛dy gSA igys nks iz‛u rks fcYdqy gh ugha gks ik jgs FksA
Priya
: sir, can I say something? Actually, Homework is a bit tough. I wasn‟t able to
solve the first two questions at all.
fe0- ‚kekZ
% bldk eryc rqeus pSIVj u0- 3 <ax ls ugha i<+k gSA oks nksuksa iz‛u rhljs pSIVj ls gSaA
fiz;k
% lj ,d dke djrh gw¡A rhljk pSIVj ,d ckj vkSj i<+rh gw¡ rc ns[krh gw¡ fd eSa dj ikrh gw¡ nksuksa iz‛u
;k ughaA
Priya
: Sir, I will do one thing. I will revise the third chapter. Let me see if I will be
able to solve both of them.
fe0- ‚kekZ
% eq>s ;dhu gS rqe le> tkvksxhA fQj Hkh vxj dksbZ fnDdr vk;s rks eSa Dykl esa nksckjk i<+k nw¡xk]
Bhd gS \
Mr. Sharma: That means, you haven‟t read the third chapter properly/thoroughly. They
both are from the third chapter.
Mr. Sharma: I believe, you will understand. But if you still face any problem, I will revise
in class. Okay?
fiz;k
% FkSaD;w ljA
Priya
: Thank you sir.
fe0- ‚kekZ
% eksLV oSYde
Mr. Sharma: Most welcome.
Conversation – 4 ¼okrkZyki & 4½
dey
% lkxj] D;k ckr gS \ dqN mnkl lk yx jgk gSA dqN fnuksa ls cM+k [kks;k [kks;k jgrk gSA fdlh ls ckr ugha
djrkA dqN rks gS] tks rw ge lc ls fNik jgk gSA fny dh ckr dgus ls cks> gYdk gksrk gSA fny esa j[ksxk rks
gesa irk dSls pysxk fd gekjs nksLr dh ijs‛kkuh D;k gS\
Kamal: Sagar, what‟s the matter? Looking sad! I have been noticing for a few days, you look
lost. Something is there, which you are hiding from us. It will relax you if you tell us
the matter. If you keep in yourself, how would we know the problem of our friend?
Lkkxj
% dHkh&dHkh yxrk gS fd ft+Unxh esjs lkFk et+kd dj jgh gSA yxrk gS] Hkxoku dgha lks jgk gSA
Sagar: Sometimes I feel as if life is making fun of me. Looks as God is sleeping.
dey
% ,slk D;k gks x;k \
Kamal: What happened? / What happened as such?
Lkkxj
% eEeh dh rfc;r bruh [kjkc gks xbZ Fkh fd gkWfLiVy esa HkrhZ djuk iM+kA vc rks [kSj ?kj ij gh gSaA gekjh
dkj ij vkx yx x;hA bU‛;ksjasl nks fnu igys gh [kRe gqvk Fkk] ge vxys fnu djokus gh okys Fks fd ,slk
gks x;kA xkM+h ds tyus ij gesa dqN ugha fey ik;kA esjh tkWc Hkh NwV x;hA dEiuh fnokfy;k gks xbZA 2
efgus dh lSyjh Hkh ugha ikbZA
Sagar: Mom got so ill that we had to admit her in hospital. Though, she is at home now. Our
car caught fire. Insurance had ended just 2 days ago and we were about to renew it but
this incident occurred. We got nothing at all. I lost my job. Company got bankrupt. I
didn‟t even get 2 months‟ salary.
dey
% eEeh vc dSlh gSa\
Kamal: How is mom now?
lkxj
% vc Bhd gSaA
Sagar: She is better now.
dey
% vcs] lc Bhd gks tk;sxkA Hkxoku tks djrk gS] mlds ihNs dqN vPNk Hkh fNik gksrk gSA eq>s ;dhu gS fd vxys
eghus esjs tUefnu ij ge tcjnLr ikVhZ dj jgs gksxsaA vxj iSls dh dksbZ fnDdr gS rks csf>>d ek¡x ysukA
Kamal: Everything will be alright. Whatever God does, there is something good hidden there
as well. I am sure that in the next month, we will be having a grand celebration. If
there is a problem of money, don‟t hesitate at all.
lkxj
% iSls ls T;knk eq>s lkFk dh t+#jr gSA rw vk;k] fny dks vPNk yxkA FkSaDl nksLrA
Sagar: I rather need support. You came, I felt better. Thanks mate.
340
dey
% nksLrh esa FkSaDl ugha dgrsA ;s esjk QtZ gS fd vxj esjs nksLr dks fnDdr gS] rks eSa lkFk nw¡A vxj eSa rsjh txg
gksrk] rks D;k rw lkFk ugha nsrkA
Kamal: No thanks in friendship. It was my responsibility that if my friend is in trouble, I
help him. Had I been at your place, would you not have stood by.
Lkkxj
% gk¡] ;s rks gSA
Sagar: I know. / You are right. / Of course / obviously.
dey
% py lqu] ,slk gS vkt ge fQYe ns[kus tk jgsa gSaA
Kamal: Listen, now we are going for a movie, ok?
Lkkxj
% FkksMk+ iSls dh fnDdr gSA
Sagar: I have a bit problem of money. / My hands are a bit tight.
dey
% iSls dh ckr dh eSaus\ ekbUM ÝS‛k djrs gSaA dy eSa rsjh eEeh ls feyus vk jgk gw¡A
lkxj
% FkSaDl ;kjA
Kamal: Did I talk about money? Let‟s freshen up our mind. I am coming to see your mom
tomorrow.
Sagar: Thanks mate.
dey
% rwus ges‛kk nwljksa ds fy, vPNk fd;kA pkgs tks gks] eSa rsjk ges‛kk lkFk nw¡xkA rw esjk vPNk nksLr gS] ‚kk;n lcls
vPNkA ;kn gS ,d ckj rwus dgk Fkk fd vPNk nksLr oks gS tks t+#jr ij dke vk;sA ‚kk;n vkt oks fnu vk x;k]
vkSj eSa rsjs lkFk gw¡A
Kamal: You always did well for others. No matter what, I‟ll always stand by you. You are a
good friend of mine, maybe the best. You remember? Once you had told me “The friend
in need is the friend indeed.” I guess the day has come, and I am with you.
lkxj
% ;kn gSA
Sagar: I know. / I remember.
dey
% ij rwus vPNk ugha fd;k] igys ;s lc ugha crk;kA py NksM+] lkjh ckrsa ,d rjQ] vc ge fQYe ns[kus tk jgs
gSaA FkksM+k g¡l Hkh ysA g¡luk lsgr ds fy, vPNk gksrk gSA
Kamal: But I am not very happy with you, you didn‟t tell me earlier. Anyways, all aside, now
we are going for a movie. Now smile a little mate. To smile is good for health.
Conversation – 5 ¼okrkZyki & 5½
jke %
dSlk gS nksLr \
Ram :
How are you doing mate? / How are you bro?
‚;ke %
cf<+;kA rw crkA
Shyam:
Doing Good, you tell me?
jke %
cl lc Bhd gSA vkSj D;k py jgk gS \
Ram:
All good. What is going on?
‚;ke %
cl vkt dy ikik ds fctul esa yxk gqvk gw¡ A viuh rjQ ls rks esgur py jgh gS ckdh lc
Hkxoku ij NksM+ fn;k gSA
Shyam:
jke %
Ram:
‚;ke %
Nothing special, just into father‟s business. I am working hard from my end, rest
on God.
ikik ds fct+ul
s ds ckjs esa rwus dHkh crk;k ugha A
you never told me about your Dad‟s business!
dHkh [kkl ekSdk ugha feykA py NksM+ ;s crk rsjh tkWc dSlh py jgh gS \
Shyam:
Never got a chance in fact. Anyways, how is your job?
jke %
Ram:
‚;ke %
tkWc Bhd py jgh gSA vc rsjk nksLr eSustj cu x;k gS A ;gkW¡ rd fd esjh ‚kknh Hkh r; gks xbZ gSA
Job is going well. I am a Manager now. Marriage is finalized as well.
D;k ckr dj jgk gS \ ets ys jgk gS D;k \
Shyam:
What are you talking about? Are you kidding me?
jke %
eSa etkd ugha dj jgk gw¡ A lp esa A
Ram:
I am not kidding. I am serious.
‚;ke %
dc \
Shyam:
When is that?
341
jke %
rkjh[k r; ugha gqbZ vHkh ij iwjh mEehn gS fnlEcj rd A
Ram:
Date is not decided yet, however most probably by December.
‚;ke %
pyks cf<+;k gSA de ls de Mk¡l djus dk rks ekSdk feysxk A
Shyam:
Wow! At least I will get a chance to dance.
jke %
Mk¡l rks Bhd gS ij ‚kkSfiax oxSjg esa lkFk pyuk iM+sxk rq>sA
Ram:
Dance is fine but you will have to go with me for shopping.
‚;ke %
Shyam:
jke %
Ram:
py Bhd gS dkWy dj nsukA
It‟s ok, do call me, okay?
vPNk pyrs gSa vc va/ksjk gks jgk gSA lqu eSa dy rsjs ?kj dh rjQ vk jgk gw¡ cksy rks ikVhZ djsaA oSls
Hkh dkQh fnu gks x;s gSaA
Well, let‟s go now. It is getting dark. Listen, tomorrow I am coming nearby
your place. If you say we can have a party, it has anyways been many days.
‚;ke %
tc ethZ nksLrA
Shyam:
Anytime mate.
jke %
Ram:
‚;ke %
Shyam:
py eSa dkWy d#¡xkA xqM ukbV A
Ok, I‟ll call you up. Good night.
vPNk Vsd ds;j] xqM ukbZV A
Good night mate. Take care.
Conversation – 6 ¼okrkZyki & 6½
jksfgr %
gk; ‚kkfyuhA dSlh gks \
Rohit:
Hi Shalini, How are you doing?
‚kkfyuh %
vki crkvks \
Shalini:
You tell?
jksfgr %
Bhd gw¡ A vPNk oks ml fnu eSa rqEgkjs ?kj vk;k Fkk A
Rohit:
I am good. Well, I had come to your home the other day.
‚kkfyuh %
gk¡ irk gSA eEeh us crk;k Fkk fd vkius gekjk dEI;wVj Bhd fd;k Fkk A eq>s rks irk gh ugha Fkk fd
vki ,d dEI;wVj bathfu;j gks A
Shalini:
I know. Mom had told me, You had repaired our computer. I had no idea that
you are a computer engineer.
jksfgr %
rqe rks fn[kh ugha ogk¡\
Rohit:
‚kkfyuh %
Shalini:
jksfgr %
I didn‟t see you there? / You were not seen around?
gkW¡ oks eSa vius vady ds ;gk¡ Fkh A
Yeah, Actually I was at my uncle‟s place.
oks dgk¡ jgrs gSa \
Rohit:
Where does he live?
‚kkfyuh %
vxyh gh xyh esa vjs oks tks vaxzst+h fl[kkrs gSaA
Shalini:
In the next street. The one, who teaches English.
jksfgr %
fcØkUr lj A
Rohit:
Ashish Rawat sir!
‚kkfyuh %
gk¡ ogh rks A
Shalini:
Yeah, he is.
jksfgr %
Rohit:
oks rqEgkjs vady gSa \ eq>s ugha irk Fkk A eaSus mUgha ls rks vaxzst+h lh[kh A
Is he your uncle? I didn‟t know. He is the one, even I learned English from.
‚kkfyuh %
oks cgqr Qsel gks x;s gSa vc A mUgksaus djhc 6 lky igys i<+kuk ‚kq: fd;k Fkk A vc oks djhc 2 yk[k
:0 eghuk dekrs gaSA
Shalini:
He is quite famous now. He had started teaching about 6 years ago. Now he
earns around 2 lacs a month.
jksfgr %
Rohit:
rqels ,d ckr dgw¡A rqe cqjk rks ugha ekuksxh A
Can I say something? Please don‟t mind.
342
‚kkfyuh %
cksyksA
Shalini:
Sure.
jksfgr %
irk gS A eSa dHkh dg ugha ik;k rqels fd eSa rqEgsa cgqr ilUn djrk gw¡A eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjh QSfeyh ds Åaps
:rcs ls Mjrk FkkA eSa ges‛kk lksprk Fkk fd eSa dgw¡ ij fny dh ckr fny esa gh jg xbZA cqjk er ekuukA
eSaus flQZ ogh dgk tks eq>s eglwl gqvkA
Rohit:
You know what. I couldn‟t ever say that I like you. I was always scared of your
family‟s high status. I tried a lot but couldn‟t courage. Don‟t mind, okey. I just
said what I felt.
‚kkfyuh %
eq>s yxrk gS vc eq>s pyuk pkfg, A eSa vkidks Qksu d:axh vksdsA
Shalini:
jksfgr %
I think I must leave now. I‟ll call you, okey.
Bhd gSA
Rohit:
Alright.
‚kkfyuh %
ck; A
Shalini:
Bye.
Vhpj
% cPpksa] vkt ge ,d u;k VkWfid i<+us okys gSaA vPNk crkb,] fiNyh Dykl esa eSaus tks i<+k;k FkkA D;k
vki lcdks le> vk x;k \
Teacher
: Students, today we are going to learn a new topic. But tell me, whatever I had
taught in the last class, did you all understand?
fiz;k
% lj nwljk iz‛u le> ugha vk jgk FkkA eSus nksckjk i<+k vkSj fQj vius cM+s HkS;k ls iwNk] rc tkdj dgha
le> vk ik;kA
Priya
: Sir, I had not understood the second question. I revised and asked my brother,
and then finally I could understand.
lksgu
% lj] esjs lkFk Hkh ,slk gh gqvkA eqf‛dy rks yxk ij fQj Hkh eSaus dj fy;kA vPNk lj] ,d ckr iwNuh
Fkh] oks tks pkSFkk iz‛u Fkk] mlesa A dh oSY;w 10 j[kuh Fkh u \ eSaus 10 j[kdj fd;k rks gks x;kA
Sohan
: Sir, the same thing happened with me. Even, I found difficulty but then finally
solved it. Sir, I had to ask you one thing; in the 4th question, A‟s value was
10, wasn‟t it? because I put 10 and it was solved.
Vhpj
Conversation – 7 ¼okrkZyki & 7½
% j[kuh rks 10 gh Fkh ij D;ksa \ dkSu crk ldrk gS vki esa ls \
Teacher
: Yes, You had to put 10 but why? Who among you can answer?
jksgu
% lj A dh oSY;w 10 blfy, j[kuh Fkh D;ksafd A, B vkSj C ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gSA B gS 3 vkSj C gS 7
rks gks x;k 10-
Rohan
: Sir, it‟s because A equals to B+C. B is 3 and C is 7 so it makes 10.
Vhpj
% fcYdqy lghA pyks Bhd gS] vc ,slk djrs gSa u;k pSIVj i<+us ds ctk; dy okys dks gh nksgjkrs gSaA
T+;knk csgrj le> vk tk,xkA
Teacher
: Absolutely correct. All right, now what we do is, rather than going for the new
chapter, let‟s revise the yesterday‟s one. It will develop better understanding.
cPps
Children
% Bhd gS ljA
: Ok sir.
Conversation – 8 ¼okrkZyki & 8½
jksgu
% gSyks lksgu dSls gks \
Rohan
: Hello Sohan, how are you?
lksgu
% Bhd gw¡ vkSj vki crkvks \ dy fte vk;s Fks D;k \
Sohan
: I am good. What about you? Had you come to gym yesterday?
jksgu
% ugha] eq>s dgha fdlh dke ls ckgj tkuk iM+kA
Rohan
: No in fact, I had to go somewhere for some work.
lksgu
% Bhd gS] fQj pyks lkFk esa feydj fte djrs gSA vdsys esa fte Bhd rjg ls ugha gks ikrkA
Sohan
jksgu
Rohan
: All right then, let‟s exercise together. It is not effective alone.
% Bhd gSA oSls rqEgkjh ckWMh esa QdZ rks fn[k jgk gSA vkSj D;k [kk jgs gks vktdy \
: Not bad. By the way, I can see the improvement in your body. What are you
having/eating these days?
343
lksgu
% 4 dsys ysrk gw¡ lqcg nw/k ds lkFkA v.Ms Hkh py jgs gSaA [kkus dk /;ku j[krk gw¡A
Sohan
: 4 bananas with milk in the morning. Eggs too. I am concerned about diet.
jksgu
% pyks vc nwljk lsV ekjrs gSaA
Rohan
: Let‟s take another set now.
lksgu
% de liksVZ nsuk A
Sohan
: Support less.
jksgu
% vkt ds fy, bruk cgqr gSA dy feyrs gSaA
Rohan
: It‟s good enough for today. See you tomorrow.
lksgu
% Bhd gS dy le; ij vk tkukA
Sohan
: Ok then, come in time tomorrow.
Conversation – 9 ¼okrkZyki & 9½
Lkyhe
Saleem
lyeku
% D;k dj jgk gS\
: What‟s up mate?
% dqN [kkl ugha A [kkuk cuk jgk gw¡A
Salman
: Nothing special. Preparing food.
Lkyhe
% ,d ckr crkA tc Hkh dkWy djks rw ;k rks [kkuk cuk jgk gksrk gS ;k fQj crZu ;k diM+s /kks jgk gksrk
gSA ckr D;k gS \
Saleem
: Tell me one thing. Whenever I call, you are either preparing food, washing
utensils or washing clothes. What‟s the matter mate?
lyeku
% vdsys vkneh ds lkFk ;s ijs‛kkuh rks gksrh gh gSA
Salman
: A man alone obviously has such a problem.
Lkyhe
% gk¡A ;s ckr rks lgh gSA tc eSa ?kj ls vyx jgrk FkkA rks eSa Hkh le; ugha fudky ikrk FkkA iwjk fnu
?kj ds dkeksa esa fudy tkrk FkkA
Saleem
: You are right. When I lived separate, even I wasn‟t able to have a spare time.
The whole day was busy into household work.
lyeku
% dksbZ ckr ughaA le;≤ dh ckr gSA vkSj oSls Hkh dqN fnuksa dh ckr gSA mlds ckn rks eSa ?kj gh tk
jgk gw¡] fQj ets d:¡xkA
Salman
: Not to worry. It‟s just a matter time. And anyways, it is a matter of only a few
days. Then I am going my hometown, I would enjoy.
Lkyhe
% esjs fcuk et+s] ikWflcy gh ugha gSA ogk¡ ij dksbZ [kkl nksLr gS esjh rjg tks rq>s g¡lk;sA
Saleem
: Enjoy without me is impossible. Is there any such friend as I am, who makes
you enjoy?
lyeku
% gS rks ughaA ij ?kjokyksa ds lkFk Vkbe ikl gks tkrk gSA cgu dk NksVk cPpk Hkh rks gSA mlds lkFk
[ksyrk gw¡ rks le; dk irk gh ugha pyrkA
Salman
: Not really but time is killed with family members. My sister‟s little baby is
there too. I play with her/him, time just flies.
Lkyhe
% rw ?kj pyk tk;sxk rks eSa vdsyk gks tkÅ¡xkA rsjh ;kn cgqr vk;sxh nksLrA rq>ls feyus vk;k d:¡xk
dHkh&dHkh] tc Hkh Vkbe feysxkA
Saleem
lyeku
Salman
Lkyhe
: You‟ll go home, I‟ll be alone. I will miss you a lot friend. I‟ll come to see you
sometimes, whenever I‟ll get time.
% eSa Hkh dHkh&dHkh vk tkšxkA
: Even, I‟ll visit sometimes.
% py Bhd gSA [kkuk cu x;k\
Saleem
: Leave it. Is the food prepared now?
lyeku
% cu gh x;k clA
Salman
: Almost done.
Lkyhe
% [kkus ds ckn Qksu djukA Bhd gSA ck;A
Saleem
: Call me after having food, ok? all right then. Bye.
344
Conversation – 10 ¼okrkZyki & 10½
jktw
% ueLrs lkgc thA
Raju
: Namaste, Sahab ji.
fe0 xks;y
% ueLrs jktwA dkj lkQ dj yh \
Mr. Goyal : Namaste, Raju. Have you cleaned the car?
jktw
% lkgc thA dkj rks lkQ dj nhA ij ,d ckr gS tks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgh gSA esjh eEeh dh rch;r cgqr
[kjkc gSA mUgsa isV esa jkst+ nnZ gks tkrk gSA rhu MkWDVjksa dks fn[kk pqds gSA lcus nokb;k¡ Hkh nh ij dksbZ
Qk;nk ugha gqvkA eSa mUgsa gkWfLiVy ys ds x;k FkkA oks dgrs gSa fd vkWijs‛ku gksxkA vkWijs‛ku dk [kPkkZ
djhc 50000 gSA lkgc th] esjh le> esa ugha vk jgk gS fd eSa D;k d#¡ A esjs ikl eqf‛dy ls 30000 gh
gks ik;s gSaA esjs ikik Hkh ft+Unk ugha gSaA ojuk oks dqN enn dj nsrAs
Raju
: Sahab ji. I have cleaned the car. But there is something that is bothering me.
Actually, my mom is too ill. She gets stomachache every day. I have consulted
three doctors. All recommended medicines but of no avail/use. I had taken her to
hospital. They say, it needs to be operated. It would cost around Rs. 50000.
Sahab ji, I can‟t understand what to do. I could only manage 30000. My father is
no more either otherwise he would have helped a bit.
fe0 xks;y
% jktw] rqe fpUrk er djksA ,slk djks] 20000 eSa ns nsrk gw¡A pyks 25000 ys yksA igys eEeh dk bykt+
djkvksA tc dHkh rqe nsus dh gkyr esa gksxs rks ns nsukA dksbZ tYnh ughaA vxj vkSj t+:jr iM+s rks
csf>>d ek¡x ysukA rqe esjs csVs dh mez ds gksA lc Bhd gks tk,xkA
Mr. Goyal : Raju, you don‟t worry. Do one thing, I give you 20000. Rather take 25000. First,
get your mom cured. Whenever you will be in a position to return, it‟s fine, not
to hurry. If you need more, don‟t hesitation. You are my son‟s age. Everything is
going to be alright.
jktw
Raju
fe0 xks;y
% eS vkidk vglku dHkh ughs Hkwyw¡xkA
: I‟ll remain indebted to you. / I‟ll never forget your help.
% dgus dh t:jr ughaA pyks NksM+k]s pyks esjs lkFkA , Vh ,e ls vHkh fudky ysrk gw¡A
Mr. Goyal : Mention not. Anyways, come with me. I withdraw from ATM right away.
Conversation – 11 ¼okrkZyki & 11½
jksgu
% ikik] eEeh dgk¡ gS \
Rohan
: Dad, where is mom?
ikik
% csVs] eEeh ‚kk;n fdpu esa gSA
Dad
: I think she is in kitchen.
jksgu
Rohan
Ikkik
Dad
jksgu
Rohan
ikik
Dad
lhek
Seema
jksgu
Rohan
% ij] eEeh ogk¡ ugha fn[k jgh gSaA eSaus gj txg ns[kk] eEeh dgha ugha gaSA
: But I can‟t see mom there. I have seen everywhere, she is nowhere.
% vjs eq>s /;ku vk x;k] eEeh us dgk Fkk fd oks ‚kk;n ekdsZV tk;sxhA ‚kk;n oks pyh xbZ gksxhA oSls Qksu
djds ns[kks] jksguA
: Oh, I remember, she had told me that she would go to market. She might have
left. Call her up.
% ikik vkidk eksckbZy dgk¡ gSA fey ugha jgkA
: Dad, where is your mobile. I can‟t find it.
% lhek] vki eksckby ij xse [ksy jgs Fks u \ dgk¡ gS \
: Seema, you were playing game on mobile, weren‟t you? Where is it?
% eSaus ;gha ij rks j[kk FkkA
: I had kept it here only.
% ij ;gk¡ rks gS ughaA
: But it‟s not here.
lhek
% ‚kk;n eaSus fdpu esa j[kk FkkA ns[kus nksA
Seema
: Probably I had put it there in the kitchen. Let me check.
345
jksgu
Rohan
ikik
Dad
% gk¡ ;gha gSA
: yeah, it‟s here.
% pyks Qksu dj yksA
: Now you call.
jksgu
% gSyks eEeh] eEeh vki ekdsZV ds fy, fudy x;s\
Rohan
: Hello mommy/mom/mummy, have you left for market?
eEeh
% ugha csVk] eSa rks iM+ksl esa cSBh gw¡A vkaVh vius csVs ds tUefnu dh rS;kjh dj jgh gSaA tUefnu vkt ‚kke
dks euk;k tk;sxkA FkksM+k enn dj jgh gw¡A dksbZ [kkl ckr\s
Mummy
: No honey, I am at the neighbor‟s home. Aunty is preparing for her son‟s
birthday. It is to be celebrated in the evening today. I am helping her. Any
problem?
jksgu
% gk¡ oks eq>s ?kM+h ugha fey jgh FkhA
Rohan
: Actually, I could not find the watch.
eEeh
% rfd;s ds uhps gSA ;kn ugha dy lhek tc NsM+ jgh Fkh rks eSaus fNik nh FkhA
Mummy
: Underneath the pillow. Don‟t you remember, yesterday when Seema was
playing with it, I had hidden.
jksgu
% gk¡ ;kn vk x;kA vPNk eEeh] j[k jgk gw¡A
Rohan
: Oh yes. I remember now. Ok mom, I hang up.
eEeh
% jksgu csVk] ikik dks dgks] ik¡p feuV esa vk jgh gw¡A fQj czsdQkLV djrs gSaA
Mummy
jksgu
: Rohan, tell the Dad, I am coming in 5 minutes. We‟ll have b‟fast then.
% Bhd gS eEehA ck;A ikik eEeh 5 feuV esa vk jgh gSA cxy esa vkaVh ds lkFk gSA
Rohan
: Ok mom. Bye. Dad, Mom is coming in 5 minutes. She is with neighbor aunty.
ikik
% Bhd gSA cgqr cf<+;kA
Dad
: Ok. That‟s fine.
Conversation – 12 ¼okrkZyki & 12½
cgu
% HkS;k esjs] jk[kh ds ca/ku dks fuHkkukA ¼xkrs gq,½
Sister
: Bhaiya mere, Rakhi ke bandhan ko nibhana. (sings)
HkS;k
% et+kd er djA QVkQV jk[kh ck¡/k nsA
Brother
cgu
Sister
: Don‟t make fun. Hurry up and tie the Rakhi.
% HkS;k] esjs fy, vkids ikl dHkh le; jgrk gS \ ges‛kk tYnh esa jgrs gksA
: Bhaiya, do you ever have time for me. You are always in a hurry.
HkS;k
% cPps] vkt esa ;gha ?kj ij gw¡A rw jk[kh rks ck¡/k] fQj ns[k esjk ljizkbt+A
Brother
: Sweetheart, I am very much here at home today. You tie and see the surprise.
cgu
% yxrk gS vkt dqN T+;knk iSls feyus okys gSaA
Sister
: Looks as I am going to get good amount of money today.
HkS;k
% oDr dk bUrt+kj rks djA
Brother
: Well, just wait for the right time honey.
cgu
% ;s yhft, esjs I;kjs HkS;kA ck¡/k nh jk[khA vkSj vc vki [kkb, ;s feBkbZ tks eSaus I;kj ls vkids fy,
cukbZ gSA
Sister
: Here it is, my dear brother. It‟s done. Now you eat the sweets that I‟ve prepared
for you with love.
HkS;k
% ;s rwus [kqn cukbZ gSA fo‛okl ugha gks jgkA
Brother
: You made it yourself, hard to believe.
cgu
% eryc] vkidks esjh dkfcfy;r is ‚kd gSA
Sister
: That means you doubt on my abilities.
HkS;k
% et+s ys jgk gw¡A
Brother
: I am just kidding honey.
cgu
% vki ges‛kk esjk fny rksM+ nsrs gksA
Sister
: You always hurt me bro.
346
HkS;k
% vPNk esjh cgu] ;s ys rsjk ljizkbt+ fx¶VA
Brother
: I am sorry sweet heart, here is your surprise gift.
cgu
Sister
HkS;k
% ;s D;k gS \
: What‟s this?
% [kksy ds rks ns[kA
Brother
: Open and see.
cgu
% HkS;k] ;s rks ,siy dk eksckby gSA fdrus dk gS HkS;k \ ;s rks cgqr eagxk gksxkA
Sister
HkS;k
Brother
: Bhaiya, this is Apple‟s mobile. How much for? It must be expensive.
% esjh cgu ds lkeus esjs fy, dksbZ pht+ eagxh ughaA ;s eagxh gS ij rw vueksy gSA
: Nothing is expensive for me than you are. It‟s costly but you are precious.
cgu
% FkSaD;w HkS;kA vki nqfu;k ds lcls vPNs HkkbZ gksA oSls HkS;k] crkvks u fdrus dk gS \
Sister
: Thank you so much bhaiya. You are the greatest brother in the world. By the
way, how much did it cost you?
HkS;k
% ;s 48000 :0 dk gSA
Brother
cgu
Sister
HkS;k
: It‟s for Rs. 48000. / It cost me 48k.
% HkS;k] bruk eagxkA ij HkS;k] blls csgrj dqN ugha gks ldrkA
: My god, so costly! But Bhaiya, it‟s amazing.
% esjs fy, rq>ls csgrj dqN ughaA
Brother
: For me, nothing matters more than you.
cgu
% HkS;k] eSa vkils cgqr I;kj djrh gw¡A
Sister
: Bhaiya, I love you so much.
HkS;k
% eSa HkhA ,d ckr vkSj] vkt fMuj ds fy, ckgj tk;saxsA rw viuk euilUn [kkuk [kkus okyh gSA eEeh ge
lc djhc 8 cts fudysaxsA ikik dks Hkh euk ysuk tYnh vkus ds fy,A
Brother
: I love you too honey. One more thing, tonight we‟ll have dinner outside. You are
going to have your favourite food today. Mom, we all will leave at about 8.
Convince dad as well to come early.
eEeh
% ;s eq> ij NksM+ nksA ikik ogh djsaxs tks vkidh eEeh pkgsaxhA
Mummy
: Leave it on me. Dad is going to follow what your mom says.
Conversation – 13 ¼okrkZyki & 13½
‚kkfUr
Shanti
% eEeh us ml fnu rqEgsa dqN fn;k Fkk gS u \
: Mom had given you something that day, hadn‟t she?
:fp
% ugha] mUgksaus fn;k ugha Fkk cfYd nsus okyh FkhA oks rks eSaus gh euk dj fn;k FkkA
Ruchi
: Not really, she was giving me in fact but I had refused to take.
‚kkfUr
% D;k ns jgh Fkha og \
Shanti
: What was that?
:fp
% gqvk ;s fd mUgksaus esjs HkS;k ls dqN fdrkcsa e¡xok;h FkhaA HkS;k us mUgsa mu fdrkcksa dh dher crkbZ FkhA oks
mlh ds iSls ns jgh FkhA eSaus euk blfy, fd;k D;ksfa d HkS;k dks vpkud cSaxyksj tkuk iM+kA muds ,d
nksLr dh rfc;r cgqr [kjkc gSA ftldh otg ls oks fdrkcsa ugha yk ik;sA vkSj ;s tkurs gq, fd oks rc
rd fdrkcsa ugha yk ldrs] tc rd okil u vk tk;sa vkSj ;s Hkh irk ugha fd oks dc rd vk;saxs] eS ua s
iSls ysus ls euk dj fn;kA
Ruchi
: In fact, she had asked my brother to bring a few books. Bhaiya had told her
about the total cost. She was giving me money for it but I denied because
Bhaiya had to suddenly leave for Banglore. One of his friends is pretty ill due to
which he couldn‟t bring the books. And knowing that he can‟t buy the books
unless he returns, moreover it is not confirmed when he would return, I just
didn‟t take the money.
‚kkfUr
Shanti
% rqEgkjs HkS;k tkWc ugha djrs D;k \
: Doesn‟t your brother work?
347
:fp
% vjs] mudk viuk xkjesUV~l dk fct+ul
s gSA muds uhps djhc 20 yksx dke djrs gSaA ,d eSut
s j Hkh gS
tks muds u gksus ij lkjk dke ns[krk gSA blfy, dksbZ [kkl QdZ ugha iM+rkA tc mudh ‚kknh gqbZ Fkh
rks oks djhc ,d eghus gekjs nsgjknwu okys QkeZ gkÅl esa jgdj vk;s FksA
Ruchi
: Well, he has his own business of Garments. There are about 20 people working
under him. There is a manager too who supervises everything in his absence.
So, it doesn‟t matter much. When he had got married, He had gone to our
Dehradun‟s farm house and stayed there for about a month.
‚kkfUr
Shanti
:fp
% mudk lgh gSA ets gSA dk‛k fd esjk Hkh ,slk gh dqN dke gksrk] rks tkWc djus dh t+:jr gh u gksrhA
: His is good. He must be enjoying himself. I wish if I had this sort of business
too, there wouldn‟t have been a need of job.
% ij fctusl esa Hkh dbZ ijs‛kkfu;k¡ gksrh gSA
Ruchi
: But there is tension in business too.
‚kkfUr
% gk¡ irk gSA pyks NksMk+ s vkWfQl tkuk gSA eSa fudyrh gw¡A ck;A
Shanti
: I know. Anyways, I have to go to office. I leave now. Bye.
Conversation – 14 ¼okrkZyki & 14½
izksQslj
% jkgqy] eq>s rqels dqN t+#jh ckr djuh gSA ;wfuoflZVh dh bl lky dh IysLesUV ds ckjs esa ge lksp jgs
FksA eq>s nq[k gS fd rqEgkjh rjQ ls vHkh rd dqN Hkh ikWftfVo fjtVZ ugha fey ik;k gSA eqn~nk ;s gS fd
rqEgkjh IysLesUV dgk¡ dh tk, \
Professor
: Rahul, I have to talk something important with you. We were thinking about
the university‟s this year‟s placement. I am sorry that there are no as such
positive results coming from your end. The concern is your placement?
jkgqy
% lj esjh igyh ilUn gS ,siy budkWjiksjs‛kuA blds vykok eSa fdlh dEiuh ds ckjs esa ugha lksp jgkA
Rahul
: Sir, my first choice is Apple Inc. I am not even thinking about any other.
izksQslj
% ij jkgqy] IysLesUV ds fy, dEifu;k¡ vxys eghus gh vk jgh gaSA vkidh fjlpZ vHkh rd dksbZ fu"d"kZ ugha
fudky ik;h gSA
Professor
: But Rahul, companies are coming next month and your research has not
concluded anything as yet.
jkgqy
% lj eSa iwjh esgur dj jgk gw¡A eq>s mEehn gS fd esjk fjlpZ tYn gh eq>s dqN u dqN fjtVZ nsxkA
Rahul
: Sir, I am trying the best. I am optimistic about having something soon.
izksQslj
Professor
jkgqy
Rahul
izksQslj
Professor
jkgqy
Rahul
izksQslj
Professor
jkgqy
Rahul
% ij jkgqy] ;s dkQh ugha gSA
: But Rahul, it‟s not good enough.
% gj cM+h miyfC/k oDr ysrh gSA
: An achievement needs time.
% eq>s yxrk gS fd rqEgsa nksckjk lkspuk gksxkA gks ldrk gS] rqEgkjh mEehn bl fjlpZ ls O;ogkfjd u gksA
: I guess you‟ll have to re-think. Maybe, your optimism is not practical.
% lj] tc ,fMlu us cYc ds ckjs esa lkspk gksxk rks D;k mlds le; ds yksxks us mldh dkfcfy;r ij
‚kd ugha fd;k gksxkA lQyrk dk eryc ;s rks ugha fd dHkh vlQyrk u feysA
: Sir, when Adison thought about the bulb, wouldn‟t his contemporaries have
doubted his abilities. Success doesn‟t mean the absence of failure.
% jkgqy] eq>s rqe ij fo‛okl gS ij---------
: Rahul, I believe in your abilities but…..
% lj] vki fpUrk u djsaA eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksMw¡xkA
: Sir, don‟t worry. I‟ll leave no stone unturned.
Conversation – 15 ¼okrkZyki & 15½
eqlkfQj 1
% ;s lhV [kkyh gS D;k \
Passenger 1
: Is this seat vacant?
eqlkfQj 2
% gk¡ th] [kkyh gSA
Passenger 2
: Yes, it is.
348
eqlkfQj 1
% [kM+&
s 2 Fkd x;k FkkA pyks] lhV fey x;hA
Passenger 1
: I was tired of standing. Finally, got the seat.
eqlkfQj 2
% lhV feyuk bl #V dh cl esa FkksMk+ eqf‛dy gksrk gSA yEck #V gS vkSj nwljh ckr] bl cl dh
lsok;sa Hkh de gSaA
Passenger 2
: Getting a seat is a bit difficult in this route. The route is long and
another thing is that bus service in this route is not frequent.
eqlkfQj 1
% lgh esAa eSa fiNys 3 eghus ls bl cl esa tk jgk gw¡ vkSj tgk¡ rd eq>s ;kn gS ‚kk;n 10&12 ckj
gh eq>s lhV feyh gksxhA eSa bldh vxyh cl esa blfy, ugha tk ldrk D;ksafd oks ,d ?kaVs ckn
fudyrh gSA eSa vkWfQl ds fy, ysV gks tkšxkA
Passenger 1
eqlkfQj 2
: True. I‟ve been travelling by this bus for last 3 months and as far as I
remember, I think only 10-12 times I would have got the seat. I can‟t go
by next bus because that departs after an hour. I‟ll get late for office.
% ;gh esjs lkFk Hkh gSA eSa rks ;s lksp jgk gw¡ fd vkWfQl ds vkl ikl gh dgha ?kj ys yw¡A le; dh
cpr Hkh gksxh vkSj jkst&
+ 2 dh bl ijs‛kkuh ls NqVdkjk Hkh fey tk,xkA
Passenger 2
: Same with me. I am rather thinking to purchase a house somewhere
near my office. It would not only save time but also get me rid of this
troublesome of commutation.
eqlkfQj 1
% ;gh ckr esjh choh Hkh dg jgh Fkh ij esjs lkFk fnDdr ;s gS fd vkWfQl ds vklikl ?kj ysuk
dksbZ vklku ugha gSA iSls dh FkksMk+ fnDdr gSA [kSj] 2 lky ds vUnj ys gh yw¡xkA
Passenger 1
: The same thing even my wife was telling me but it is not that easy.
There is a bit trouble of money. I must purchase in 2 years.
eqlkfQj 2
% mEehn is nqfu;k dk;e gSA esjk LVSUM rks vk x;kA fQj feysaxsA
Passenger 2
: Hope for the best. Here comes my stand. See you again.
eqlkfQj 1
% vPNk thA
Passenger 1
: Alright then.
Conversation – 16 ¼okrkZyki – 16½
Qksu ctrk gSA jkgqy Qksu mBkrk gSA (Phone rings. Rahul picks up the phone.)
jkgqy
% gSyksA
Rahul
: Hello?
jkds‛k
% D;k eSa jkgqy ls ckr dj ldrk gw¡ \
Rakesh
: Could I speak with Rahul?
jkgqy
% cksy jgk gw¡A dkSu cksy jgk gS \
Rahul
: speaking. Who is this? / Who is calling?
jkds‛k
% vUnkt+k yxkA vkokt+ igpku \
Rakesh
: Guess. Recognize the voice.
jkgqy
% HkkbZ] crkvks dkSu gS \ eS dqN dke dj jgk gw¡A FkksMk+ O;Lr gw¡A
Rahul
: Bro, Tell me who this is? I am working and a bit busy.
jkds‛k
Rakesh
% gn gks xbZA igpku Hkh ugha ik jgkA
: Not fair. Can‟t you recognize?
Jkgqy
% dkSu] fodkl \
Rahul
: Is it Vikas?
jkds‛k
% fodkl ughaA ;kn gS xys feyuk vkSj jksukA
Rakesh
: Not Vikas. You remember, hug and cry.
jkgqy
% vcs jkds‛kA
Rahul
: Oh my god, Rakesh?
jkds‛k
% gk¡ th ljdkjA
Rakesh
: Yes sir.
jkgqy
% dgk¡ gS rw \ ;s rsjk uEcj gS \
Rahul
: Where are you mate? Is it your number?
349
jkds‛k
Rakesh
jkgqy
Rahul
jkds‛k
% gk¡ esjk gh gSA
: Yep, it‟s mine.
% rw dgk¡ pyk x;k Fkk \ eSaus rq>s gj txg <¡w<k] rsjk Qksu Hkh cUn FkkA eSaus eSlst Hkh fd;s ij rwus ,d Hkh
fjIyk; ugha fd;kA
: Where were you gone? I searched you everywhere, even your phone was
switched off. I even messaged but you didn‟t even bother to reply once.
% ckr gh dqN ijs‛kkuh dh gks x;h FkhA
Rakesh
: I was in trouble.
jkgqy
% ,d ckr crkA rsjh gj ijs‛kkuh dks eaSus viuk le>kA rw eq>s dgrkA vxj eSa dqN u Hkh dj ikrk rks Hkh
de ls de rsjk lkFk rks nsrkA
Rahul
: Tell me one thing. I always stood by you in difficult times. You must have told
me. I could‟ve atleast helped you.
jkds‛k
Rakesh
% tkurk gw¡ nksLr] rw cgqr ukjkt gSA ij eSa viuh ijs‛kkuh esa rq>s Hkh ?klhVuk ugha pkgrk FkkA
: I know mate, you are not happy with it. But I didn‟t want to drag you in it.
Conversation – 17 ¼okrkZyki – 17½
Customer : Good morning.
xzkgd
% ueLrsA
Banker
: Very good morning sir. How can I help you?
cSad dehZ
% ueLrs ljA eSa vkidh D;k enn dj ldrk g¡w\
Customer : Sir, I have to deposit some money into my loan account but first of all, I want to
know the outstanding balance in my account.
xzkgd
% lj] eq÷ks vius yksu [kkrs esa dqN iSls Mkyus gSa ysfdu igys vius [kkrs dh cdk;k jkf‛k ds ckjs esa tkuuk
pkgrk gw¡A
Banker
: It‟s only Rs. 82563/-
cSad dehZ
% dsoy 82563/- #A
Customer : How come? Sir I had deposited 500/- last month.
xzkgd
% dSls! lj eSaus fiNys eghus blesa 500 # tek fd;s FksA
Banker
: Sir, let me check your account? May I have your account number please?
cSad dehZ
% lj] eq÷ks vkidk [kkrk pSd dj ysus nhft,\ d`i;k viuk [kkrk la[;k crkb,\
xzkgd
% fcYdqy] 50124562136.
Banker
: Thank you. Let me check.
cSad dehZ
% /kU;oknA ns[k jgk gw¡A
Customer : Sure, it‟s 50124562136.
Customer : Sir, can you provide me account statement too?
xzkgd
% lj] D;k vki eq÷ks [kkrs dk LVsVesVa ns ldrs gSa\
Banker
: Sure. Well I can see that you deposited Rs. 500/- last month, then your
outstanding remained 81961/- but on 31st of last month, interest of Rs. 602/debited from your account, hence your present outstanding is Rs. 82563/-.
cSad dehZ
% D;ksa ughaA lj eSa ns[k jgk gw¡ fd vkius fiNys eghus blesa 500 # tek fd;s Fks] mlds ckn vkidk
cdk;k 81961 # gks x;k Fkk ysfdu fiNys eghus dh 31 rkjh[k dks 602 # C;kt yxk blhfy, vkidk
cdk;k bl oDr 82563 # gSA
Customer : Oh yes, I didn‟t think about the interest.
xzkgd
Banker
cSad dehZ
% vjs gk¡A eSaus C;kt ds ckjs esa ugha lkspkA
: It‟s ok sir. We are sitting here to clarify your doubts.
% dksbZ ugha ljA ge ;gk¡ vkids MkmV~l dks nwj djus ds fy, gh cSBs gSaA
Customer : Thanks a lot. Kindly provide me the statement too.
xzkgd
% cgqr&2 /kU;oknA d`i;k eq÷ks LVsVesaV Hkh ns nhft,A
Banker
: Here it is.
cSad dehZ
% ;s yhft, ljA
350
Customer : Thank you.
xzkgd
% /kU;oknA
Banker
: By the way, sir I saw you in Haldwani on Sunday.
cSad dehZ
% oSls lj eSaus vkidks laMs ds fnu gY}kuh esa ns[kk FkkA
Customer : I went there for some work. Where did you see?
xzkgd
% eSa dqN dke ls ogk¡ x;k FkkA vkius dgk¡ ns[kk \
Banker
: Near JK showroom.
cSad dehZ
% ts ds ‚kks#e ds iklA
Customer : Yeah, I was there.
xzkgd
% gk¡] eSa ogk¡ FkkA
Banker
: Anything else can I help you with?
cSad dehZ
% dqN vkSj gSYi dh t+#jr gks rks crkb, lj\
xzkgd
% ugha clA FkSaD;wA
Customer : That‟s all. Thank you.
Banker
: Thank you sir.
cSad dehZ
% FkSaD;w ljA
Conversation – 18 ¼okrkZyki – 18½
cl dUMDVj
% fnYyh tkus okys ;k=h d`Ik;k ;gk¡ vkbZ,A¼fpYykrs gq,½
Bus Conductor
: Passengers going to Delhi come here. (Shouting)
veu
% HkkbZ lkgc ;s cl fnYyh tk jgh gS D;k \
Aman
: Bhai sahib, is this bus going to Delhi?
cl dUMDVj
% gk¡ ;s cl fnYyh tk jgh gSA
Bus Conductor
: Yes it is.
veu
% ;gk¡ ls fdrus cts pysxh\
Aman
: When will it depart?
cl dUMDVj
Bus Conductor
veu
Aman
cl dUMDV
Bus Conductor
veu
Aman
% cl FkksMh+ gh nsj esa pyus okyh gSA
: it‟s leaving in a moment.
% vPNkA eq>s xkft+;kckn tkuk gSA
: I see. I‟ve to go Ghaziabad.
% gk¡ ;s cl xkft+;kckn gksrs gq, fnYyh tk,xhA
: It‟ll go to Delhi via Ghaziabad.
% fdruk fdjk;k gS \
: How much is the fare?
cl dUMDVj
% ,d vkneh dk 250 fdjk;k gS] vki fdrus yksx gks \
Bus Conductor
: Rs. 250 per head, how many are you?
veu
% eSa vdsyk gh gw¡A
Aman
: I am only one.
cl dUMDVj
% vPNk Bhd gSA vki fVdV ys yhft,A
Bus Conductor
: Ok. Buy the ticket.
veu
% HkkbZ lkgc ;gk¡ ls fnYyh rd dk 250 fdjk;k gS vkSj eq>s xkft+;kckn gh tkuk gSA
Aman
: Bhai sahab, fare to Delhi is Rs. 250 but I‟ve to only go up to Ghaziabad.
cl dUMDVj
% fnYyh tkvks ;k xkft+;kckn tkvks] fdjk;k bruk gh yxsxkA
Bus Conductor
: Whether you go Delhi or Ghaziabad, fare is the same.
veu
% dqN le÷k ugha vkbZ ckr!
Aman
cl dUMDVj
Bus Conductor
veu
Aman
: I didn‟t understand the logic!
% cgl er dfj,A
: Don‟t argue.
% Bhd gS fQj ;s yks iSls] fVdV ns nksA
: Fine, Here is the money, give me a ticket.
351
cl dUMDVj
% ;s yhft,A
Bus Conductor
: Here it is.
veu
% HkkbZ lkgc lhV rks gS u \
Aman
: Seat is available?
cl dUMDVj
% gk¡ lhV [kkyh gSA vki 34 u0 lhV ij cSB tkb,A
Bus Conductor
: Yes it is. Go to seat no. 34.
veu
% Bhd gSA
Aman
: Alright.
Conversation – 19 ¼okrkZyki – 19½
Manager is talking to Pooja, his employee. ¼eSut
s j viuh deZpkjh iwtk ls ckr dj jgsa gSaA½
Manager
: Pooja, I have been noticing for last few days, you are not taking job seriously.
eSustj
% iwtk] fiNys dqN fnuksa ls ns[k jgk gw¡ fd rqe viuh tkWc dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha ys jgh gksA
Pooja
: No sir, it‟s nothing like that. In fact sir, I am pretty disturbed these days. I‟ve
certain family issues.
iwtk
% ugha lj] ,slk ugha gSA okLro esa] bu fnuksa eSa dkQh ijs‛kku gw¡A dqN ikfjokfjd leL;k,a gSaA
Manager
: Pooja, you have always been a star performer. I want you to perform your best
irrespective of the personal issues.
eSustj
% iwtk] rqe ges‛kk ls ,d LVkj ijQkeZj jgh gksA Hkys gh futh leL;k,a gksa ij eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe viuh
csgrjhu ijQkesZal nksA
Pooja
iwtk
: Sir, I promise to continue my good work. But sir, I have a request…
% lj] eSa vPNk dke djrs jgus dk oknk djrh gw¡ ij vkils ,d xqt+kfj‛k gS----
Manager
: Tell me.
eSustj
% crkvksA
Pooja
: sir, I was thinking if I could get few days leave.
iwtk
% lj] eSa lksp jgh Fkh vxj dqN fnuksa dh NqV~Vh fey tkrhA
Manager
: How many days you need?
eSustj
% fdrus fnuksa dh pkfg,\
Pooja
: Sir, at least a week.
iwtk
% lj] de ls de ,d g¶rs dhA
Manager
: Though it is going to be difficult without you because Binita and Anjali are
already on leave, but I think you have a genuine reason. I will manage.
eSustj
% gkyk¡fd rqEgkjs fcuk FkksMk+ eqf‛dy gksxk D;ksafd fcfurk vkSj vatfy igys ls gh NqV~Vh is gSa ij eq÷ks yxrk
gS fd otg tk;t+ gSA eSa l¡Hkky yw¡xkA
Pooja
iwtk
: Sir, I‟ll be very thankful to you.
% lj] eSa vkidh cgqr vkHkkjh jgw¡xhA
Manager
: Pooja, Let me suggest you something. See, there are so many problems that we
face in life but we are always having certain responsibilities too. Responsibility
may be of any kind; personal or professional. We need to manage them together
without reflecting stress in one another.
eSustj
% iwtk] eSa rqEgsa ,d jk; nsrk g¡wA ns[kks] ge ft+Unxh esa dbZ leL;kvksa ls tw÷krs gSa ysfdu gekjh dqN
ft+Eesnkfj;k¡ Hkh gSaA ftEesnkjh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh gks ldrh gS] ilZuy gks ;k izksQs‛kuyA gesa nksuksa rjg
dh leL;kvksa ls ,d lkFk fuiVuk gksrk gS fcuk ,d nwljs esa trk, gq,A
Pooja
: I know.
iwtk
% th ljA
Manager
: I understand that our family issues do disturb our professional life. But
managing both simultaneously is an art.
eSustj
% eSa le÷krk gw¡ fd gekjh QSfeyh izkWcyEl gekjh izkQ
s S‛kuy ykbQ dks fMLVcZ t+#j djrh gSaA ysfdu nksuksa
dks ,d lkFk eSuSt djuk ,d dyk gSA
352
Pooja
: I agree sir. Your suggestions are always worthy.
iwtk
% eSa vkils lger gw¡ ljA vkids lq÷kko ges‛kk lgh gksrs gSaA
Manager
: This is nothing but my experience of 50 years.
eSustj
% ;s dqN ugha cl esjk 50 lky dk vuqHko gSA
Pooja
: Sir, are you 50 years old?
iwtk
% lj] vki 50 lky ds gSa D;k\
Manager
: I am rather 60.
eSustj
% cfYd 60 dkA
Pooja
iwtk
: I can‟t believe it sir. You don‟t look like.
% ;dhu ugha gksrk ljA vki yxrs ugha gksA
Manager
: But I am.
eSustj
% ysfdu eSa gw¡A
Pooja
: Anyways sir. Thank you so much once again.
iwtk
% pfy, Bhd gS ljA ,d ckj fQj vkidk /kU;oknA
Manager
: Go, sort out the issues and come back with same energy.
eSustj
% tkvks] viuh ijs‛kkfu;ksa dks [kRe djks vkSj mlh ÅtkZ ds lkFk okil vkvksA
Pooja
: Sure sir. Thanks
iwtk
% iDdk ljA /kU;oknA
Conversation – 20 ¼okrkZyki – 20½
nqdkunkj
% vkb, eSMeA
Shopkeeper: Please come in madam.
:ch
% HkS;k eq>s lwV ysuk FkkA fn[kkb, vPNk lk lwV] dksbZ u;s fMt+kbu esaA
Ruby
: Bhaiya, I want to purchase a suit. Show me a good one, in some new design.
nqdkunkj
% Bhd gS eSMeA vki cSfB, eSa vHkh fn[kkrk gw¡A
Shopkeeper: Ok madam. Please have a seat, I just show you.
:ch
% Bhd gS HkS;kA
Ruby
: Ok bhaiya.
nqdkunkj
% eSMe crkbZ, fdl VkbZi dk lwV fn[kkš\ vkSj fdrus rd dk\
Shopkeeper: Madam, what type of suit you want? & of what range?
:ch
% jsat fd dksbZ ckr ugha fdrus dk Hkh gks] ij vPNk gksuk pkfg,A
Ruby
: Range is no bar but it has to be a good one.
nqdkunkj
% csfQØ jfg,] dqN u;s o vPNs fMt+kbu esa fn[kkrk gw¡A ikVhZ ds fy, pkfg, D;k \
Shopkeeper: Not to worry then, I show you few new & good designs. You need it for party?
:ch
Ruby
nqdkunkj
% gk¡ HkS;k] esjs ekek dh yM+dh dh ‚kknh gSA
: Yes it is, actually my maternal uncle‟s daughter is getting married.
% ;s nsf[k,A vkSj ;s Hkh gS] blesa vkSj Hkh dyj gSaA
Shopkeeper: See this one & this as well, colors are many in these patterns.
:ch
% HkS;k ;s okyk fdrus dk gS \
Ruby
: How much is this for?
nqdkunkj
% eSMe ;s vkidks iM+sxk 1500 es]a vxj blls FkksM+k de dk pkfg, rks vki oks okyk ys ldrh gSaA
:ch
% ugha eq>s oks ugha pkfg,] ;s okyk vPNk gS] ij vki jsV T+;knk crk jgs gSaA dqN de gks ldrk gS D;k \
Shopkeeper: Madam, it‟ll cost you 1500, if you need a bit cheaper, you can go for that one.
Ruby
: Not that one, this one is better but rate is a bit higher. Can‟t it be less a bit?
nqdkunkj
% ugha eSMe de ugha gks ik,xk] eaSus vkidks igys gh fMLdkmUV ds lkFk jsV crk;k gSA
:ch
% vPNk] HkS;k oks okyk fn[kkuk] tks gjs okys ds ck;ha rjQ gSA
Ruby
: Well, show me the one, to the left of the green one.
nqdkunkj
% dkSu lk] ;s okyk \
Shopkeeper: I‟ve already given you discount.
Shopkeeper: Which one, is this you are talking about?
353
:ch
% gk¡ gk¡ ogh] vkSj oks okyk Hkh fn[kkuk] mlh ds uhps tks gSA
Ruby
: Yes it is. Also the one, just underneath.
nqdkunkj
% ;s yks eSMe] vkSj ,d ;s Hkh ns[kks ;s cgqr vPNk gSA vkt dy ;s cgqr py jgk gSA [kkldj ‚kknh ikVhZ
ds fy,A
Shopkeeper: Here it is madam, & see this one too, it‟s a nice suit. It‟s in fashion these days,
particularly for marriages and parties.
:ch
Ruby
nqdkunkj
% dkSu lk] ;s okykA ugha ugha HkS;k eq>s ,slk ugha pkfg,A dksbZ vkSj fn[kkvksA
: This? No bhaiya, I don‟t need such. Show me something else?
% vPNk rks fQj ;s ns[kks ;s tSlk vki <+w¡< jgh gSa] ;s fcydqy oSlk gh gSA
Shopkeeper: Alright then you see this type of, exactly the one you are searching.
:ch
% gk¡ ;s csgrj gSA bls iSd dj nks vkSj jsV FkksM+k lgh yxkukA
Ruby
: Yeah, this is better. Pack this one and please negotiate on price.
nqdkunkj
% vki fpark er djks jsV fcydqy lgh yxk;k gSA
Shopkeeper: Don‟t worry madam, rate is absolutely fine.
:ch
% HkS;k fdruk ijlsaV fMLdkmaV gS \
Ruby
: Bhaiya, how much is the discount on this.
nqdkunkj
% blis 10 izlsVa fMLdkmaV gSA vkidks ;s dsoy 1100 dk iM+sxkA
Shopkeeper: It‟s for 10%. It‟ll cost you only 1100/-.
:ch
% Bhd gS ;s yks HkS;k iSlsA
Ruby
: Fine, here is the money.
nqdkunkj
% FkSaD;w eSMe vxyh ckj Hkh lsok dk ekSdk nhft,xkA
Shopkeeper: Thank you madam, please visit again.
Conversation – 21 ¼okrkZyki – 21½
ikik
% xqM ekWfuZax ik;yA
Father
: Good morning payal.
ik;y
% xqM ekWfuZax ikikA xqM ekWfuZax eEehA
Payal
: Good morning dad. Good morning mom.
eEeh
% xqM ekWfuZax esjh jktdqekjhA
Mummy
: Good morning my princess.
ikik
% jkgqy vc rd mBk ugha D;k \
Father
eEeh
: Didn‟t Rahul get up?
% oks vHkh Hkh lks jgk gSA
Mummy
: He is still sleeping.
ik;y
% ikik oks jkst+ ysV mBrk gS] mls dqN D;ksa ugha dgrs vki \
Payal
eEeh
Mummy
ik;y
: Dad, he gets up late every day, why don‟t you say anything to him?
% csVk vkt jfookj gS] mls lksus nksA
: It‟s Sunday, let him sleep.
% vkt esjh Hkh NqV~Vh gS eSa rks tYnh mB x;h\
Payal
: Even I am on off today, but I woke up early?
ikik
% ik;y] csVk tkvks jkgqy dks mBk nksA cksyks ikik cqyk jgs gSaA
Father
: Payal, you go and wake up Rahul. Tell him, Dad is calling.
ik;y
% ugha ikik eSa ugha tkšxh] eq> ij xqLlk djsxk] eEeh dks cksfy, mls mBkus ds fy,A
Payal
ikik
: No dad, I won‟t go, he‟ll get angry on me, Tell mom to wake him up.
% MkfyZax rqe gh mBk nksA
Father
: Darling, you do.
eEeh
% jkgqy] csVk mBks lqcg gks x;h gSA
Mummy
jkgqy
Rahul
: Rahul, get up son, it‟s morning now.
% eEeh] vkSj lksus nks uk Iyht+A
: Mom, please let me sleep more.
354
eEeh
Mummy
Jkgqy
Rahul
eEeh
Mummy
% dkQh Vkbe gks x;k gSA ikik ds lkFk ikdZ ugha tkuk gS D;k \
: It‟s pretty late. Haven‟t you to go to park?
% ugha eEeh] vkt ikdZ ugha tkšxk eu ugha dj jgk gS] vki eq>s lksus nks Iyht+A
: No mom, I won‟t go today, not feeling like, please let me sleep.
% csVk vkidks ikik th cqyk jgs gSaA mBks ojuk ikik th xqLlk djsaxsA
: Rahul, Dad is calling you. Get up or else Dad will get angry.
jkgqy
% Bhd gS eEeh vHkh mBrk gw¡ A
Rahul
: Ok mom, I get up.
eEeh
% xqM ckW;] eSa vHkh vkids fy, pk; ykrh gw¡A
Mummy
: Good boy, I bring a cup of tea for you.
jkgqy
% vksds eEehA
Rahul
: Ok mom.
Conversation – 22 ¼okrkZyki – 22½
Aditya (An English Teacher) calls his one of the best students, Pavitra:
vkfnR; ¼,d baxfy‛k Vhpj½ ifo=k dks dkWy djrs gSa tks muds lcls vPNs fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa ls ,d gS%
Pavitra
: Hello.
ifo=k
% gyksA
Aditya
: Hello, Is this Pavitra?
vkfnR;
% gyks] dkSu ifo=k\
Pavitra
: Yeah. Who is this?
ifo=k
% gk¡ th] vki dkSu\
Aditya
: Pavitra, This is Aditya.
vkfnR;
% ifo=k] eSa vkfnR;A
Pavitra
: Who Aditya?
ifo=k
% dkSu vkfnR;\
Aditya
vkfnR;
Pavitra
: Can‟t you recognize my voice?
% esjh vkokt+ ugha igpku jgs vki\
: Oh I am sorry sir. It‟s you.
ifo=k
% vksg! lkWjh lj] vkiA
Aditya
: Yeah, pavitra I am calling to inform you about special classroom training on
Sunday. I‟ve informed almost all the students about the same. Kindly ensure
your presence on the day.
vkfnR;
% gk¡a] ifo=k eSa vkidks ;s crkus ds fy, dkWy dj jgk gw¡ fd laMs dks ,d fo‛ks’k Dykl#e Vªsfusax gSA eSaus
yxHkx lHkh dks blds ckjs esa crk fn;k gSA vkidks Hkh t+#j vkuk gSA
Pavitra
ifo=k
Aditya
vkfnR;
: Of course sir. I‟ll be there. At what time, will the training start?
% fcYdqy ljA eSa vk tkÅ¡xhA Vªsfuax fdrus cts ‚kq# gksxh lj\
: It‟s at 10 am. All are requested to be on time.
% 10 ctsA lHkh dks le; is vkuk gSA
Pavitra
: Have you informed Arpana and Vivek also?
ifo=k
% vkius viZuk vkSj foosd dks crk fn;k lj\
Aditya
: No, I am about to call them up.
vkfnR;
% ugha] eSa mUgsa dkWy djus okyk gw¡A
Pavitra
: Sir, I am going to Arpana‟s home in the evening. I‟ll inform her about it.
ifo=k
% lj] eSa ‚kke dks viZuk ds ?kj tk jgh gw¡A eSa Dykl ds ckjs esa mls crk nw¡xhA
Aditya
: Alright. See you on Sunday then.
vkfnR;
% Bhd gSA laMs dks feyrs gSaA
Pavitra
: Ok sir. Bye.
ifo=k
% vPNk ljA ck;A
355
Conversation – 23 ¼okrkZyki – 23½
Lkkxj dh rfc;r [kjkc gS blfy, oks MkWDVj ds ikl tkrk gS &
Sagar is unwell; hence he goes to see a Doctor –
Lkkxj
% D;k eSa vUnj vk ldrk g¡w lj \
Sagar
: May I come in sir?
MkWDVj
% Iyht+A vkb, cSfB,A
Doctor
: Please! Have a seat.
Lkkxj
% ueLrs ljA
Sagar
: Good morning sir.
MkWDVj
% ueLrsA
Doctor
: Very good morning.
Lkkxj
% MkWDVj lkgc fiNys nks fnu ls esjh rfc;r Bhd ugha gSA
Sagar
: Doctor, I‟ve been unwell for last 2 days.
MkWDVj
% ijs‛kkuh crkb, \
Doctor
: Tell me the problem?
lkxj
% FkksMk+ cq[kkj gS vkSj vthc lh cspSuh gksrh gSA
Sagar
: I‟ve little fever and awkward anxiety sort of.
MkWDVj
% dksbZ ckr ugha eSa vHkh pSd dj ysrk gw¡A
Doctor
: Not to worry, let me check.
lkxj
% Bhd gSA ¼?kcjk;s gq,½
Sagar
: Ok Doctor. (Scared)
MkWDVj
% ?kcjkus dh ckr ugha gS] vkidks FkksM+k det+kjs h gSA det+kjs h esa vDlj ,slk gksrk gSA cq[kkj Hkh gSA
Doctor
: No need to worry, its little weakness. It‟s quite obvious in weakness. You‟ve
fever too.
lkxj
% ij MkWDVj lkgc esjk [kkuk ihuk rks fcYdqy Bhd py jgk gSA
Sagar
: But Doctor, I am eating well, that too in time.
MkWDVj
% dHkh dHkh gks tkrk gSA dqN ekSle Hkh rks cny jgk gS u \ eSa dqN nokbZ;k¡ fy[k jgk gw¡] bUgsa jkr dks
xje ikuh ds lkFk [kkuk [kkus ds ckn ysuk gSA
Doctor
: It happens sometimes. Climate is also changing, isn‟t it? I am writing a few
medicines, Take these after dinner with warm water.
Lkkxj
% Bhd gS MkWDVj lkgcA
Sagar
: Ok Doctor.
MkWDVj
% fQygky rhu fnu dh nokbZ fy[kh gSA eSfMdy LVksj ls ys ysukA mlds ckn Hkh dksbZ fnDdr gks rks
vkb,sxkA
Doctor
: For the time being, I wrote 3 days‟ medicine. If problem persists, come back for
checkup.
Lkkxj
% Bhd gSA
Sagar
: Ok Doctor.
Lkkxj
% MkWDVj lkgc esjs isV esa Hkh FkksM+k nnZ lk gSA
Sagar
: Doctor, I‟ve got a bit stomachache as well.
MkWDVj
% dc ls gks jgk gS \
Doctor
: How long has it been?
lkxj
% tc ls cq[kkj tSlk yx jgk gSA djhc 3 fnu gks x;s gSaA
Sagar
: Since I‟ve been feeling feverish. It‟s been about 3 days.
MkWDVj
% xeZ ikuh ihft, vkSj elkysnkj [kkus ls ijgst+ dhft,A
Doctor
: Drink warm water and avoid spicy food.
lkxj
% Bhd gS MkWDVj lkgc] /kU;oknA
Sagar
: Ok Doctor. Thank you very much.
356
Conversation – 24 ¼okrkZyki – 24½
lyhe
% gk; jfo dSlk gS \
Saleem
: Hi Ravi, How are you mate?
jfo
% gk; lyhe eSa Bhd gw¡ rw crk rsjs D;k gky gSa \
Ravi
: Hey Saleem, I am fine, what about you?
lyhe
% eSa Hkh Bhd gw¡A vkSj D;k gks jgk gS vkt dy \
Saleem
: Fine. What‟s going on these days?
jfo
% dqN [kkl ughaA cl i<+kbZ rks iwjh gks xbZ gSA tkWc dh ryk‛k esa gw¡A vkSj rw crk\
Ravi
:Nothing new. Study is over now. I am looking for a job. You tell?
lyhe
% eSa rks vHkh tkWc dj jgk gw¡A ,d dEiuh gS ts ds ,y ih xzqiA eSa lsYl izfrfuf/k gw¡A
Saleem
: I am working now. There is a company by the name JKLP Group. I am
working as a Sales Executive.
jfo
% vPNk&2A rsjh dEiuh esa dksbZ tkWc oxSjg ugha gS D;k\ esjh Hkh yxk ns HkkbZA
Ravi
: I see. Is there a vacancy in your company? Make me join too.
lyhe
% gk¡] gS rks lghA ,d dke dj] eq÷ks viuk jsT+;wes ns ns] eSa vius ckWl ls ckr djrk g¡Aw vHkh eq÷ks flQZ rhu
eghus gq, gSa ij ckWl ls vPNh ckrphr gSA
Saleem
: Yes, why not. Do one thing, give me your resume, I‟ll talk to my boss. It‟s been
only 3 months there, but I‟ve got good speaking terms with my boss.
jfo
% Bhd gSA dy rq÷ks jsT+;wes esy dj nsrk g¡Aw iwjh dksf‛k‛k djukA cgqr t+#jr gS tkWc dhA
Ravi
: Fine. I‟ll mail you resume tomorrow. Try your best. I am in a dire need.
lyhe
% eq÷k ij NksM+ nsA ;s crk ?kj esa lc dSls gSa \ vady vkUVh \
Saleem
: Leave it on me. Well, how is everyone at home? Uncle Aunty?
jfo
% lc Bhd gSaA dHkh VkbZe fudky dj ?kj vkA vkt dy rks rw vkrk Hkh ugha gSA
Ravi
: All are fine. Drop in sometime. You don‟t turn up these days.
lyhe
% gk¡A lp dg¡w rks vktdy fcydqy Hkh VkbZe ugha feyrkA ubZ tkWc] dke gh dke] ;gh py jgk gSA
Saleem
:Yeah I know. Honestly speaking, I really don‟t get time these days. Actually,
new job & work load, that‟s it.
jfo
% py Bhd gS eSa pyrk gw¡A dgha tkuk gSA fQj feyrs gSa A
Ravi
: Well, I leave now. I got to go somewhere. See you again.
lyhe
% py Bhd gSA feyrs gSa A
Saleem
: Sure mate. See you soon.
Conversation – 25 ¼okrkZyki – 25½
foosd
% ueLrs ljA
Vivek
: Good morning sir.
vkfnR; lj
% ueLrs foosd dSls gks \
Aditya sir : Good morning vivek, how are you?
foosd
Vivek
vkfnR; lj
% Bhd gw¡ ljA lj ,d dke gSA
: I am fine sir. Sir, I‟ve something to ask.
% gk¡ crkvks] D;k dke gS \
Aditya sir : Sure, tell me?
foosd
% lj eSa dy ,d baVjO;w nsus tk jgk gw¡A FkksM+k ?kcjk jgk gw¡wA vkidh enn pkfg, ljA
Vivek
: Sir, I am going for an interview tomorrow. I am little nervous. I need your help.
357
vkfnR; lj
% vPNkA dkSu lh dEiuh esa baVjO;w nsus tk jgs gks vkSj fdl iksLV ds fy, \
Aditya sir : I see. Which company & for which post?
foosd
Vivek
vkfnR; lj
% ,d dkWy lSUVj gS ,se ds dE;wfuds‛kuA esjk dke Qksu dkWYl ysuk gS vkSj dLVej ls vkMZj ysukA
: It‟s a call center by the name „MK Communication‟. My job is to attend phone
calls and take customer‟s orders.
% Bhd gS cSBks eSa crkrk gw¡ A lcls igyh ckr dqN iz‛u ns jgk g¡]w bUgsa eq¡g tqckuh jV ysuk D;ksafd ;s
vDlj baVjO;w esa iwNs tkrs gSaA
Aditya sir : okay have a seat, I let you know. Firstly, I am giving you few questions, which
are commonly asked in interviews. You need to just cram them.
foosd
% Bhd gS ljA vPNk] ,d ckr crkb, lj] vxj eq÷kls iwNsa fd fdruh lSysjh pkfg, rks D;k dg¡wA
Vivek
: Fine. Sir, kindly suggest me; if they ask me about salary expectations, what
should I answer?
vkfnR; lj
% ;¡w rks nl gt+kj ls de osru esa rks xqt+kjk py ugha ldrk] ij vxj vkB gtkj rd Hkh ns nsa rks
‚kq#vkr esa cqjk ugha gSA
Aditya sir : Below Rs. 10000/- is not good enough though, but even if they give you 8, not
bad at the initial stage.
foosd
Vivek
vkfnR; lj
% eSa mUgsa dg nw¡xk vkB gtkjA
: I‟ll tell them 8.
% fcYdqy ughaA rqEgsa igys ugha dgukA D;k irk oks lksp jgs gksa T+;knk nsus dh vkSj rqe vkB dg nksA
igys mUgsa dgus nsukA
Aditya sir : Not at all. You‟ve not to say first. They might be thinking to offer & you say 8.
Let them offer first.
foosd
Vivek
% vkidh ckr lgh gS ljA eSa /;ku n¡wxkA
: You are right sir. I‟ll be careful.
vkfnR; lj
% oSls foosd] eSaus dbZ dkWy lSUVjksa esa dke fd;k gSA esgur dh tkWc gSA
foosd
% th ljA eSa viuh rjQ ls tku yxk n¡x
w kA ckdh Hkxoku ds Åij gSA vPNk vc pyw¡ ljA
Aditya sir : Actually vivek, I‟ve worked with many call centers. It‟s a hardworking job.
Vivek
vkfnR; lj
: Yes sir. I‟ll try my level best, rest on God. Ok sir, I leave now.
% vksds foosdA baVjO;w dh ‚kqHkdkeuk,¡A
Aditya sir : Ok vivek. Good luck for the interview.
foosd
% FkSaD;w ljA
Vivek
: Thank you sir.
Conversation – 26 ¼okrkZyki – 26½
lks‛ky lkbV ij vfHk’ksd vkSj vk;q’kh ds chp ckrphrA
vfHk’ksd
% gk;
Abhishek
: Hi
vk;q’kh
% gk; dSls gks \
Ayushi
:Hi how are you?
vfHk’ksd
% eSa Bhd gw¡ vkSj vki \
Abhishek
: I am fine and you?
vk;q’kh
% eSa Hkh Bhd gw¡A
Ayushi
: I am fine too. Thank you.
vfHk’ksd
% FkSaD;w esjk ÝSUM fjDosLV ,sDlSIV djus ds fy,A
Abhishek
: Thanks for accepting my friend request.
vk;q’kh
% ;w vkj oSyde ij blesa FkSaD;w cksyus fd D;k ckr gS Qslcqd ij rks ÝSUM~l gh curs gSaA
Ayushi
: You are welcome but no needs to say thanks, facebook is meant for making
friends, isn‟t it?
vfHk’ksd
Abhishek
% gk¡ oks rks gSA vki dgk¡ ls gks \
: Yeah you are right. Where are you from?
358
vk;q’kh
% mÙkjk[k.M ls vkSj vki \
Ayushi
: I am from Uttarakhand and you?
vfHk’ksd
% eSa fnYyh ls gw¡ A vki mÙkjk[k.M fdl txg ls gks \
Abhishek
: I am from Delhi. Where in Uttarakhand?
vk;q’kh
% dksV}kj lsA
Ayushi
: From Kotdwara.
vfHk’ksd
Abhishek
vk;q’kh
Ayushi
% eSa rks dksV}kj dbZ ckj tk pqdk gw¡A esjh eEeh dksV}kj dh gh rks gSaA
: I‟ve been in Kotdwara many a time. My mom is from there.
% vki dHkh nsgjknwu x;s gSaA
: Have you even been in Dehradun?
vfHk’ksd
% dbZ ckjA esjs ,d rkÅth ogha jgrs gSaA eksgCcsokyk esAa
Abhishek
: Many times. One of my uncles live there in Mohobewala.
vk;q’kh
% ,d feuV ;s uke rks dqN tkuk igpkuk yx jgk gSA vjs gk¡ esjh lgsyh Lusgk Hkh rks ogha jgrh gSA
Ayushi
: Just a second, this name seems to be heard before. Oh yes, my friend Sneha
also lives in there.
vfHk’ksd
% dgha Lusgk dh cgu dk uke lafprk rks ughaA
Abhishek
vk;q’kh
: What is the name of Sneha‟s sister. Is it Sanchita?
% gk¡] lafprk gh gSA ij rqEgsa dSls irk \
Ayushi
: Yeah, it is Sanchita.
vfHk’ksd
% eSa vius rkÅth ds ?kj vDlj tkrk jgrk gw¡A muds iM+ksl esa gh jgrh gS LusgkA D;k latksx gSA
Abhishek
vk;q’kh
: I often visit my tauji‟s home. Sneha lives in neighborhood. What a coincidence!
% gks ugha ldrkA mlds iM+ksl esa rks fcfurk o vatfy nhnh jgrh gSaA muds ikik vkehZ ls fjVk;MZ gSaA
Ayushi
: Not possible. There are two sisters, live in her neighborhood; Binita di & Anjali
di. Their father is retired from Indian Army.
vfHk’ksd
% oks esjs rkÅth gSaA
Abhishek
: He is my Tauji.
vk;q’kh
% eq÷ks csodwQ cukus dh t+#jr ugha gSA
Ayushi
vfHk’ksd
: Don‟t befool me.
% eSa csodwQ ugha cuk jgkA oks esjs rkÅth gh gSaA vkSj oks nksuksa esjh lxh nhnh;k¡ gSaA
Abhishek
: I am not kidding. He is really my Tauji and both of them are my real sisters.
vk;q’kh
% eSa dSls eku y¡w \ vPNk ;s crkvks] nksuksa fdruh cM+h gSa vkSj D;k djrh gSa \
Ayushi
: How do I believe? Ok tell me their age & what they do?
vfHk’ksd
% nksuksa ‚kknh‛kqnk gSaA fcfurk nh dh yM+dh dk uke ;‛kh gS vkSj vatfy nhnh ds csVk vfojr gSA
Abhishek
vk;q’kh
Ayushi
vfHk’ksd
: Both are married.Binita di has a daughter, Yashi & Anjali di‟s son is Avirat.
% iDdk th iDdkA vc eku fy;k eSauAs vPNk ;s crkvks ;‛kh vkSj vfojr dSls gSa \
: Absolutely. Now I‟ve no doubt. How are they; Yashi & Avirat?
% nksuksa eLrh djrs gSaA eq÷ks ;kn gS] tc ;‛kh NksVh lh Fkh] eqf‛dy ls 3 lky dh] rks ckr ckr is dgrh Fkh
ÞeSa ukuh ds ikl tk jkÞA cgqr I;kjh yxrh FkhA vkSj vfojr D;k djrk gS] irk gS ! mlds lkeus vxj
fdlh us ÞxksyekyÞ dg fn;k rks jksuk ‚kq#A
Abhishek
: They both have fun. I remember when Yashi was quite a little, hardly 3 yrs old,
she would often say “main naani ke paas ja ra”. She looked very cute then. &
you know what Avirat does! If one says „Golmaal‟ in front of him, he starts
weeping.
vk;q’kh
% tc vkf[kjh ckj eksgCcsokyk x;h Fkh rks vatfy nh Hkh ogha Fkh dqN fnuksa ds fy,A rc ns[kk Fkk vfojr
dksA ‚kk;n ik¡p eghus dk FkkA
Ayushi
: Last time when I went there, I met Anjali di. She was there itself for a few
days. Then I saw Avirat. I think he was 5 months old then.
vfHk’ksd
% pyks Bhd gS vc eSa pyrk gw¡] ‚kke dks ckr djrs gaSA
Abhishek
vk;q’kh
Ayushi
: Ok then, I need to go now. Let‟s chat in the evening.
% Bhd gS A ck;A
: Alright, bye.
359
vfHk’ksd
% ck;] fQj feysaxsA
Abhishek
: Bye, see you again.
ckWch
% vjs fuf[ky HkkbZ dgk¡ gks A dkQh le; gks x;k] fn[ks ughaA
Conversation – 27 ¼okrkZyki – 27½
Boby
: Nikhil bhai, where are you? Long time no see.
fuf[ky
% eSa Bhd gw¡A vki dSls gSa\
Nikhil
: I am fine mate. What about you?
ckWch
% Bhd gw¡A vkSj dgk¡ Fks brus fnuksa ls ge lc vkidks cgqr fel dj jgs FksA
Boby
:I am good but where were you, we all had been missing you like anything.
fuf[ky
% dgha x;k Fkk dke ds flyflys esAa dy gh okil vk;k] lkspk vki yksxksa ls fey yw¡A
Nikhil
:I had gone somewhere for work. I just returned yesterday, thought to see you
guys.
ckWch
% pyks vPNk fd;kA vkSj crkvks D;k py jgk gS vkt dyA dgk¡ dke py jgk gS \
Boby
fuf[ky
: Well that‟s fine. What‟s going on these days? Where are you working?
% dHkh yqf/k;kuk dHkh ve`rlj dHkh dkuiqj cl ,slk gh py jgk gSA dbZ txg lkbZV is tkuk iM+rk gS
dEiuh dh rjQ lsA
Nikhil
: I am roaming places like Ludhiana, Amritsar, and Kanpur for company‟s
assignment. I got to go different company sites.
ckWch
% vjs vkidks irk gS eksftc HkkbZ vkpdy pk¡nuh pkSd esa fdlh vkWfQl esa gSa vkSj lkFk gh lkFk mUgksua s vkSj
jk.kk HkkbZ us ,d fct+ul
s ‚kq# fd;k gSA pyks vxj VkbZe gks rks t+jk lkxj ls feydj vkrs gSaA esjs
eksckby dk pktZj [kjkc gks x;k gSA lksp jgk gw¡ lkxj ls Bhd djk yw¡A oks vkidks ns[kdj cgqr [kq‛k gks
tk,xkA
Boby
Nikhil
: Well, do you know! Mojib bhai is working in an office in Chandni chowk & he
has also started a business in partnership with Rana bhai. Anyways, if you‟ve
some time, accompany me to Sagar‟s place. Actually, my mobile charger is not
working, I wonder if I get it repaired by Sagar. He‟ll be happy to see you.
% gk¡ Bhd gSA pyrs gSaA vkSj vki crkvks vkidk D;k py jgk gS\ vki rks ‚kk;n MBA dj jgs gks u\
: Why not! Let‟s go. Well, you tell me? You are pursuing MBA, aren‟t you?
ckWch
% esjh MBA rks iwjh gks xbZA vktdy ,d dEiuh esa g¡wA
fuf[ky
Boby
: MBA is done. I work in a company now.
fuf[ky
% cgqr cf<+;kA geus rks i<+kbZ dks dHkh lhfj;lyh fy;k gh ugha ojuk ckr dqN vkSj gksrhA dksbZ ughaA
fdLer gS viuh viuhA
Nikhil
: That‟s great. Well, I never took study that seriously or else things could have
been different. Anyways, one has his own destiny.
ckWch
% D;k QdZ iM+rk gSA iSls ls eryc gSA cgqr i<+s fy[ks yksx Hkh ?kwe jgs gSaA vPNh tkWc fey tk;s] bruk
gh pkfg,A
Boby
: What different it makes, nothing! It‟s all about money. There are people highly
educated though, just wandering. You get a good job, that‟s it.
fuf[ky
% lgh cksy jgs gks nksLrA
Nikhil
: Of course it is.
ckWch dk nksLr fgek‛kq¡ vkSj mlds ikik jkLrs esa fn[k tkrs gaSA
Boby‟s friend Himanshu & his dad are seen on the way.
ckWch
% vcs fgek‛kq¡A ;gk¡ D;k dj jgk gS HkkbZ\
Boby
: Hey Himanshu, what are you doing here mate?
fgek‛kq¡
% vkSj ckWch] D;k gky gS\ vjs eSa rks cl ikik ds lkFk ‚kkWfiax ds fy, vk;k FkkA
Himanshu : What‟s up bro! I just came here to shop with dad.
ckWch
% ueLrs vadyA
Boby
: Good morning uncle.
360
fgek‛kq¡ ds ikik % ueLrs csVsA
Himanshu‟s dad: Very good morning bete.
ckWch
% fgek‛kq¡] buls fefy,] fuf[ky HkkbZ gSa dEI;wVj bathfu;jA
Boby
: Himanshu, meet Nikhil bhai, a computer engineer.
fgek‛kq¡
% vjs gk¡] eaSus vkids ckjs esa cgqr lquk gSA vki gh rks gks u ftlus lyhe dk dEI;wVj Bhd fd;k FkkA
fuf[ky
% gk¡ fcYdqyA
Nikhil
: Yes I am.
fgek‛kq¡
% vkils feydj [kq‛kh gqbZA vPNk ge pyrs gSaA ckWch ‚kke dks feyw¡xk rq÷klsA
Himanshu : Oh I see, I‟ve heard a lot about you. I think you are the one, who repaired
Saleem‟s computer, right?
Himanshu : Nice to see you. Well, we got to go. Boby, I see you in the evening.
ckWch
% py Bhd gS fQj] ck;A
Boby
: Sure, see you mate.
fuf[ky
% cf<+;k cUnk gS] D;ksa\
Nikhil
ckWch
Boby
fuf[ky
Nikhil
ckWch
: He is a nice guy, isn‟t he?
% ge Ldwy ds fnuksa ls vPNs nksLr gSaA Ldwy esa cgqr eLrh djrs FksA lkFk ?kweuk] fQYe ns[kuk] ikVhZ djuk
oxSjg oxSjgA fnu rks oks FksA vc rks cl dke gh dkeA O;Lr ft+Unxh] VkbZe gh ugha feyrkA
: We are good friends since school days. We used to have fun; being together,
watching movies, enjoying parties etc. Those were the real days. What now!;
only work, busy life, don‟t get spare time to be honest.
% ckr lgh gSA vc jk.kk HkkbZ dks gh ns[k yksA cSad dh tkWc esa tcls yxs] muds n‛kZu gh ugha gks jgsA
: Things really change. Now, you see, ever since Rana bhai joined the bank,
can‟t see him anymore.
% [kSj HkS;k ls rks Qksu ij ckr gksrh jgrh gSA ;s yks vk xbZ lkxj dh nqdkuA
Boby
: Well, I talk to bhaiya over the phone quite frequently. Here it is, Sagar‟s
shop.
lkxj
% vjs fuf[ky dgk¡ gS HkkbZ \ u Qksu djrk gS] u feyus vkrk gS] lc Bhd rks gS uk \
Sagar
: Nikhil, where are you mate? No call, nothing! Is everything okay?
fuf[ky
% lc crkrk g¡wA FkksMk+ lk¡l rks ysus nsA
Nikhil
: Well, well, well. I‟ll tell you everything, let me breathe.
fuf[ky lkxj dks iwjh dgkuh crkuk ‚kq# dj nsrk gS fd D;k D;k gqvk bu fnuksa----------
Nikhil starts telling the whole story what all happened these days…….
Conversation – 28 ¼okrkZyki – 28½
iRuh
% mBks ifrnso] vHkh rd lks jgs gks \
Wife
: Still sleeping dear hubby, get up now?
ifr
% :dks FkksM+k vkSj lksus nks A
Husband
: Let me sleep a bit more.
iRuh
% D;ksa vkt vkWfQl ugha tkuk D;k \
Wife
ifr
: Haven‟t you to go office today?
% ugha vkt esjh rfc;r dqN Bhd ugha yx jgh gSA
Husband
: No sweetheart, I am feeling unwell.
iRuh
% D;k gqvk \
Wife
: What happened?
ifr
% FkksMk+ cq[kkj lk yx jgk gS A vkSj lj esa Hkh nnZ gks jgk gSA
Husband
: I am feeling a bit feverish. I also have a headache.
iRuh
Wife
% BUM yx x;h gS ‚kk;nA vki MkWDVj ds ikl tkb,A
: You‟ve got cold I think. See a Doctor.
361
ifr
Husband
iRuh
Wife
ifr
% gk¡ tkÅ¡xk ckn esAa FkksM+k vkjke dj yw¡A
: Yeah I‟ll but after some rest.
% Bhd gS FkksM+k vkjke dj yhft,A vkt jkgqy dh Hkh rfc;r dqN Bhd ugha FkhA
: Ok. Take rest. Even Rahul wasn‟t feeling well today.
% jkgqy dgk¡ gS\ D;k gqvk\
Husband
: Where is he? What happened to him?
iRuh
% oks Ldwy x;k gSA
Wife
: He has gone to school.
ifr
% vxj mldh rfc;r Bhd ugha Fkh rks fQj D;ksa tkus fn;k \
Husband
: If he wasn‟t well, then why did you let him go?
iRuh
% eSaus mls dgk ij ekuk ugha] pyk x;k A
Wife
: I told to him but he left.
ifr
% vPNk dksbZ ckr ughaA oks vius ckjs esa csgrj le>rk gSA
Husband
iRuh
Wife
ifr
Husband
: It‟s ok. He knows himself better.
% gk¡ cksy jgk Fkk fd eSa Bhd gw¡] vkt egRoiw.kZ DykWl gS] NksM+ ugha ldrk A
: Yeah, he was saying he was fine. It was an important class so couldn‟t miss.
% ns[kk] gekjk jkgqy fdruk le>nkj gSA
: Look, how mature our Rahul behaves now.
iRuh
% gk¡ ;s rks gSA vPNk lqfu,] ‚kekZ th dh fel dkWy vk;h gS vkids Qksu ijA
Wife
: You are right. Well, there is a miss call from Mr. Sharma on your phone.
ifr
% dc vkbZ\
Husband
: When?
iRuh
% tc vki lks;s gq, Fks rcA
Wife
: When you were asleep.
ifr
% pyks Bhd gSA FkksMh+ nsj esa dkWy djrk gw¡A eSa ÝS‛k gksrk gw¡] rqe uk‛rk ijkslksA
Husband
: It‟s ok. I‟ll call him after a while. I freshen up, you serve breakfast.
iRuh
% Bhd gSA
Wife
: Alright.
ifr
% jkgqy us uk‛rk fd;k\
Husband
: Did Rahul have breakfast?
iRuh
% gk¡ oks uk‛rk djds x;k gSA
Wife
: Yes he had.
ifr
% Bhd gS eSa vkrk gw¡A
Husband
: Ok then, I come.
iRuh
% vPNkA
Wife
: Ok honey.
Conversation – 29 ¼okrkZyki – 29½
Bikrant calls his Uncle (Mr. Pushkar Singh Rana). Mr. Rana picks up the phone….
fcØkUr vius vady fe0 iq’dj flag jk.kk dks Qksu djrk gSA fe0 jk.kk Qksu mBkrs gSa &
Mr. Rana
: Hello, who is this?
fe0 jk.kk
% gSyks] dkSu\
Bikrant
: Good morning, uncle. How are you?
fcØkUr
% ueLrs vady] dSls gSa vki\
Mr. Rana
: I didn‟t recognize you.
fe0 jk.kk
% eSa igpkuk ughaA
Bikrant
: Uncle, This is I, Bikrant
fcØkUr
% vady] eSa gw¡] fcØkUrA
%
362
Mr. Rana
: Oh, now I recognize. You are sounding quite differently. Actually there is a
problem with my phone.
fe0 jk.kk
% vjs vc igpkukA rsjh vkokt+ cgqr vyx lh vk jgh gSA ,slk gS esjs Qksu esa fnDdr gSA
Bikrant
: Get it repaired uncle.
fcØkUr
% rks vady fjis;j djk yks uA
Mr. Rana
: Yeah I‟ll. Anyways, how is your job?
fe0 jk.kk
% gk¡ djkÅ¡xkA [kSj rsjh tkWc dSlh py jgh gS\
Bikrant
: Uncle, job is fine but I called you to let you know about a vacancy in our
company. I was thinking if Aman would like to apply.
fcØkUr
% vady] tkWc rks Bhd py jgh gSA eSaus vkidks ;s crkus ds fy, Qksu fd;k Fkk fd esjh dEiuh esa ,d
txg [kkyh gSA eSa lksp jgk Fkk vxj veu vIyk; djuk pkgsA
Mr. Rana
: For which post?
fe0 jk.kk
% iksLV D;k gSA
Bikrant
fcØkUr
: It‟s actually for a sales manager.
% lsYl eSut
s j dh iksLV gSA
Mr. Rana
: What is the qualification needed?
fe0 jk.kk
% DokfyfQds‛ku D;k ek¡xh gS\
Bikrant
: Just Graduation in science.
fcØkUr
% dsoy lkbUl esa xzStq,‛kuA
Mr. Rana
: What does he need to do?
fe0 jk.kk
% mls D;k djuk gksxk\
Bikrant
: Let me talk to Aman. Is he there?
fcØkUr
% eq÷ks veu ls ckr djus nhft,A oks gS ogk¡ D;k\
Mr. Rana
: Yeah, he is sitting next to me. Give me a second. I hand over the phone.
fe0 jk.kk
% gk¡] cxy esa gh cSBk gSA ,d lsd.MA Qksu nsrk gw¡A
Bikrant
: Please.
fcØkUr
% gk¡ thA
Aman
: Hi Bhaiya, How are you doing?
veu
% gk; HkS;kA dSls gks vki\
Bikrant
: I am doing great Aman. See, there is a golden opportunity for you in our
company. You will join as a sale manager. I have got solid terms with my boss.
You don‟t need to have an experience either.
fcØkUr
% eSa Bhd gw¡ veuA lqu ,slk gS fd rsjs fy, gekjh dEiuh esa ,d cgqr gh tcjnLr ekSdk gSA rw lsYl
eSut
s j dh iksLV ij tkWbu djsxkA esjs vius ckWl ls cgqr vPNs laca/k gSA fdlh ,Dlihfj;Ul dh Hkh
t+#jr ugha gSA
Aman
: Thanks Bhaiya. What do I do, tell me?
veu
% /kU;okn HkS;kA Ekq÷ks D;k djuk gS] crkb,\
Bikrant
fcØkUr
: Just mail me your resume. You have my email Id, don‟t you?
% eq÷ks viuk jST+;wes esy dj nsA rsjs ikl esjh bZesy vkbZMh gS u \
Aman
: Yeah, I do bhaiya.
veu
% gk¡] gS HkS;kA
Bikrant
: Mail me within an hour. Most probably, you‟ll have to join from coming
Monday.
fcØkUr
% ,d ?kUVs esa esy dj nsA iwjh mEehn gS] rq÷ks vkus okys lkseokj ls tkWbu djuk iM+sxkA
Aman
: ok bhaiya. Please call me once you get the confirmation of joining.
veu
% Bhd gS HkS;kA tkWbfuax iDdh gksrs gh dkWy dj nsukA
Bikrant
: But remember, my prestige will be on stake.
fcØkUr
% ysfdu ;kn j[kuk] esjh bT+t+r rsjs gkFk is jgsxhA
Aman
veu
: Don‟t worry bhaiya, I‟ll leave no stone unturned.
% fpUrk er djks HkS;kA eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM¡+wxkA
363
Bikrant
fcØkUr
: That‟s what I wanted to hear. Ok then, I got to hang up now.
% ;gh rks eSa lquuk pkgrk FkkA py vc Qksu j[krk gw¡A
Aman
: Ok bhaiya, see you.
veu
% vPNk HkS;k] fQj feyrs gSaA
Bikrant
: Take care. Bye.
fcØkUr
% viuk [;ky j[kukA ck;A
Conversation – 30 ¼okrkZyki – 30½
Mr. Rana
: Hello Mr.Kumar. How are you doing?
fe0 jk.kk
% gSyks fe0 dqekjA dSls gSa vki\
Mr. Kumar : I am fine Mr. Rana. You tell me?
fe0 dqekj
% eSa Bhd gw¡ fe0 jk.kk] vki lqukb,A
Mr. Rana
: I am good, thank you. Meet my wife and children.
fe0 jk.kk
% eSa Bhd gw¡] /kU;oknA ;s gSa esjh iRuh vkSj esjs cPpsA
Mr. Kumar : Hello Mrs. Rana. Hello children.
fe0 dqekj
% gyks feflt+ jk.kkA gyks cPpksaA
Mrs. Rana : Hello, Mr. Kumar.
feflt+ jk.kk
% gSyks] fe0 dqekjA
Mr. Kumar : Even I am with my children. They are on the dance floor right now.
fe0 dqekj
Mr. Rana
fe0 jk.kk
% eSa Hkh vius cPpksa ds lkFk vk;k gw¡A os vHkh Mk¡l ¶yksj ij gSaA
: That‟s great. Where is bhabhiji?
% cgqr cf<+;kA HkkHkh th dgk¡ gS\
Mr. Kumar : She couldn‟t come as she was feeling a bit feverish.
fe0 dqekj
Mr. Rana
fe0 jk.kk
% oks ugha vk ik;ha] mUgsa FkksMk+ cq[kkj lk yx jgk FkkA
: Oh I see. So she must have seen the doctor, mustn‟t she?
% vjs ! rks mUgksaus MkWDVj dks rks fn[kk fn;k gksxk u\
Mr. Kumar : Yeah, she has. He said nothing much to worry, just take rest.
fe0 dqekj
% gk¡] fn[kk fn;kA MkWDVj us dgk ?kcjkus dh t+#jr ugha gS] dsoy vkjke dhft,A
Mr. Rana
: She will be alright.
fe0 jk.kk
% oks Bhd gks tk;saxhA
Mr. Rawat : Hey guys (shouts). Mr. Rana & Mr. Kumar; both great people together here.
fe0 jkor
% gs nksLrksa ¼fpYykrs gq,½-----fe0 jk.kk vkSj fe0 dqekj] nksuksa egku gfLr;k¡ ;gk¡ ,d lkFkA
Mr. Rana
: Mr. Rawat. How are you mate?
fe0 jk.kk
% fe0 jkor] dSls gSa vki ljA
Mr. Rawat : Not very good. You had told me that you were not coming in the party.
fe0 jkor
% vPNk ugha gw¡A vkius rks dgk Fkk fd ikVhZ esa ugha vk jgs gksA
Mr. Rana
: I am sorry sir but I had an appointment that time. It just got cancelled an hour
ago so I thought why not to join you guys.
fe0 jk.kk
% ekQ djuk lj] ij ml oDr esjh fdlh ls eqykdkr r; FkhA ,d ?kaVs igys gh dSfUly gqbZ blfy, eSaus
lkspk D;ksa u vki yksxksa dks tkWbu dj gh fy;k tk;sA
Mr. Rawat :I was just kidding mate. Let‟s enjoy.
fe0 jkor
% eSa rks cl et+s ys jgk Fkk nksLrA pyks ikVhZ ds ets ysAa
Mrs. Rana : Ok honey, you enjoy yourself with your friends. I meet Mrs. Rawat.
feflt+ jk.kk
% vPNk guh] vki vius nksLrksa ds lkFk ets+ dfj,A eSa feflt+ jkor ls feyrh gw¡A
Mr. Rana
: Ok sweetheart. Take care of children.
fe0 jk.kk
% Bhd gS LohVgkVZA cPpksa dk [;ky j[kukA
364
Lesson – 42
Few English Passages
EnglishWale.com “l{ke
Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Aditya Sir
1. Nuclear Family vs. Joint Family
Nuclear family is the one where family members are from two generations i.e. parents and their
children while the joint family has got members from more than two generations. The Nuclear family
consists of a man, his wife and their children. And in joint family, one might find a man, his wife, sons,
daughters, daughters in law, grandchildren etc. The oldest member of the family is considered to be the
head of the family; mostly grandfather or grandmother has got this privilege.
Joint family was quite apparent in ancient times, however, things changed with time. Both of the
family systems have got some or the other advantages as well as disadvantages.
Mostly, the joint family system used to be found in villages and small cities. Now, here comes the
interesting question why joint family system disintegrated. One of the major reasons is nothing but the
better job opportunities available in cities. It led to migration of people from small cities with only a few
opportunities to larger cities with better opportunities. There are not only job opportunities there but also
the facilities of every kind. People look for better living standard, medical facilities, higher wages and
better education facilities for their children. Here comes the role of migration. Now it‟s not easy for
elderly people to adjust in other places than the places where they lived since birth or for a longer period
of their lives. They have certain attachment with people there.
Needless to say that India developed rapidly and so did the thinking of newer members, which
emerged differences between generations.
A nuclear family has many advantages. In such families, the mother is given much importance and
that‟s why she can take care of her children in much better way because children spends good amount of
time with their mother. Mother has got decision making powers and obviously as she wants her children
to perform the best, she plans everything cautiously and this makes a great impact in her children‟s life.
A Nuclear family has some disadvantages too, particularly when both the parents are working.
Children don‟t get proper attention and they sometimes miss love and care, which leads to be their
attempts for love and care from outsiders, who can betray them. Guidance is quite inevitable for children
since childhood.
It is not possible to conclude which family system is better as both have certain advantages but
disadvantages too.
2. John Love – “A Piece of Iron” (5 times heavyweight boxing champion of the world)
John Love is one the biggest names in boxing history. Boxing was his passion. This instinct was self
developed. He was not from a very good family so it was difficult for him to manage huge amount of money
to take admission in Boxing Academy. But still, he was never discouraged. He took every second of time as
a challenge. Once, there was a competition in his city. He didn‟t have enough money to take part in this
event so he borrowed some money from his best friend. He knocked out the opponent in just one round. He
hit him hard on his nose, which started bleeding and the opponent surrendered within a minute. This was the
start of his boxing career. People appreciated him for his powerful punches. There was a boxing coach,
seeing this match. He came to John and offered him free training in his training camp. John accepted as it
was a golden opportunity for him. After a year, John was extremely famous due to his right hand punches,
which could break anyone.
365
Nelson Ryan was 2 times undisputed and undefeated heavyweight boxing champion of the world of
that time. He was called a man of miracles. John Love challenged him for a title match. He accepted. When
Nelson was about to start the fight, his wife asked him “what do you think how long will this fight take to
get over?” He replied “Not more than 10 minutes. Fight started. Nelson dominated for first 5 rounds and
John wasn‟t able to even stand against him. But things changed. Nelson had underestimated the strength and
endurance of John Love. In the 6th round, John hit Nelson a solid punch on his face, which hurt Nelson
badly and he fell down. People stood up the seats and they couldn‟t believe it. The moment Nelson stood up,
John started punching him and it didn‟t take more than 30 seconds that Nelson got knocked out. John Love
became the new heavyweight boxing champion of the world. He became famous by the name “John Love –
A piece of iron” because when he would fight, it seemed as if the opponents were fighting with a piece of
iron.
3. Call Centers
What is a call center? Common definition is “call center is a place where either we receive a call
from customers or make a call to them”. Call centers where we receive calls from the customers are known
as inbound call centers and similarly where we make a call to customers are called outbound call centers. If
a call center has both; inbound as well as outbound setup, then we call these setups „Processes‟. You might
have heard someone saying „I am in an inbound process‟ or someone saying „I am in an outbound process‟.
Basically, one is talking about the setup. In Inbound process/call center, Customers call us for several
purposes; may be to enquire about a product, enquire about some sort of services that our company offers or
anything of this sort. Similarly In outbound, executives call customers for several purposes; to sell a
product, to offer a service, to survey about something etc.
You must have heard that call centers belong to BPO Industry. That‟s true. BPO stands for Business
Process Outsourcing. When a company gives some part of its business to some other company, it‟s called
Outsourcing of business.
4. Colors of Life
Life is called colorful with so many colors in it. Colors are nothing but the reference of several phases of
life. Life is given names i.e. Struggling, Beautiful or any other adjective as such. It differs person to person
and it all depends on how we take it. We are all born with some innate instincts, positive or negative which
differs us in how we celebrate win and how we surpass a loss. Losing a race, by two people might be seen in
two different ways. One might consider himself a weaker contender and promise to improvise further
whereas the other one might blame his fortune. This exhibits two different behavior patterns of two
individuals. However, the way we expect life, is not necessarily what it turns out to be. Hence, our
perception about it changes with our experience. The more we experience, the more colors of life we
discover.
5. Criminals
Criminals are the ones who commit the crime for any reason at all. This is the actual definition that
we expect from all of us and also we expect such people to be given the title „criminals‟. However, needless
to say that this title is not in fact given to all, who commit crimes and neither, all the people, who are given
this title are necessarily criminals. What we often hear is about hidden crimes, which are never unearthed;
reasons are many. Sometimes it‟s because the victim is scared of future repercussions to himself or to the
loved ones and sometimes it‟s because victim is completely unaware of the laws, which might give him
justice. These crimes are huge in numbers. I think Education plays a vital role in minimizing crime rate.
Our country will grow if we grow our hereabouts. A revolution doesn‟t demand many but one.
6. Boy & Guitar
This is the story of a boy who had to put down his first love „Guitar‟ and get into his father‟s
business. He compromised because his knew that father‟s business was better than his passion for guitar.
Everything was going good in his life but all of a sudden, something as such happened which changed his
life and made him pick the gun. His parents were brutally killed. Left were only his two sisters and one
brother. He picked the gun in revenge but he had to also ensure that nobody knew about him otherwise his
siblings could have been in trouble. Hence, whatever he did, he would be cautious. He himself punished all
the culprits. Nobody could ever know who killed them. There was a doubt but without a proof.
366
7. Poverty
Poverty is a malediction for our society. If you really want to realize what poverty is, then you must
interact with people who live in slums. Talk to them, ask them about their lives, their past and then see how
difficult their lives have been. I lived a middle class life and always got almost everything that I wanted,
even though I had to ask my dad for many a time. I firmly believe that pain ideally is realized by the one
who goes through, not by everybody. Indian Government has put in several efforts to improvise their lives,
Huge is the number of NGOs, which claim to help the needy but implementation is not up to the mark and
the major reasons of Government‟s failure is nothing but the corruption.
In fact, poverty and corruption go hand by hand. Both are mutually related to a great extent. If you
are poor, you tend to do anything and everything that can get you some money and that‟s where corruption
comes from. However, there are numerous examples, where even the rich are corrupt due to the greediness
for having more money.
8. Ambition
What is an Ambition? Ambition is a firm goal that we set for ourselves. It also changes with our
experience. As time passes by and we experience lot many new things, which changes the way we take
things, either something adds on to our goal or something eliminates. For example, a person wants to
become a social worker and he is firm in his idea. Sudden in life, he encounters a terrible phase and he
realizes the importance of money, now he sets a target of having good money as well. Now, there are two
types of people. Ones are those who change their viewpoint and entirely change their target and otherwise
are those who just add money earning to their original idea of social welfare but not at the cost of their
original goal. Hence, a goal is not a static part, rather dynamic.
9. When I was a kid
How cruel I feel I was when I was a kid. I used to kill small creatures like ants, fishes, birds etc
without any regret. Every day was a new day of my sin. I would separate the nests off the tree, thinking that
the bird would have to face trouble finding her children. Even if kids would die, I wouldn‟t feel pain. I
would make two ants fight and imagine how I would have experienced if I was of their size. I would kill
birds with a special weapon called “Gulail”. I remember an incidence when I rather ate toffees of the school
fee than pay to Class Teacher and next day hid behind the tree. Having been seen, I jumped into a canal and
put myself under water thinking they couldn‟t see me, just like a pigeon, closes eyes seeing cat believing
that she is not being seen. It‟s something that makes me laugh now. Whatever it was, cute it was.
It is true that childhood is like a dream that is to be broken some or the other day.
10. The best day of my life
It was Sunday and I had to go for an interview. I got up at 8 in the morning, took a bath and got
ready. I was a bit scared thinking about the interview. Actually, it was the first time. My friends had told me
a lot about how to face but it was obvious that I was scared. I left for the interview venue. When I reached
there, I read a quote by Thomas Alva Edison on the board, written as “I will not say that I failed thousand
times, rather I would say, I know thousand ways which can cause failure”. This encouraged me and I
realized that it didn‟t matter if I failed, rather I must be optimist for future. Thinking this, I reached at a
specious hall; where already about 50 candidates were sitting. I looked here and there. I saw a receptionist
sitting there. I went to her. She asked me for my resume. I provided the same. She had a glance on it and she
advised me to have a seat. My name was called after a long wait. The moment I stepped in the interview
room, I was straight away asked what I liked the first thing about the venue. I told the interviewers about
Edison‟s quote. They got impressed. They asked me just a few more questions and asked me to wait outside.
After a little while, a lady called my name and informed me that I got selected. It proved to be one of the
best days of my life.
367
Lesson – 43
Idioms & Proverbs
Just a few Idioms, Proverbs & Quotations are given here. Just cram them to enhance your
English speaking skills.
Idioms ¼ eqgkojs] cksfy;k¡½
Adhere to, To follow
¼ikyu djuk½
I always abide by the rules.
1
Abide by
2
Above board
3
An axe to grind
Selfish ¼LokFkhZ½
4
Apple pie order
In perfect order
¼lyhds ls] vPNh rjhds ls½
5
At a loss
To be confused,
¼vleatl esa gksuk ½
I am at a loss due to having so many
things mixed up.
6
At finger tips
To be an expert
¼,DliVZ gksuk½
English grammar rules are at my
finger tips.
7
Black sheep
He is a black sheep for his family.
8
Blue blood
A disgraceful person
¼dyad½
Noble blood
¼‛kkgh [kwu½
9
Break in
Honest & transparent He is above board in the employee
selection.
¼lPpk o bZekunkj½
Enter with aim of
stealing
Ram has his own axe to grind.
Everything in this room is in apple
pie order.
I have a blue blood.
He broke in the house.
¼pksjh ds mn~ns‛; ls ?kqluk½
Important question
¼egRoiw.kZ iz‛u½
It is a burning question of the day.
10
Burning Question
11
By leaps and
bounds
Rapidly
¼cgqr rsth ls½
I am preparing this book by leaps
and bounds.
12
By virtue of
Because of
¼ds dkj.k½
By virtue of his power, Security
guard didn‟t stop him.
13
To bank upon
To depend ¼fuHkZj gksuk½
14
To bring to book
To face the risk
¼[krjk eksy ysuk½
15
Burn the candle in
both ends
To waste everything
¼lc dqN u"V dj nsuk½
He had lots of money but he burnt
the candle in both ends and now, he
has nothing.
16
Bury the hatchet
To forget a quarrel
¼fookn dks [kRe dj nsuk½
I have buried the hatchet.
17
Capital punishment
Punishment of Death
That terrorist has got capital
punishment now.
¼eqR;qZnM
a ½
368
I bank upon my Dad for everything.
His name is brought to book now.
18
19
Close shave
A narrow escape
¼cky&2 cp fudyuk½
It was a close shave; otherwise I
would have died.
To catch tarter
To find the better
competitor
¼‛ksj dks lok‛ksj feyuk½
Don‟t think yourself over smart. You
will also catch a tarter some or the
other day.
Everything was quiet. Suddenly, I
To remove the silence asked a question to Ram and broke
¼pqIih rksM+uk½
the ice.
20
Break the ice
21
Cut no ice
No effect
¼dksbZ izHkko u iM+uk½
22
A dead letter
No longer in use
¼iz;ksx gksuk cUn gks tkuk½
A strange competitor
Your flattery can‟t cut any ice as he is
a professional guy.
Radio is a dead letter now.
He might turn out to be a dark horse
so be cautious.
23
Dark horse
24
Eye wash
To deceit
¼/kks[kk nsuk½
He washed my eyes and just escape
in the guise of an old man.
25
By fits & starts
Irregularly
¼vfu;fer rjhds ls½
I am unhappy as the project is being
prepared by fits and starts.
26
Fall flat
Collapse
¼VwVuk] fxjuk½
27
For good
For keeps ¼ges‛kk ds fy,½
Share market has suddenly fallen
flat.
You can take this book for good.
I greased the palm of that waiter.
There is no need to grease
policemen‟s palm if you strictly abide
by the law.
28
To grease the palm
To bribe
¼?kwl nsuk½
29
Hale & hearty
Healthy and strong
¼LoLFk½
All the members of my family are
hale and hearty.
30
Hard up
Financial difficulty
¼iSls dh fdYyr½
I am hard up at this time but hoping
to receive good money in near future.
31
In a nut shell
As a summery
¼vUr esa½
32
In the guise of
In the dress
¼Hks"k esa½
He escaped in the guise of a
politician.
33
In vogue
In fashion
¼QS‛ku es½a
This kind of shirt is in vogue.
34
Look blue
Look nervous
¼uoZl fn[kuk ;k yxuk½
369
In a nut shell, I would say that the
corruption is the root cause of
economic slowdown in India.
Don‟t look blue. Be confident. All is
well.
I don‟t want to lead a cat & dog life.
35
Lead a cat & dog
life
Quarrelling life
¼>xM+kyw ft+Unxh½
36
Let bygones be
bygones
To ignore past
¼tks chr x;k lks chr x;k ½
37
Man of street
Ordinary man
¼vke vkneh½
We are men of street so we shouldn‟t
forget our limitations
38
Man of letters
A scholar ¼fo}ku½
Pt. Nehru was a man of letters.
39
Make a mountain
of mole hill
To exaggerate
¼ckr dks c<+k p<+kdj crkuk½
40
Nook and corner
Each corner
¼dksuk dksuk ;k pIik pIik½
Betel sellers are at every nook and
corner these days.
41
Once for all
Finally, At the end
¼vUr esa½
Once for all, I conclude “Love is
something without which we are
incomplete”.
42
Point blank
Frankly
¼fcuk fgpfdpkgV ds½
43
A rough diamond
Forget the pass. Let bygones be
bygones.
Whatever you appreciate, you actually
make a mountain of mole hill.
He replied to me point blank.
He is a rough diamond that‟s why even
An illiterate but noble if he is illiterate; he has reached to this
¼vui<+ ysfdu xq.khs½
amplitude in business.
Red tapism
Too many official
formalities
¼cgqr lkjh vkSipkfjdrk,¡½
The problem with government
departments is too much red tapism.
45
To run down
Weak in health
¼rfc;r [kjkc gksuk½
He is run down in health these days
that‟s why he is not coming to school.
46
A sharp tongue
A bitter tongue
¼dM+ok cksyus okyk½
He speaks only truth that‟s the reason
he is said to be having a sharp tongue.
48
A stumbling block
An obstacle
¼jksM+k] jkLrs dk dk¡Vk½
Financial hard up is a stumbling block
for us.
49
Sink differences
50
To split hairs
44
To forget differences
¼eueqVko [kRe dj nsuk½
To go into minute
details ¼ckjhdh rd ?kqluk½
I have sunk differences a long back.
I will always stand by you; be it a
happy time or a grief.
Don‟t split hairs of this matter.
51
To standby
To support, To help
¼lkFk nsuk½
52
A white lie
A harmless lie
¼>wB tks uqdlku u igq¡pk;s½
Sometimes in life, you have to tell a
white lie.
53
To win laurels
To win fame
¼Qsel gks tkuk½
Rahul has won laurels due to this social
welfare organization.
370
54
To wind up
To bring to an end
¼lekIr djuk½
I am going to wind up the discussion
now.
55
A bosom friend
A close friend
¼[kkl nksLr½
He has been a bosom friend of mine
since childhood.
56
En route
On the way
¼jkLrs es½a
Dehradun is en route when you go to
Shimla from Delhi.
57
Hither and
thither
Here and there
¼;gk¡ ogk¡½
Why are you clothes lying hither and
thither?
58
In vain
Useless
¼fujFkZd] csdkj½
60
Rank and file
Common people
¼vke vkneh½
61
Our endeavor will not go in vain.
Luxury is mostly not for rank and file
people.
To hate
Look down upon ¼uQjr djuk ;k uhpk le÷kuk½ I never look down upon the poor.
Proverbs ¼dgkorsa ½
uhps dqN dgkorsa nh x;h gSa] bUgsa ;kn dj yhft, &
1. A bad man is better than a bad name.
cn vPNk cnuke cqjkA
2. A burnt child dreads the fire.
nw/k dk tyk Nk¡N Hkh Qw¡d&2 dj ihrk gSA
3. A diamond cuts a diamond.
yksgk yksgs dks dkVrk gSA
4. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
t+#jr esa tks dke vk;s] ogh vlyh nksLr gSA
5. A honey tongue, a heart of gale.
e/kqj ok.kh] nxkckt dh fu‛kkuhA
6. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
v/kwjk Kku [krjukd gksrk gSA
7. A man is known by the company he keeps.
euq"; viuh laxfr ls igpkuk tkrk gSA
8. A nine day‟s wonder.
pkj fnu dh pk¡nuhA
9. A rotten apple injures its companions.
,d xUnh eNyh lkjs rkykc dks xUnk dj nsrh gSA
10. All is well that ends well.
vUr Hkyk rks lc HkykA
11. All that glitters is not gold.
gj pedus okyh pht+ lksuk ugha gksrhA
12. Barking dogs seldom bite.
HkkSadus okys dqRrs dkVrs ughaA
13. Beauty needs no ornaments.
lkSan;Z dks vkHkw’k.kksa dh t+#jr ughaA
14. Beggars are not choosers.
nku dh cfN;k ds nk¡r ugha fxus tkrsA
15. Beauty is in the eyes of beholder.
[kwclwjrh ns[kus okys dh vk¡[kksa esa gksrh gSA
16. Between two stools, we come to the ground. /kksch dk dqRrk ?kj dk u ?kkV dkA
17. Fool to others, to himself a sage.
vius eq¡g fe;k¡ feB~Bw gksukA
18. Let bygones be bygones.
tks chr x;k lks chr x;kA
19. Many a little makes a mickle.
cw¡n cw¡n ls ?kM+k Hkjrk gSA
20. Tit for tat /word for word/measure for measure. tSls dks rSlkA
21. To make a mountain of a mole hill.
jkbZ dk igkM+ cukukA
22. Too much courtesy, too much craft.
e/kqj ok.kh] nxkckt dh fu‛kkuhA
23. Prosperity gains friends and Adversity tries them. vehjh nksLr cukrh gS vkSj xjhch mUgsa ij[krh gSA
24. Poverty breeds contempt. / Poverty breeds strife.
xjhch ÷kxM+s dh tM+ gksrh gSA
25. Limit your spendings to your earnings.
ft+ruh yEch pknj gks mrus gh iSj QSykus pkfg,A
371
Lesson – 44
Englishwale Certification Written/Telephonic/Recording Assessment
Englishwale Certification assessment is a national level recognition,
awarded to deserving students/readers.
“CERT Lisl <vkidk uke>” and send to englishwale12@gmail.com
After 90 days & before 1 year:
“CONDUCT Lisl <vkidk uke>” and send to englishwale12@gmail.com
ist u0 2 esa vkidks crk;k x;k gS fd iqLrd dks [kjhnus ds ckn vkidks ,d Email djuk gSA Type dfj,
“CERT Lisl <vkidk uke>” vkSj Hkst nhft, englishwale12@gmail.com ij bZesy ds t+fj, rkfd Bhd 90
fnuksa ds ckn vki bafXy‛kokys MkWV dkWe ds jk’Vªh; Lrj ds lVhZfQds‛ku ds fy, ;ksX;¼ eligible½ gks ik;saA vkidk
uke o Qksu uEcj@bZey
s vkbZ Mh gekjs lVhZfQds‛ku foHkkx esa iathd`r dj fy;k tk;sxkA
90 fnuksa ds ckn dHkh Hkh vki bl lVhZfQds‛ku ds fy, fuosnu dj ldrs gSaA vkidks fQj ,d Email djuk gS &
Type dfj, “CONDUCT Lisl <vkidk uke>” vkSj Hkst nhft, englishwale12@gmail.com ij bZesy ds
t+fj,A 5&7 fnu ds vUnj bafXy‛kokys MkWV dkWe dh lVhZfQds‛ku izksQs‛kuYl dh Vhe lEidZ djsxhA vkidks bl
fyf[kr] VSyhQksfud o fjdkfMZax vlSlesUV ds ckjs esa crk;k tk;sxk o dksbZ ,d fnu fu/kkfjZr fd;k tk;sxkA
lHkh vlSlesUV vkWuykbu ,oa eksckby ij dUMDV fd;s tk;saxsA ;fn vki bl lVhZfQds‛ku esa ikl gksrs gSa rks
vkidks bafXy‛kokys MkWV dkWe bafXy‛k Lihfdax dkslZ lVhZfQdsV vkids ?kj ds irs ij Hkstk tk;sxkA
;¡w rks lgh ek;us esa lVhZfQdsV ls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ gS vkidh bafXy‛k Hkk’kk esa idM+ ysfdu ;g lVhZfQdsV gkfly
djuk vkids fy, fdlh cM+s pSyt
sa ls de ugha gksxk rkfd gekjs jk’Vªh; Lrj ds bl lVhZfQdsV dk egRo cuk jgsA
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)
1- Hkfo"; gksrk ugha gS] bldk fuekZ.k gesa [kqn djuk gksrk gSA
2- rkyhesa ugha nh tkrh ifjanksa dks mM+kuksa dh] os [kqn gh r; djrs gSa] Å¡pkbZ vklekuksa dh]
j[krs gSa tks gkSlyk vkleku dks Nwus dk] oks ugha djrs ijokg t+ehu is fxj tkus dhA
372
Lesson – 45
Written Interviews
While facing an interview, you need to be confident & natural. You don‟t need to hurry. If you are asked
something that you have no idea about, you shouldn‟t hesitate in accepting your ignorance on that
particular. There is nothing wrong in saying „no‟ for something that you don‟t know. Whenever your weak
area gets highlighted while an interview, always state your efforts to overcome that weakness alongwith as
it gives interviewer an impression that you already know your weaker part & you are putting efforts to
come out of it.
Here are a few samples of call center interviews given below, kindly go through each one of these & try to
play mock interviews with your friends, you will gain confidence. Remember, Practice makes a man
perfect.
Interview – I
Rahul
: May I come in sir?
Interviewer : Yes please…….Have a seat………How are you doing?
Rahul
: I am doing well. Thank You.
Interviewer : You are………
Rahul
: Rahul
Interviewer : I see. Rahul, tell me something about yourself?
Rahul
: Sir, I am Rahul. I am 23 years old. I belong to Dehradun. I have done B.Tech from
MITTE University in 2011. We are four members in family, including my Dad, Mom and My elder
brother. My Dad works in a bank, Mom is a housewife and my brother is pursuing MBA from IIM
Ahmadabad. And my hobby is listening to music.
Interviewer : You have done B.Tech so what‟s the point of coming in BPO industry?
Rahul
: Sir, BPO industry is a booming industry. As far as I know, 75% of the IT revenue
comes from this industry. There are good opportunities. Facilities are good as well.
Interviewer : Rahul, do you know what BPO stands for?
Rahul
: Yes sir, it‟s Business Process Outsourcing.
Interviewer : That‟s correct. Okay, you said your brother is pursuing MBA from IIM, Can you tell me
something about IIM?
Rahul
: Well, I‟ve just heard that IIMs are reputed institutes in India and the students of IIMs
have a bright future.
Interviewer : Alright, your hobby is listening to music, right?
Rahul
: Yes sir.
Interviewer : What kind of music?
Rahul
: Sir, I like soft music like soft instruments being used and soft voice.
Interviewer : What do you mean by soft?
Rahul
: Sir, I mean slow romantic songs with slow music, a bit of guitaring slowly used……
Interviewer : I see. Rahul, do you celebrate your birthday?
Rahul
: Yes sir. I do.
Interviewer : How?
Rahul
: I just cut the cake and enjoy with friends and family members.
Interviewer : How did you celebrate your last birthday?
Rahul
: Sir, I had invited my friends at home. My brother had brought a Cake, burgers,
sandwiches, chowmein etc. We had it. That‟s it.
Interviewer : I see. So it was simple?
Rahul
: Yes sir.
Interviewer : What do you know about call centers?
Rahul
: Sir, Call center is a place where calls are either received or made. There are two types
of processes; inbound and outbound. In inbound, we receive a call from customers and in outbound, we
make a call to them.
373
Interviewer
Rahul
Interviewer
Rahul
: Not a bad answer. So you have decided to join call center, right?
: Yes sir.
: Ok Rahul, it was pleasure talking to you. You can wait outside for the feedback.
: Thank you, sir.
Interview – II
Aditya:
May I come in ma‟am?
Interviewer:
Come in. You are…..
Aditya:
Aditya Rana.
Interviewer:
Aditya, please have a seat.
Aditya:
Thank you.
Interviewer:
Tell me something about yourself?
Aditya:
Ma‟am, My name is Aditya Rana. I belong to Dehradun. I have done B.Tech in
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering through correspondence. I‟ve got 6 years experience
working with international BPOs; 4 years in UK inbound process and 2 years in US outbound. As far
as my family is concerned, my father is an Ex Army personnel, my mother is a housewife. I‟ve two
sisters. Both are married. My hobby is reading biographies.
Interviewer:
Which is your all time favorite biography?
Aditya:
A beautiful mind. It‟s based on a genius mathematician John Nash.
Interviewer:
Can you give me an idea about John Nash?
Aditya:
Ma‟am, he was genius in solving mathematical problems. His life is extremely
struggling but highly inspiring. In his 30s, he suffered from a disease related to his mind. He had a
problem of delusions. He experienced something that didn‟t exist at all. He would hear voices which
didn‟t actually exist. But eventually with the help of extraordinary love by his wife, he could overcome
his delusions to a great extent and finally received Nobel for his phenomenal contribution in
Economics.
Interviewer:
Aditya, Your resume says you worked with your last organization as a Team
Leader. What qualities must a team leader have?
Aditya:
Ma‟am, Team Leader must have good product knowledge. He should welcome the
ideas and suggestions given by the members of his team because you never know, an insightful idea
may come from anyone, which can benefit the process. He must have a good professional relationship
with his team. He must audit his team members‟ calls and deliver feedback to improve their
performance. He shouldn‟t be partial to anyone. He must listen to his team members‟ problems and
suggest accordingly. He must be able to get the best output possible from his team keeping in mind
their satisfaction and happiness as well.
Interviewer:
That‟s true. Alright Aditya, you got to wait outside for the feedback. Thank you.
Aditya:
Thank you ma‟am, Pleasure talking to you.
Interviewer:
Same here.
Interview – III
Pooja:
May I come in sir?
Interviewer:
Yes, Come in please. Have a seat. You are……..Pooja, right?
Pooja:
Yes sir.
Interviewer:
Ok Pooja, Tell me about yourself?
Pooja:
Sir, My name is Pooja. I live in Dilshad Garden with parents. I am 21 years old. I have done BA from
DAV College Dehradun. I have an elder sister and a younger brother. Both are studying. My hobby is listening to
music.
Interviewer:
When did you complete Graduation?
Pooja:
Last year.
Interviewer:
Your parents are here in Delhi. Why did you study in Dehradun?
Pooja:
Sir, My Uncle‟s family is there so I lived with them. Actually, Dehradun is known for Education so
my father wanted me to pursue graduation from there.
Interviewer:
I see. Tell me something about Dehradun?
Pooja:
Sir, Dehradun is a beautiful city. It is the capital of Uttarakhand. Dehradun‟s climate is very good. It‟s
a green & clean city. All the facilities are available there. It is known for quality education.
Interviewer:
How did you like Delhi?
374
Pooja:
Sir, Delhi is a big city. I don‟t like this city much because pollution is too much. Crime rate is very
high as well.
Interviewer:
But you live here!
Pooja:
Sir, It‟s just because my parents are here.
Interviewer:
Okay…..tell me something about your mother?
Pooja:
Sir, My mother is a housewife. She is very intelligent lady. She is a post graduate in Physics. She
cooks delicious food. She takes care of the family pretty well. She is a bit short tempered. She is just like my friend. I
can share anything with her. She always suggests me for my good. I love her a lot.
Interviewer:
And what about your father?
Pooja:
Sir, My father is nice person. He is very kind hearted. He loves my mom a lot. He works in a Private
Bank as a Manager. He is PhD in Physics. He runs a Trust as well, which is devoted to the poor and needy children. I
love my father a lot.
Interviewer:
Your father and mother both are Physics‟ graduate, were they College mates?
Pooja:
Yes sir, they were in the same college. My father liked my mom so they had love cum arrange
marriage.
Interviewer:
Didn‟t you like Physics?
Pooja:
No sir.
Interviewer:
What about your plans for further studies?
Pooja:
Sir, I am pursuing MBA in HR through correspondence.
Interviewer:
Do you think it can benefit you?
Pooja:
Sir, if I am working somewhere, I can internally apply for HR position.
Interviewer:
Yes that‟s true. Alright Pooja, it was pleasure talking to you. Please wait outside for the feedback.
Interview – IV
Renu:
Good Morning Sir. May I come in?
Interviewer: Good Morning. Please come in. Have a seat.
Renu:
Thank you sir.
Interviewer: You are Renu?
Renu:
Yes sir.
Interviewer: Can I have your Resume?
Renu:
Here it is.
Interviewer: Thank you……………Renu, You have done MBA.
Renu:
Yes sir.
Interviewer: How can it benefit our organization?
Renu:
Sir, MBA is a field where communication skills and convincing skills are taught. Such
skills can certainly benefit the customer service department of your organization.
Interviewer: Yes it is. Renu, what do you know about BPOs?
Renu:
Well sir, BPO stands for Business Process Outsourcing. When a company gives some
part of its business to some other company, it is called outsourcing of business. For example, a
company XYZ doesn‟t want to handle their customer care department by their own due to not efficient
infrastructure for the same, they can outsource it to some other company, which is dealing
particularly in customer service. It saves their infrastructure cost and expertise requirement.
Interviewer: Do you know the meaning of your name?
Renu:
Sir, when my parents got married, it rained heavily. So they decided to name me
something similar to the word „rain‟.
Interviewer: It was extraordinary. (Laughs a bit)
Renu:
(Smiles a bit)
Interviewer: Great. Okay Renu, if I hire you for outbound process where you have to call customers
and sell the product, will you be comfortable.
Renu:
I‟ve no issues sir but one thing I would like to certainly highlight that my core interest
lies in inbound process where I need to speak with customers in polite and convincing manner. But it
all depends on your process requirement so I‟ve no problems working in either of the processes
because I‟ve to work and perform.
Interviewer: Fine Renu. By the way, what about your salary expectations with us?
Renu:
Sir, I am a fresher so whatever is there as per the company norms.
375
Interviewer: Great. Kindly wait outside for the feedback.
Renu:
Alright sir. Thank you so much. It was pleasure talking to you.
Interviewer: Same here. Thank you.
Interview – V
Priya:
May I come in sir?
Interviewer: Yes, Come in please. Have a seat. What‟s your good name?
Priya:
Sir, My name is Priya.
Interviewer: Hello Priya. My name is Mojib Khan and I am working here as an HR executive. May I
have your introduction please?
Priya:
Sir, I am Priya. I live in Dilshad Garden. I am a post graduate. My Father is in Army.
My mother is a teacher. I have two elder brothers. Both of them are working. My hobbies are watching
movies and listening to music.
Interviewer: How old are you?
Priya:
Sir, I am 24.
Interviewer: Great. Your mother is a teacher so didn‟t you apply for any teaching job?
Priya:
I applied but I couldn‟t get through.
Interviewer: So what about BPO jobs? If you get an opportunity somewhere in teaching, then you
may leave us, right?
Priya:
Not at all sir, if I get good working environment and growth opportunities on the basis
of my performance, then obviously there is no point to switch the job.
Interviewer: But opportunities may take time.
Priya:
Sir, I think if I perform extremely well, I can get promotion earlier than usual.
Interviewer: Your attitude is positive, no doubt. I like it. But in customer service, customers might
abuse you sometimes, will you be able to handle?
Priya:
Sir, I know that. My friends are working in call centers. They have told me. I have no
issues with that.
Interviewer: Good. Okay, Say something about Delhi?
Priya:
Sir, Delhi is the capital of India. I like Delhi a lot as I have been living here since birth.
Delhi is a beautiful city. There are many monuments here such as the Qutub Minar, the Lal Qila etc.
There are so many places to see. But pollution has been one of the major issues here due to very high
population and vehicles being used. Still I love this city.
Interviewer: Priya, if I ask you to sign a 2-year bond with us, what would be your answer?
Priya:
I‟ve no issues sir.
Interviewer: Alright then, You sit outside and wait for the result, okay?
Priya:
Alright sir. Thank you so much.
Interview – VI
Pankaj:
May I come in ma‟am?
Interviewer:
Come in please. Have a seat. Your good name?
Pankaj:
Ma‟am. My name is Pankaj Koli.
Interviewer:
How are you doing Pankaj?
Pankaj:
Ma‟am I am doing nothing.
Interviewer:
“How are you doing” means “How are you”
Pankaj:
I am sorry ma‟am. I didn‟t know. I am fine ma‟am.
Interviewer:
Are you a fresher?
Pankaj:
Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer:
Why do you want to join call center?
Pankaj:
Ma‟am, I want to improve my English Speaking skills and also earn money so
that I can give some money to my parents.
Interviewer:
Are you a graduate?
Pankaj:
Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer:
Can I have your resume?
Pankaj:
take this.
Interviewer:
Pankaj, never say “take this”, always say “here it is”. Okay. Both have the same
meaning but latter one is more polite and professional.
376
Pankaj:
okay ma‟am.
Interviewer:
Where do you put up?
Pankaj:
Ma‟am, Seemadwar.
Interviewer:
How is the place?
Pankaj:
Good.
Interviewer:
Tell me something about Seemadwar?
Pankaj:
Ma‟am, Seemadwar is a nice place. It is very clean area. There are many parks
there, where people in the morning and evening, sit and relax. Transport facility is available 24 hrs.
Interviewer:
Pankaj, your grammar is good but the pronunciation is a major issue. You need
to improve your pronunciation and then try again. Okay. If you work harder on your pronunciation, it
can certainly be improved.
Pankaj:
Ok ma‟am. I‟ll surely work on my pronunciation and then try again.
Interviewer:
Good luck Pankaj. See you soon.
Interview – VII
Puneet:
May I come in Sir?
Interviewer:
Please.
Puneet:
May I Sit?
Interviewer:
Sure. Have a seat. What is your good name?
Puneet:
Sir Puneet.
Interviewer:
Do you know, what‟s the meaning of your name?
Puneet:
I am sorry sir. I don‟t know.
Interviewer:
Didn‟t you ever ask your parents?
Puneet:
No sir, I never asked.
Interviewer:
Don‟t be nervous. It‟s okay…….Anyways, Tell me something about yourself?
Puneet:
Sir, My name is Puneet Sharma. I am 24 years old. I have done B.Tech from
MCCITE Engineering College in 2009. I am pursuing MBA through correspondence. I have got 3
years experience working with international BPOs. I started off my career with Spectrastics. I worked
there as an executive for about 2 years, then I joined HHP and worked there for about 1 year. I love
playing cricket.
Interviewer:
Which process were you in there in Spectrastics?
Puneet:
Sir, I was in Altbank inbound process.
Interviewer:
Why did you switch?
Puneet:
Sir, My family relocated from South Delhi to Noida. So it was quite time
consuming going from Noida to Gurgaon and moreover, the company wasn‟t providing cabs to Noida.
Hence, I had no choice but to leave.
Interviewer:
What do you understand by customer service?
Puneet:
Sir, Customer service is all about assisting customers in the best way possible.
Interviewer:
What is the role of communication in Customer Service?
Puneet:
Well sir, Communication plays a vital role. For Example, Customer is irate and
annoyed by any service company offers. There comes the role of communication. We need to politely
but confidently deal with the customer.
Interviewer:
Now what is the reason of switching again from HHP to us?
Puneet:
Sir, Company is in huge loss and hence, they have asked us to leave. I have no
other option but to switch.
Interviewer:
I see. What do you know about our company HMTC BPO?
Puneet:
Sir, HMTC BPO is a very good company as I‟ve heard it by many of my friends.
There are 3 friends of mine working out here and they are quite satisfied with the facilities provided.
One of my friends has been here for last 3 years, which proves that he is happy and satisfied.
Interviewer:
That‟s great. What is your strength?
Puneet:
Sir, my strength is my comfortability with rotational shifts and my convincing
skills, which can benefit the company.
Interviewer:
That‟s great. Alright Puneet, now you wait outside for the feedback.
Puneet:
Thank you sir.
377
Interview – VIII
Arun:
May I come in sir?
Interviewer: Yes, Come in.
Arun:
May I sit?
Interviewer: Yeah sure. How are you?
Arun:
sir, I am fine and you?
Interviewer: I am good. Do we start?
Arun:
Yes sir.
Interviewer: what is your name?
Arun:
sir, Arun.
Interviewer: I see. tell me something about yourself including your family background?
Arun:
Sir, My name is Arun. I belong to Delhi. I graduated from Delhi University in 2010.
We are five members in family. My father is in private job. My mother is a house wife. I‟ve a brother
and a sister. Both are younger to me and pursuing graduation from DU itself. My hobbies are playing
guitar and reading books. That‟s it.
Interviewer: You have done BA or BSc?
Arun:
Sir, I have done BA.
Interviewer: Which was your favorite subject?
Arun:
History.
Interviewer: Can you tell me the name of Ashoka‟s father?
Arun:
Sir, I can‟t remember now. Actually it‟s been three years having done graduation so
don‟t remember much. I think it was Bindusar.
Interviewer: Are you confident?
Arun:
Not so sure.
Interviewer: It‟s ok. Anyways, do you have any idea what a call center is?
Arun:
Sir, Call center is a place where calls are either received or made. There are two types of
processes; inbound and outbound. In inbound, we receive a call from customers and in outbound, we
make a call to them.
Interviewer: Why do we call customers in outbound processes?
Arun:
Sir, It may be for selling our products or for a survey purpose.
Interviewer: And in inbound?
Arun:
Sir, we have to handle customer queries in inbound. We have to provide good customer
service to the customer.
Interviewer: Do you have any work experience?
Arun:
No sir, I am a fresher.
Interviewer: Did you ever try for government jobs?
Arun:
Yes sir, I did. I had written the test for Railways and Indian Navy but I couldn‟t get
through.
Interviewer: Do you think call center is a good career option?
Arun:
Yes sir. Call center industry is a booming industry. Call centers are providing good
salary package, facilities like meals, transport and all. So I think I can grow here.
Interviewer: Can you tell me a disadvantage of working in call centers?
Arun:
Shifts are rotational.
Interviewer: But you got to manage!
Arun:
yes sir, I know. It‟s not a problem sir. When I thought to apply in call centers, I
convinced myself. I truly believe that one has to sacrifice some or the other thing to achieve something
better. And moreover, every job has some pros and cons. I am quite comfortable with shifts.
Interviewer: I like your attitude. See, 5 years ago even I had joined here as an executive like you. So
growth opportunities are certainly there, but you got to perform.
Arun:
Yes sir.
Interviewer: Well, I think you can do a good job. By the way, where do you stay?
Arun:
Sir, I live in Dilshad Colony.
Interviewer: Oh, that‟s the problem. We don‟t provide cabs in East Delhi.
Arun:
Sir, Do you provide in South Delhi?
378
Interviewer:
Arun:
Interviewer:
Arun:
Interviewer:
Arun:
Yes we do.
Sir, I can relocate as my friend is living there. I can share his room.
That‟s great. Ok Arun, so now you wait outside for the feedback.
Thank you so much sir. Nice talking to you.
Same here.
Thank You sir.
Interview – IX
Arpit:
May I come in Sir?
Interviewer: Come in.
Arpit:
Good Afternoon sir.
Interviewer: Very good afternoon. Have a seat. What is your good name?
Arpit:
Sir Arpit.
Interviewer: It‟s a good name.
Arpit:
Thank you sir.
Interviewer: Arpit, how old are you?
Arpit:
sir, I am 19.
Interviewer: pretty young…….Anyways, tell me something about yourself young guy?
Arpit:
Sir, My name is Arpit Chauhan. I am a graduate.I have got 6 months of work
experience working with a private company. My hobby is playing cricket.
Interviewer: How long is the cricket pitch?
Arpit:
Sir, it is 22 yards.
Interviewer: That‟s great. Can you tell me about the position of Gully, cover, extra cover etc?
Arpit:
Sir, not much idea of it.
Interviewer: Let me tell you one thing, if you are not sure about something; don‟t ever raise that
topic in an interview. You are a young guy and probably quite new to interviews. Correct?
Arpit:
Yes sir.
Interviewer: So be cautious from the next time, okay. Anyways, let‟s discuss about something
else……..What do you understand by customer service?
Arpit:
Sir, Customer service is, where you have to handle the customer with care, provide
correct information and if the customer turns irate on the call, you have to deal patiently.
Interviewer: If the customer keeps abusing you, then?
Arpit:
Well sir, Customer is just like God for business. So if he abuses, we have to politely deal.
Interviewer: Ok, We are going to play extempore now. I‟ll give you words on which you‟ll have to
speak. You can‟t stop speaking unless I provide you another word. Keep speaking anything that comes
in your mind but not to stop, okay?
Arpit:
Ok sir. I‟ll try my best.
Interviewer: Here we start. Black….
Arpit :
Sir, Black is my favorite color. I love to wear black clothes, particularly formal dresses
in black color. I like black color mobile, black cars and almost everything I want to have is of black
color. Black is a royal color. Black color is….
Interviewer: Mobile….
Arpit:
Sir, Mobile is the necessity of today‟s fast life. Mobile is not only used for calling but also
for entertainment. People are opting android & windows mobiles now as they are getting cheaper day
by day due to competition among companies. These mobiles are having facilities like music, video,
games and lot many other things. Mobile technology is…….
Interviewer: Games….
Arpit:
Games are so many but my favorite is cricket. I love playing cricket with my friends. I
bat well. I have received plenty of awards in batting such as 50 runs in just 12 balls, fastest hundred
in my college, 50s in 3 consecutive matches etc . I am the captain of my team. I have been playing
since I was in 6th standard…..
Interviewer: Water…..
Arpit:
Water is the most important part of our life. We can‟t live without water as there is no
life if there is no water….
Interviewer: alright, that‟s it now. It was good Arpit.
379
Arpit:
Thank you sir.
Interviewer: Arpit, I have not much to ask you now. You can go and wait outside for the result.
Arpit:
Ok sir. Thank you sir.
Interview – X
Saleem:
May I come in ma‟am?
Interviewer:
Come in. You are Mr Saleem, right?
Saleem:
Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer:
Saleem, please have a seat.
Saleem:
Thank you.
Interviewer:
Tell me something about yourself?
Saleem:
Ma‟am, My name is Saleem. I belong to UP. I have passed B.Com. I am a fresher.
My father is an Army officer, my mother is a housewife. I‟ve two sisters. Both are studying. My hobby
is reading and playing chess.
Interviewer:
What kind of books do you read?
Saleem:
I prefer reading novels.
Interviewer:
Don‟t you feel, novels are boring?
Saleem:
Ma‟am, most of the people find it boring but when you picturize the story in your
mind and imagine yourself being the part of it, it starts being interesting. Initially when I started
reading novels, the same happened with me. Now I really feel reading a novel in spare time.
Interviewer:
Explanation is elegant. I‟ll try someday. Saleem, Tell me one strength and one
weakness of yours?
Saleem:
Ma‟am, My strength is my dedication towards my responsibilities. And my
weakness is that I don‟t have good computer skills but I am working on my weakness. I have joined
computer coaching in an institute.
Interviewer:
How dedicated are you?
Saleem:
Ma‟am, Whatever the responsibility I am given by my parents, I try to finish as
soon as possible so that there is no delay in my part. Even in school days, whatever the task I received
from my teachers, I always finished before the dead line. I rarely delayed.
Interviewer:
Okay……Saleem, give me reasons to hire you?
Saleem:
Ma‟am, My dedication towards work and positive attitude against adverse
circumstances make me productive for a company. I am keen to become a key player of my company
in terms of performance and I am confident that I‟ll live up to your expectations.
Interviewer:
Saleem, I love to hear that but saying is not enough, you must apply or else it‟s
just like castles in the air, you see.
Saleem:
I agree to you.
Interviewer:
Anyways, it was pleasure meeting you. Wait outside for the feedback.
Saleem:
Same here Ma‟am. Thank you.
Interview – XI
Phone Rings……..Priya picks up the phone….
Interviewer: Hello, Is this Priya?
Priya:
Yes this is. Who is this?
Interviewer: Hi Priya, My name is Sadhvi. I am from the HR department of Intellicon BPO. It‟s a
telephonic interview round. Is it convenient time to talk to you?
Priya:
Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer: Priya, Introduce yourself?
Priya:
Ma‟am, My name is Priya Khanna. I live in Noida Sec-11. I am a graduate. I graduated
in 2010. I am a fresher. In my family, My father is a govt. employee, my mother is a housewife and my
elder brother is a businessman. My hobby is cooking.
Interviewer: Priya, tell me something about your brother?
Priya:
Ma‟am, My brother‟s name is Rahul. He is 28 years old. He did B.Tech in Mechanical
Engineering and then started his own business of making punching machine for batteries. He loves
380
me a lot. We have very good bonding. He is a good son, a good brother as well as a good husband. He
has two children.
Interviewer: What do you understand by “Success”?
Priya:
Ma‟am I think Success means the attainment of ultimate objectives. When you target
something and you accomplish that, you feel satisfied. That satisfaction is called “Success”.
Interviewer: Priya, Do you know about our company?
Priya:
Ma‟am, to be honest with you I don‟t have much idea. I‟ve just heard that your company
deals in UK outbound sales process.
Interviewer: Where do you stay?
Priya:
Ma‟am, I live in Laxmi Nagar.
Interviewer: Priya, we are based in Gurgaon. We have 3 sales processes; two are UK and one is US
process. We have an inbound process as well but right now, the hiring is only for outbound. Are you
comfortable in outbound sales?
Priya:
Yes ma‟am, I‟ve no problems at all. I can work in any campaign at all.
Interviewer: Ok then Priya…..Now you may receive a call for second round anytime within an hour.
Good Luck.
Priya:
Thank you so much ma‟am.
Interview – XII
Sarita:
May I come in ma‟am?
Interviewer: Come in please.
Sarita:
Thank you ma‟am.
Interviewer: Please have a seat.
Sarita:
Thank you.
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself?
Sarita:
Ma‟am, My name is Sarita. I live in Dilshad Colony. I am a Graduation in Social work.
My father is a bank manager, my mother is a teacher. I‟ve two brothers. Both are working. My hobby
is watching movies.
Interviewer: Sarita, which is your favorite movie?
Sarita:
Titanic.
Interviewer: Can you narrate the story?
Sarita:
Yes ma‟am. Titanic is an Oscar winning movie. “Titanic” is the name of a ship, which
was sunk in Atlantic Ocean in 1912, which ended the love story of Jack and Rose. They met on the
ship and fell in love with each other. Jack was an ordinary guy and Rose was very rich. Story roams
around their love. At the end, Jack sacrifices his life to save his love and Rose was among those few
who were saved. Story might sound simple but the way they devoted their emotions to each other was
extraordinary. Leonardo di caprio played the role of “Jack” and Kate winslet the role of “Rose”. I
lovedthe movie.
Interviewer: I have not watched the movie but the story sounds interesting. I must watch it.
Sarita:
Yes ma‟am. It is a nice movie. I think you will love it.
Interviewer: Sarita, what do you know about call centers?
Sarita:
Ma‟am Call center is a centralized station where the customer calls are received to
resolve their queries or the calls are made for selling purpose or some sort of survey.
Interviewer: Do you think you will be comfortable working with a call center?
Sarita:
Yes ma‟am I think so.
Interviewer: Are you comfortable with rotational shifts?
Sarita:
No problem.
Interviewer: If I say, you will have to work without salary for first 3 months, will that be okay?
Sarita:
Well ma‟am, considering my need of money, it would be difficult for me to survive;
however, if this is as per the company policy, then I‟ll have to manage somehow.
Interviewer: Your response is elegant. Nice talking to you. Please wait outside for the feedback.
Sarita:
Thank you so much ma‟am.
381
English – Hindi Dictionary (vaxzst+h & fgUnh “kCndks”k)
This dictionary contains most of the common words used in daily conversations. Meaning as well as the Pronunciation
of each word is written alongwith an abbreviation inside the bracket; indicating the “parts of speech” it belongs to.
(n.) – Noun, (pron.) – Pronoun, (vt.) – Transitive Verb, (vi.) – Intransitive Verb, (vti.) – Transitive as well as
Intransitive Verb, (adj.) – Adjective, (adv.) – Adverb, (det.) – Determiner, (conj.) – Conjunction, (prep.) –
Preposition etc.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs????
Transitive Verbs:
Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action.
Examples:
1) He moved the chair. 2) He hit Rahul.
In the 1st sentence, the object „chair‟ received the action of the verb „move‟. Similarly, in the 2nd sentence, the object
„Rahul‟ received the action of the verb „hit‟
Intransitive Verbs:
Intransitive verbs are action verbs that do not have an object to receive that action.
Examples:
1) Dad smiled. 2) Ayansh was weeping.
In above sentences, there are no objects receiving the action of the verb „smile‟ & „weep‟.
Have you any queries regarding the meaning or pronunciation or „parts of speech‟ identification?
Feel free to mail us at englishwale12@gmail.com, we are happy to help you.
A
Abandon-(vt.) & ¼vcSUMu½ & R;kx nsuk]
NksM+ nsuk
Abate-(vt.) & ¼vcsV½ & de djuk] ?kVuk
Abate-(vi.) & ¼vcsV½ & de gksuk] ?kVkuk
Abbreviate-(vt.) & ¼,czhfo,V½ & la{ksi
djuk] NksVk djuk
Abbreviation-(n.) & ¼,czhfo,‛ku½ &
y?kq#i
Abdomen-(n.) & ¼,scMksesu½ & isV] mnj
Abduct-(vi.) & ¼,scMDV½ & Hkxk ys tkuk
Abhor-(vt.) & ¼vHkksj½ & uQjr djuk
Abide-(vi.) & ¼vckbM½ & ikyu djuk
Ability-(n.) & ¼,chfyVh½ & {kerk
Able-(adj.) & ¼,cy½ & ;ksX;
Abnormal-(n.) & ¼,CukWeZy½ & vlkekU;]
vlk/kkj.k
Abode-(n.) & ¼vcksM½ & ?kj] edku] Msjk
Abolish-(vt.) & ¼vckWfy‛k½ & uk‛k djuk
Abortion-(n.) & ¼,ckW‛kZu½ & xHkZikr
Abrupt-(n.) & ¼,scIz V½ & vpkud
Absence-(n.) & ¼,sclsUl½ & vuqifLFkfr
Absent-(n.) & ¼,sclsUV½ & vuqifLFkr
Absolute-(adj.) & ¼,scLY;wV½ & Lora=]
ije
Absolutely-(adv.) & ¼,scLY;wVyh½ &
fcYdqy] iwjh rjg
Absorb-(vt.) & ¼,Ct+kWcZ½ & lks[kuk
Abstract-(n.) & ¼,ClVªSDV½ & lkjka‛k
Absurd-(n.) & ¼,ct+MZ½ & csgqnk
Abuse-(vt.) & ¼vC;wt+½ & xkyh nsuk] ikyu
u djuk
Accelerate-(vt.) & ¼,fDlyjsV½ & xfr
c<+kuk
Accept-(vt.) & ¼,DlSIV½ & Lohdkj djuk
Acceptance-(n.) & ¼,DlSIVsUl½ & Lohd`fr
Access-(n.) & ¼,sDlsl½ & igq¡p
Accident-(n.) & ¼,sfDlMsVa ½ & nq?kZVuk
Accord-(n.) & ¼vdkWMZ½ & feyki
Acclaim-(vi.) & ¼vDyse½ & t; t;dkj
djuk
Accomplice-(n.) & ¼vdfEIyl½ & vijk/k
esa lkFkh
Accomplish-(vt.) & ¼vdfEIy‛k½ & iwjk
djuk
According-(adj.) & ¼vdkWfMZax½ & ds
vuqlkj
Accurate-(n.) & ¼,sD;wjsV½ & fcYdqy lgh
Accuracy-(n.) & ¼,sD;wjslh½ & ‚kq)rk
Accuse-(vt.) & ¼vD;wt+½ & nks’kkjksi.k djuk
Achieve-(vt.) & ¼vpho½ & ikuk
Achievement-(n.) &¼vphoesVa ½ & miyfC/k
Acquire-(vt.) & ¼,sDok;j½ & vf/kdkj esa
dj ysuk
Acquisition- (n.) & ¼,sDohft+‛ku½ & izkfIr
Activity-(n.) & ¼,sfDVfoVh½ & fØ;k‛khyrk
Actor-(n.) & ¼,sDVj½ & vfHkusrk
Actress-(n.) & ¼,sDVªSl½ & vfHkus=h
Acute-(adj.) & ¼vD;wV½ & prqj
Adamant-(adj.) & ¼,sMkesUV½ & vVy
Adapt-(vt.) & ¼vMSIV½ & Bhd djuk]
mi;qDr cukuk
Add-(vti.) & ¼,sM½ & tksM+uk] tqVkuk
Addict-(vt.) & ¼,sfMDV½ & vknr Mkyuk
Address-(n.) & ¼,sMªl½ & irk
Address-(vt.) & ¼vMªSl½ & fuosnu djuk]
O;k[;ku nsuk
Adept-(adj.) & ¼vMSIV½ & fuiq.k
Adequate-(adj.) & ¼,sfMDosV½ & i;kZIr]
dkQh
Adhere-(vi.) & ¼vM~fg;j½ & fpiduk
Admire- (vt.) & ¼,sMek;j½ & iz‛kalk djuk
382
Admission-(n.) & ¼,sMfe‛ku½ & izo‛s k
Adult- (adj.) & ¼,sMYV½ & ckfyx
Adulterate-(vt.) & ¼,sMYVjsV½ & feykoV
djuk
Advantage- (n.) & ¼,MokUVst½ & Qk;nk
Adventure-(n.) & ¼,MoSUpj½ & lkgfld
dke
Adventure-(vt.) & ¼,MoSUpj½ & lkgl
djuk
Adversary-(n.) & ¼,sMolZjh½ & ‚k«kq
Adverse-(adj.) & ¼,sMolZ½ & izfrdwy
Adversity-(n.) & ¼,sMoflZVh½ & foifÙk
Advertise-(vt.) & ¼,sMoVkZbt+½ & foKkiu
nsuk
Advertisement-(n.) & ¼,MoVhZt+esVa ½ &
foKkiu
Advice-(n.) & ¼,Mokbl½ & lykg
Advise-(vt.) & ¼,Mokbt+½ & lykg nsuk
Afar-(adv.) & ¼vQkj½ & nwj
Affection-(n.) & ¼vQsD‛ku½ & izes
Afford-(vt.) & ¼vQksMZ½ & [kpZ dj lduk
Afraid- (adj.) & ¼vÝsM½ & Mjk gqvk
Aged-(n.) & ¼,tsM½ & o`)
Agitate- (vt.) & ¼,sftVsV½ & vkanksyu djuk
Agitation-(n.) & ¼,sftVs‛ku½ & vkanksyu
Ago-(adv.) & ¼vxks½ & iwoZ
Agree-(vi.) & ¼vxzh½ & lger gksuk
Agreement-(n.) & ¼vxzhesaV½ & le>kSrk
Agriculture-(n.) & ¼,sxzhdYpj½ & d`f’k]
[ksrh
Ahead-(adv.) & ¼vgSM½ & vkxs
Aid-(n.) & ¼,M½ & lgk;rk
Aid-(vt.) & ¼,M½ & lgk;rk djuk
Ail-(n.) & ¼,y½ & chekjh] nq[k
Ail-(vt.) & ¼,y½ & nq[k nsuk
Ail-(vi.) & ¼,y½ & nq[k gksuk
Ailment-(n.) & ¼,yesUV½ & chekjh
Aim-(n.) & ¼,e½ & y{;
Air-(n.) & ¼,vj½ & gok
Airport-(n.) & ¼,vjiksVZ½ & gokbZ vM~Mk
Airy-(adj.) & ¼,vjh½ & goknkj
Ajar-(adv.) & ¼vtkj½ & v/k[kqyk
Alcohol-(n.) & ¼,sydksgy½ & efnjk
Alien-(n.) & ¼,fy;u½ & fons‛kh] xSj
Alike-(n.) & ¼vykbd½ &,d tSlk
Alive-(n.) & ¼vykbo½ & thfor
Allegation-(n.) & ¼,sfyxs‛ku½ & vkjksi
Alliance-(n.) & ¼vyk;Ul½ & laf/k
Allocate-(vt.) & ¼,sydsV½ & ck¡Vuk
Allow-(vt.) & ¼vyko½ & vkKk nsuk
Allure-(vt.) & ¼,sY;ksj½ & yypkuk] eksfgr
djuk
Almighty-(n.) & ¼vYekbVh½ & loZZ‛kfDreku
Almond-(n.) & ¼vkeUM½ & cknke
Almost-(adv.) & ¼vkWYeksLV½ & yxHkx
Alone-(adv.) & ¼vyksu½ & vdsyk
Aloof-(adv.) & ¼vywQ½ & i`Fkd] vyx
Alphabet-(n.) & ¼,sYQkcsV½ & o.kZekyk
Already-(adv.) & ¼vkYjsMh½ & igys ls gh
Alter-(n.) & ¼vkWYVj½ & osnh
Alter-(vt.) & ¼vkWYVj½ & cny nsuk
Alter-(vi.) & ¼vkWYVj½ & cny tkuk
Alternative-(n.) & ¼vkYVusZfVo½ & fodYi
Although-(conj.) & ¼vkWYnks½ & ;|fi]
gkyk¡fd
Altitude-(n.) & ¼,sfYVV~;wM½ & Å¡pkbZ
Altogether-(adv.) & ¼vkWYVqxns j½ & iwjh
rjg
Always-(n.) & ¼vkWYost+½ & ges‛kk
Amateur-(n.) & ¼,sepj ;k vespj½ &
‚kkSfd;k
Amaze-(vt.) & ¼vest+½ & pfdr djuk
Amazing-(adj.) & ¼vesftax+½ & tcjnLr
Ambiguous-(adj.) & ¼,sEchX;wvl½ &
vLi’V
Ambition-(n.) & ¼,sfEc‛ku½ & egRokdka{kk
Ambitious-(adj.) & ¼,sfEc‛kl½ &
egRokdka{kh
Amiable-(adj.) & ¼,fe,cy½ & fiz;
Amicable-(adj.) & ¼,fedscy½ & fe«krkiw.kZ
Ample- (n.) & ¼,sEiy½ & izpqj] fo‛kky
Amuse-(vt.) & ¼,sE;wt+½ & vkufUnr djuk]
eu cgykuk
Ancient-(n.) & ¼,fU‛k,UV½ & izkphu
Angel-(n.) & ¼,aty½ & Qfj‛rk
Angle-(n.) & ¼,sx
a y½ & dks.k
Angry-(adj.) & ¼,sx
a hz ½ & Øks/kh
Anguish-(n.) & ¼,sfa Xo‛k½ & nq[k] ihM+k] ‚kksd
Anniversary-(n.) & ¼,sfuolZjh½ &
aokf’kZdksRlo
Announce-(vt.) & ¼vukmUl½ & a?kks’k.kk
djuk
Annoy-(vt.) & ¼vukW;½ & lrkuk] nq[k
igq¡pkuk
Anonymous-(adj.) & ¼,ukWfuel½ & csuke
Anticipate-(vt.) & ¼,fUVflisV½ & igys ls
gh lksp ysuk
Antique-(n.) & ¼,sUVhd½ & aikz phu] vuks[kk
Antonym-(n.) & ¼,sUVksfue½ & foykse vFkZ
Anxiety-(n.) & ¼,sXa t+kbVh½ & afpUrk] lksp
Anxious-(adj.) & ¼,sXa ‛kl½ & afpfUrr] cSpsu
Apology-(n.) & ¼vikWyksth½ & a{kek
Apostrophe-(n.) & ¼vikWLVªkQh½ & alEcU/k
dk fpUg
Appeal-(vi.) & ¼vihy½ & vihy djuk
Appear-(vi.) & ¼vih;j½ & fn[kkbZ iM+uk
Appetite-(n.) & ¼,siVs kbV½ & aHkw[k
Appetizer-(n.) & ¼,siVs kbt+j½ & aHkw[k c<+kus
okyk
Applaud-(vt.) & ¼vIykWM½ & arkyh ctkdj
iz‛kalk djuk
Apposite-(n.) & ¼viksft+V½ & vuqdwy
Appreciate-(vt.) & ¼vizhf‛k,V½ & ljkguk
djuk
Approach- (vt.) & ¼vizksp½ & afudV tkuk]
ikl tkuk
Approach- (vi.) & ¼vizksp½ & afudV vkuk]
ikl vkuk
Appropriate-(adj.) & ¼vizksfiz,V½ & mfpr
Apt-(n.) & ¼,sIV½ & mi;qDr
Argue-(n.) & ¼vkX;w½Z & ardZ djuk
Around-(n.) & ¼vjkm.M½ & apkjksa vksj
Arrange-(n.) & ¼vjsUt½ & rS;kjh djuk
Arrest-(n.) & ¼vjSLV½ & fxj¶rkjh
Arrest-(vt.) & ¼vjSLV½ & fxj¶rkj djuk
Arrive-(vt.) & ¼vjkbo½ & aigq¡puk
Arrogant-(n.) & ¼,sjxsUV½ & a?ke.Mh
Arrow-(n.) & ¼,sjks½ & ck.k
Art-(n.) & ¼vkVZ½ & adyk
Articulate-(vt.) & ¼vkfVZdqysV½ & lkQ
cksyuk
Artisan-(n.) & ¼vkfVZt+u½ & af‛kYidkj
Ascend – (vt.) & ¼vls.M½ & ap<+uk] c<+uk
Ascertain- (vt.) & ¼vlVsuZ ½ & afuf‛pr
djuk
Ashes- (n.) & ¼,s‛kt+½ & jk[k
Aside-(adv.) & ¼vlkbM½ & ,d rjQ]
,dkUr esa
Asleep-(adj.) & ¼vLyhi½ & lks;k gqvk
Assassin-(n.) & ¼vlSflu½ & agR;kjk
Assassination-(n.) & ¼vlSflus‛ku½ & agR;k
Assemble-(vt.) & ¼vlSEcy½ & ,d«k djuk
Assemble-(vi.) & ¼vlSEcy½ & ,d«k gksuk
Assign-(vt.) & ¼vlkbu½ & fu;qDr djuk
Assist-(vti.) & ¼vflLV½ & algk;rk djuk]
lgk;rk ikuk
Assume-(n.) & ¼vT+;we½ & adYiuk djuk]
ekuk
Assumption-(n.) & ¼,st+EI‛ku½ & adYiuk
383
Astonish-(vt.) & ¼,sLVksfu‛k½ & apfdr djuk
Athlete- (n.) & ¼,sFkyhV½ & af[kykM+h
Attachment- (n.) & ¼vVSpesaV½ & acU/ku
Attack-(vt.) & ¼vVSd½ & avkdze.k djuk
Attain-(vt.) & ¼vVsu½ & aikz Ir djuk
Attention- (n.) & ¼vVSU‛ku½ & a/;ku
Attest-(vt.) & ¼vVSLV½ & aiez kf.kr djuk
Attire-(n.) & ¼vVk;j½ & igukok
Attire-(vt.) & ¼vVk;j½ & oL«k igukuk
Attitude-(n.) & ¼,sVhV~;wM½ & joS;k
Attract-(vt.) & ¼vVªDS V½ & vkdf’kZr djuk
Auction-(n.) & ¼vkWD‛ku½ & auhykeh
Audience-(n.) & ¼vkWfM;Ul½ & Jksrkx.k
Authentic- (n.) & ¼vkWFksfUVd½ & vlyh
Authority-(n.) & ¼vFkkWfjVh½ & vf/kdkj
Authorize- (vt.) & ¼vkWFkjkbt+½ & vf/kdkj
nsuk
Autobiography-(n.) & ¼vkWVksck;ksxzQh½ &
vkRedFkk
Autumn-(n.) & ¼vkWVe½ & ir÷kM+
Avoid-(vt.) & ¼vokWbM½ & cpuk
Awake-(vt.) & ¼vosd½ & txkuk
Awake-(vi.) & ¼vosd½ & tkxuk
Aware-(n.) & ¼vos;j½ & lko/kku] lpsr
Awe-(n.) & ¼vkW½ & /kkd
Awe-(vt.) & ¼vkW½ & Mjkuk
Awful-(adj.) & ¼vkWQy½ & Mjkouk
Awkward-(adj.) & ¼vkWdoMZ½ & vViVk]
vthc
B
Baby-(n.) & ¼csch½ & cPpk
Bachelor-(n.) & ¼cSpyj½ & vfookfgr
Back-(n.) & ¼cSd½ & ihNs] ihB
Back-(adv.) & ¼cSd½ & okfil] mYVk] cnys
esa
Backbite-(vi.) & ¼cSdckbV½ & ihB ihNs
pqxyh djuk
Backbone-(n.) & ¼cSdcksu½ & jh<+ dh
gM~Mh
Badge-(n.) & ¼cSt½ & fof‛k’V fpUg
Bake-(vt.) & ¼csd½ & lsaduk] idkuk
Balcony-(n.) & ¼cSyduh½ & NTtk
Bale-(n.) & ¼csy½ & xBjh] iksVyh
Bald-(adj.) & ¼ckWYM½ & xatk
Balm-(n.) & ¼cke½ & ejge
Ban-(n.) & ¼cSu½ & fu’ks/k
Bandage-(n.) & ¼cS.Mst½ & ?kko cka/kus dh
iV~Vh
Bandit-(n.) & ¼cSfUMV½ & Mkdw
Bankrupt-(n.) & ¼cSaØIV½ & fnokfy;k
Barbarous-(adj.) & ¼ckj~cjl½ & taxyh]
vlH;
Barber-(n.) & ¼ ckjcj½ &ukbZ
Bare-(adj.) & ¼csvj½ & uaxk
Barefoot-(adj.) & ¼csvjQqV½ & uaxk
Bargain-(vti.) & ¼ckjxsu½ & eksyHkko djuk
Basic-(adj.) & ¼csfld½ & vk/kkjHkwr] ewy
Bath-(n.) & ¼ckFk½ & Luku
Bathe -(vti.) & ¼csn½ & ugkuk] ugykuk
Battle-(n.) & ¼cSVy½ & yM+kbZ
Beach-(n.) & ¼chp½ & >hy ;k leqanz dk
fdukjk
Beak-(n.) & ¼chd½ & pksp
a
Bear- (n.) & ¼csvj½ & Hkkyw
Bear- (vti.) & ¼cs;j½ & lguk
Beard-(n.) & ¼fc;MZ½ & nk<+h
Beast-(n.) & ¼chLV½ & pkSik;k] i‛kq
Bee-(n.) & ¼ch½ & e/kqeD[kh
Beef-(n.) & ¼chQ½ & xk; dk ekal
Beer-(n.) & ¼fc;j ;k ch;j½ & tkS dh efnjk
Before-(adv.) & ¼fcQksj½ & igys
Beforehand-(n.) & ¼fcQksjgSUM½ ≤ ls
igys
Beg-(vti.) & ¼csx½ & Hkh[k ek¡xuk] izkFkZuk
djuk
Beggar-(n.) & ¼cSxj½ &fHk[kkjh
Begin-(vt.) & ¼fcfxu½ & izkjEHk djuk
Behave-(vt.) & ¼fcgso½ & O;ogkj djuk
Behavior-(n.) & ¼fcgsfo;j½ & O;ogkj
Behead-(vt.) & ¼fcgSM½ & flj dkVuk
Behind-(prep.) & ¼fcgkbUM½ &ihNs
Behold-(vt.) & ¼fcgksYM½ & /;ku ls ns[kuk
Belief-(n.) & ¼fcyhQ½ &fo‛okl
Believe-(vt.) & ¼fcyho½ &fo‛okl djuk
Believe-(vi.) & ¼fcyho½ &fo‛okl j[kuk
Beneficial-(adj.) & ¼cSfufQf‛k;y½ &
ykHknk;d
Benefit-(n.) & ¼cSusfQV½ & ykÒ
Benign-(adj.) & ¼fcukbu½ & n;kyq
Betray-(vt.) & ¼fcVªs½ & fo‛okl?kkr djuk
Beware-(vi.) & ¼fcos;j½ & lko/kku gksuk
Biography-(n.) & ¼ck;ksxzQh½ & thouh
Birth-(n.) & ¼cFkZ½ & tUe
Birthright-(n.) & ¼cFkZjkbV½ & tUefl)
vf/kdkj
Bit-(n.) & ¼fcV½ & VqdMk] FkksM+k lk
Bite-(vt.) & ¼ckbV½ & nk¡r ls dkVuk
Bitter-(adj.) & ¼fcVj½ & dM+ok
Blame-(vt.) & ¼Cyse½ &nks’k yxkuk] nks’k]
vijk/k
Blanket-(n.) & ¼CySadsV½ &dEcy
Bleed-(vti.) & ¼CyhM½ & [kwu fudyuk] [kwu
fudkyuk
Bless- (vt.) & ¼CySl½ & vk‛khokZn nsuk
Blood-(n.) & ¼CyM½ & [kwu
Blunder-(n.) & ¼CyUMj½ & cMh xyrh
Bold-(adj.) & ¼cksYM½ & fuMj] fnysj
Bone-(n.) & ¼cksu½ & gM~Mh
Borrow-(vt.) & ¼ckWjks½ & m/kkj ysuk
Bottom- (n.) & ¼ckWVe½ & isna k] ryk
Bow-(n.) & ¼cks½ & /kuq’k
Bow-(vti.) & ¼cks½ & >qduk
Boycott- (vt.) & ¼ck;dkWV½ & cfg’dkj
djuk
Brain-(n.) & ¼czsu½ &efLr’d
Brake-(n.) & ¼csd
z ½ & xfr jks/kd
Brave-(adj.) & ¼czso½ & ohj
Bravery-(n.) & ¼czsojh½ & ohjrk
Breathe-(vti.) & ¼czhn½ & lk¡l ysuk
Bribe-(n.) & ¼czkbc½ & fj‛or
Brick-(n.) & ¼fczd½ &bZaV
Bride- (n.) & ¼czkbM½ & nqYgu
Brilliant-(adj.) & ¼fczfy;aV½ & cqf)eku
Bring- (vt.) & ¼fcax
z ½ & ykuk] ys tkuk
Brother- (n.) & ¼cznj½ & ÒkbZ
Brutal-(adj.) & ¼czwVy½ & funZ;h
Build-(vt.) & ¼fcYM½ & fuekZ.k djuk
Burn-(vti.) & ¼cuZ½ &tykuk] tyuk
Busy- (adj.) & ¼fcth½ & O;Lr
Buzz- (vi.) & ¼ct+½ & fHkufHkukuk
C
Cab-(n.) & ¼dSc½ & xkM+h] VSDlh
Cabbage-(n.) & ¼dScst½ & cUnxksHkh
Cage-(n.) & ¼dst½ &fiatM+k
Cage-(vt.) & ¼dst½ &fiatM+s esa cUn djuk
Calamity-(n.) & ¼dySfeVh½ & foink
Calibre-(n.) & ¼dSfycj½ & ekufld ‚kfDr
Callous-(adj.) & ¼dSykWl½ & dBksj] funZ;h
Calm-(adj.) & ¼dke½ & ‚kkUr
Calmly-(adv.) & ¼dkeyh½ & ‚kkfUriwod
Z
Calmness-(n.) & ¼dkeusl½ & ‚kkfUriw.kZrk
Camel-(n.) & ¼dSey½ & Å¡V
Canal-(n.) & ¼dSuy½ & ugj
Cancel-(vt.) & ¼dSUly½ & dkVuk] jn~n
djuk
Candid-(adj.) & ¼dSfUMM½ & lPpk] [kjk
Cannon-(n.) & ¼dSuu½ &rksi
Canon-(n.) & ¼dSuu½ & fu;e
Capability-(n.) & ¼dsisfCkfyVh½ & ;ksX;rk
Capable-(adj.) & ¼dsisCky½ & ;ksX;
Capacity-(n.) & ¼diSflVh½ & ‚kfDr]
foLrkj] lkeF;Z
Capital-(n.) & ¼dSfiVy½ & iw¡wth] jkt/kkuh
Capital-(adj.) & ¼dSfiVy½ & iz/kku] eq[;
Capitalist-(n.) & ¼dSfiVfyLV½ & iw¡wthifr]
lkgwdkj
Captive-(n.) & ¼dSfIVo½ & canh] dSnh
Capture-(vt.) & ¼dSIpj½ & idM+uk
Care-(vt.) & ¼ds;j½ & ijokg djuk
Careless-(adj.) & ¼ds;jySl½ & csijokg
Carnival-(n.) & ¼dkfuZoy½ & mRlo
Carpet-(n.) & ¼dkisVZ ½ & njh] dkyhu
Carrot-(n.) & ¼dSjV½ & xktj
Cash-(n.) & ¼dS‛k½ &udn
Cast-(n.) & ¼dkLV½ & lk¡pk] fQYe ;k ukVd
esa ik«kksa dh lwph
Caste-(n.) & ¼dkLV½ &tkfr
Catch-(vt.) & ¼dSp½ &idM+uk
384
Categorical-(adj.) & ¼dSVsxkWfjdy½ &
Li’V] lh/kk
Categorically-(adv.) & ¼dSVsxkWfjdyh½ &
Li’V #i ls
Category-(n.) & ¼dSVsxjh½ & oxZ] Js.kh
Cater-(vt.) & ¼dsVj½ & f[kykuk] Hkkstu dk
izcU/k djuk
Cause-(n.) & ¼dkWt+½ & dkj.k
Caution-(n.) & ¼dkW‛ku½ & lko/kkuh
Cautious-(adj.) & ¼dkW‛kl½ & lko/kku
Cave-(n.) & ¼dso½ & xqQk
Celebrate-(vt.) & ¼lsfyCkzsV½ & mRlo
eukuk
Celebration-(n.) & ¼lsfyCkzs‛ku½ & mRlo
Censor-(n.) & ¼lSUlj½ & nks’k fujh{kd
Censure-(n.) & ¼lSUlj½ & nks’k] dyad
Censure-(vt.) & ¼lSUlj½ & nks’k yxkuk]
dyad yxkuk
Century-(n.) & ¼lsUpqjh½ & lkS o’kZ] ‚krkCnh
Cereal-(n.) & ¼flfj;y½ & vUu] vukt
Ceremony-(n.) & ¼lsjseuh½ & /kkfeZd
mRlo
Certain-(adj.) & ¼lVsuZ ½ & fuf‛pr
Certain-(det.) & ¼lVsuZ ½ & dksbZ ,d
Certainly-(adv.) & ¼lVsUZ yh½ & cs‛kd]
fuf‛pr gh
Certainty-(n.) & ¼lVsUZ Vh½ & fuf‛prrk
Certify-(vt.) & ¼lVhZZQkbZ½ & izekf.kr djuk
Challenge-(vt.) & ¼pSysUt½ & yydkjuk
Chance-(n.) & ¼pkUl½ & ekSdk
Change-(n.) & ¼psUt½ & cnyko] [kqys iSls
Change-(vi.) & ¼psUt½ & cny tkuk
Change-(vt.) & ¼psUt½ & cny nsuk
Chaos-(n.) & ¼dsvksl½ & xM+cM+h] vLr
O;Lr
Character-(n.) & ¼dSjsDVj½ & pfj=
Characteristic-(n.) & ¼dSjsDVfjfLVd½ &
fo‛ks’krk] xq.k
Cheat-(vt.) & ¼phV½ & /kks[kk nsuk
Cheer-(n.) & ¼fp;j½ & izlUu
Cheer-(vt.) & ¼fp;j½ & izlUu djuk
Cheerful-(n.) & ¼fp;jQqy½ & izlUufpÙk
Cheese-(n.) & ¼pht+½ & iuhj] pht+
Chew-(vt.) & ¼P;w½ & pckuk
Chick-(n.) & ¼fPkd½ & eqxhZ dk cPpk
Child-(n.) & ¼pkbYM½ & cPpk
Childhood-(n.) & ¼pkbYMgqM½ & cpiu
Childish-(adj.) & ¼pkbfYM‛k½ & cpiuk lk]
ew[kZ
Chill-(adj.) & ¼fpy½ & BaMk
Chill-(vi.) & ¼fpy½ & BaMk gks tkuk
Chill-(vt.) & ¼fpy½ & BaMk djuk
Chirp-(vi.) & ¼piZZ½ & p¡w p¡w djuk
Chop-(vt.) & ¼pkWi½ & dkVuk
Chorus-(n.) & ¼dksjl½ &xk;dksa dk lewg
Chronic-(adj.) & ¼ØkWfud½ & iqjkuk] yEck
Circumstance-(n.) & ¼ldZeLVsUl½ &?kVuk
Circumstances-(n.) & ¼ldZeLVsUlst+½ &
ifjfLFkfr;k¡
Citizen-(n.) & ¼flfVt+u½ & ukxfjd
Civilization-(n.) & ¼flfoykbZt‛+s ku½ &
lH;rk
Clap-(vt.) & ¼DySi½ & rkyh ctkuk
Clarify-(vt.) & ¼DySfjQkbZ½ & Li’V djuk
Classification-(n.) & ¼DykflfQds‛ku½ &
oxhZdj.k
Clean-(n.) & ¼Dyhu½ & lkQ
Clean-(vt.) & ¼Dyhu½ & lkQ djuk
Cleanliness-(n.) &¼DyhfUyusl½& LoPNrk
Climb-(vt.) & ¼DykbEc½ &p<+uk
Cloth-(n.) & ¼DykWFk½ & diM+k
Clothe-(vt.) & ¼Dyksn½ & diM+s iguuk
Coal-(n.) & ¼dksy½ & dks;yk
Coalition-(n.) & ¼dkW;fy‛ku½ & esy
Coarse- (adj.) & ¼dkslZ½ & vlH;] Hkn~nk
Cobbler-(n.) & ¼dkWCyj½ & eksph
Cock-(n.) & ¼dkWd½ & eqxkZ
Coin-(n.) & ¼dkWbu½ & flDdk
Coin-(vt.) & ¼dkWbu½ & flDdk cukuk] jpuk
Coincidence-(n.) & ¼dksbfUlMsUl½ & la;ksx
Collaborate-(vi.) & ¼dksyscjsV½ & ,d
lkFk dk;Z djuk
Collapse-(vi.) & ¼dksySIl½ & fxj tkuk]
fipd tkuk
Collide- (vi.) & ¼dksykbM½ & Vdjkuk
Collision- (n.) & ¼dkWfyt+u½ & VDdj
Colour- (n.) & ¼dyj½ & jax
Comb- (n.) & ¼dkse½ & da?kh
Comb- (vt.) & ¼dkse½ & da?kh djuk
Combine- (vi.) & ¼dEckbu½ & feyuk] ,d
gksuk
Combine- (vt.) & ¼dEckbu½ & feykuk] ,d
djuk
Commence- (vt.) & ¼desUl½ & vkjEHk
djuk
Commencement- (n.) & ¼desUlesUV½ &
vkjEHk
Commend-(vt.) & ¼desUM½ & iz‛kalk djuk
Comment-(vi.) & ¼dkWesUV½ & fVIi.kh
djuk
Commit-(vt.) & ¼dfeV½ & oknk djuk]
xyr dke djuk
Commitment-(n.) & ¼dfeVesUV½ & oknk
Communicate- (vt.) & ¼dE;wfudsV½ &
dguk] igq¡pkuk
Communication-(n.) & ¼dE;wfuds‛ku½ &
lapkj
Compare-(vt.) & ¼dEis;j½ & rqyuk djuk
Comparison-(n.) & ¼dEiSfjt+u½ & rqyuk
Compassion-(n.) & ¼dEiS‛ku½ & n;k
Compensation-(n.) & ¼dkWEiUls‛ku½ &
{kfriwfrZ
Compete-(vt.) & ¼dEihV½ & Li/kkZ djuk
Competent-(n.) & ¼dkWfEiVsUV½ & ;ksX;]
fuiq.k] leFkZ
Competition-(n.) & ¼dkWfEifV‛ku½ &
izfr;ksfxrk
Complaint-(n.) & ¼dEIysUV½ & f‛kdk;r
Complete- (n.) & ¼dEIyhV½ & iwjk
Complete- (vi.) & ¼dEIyhV½ & iwjk djuk
Completion-(n.) & ¼dEIyh‛ku½ & lekfIr
Complication-(n.) & ¼dkWEIyhds‛ku½ &
my>u
Compliment-(n.) & ¼dkWfEIyesUV½ & iz‛kalk
Compliment-(vt.) & ¼dkWfEIyesUV½ &
iz‛kalk djuk
Comprise-(vt.) & ¼dEizkbt+½ & lfEefyr
djuk
Compromise- (vt.) & ¼dkWEizksekbt+½ &
le÷kkSrk djuk
Compulsory-(adj.) & ¼dEiYljh½ &
vfuok;Z
Compute-(vt.) & ¼dEI;wV½ & x.kuk djuk
Conceal- (vt.) & ¼dUlhy½ & fNikuk
Concentration-(n.) & ¼dkWUlUVªs‛ku½ &
,dkxzrk
Concern-(n.) & ¼dUluZZ½ & fpUrk] lEcU/k
Concern-(vt.) & ¼dUluZZ½ & lEcU/k j[kuk
Conclude-(vt.) & ¼dUDY;wM½ &lekIr djuk
Conclude-(vi.) & ¼dUDY;wM½ &lekIr gksuk
Condemn-(vt.) & ¼dUMsEk½ & nks’k yxkuk
Condition-(n.) & ¼dUMh‛ku½ &n‛kk] fLFkfr
Conducive-(adj.) & ¼dUM~;wflo½ &
lgk;d
Conduct-(vt.) & ¼dUMDV½ & izcU/k djuk]
O;ogkj djuk
Confection-(n.) & ¼dUQsD‛ku½ & feBkbZ]
[kkus dh ehBh lkezxh
Confectioner-(n.) & ¼dUQsD‛kuj½ &
gyokbZ
Confess-(vt.) & ¼dUQsl½ & Lohdkj djuk
Confession-(n.) & ¼dUQs‛ku½ & Lohdkj
Confidant-(n.) & ¼dkWfUQMsUV½ &
fo‛oklik«k] [kkl nksLr
Confide-(vi.) & ¼dUQkbM½ &fo‛okl djuk
Confidence-(n.) & ¼dkWfUQMsUl½ &
vkRefo‛okl] fo‛okl
Confident-(adj.) & ¼dkWfUQMsUV½ &
vkRefo‛oklh
Confirm-(vt.) & ¼dUQeZ½ & iqf’V djuk]
fuf‛pr djuk
Confirmation-(n.) & ¼dUQes‛Z ku½ &
izek.khdj.k] LFkk;hdj.k
Conflict-(n.) & ¼dkWfU¶yDV½ & ÷kxM+k
Congratulate- (vt.) & ¼dkWUxzzspqysV½ &
c/kkbZ nsuk
Congratulation- (n.) & ¼dkWUxzzspy
q s‛ku½ &
c/kkbZ
Connect- (vt.) & ¼dusDV½ & tksM+uk
Conquer-(vt.) & ¼dUDoSj½ & thruk
Conscience-(n.) & ¼dUlkbUl½ & foosd
385
Conscious-(adj.) & ¼dkWU‛kl½ & lpsr
Consciousness-(n.) & ¼dkWU‛klusl½ &
psruk
Consecutive-(adj.) & ¼dUt+Ds ;fVo½ &
yxkrkj
Consequence-(n.) & ¼dkWfUlDosUl½ &
ifj.kke
Conserve-(vt.) & ¼dUt+o½Z & lqjf{kr j[kuk
Consider-(vt.) & ¼dfUlMj½ & lkspuk]
fopkj djuk
Consist-(vt.) & ¼dfUlLV½ & esa gksuk] jguk
Conspire-(vt.) & ¼dULik;j½ & ‘kM;a=
jpuk
Conspiracy- (n.) & ¼dkWfULijslh½ & ‘kM;a=
Constant-(adj.) & ¼dkWULkVsUV½ & fLFkj
Constipation-(n.) & ¼dkWfULVis‛ku½ & dCt
Constitution-(n.) & ¼dkWfULVV~;w‛ku½ &
lafo/kku
Consult-(vt.) & ¼dUlYV½ & jk; ysuk
Consultation-(n.) & ¼dUlYVs‛ku½ &
foe‛kZ] ea«k.kk
Consume-(vt.) & ¼dUT+;we½ & [kir djuk
Consume-(vi.) & ¼dUT+;we½ & [kir gksuk
Consumption-(n.) & ¼dUtaI‛ku½ & [kir
Contain-(vt.) & ¼dUVsu½ &lfEefyr djuk
Continue-(vt.) & ¼dfUVU;w½ & tkjh j[kuk
Continuous-(adj.) & ¼dfUVU;qvl½ &
yxkrkj
Contradict-(vt.) & ¼dkWUVªfMDV½ & fojks/k
djuk
Contrary-(adj.) & ¼dkWUVªjh½ & foifjr
Contribute-(vt.) & ¼dkWfUVªC;wV½ &;ksxnku
nsuk
Contribution-(n.) & ¼dkWfUVªC;w‛ku½ &
;ksxnku
Controversy-(n.) & ¼dkWUVªksolhZ½ & fookn]
cgl
Convenient-(adj.) & ¼dUohfu;UV½ &
lqfo/kktud
Conversation-(n.) & ¼dkWUolsZ‛ku½ &
ckrphr] okrkZyki
Convey-(vt.) & ¼dUos½ & ys tkuk] igq¡pkuk
Conveyance-(n.) & ¼dUos;Ul½ & lokjh]
okgu
Cooperate-(vi.) & ¼dqvkWijsV½ & lg;ksx
nsuk
Coordinate-(vt.) & ¼dkWfMZuVs ½ & mfpr
lEcU/k cukuk
Cordial-(adj.) & ¼dkWfMZ;y½ & gkfnZd
Cordially-(adv.) & ¼dkWfMZ;yh½ & fny ls
Corrupt-(adj.) & ¼djIV½ & Hkz’V
Corruption-(n.) & ¼djI‛ku½ & Hkz’Vkpkj
Cosmetic- (adj.) & ¼dkWLesfVd½ & lqUnjrk
c<+kus okyh
Count-(vt.) & ¼dkmUV½ & fxuuk
Courage-(n.) & ¼djst½ & lkgl
Courageous-(adj.) & ¼djsft;l½ &
lkglh
Courtesy-(n.) & ¼dVsl
Z h½ & uezrk
Cousin-(n.) & ¼dt+u½ & ppsjk] eesjk]
ekSljs k ;k QqQsjk HkkbZ@cgu
Coward-(adj.) & ¼dkWoMZ½ & dk;j
Crave-(vt.) & ¼Øso½ & pkguk] ykylk djuk
Credible-(adj.) & ¼ØSfMcy½ &fo‛oluh;
Creditable-(adj.) & ¼ØSfMVscy½ &
ljkguh;
Credulous-(adj.) & ¼ØSMqyl½ & Hkksyk
Crisis-(n.) & ¼Økbfll½ & ladV
Critic-(n.) & ¼fØfVd½ & vkykspd
Criticize-(vt.) & ¼fØfVlkbt+½ & vkykspuk
djuk
Criticism-(n.) & ¼fØfVflTk+e½ & vkykspuk
Crucial-(adj.) & ¼Øw‛ky½ & fu.kkZ;d
Cruel-(adj.) & ¼Øwvy½ & funZ;h
Crust-(n.) & ¼ØLV½ & fNydk] ijr
Culprit-(n.) & ¼dfYizV½ & vijk/kh] nks’kh
Curiosity-(n.) & ¼D;wfj;kWflVh½ & ftKklk
Curious-(adj.) & ¼D;wfj;l½ & ftKklw
Curriculum-(n.) & ¼djhD;ye½ &
ikB~;dze
Curse-(n.) & ¼dlZ½ & ‛kki] Jki
Curse-(vt.) & ¼dlZ½ & ‛kki nsuk
Curtain-(n.) & ¼dVsuZ ½ & inkZ
Cynic - (adj.) & ¼flfud½ & fpM+fpM+k o
dqfVy O;fDr
D
Dab - (vt.) – ¼MSc½ & Fkidh nsuk
Dacoit - (n.) – (MSdkWbV) - Mkdw
Dacoity - (n.) – (MSdkW;Vh) - MdSrh
Daily - (adv.) – ¼Msyh½ & izfrfnu
Dainty- (adj)- (MsUVh) – lqgkouk] Lokfn’V
Dais -(n.) – (Mk;l) – eap
Damage- (n.)(vt.) - (MSest) –gkfu] {kfr
igq¡pkuk
Danger - (n.) – ¼MsUtj½ & Mjkouk
Dangerous -(adj.) – (MsUtjl) – Hk;adj
Dare - (vti.) – ¼Msvj½ & fgEer djuk
Daring-(n.) – (Msvfjax) - fuMj
Darken - (vt.) – ¼MkdZu½ & va/ksjk djuk
Darken - (vi.) – ¼MkdZu½ & va/ksjk gksuk
Daughter-(n.) – (MkWVj) – iq=h] csVh
Daunt - (vt.) – ¼MkWUV½ & Mjkuk
Dauntless-(n.)(adj.) - (MkWUVySl) – fuHkZ;
Dawn - (n.) – ¼MkWu½ & losjk
Dazzle-(vt.) – (MSt+y) – pfdr dj nsuk
Dear-(n.) – (fM;j) - I;kjk
Dear-(adv.) – (fM;j) - e¡gxk
Dearth-(n.) – (MFkZ) – deh] vdky] vHkko
Debase- (vt.) – (fMcsl) – de djuk
Debate- (vt.) – (fMcsV) – cgl djuk
Debt-(n.) – (MSV) - _.k] m/kkj
Decay-(vt.) – (Mhds) - ?kVuk] uk‛k gksuk
Decent-(n.) – (MhlsUV) –lH;] f‛k’V
Deception-(n.) – (fMlsI‛ku) – /kks[kk] Ny
Declare-(vt.) – (fMDysvj) –?kks’k.kk djuk
Decorate-(vt.) – (MSdjsV) – ltkuk
Decoration-(n.) – (MSdjs‛ku) – ltkoV
Dedicate- (vt.) – (MSfMdsV) –lefiZr djuk
Dedication- (n.) – (MSfMds‛ku) –leiZ.k
Defame-(vt.) – (MhQse) – fuUnk djuk
Defeat-(vt.) – (fMQhV) - gjkuk
Defect-(n.) – (fMQSDV) – deh
Defense- (n.) – (fMQSUl) – j{kk] cpko
Defend- (vt.) – (fMQSUM) – j{kk djuk]
cpko djuk
Defer-( vt.) – (MSQj) – Vky nsuk
Deference-(n.) – (MSQjSUl) – lnkpj.k
Deficiency-(n.) – (MSfQ‛kSUlh) – deh
Deficiency-(n.) – (MSfQ‛kSUlh) – deh
Deficit-(n.) – (MSfQflV) – deh] ?kkVk
Definition-(n.) – (MSfQus‛ku) – ifjHkk’kk
Deformity-(n.) – (fMQkWfeZVh) – deh]
dq:irk
Degree-(n.) – (fMxzh) – in] va‛k] mikf/k
Dejected-(adj.) – (fMtSDVsM) - mnkl
Delay- (n.)( vt.) – (Mhys) – nsj] nsj djuk
Delegate-(n.) – (MSfyxsV) – izfrfuf/k
Delegation- (n.) – (MSfyxs‛ku) – izfrfuf/k
eaMy
Deliberate-(vt.) – (MSfyczsV) – lksp fopkj
djuk
Delicacy-(n.) – (MSfydlh) - dkseyrk]
uktqdrk
Delicate-(n.) – (MSfydsV) - dksey] uktqd
Deliver-( vt.) – (fMfyoj) - R;kx nsuk]
igq¡pk nsuk] O;k[;ku nsuk
Delusion-(n.) – (fMY;wt+u) – Hkze
Demarcation-(n.) – (fMekds‛Z ku) – lhek]
gn] e;kZnk
Demean-(vt.) – (fMehu) - uhpk fn[kkuk
Demise-(n.) – (fMekbl) - e`R;q
Democracy-(n.) – (MSeksØslh) – turk }kjk
pquh tkus okyh lRrk
Demonstration-(n.) – (MSeUlVª‛s ku) –
izek.k] lkfcr djds fn[kkus okyk
Denial-(n.) – (fMuk;y) – Lohd`fr u gksuk
Dentist-(n.) – (MSfUVLV) – nkarksa dk MkWDVj
Deny-( vt.) – (fMuk;) – euk djuk
Depart- (vt.) – (fMikVZ) – pys tkuk
Departure-(n.) – (fMikpZj) - izLFkku
Dependant-(n.) – (fMiSUMSUV) – fuHkZj
Depict-(vt.) – (fMfiDV) - o.kZu djuk
Deplete-(vt.) – (fMIyhV) - [kkyh djuk
Deposit-( vt.) – (fMikSft+V) – tek djuk
Depression-(n.) – (fMizS‛ku) – mnklh
Deprive-( vt.) – (fMizkbo) – Nhu ysuk
Depth-(n.) – (MSIFk) - xgjkbZ
Descend-( vt.) – (fMlSUM) – mrjuk]
vkdze.k djuk
Describe-(vt.) – (fMLØkbc) - o.kZu djuk
Description-(n.) – (fMfLØI‛ku) – o.kZu
386
Deserve-(vt.) – (fMt+o)Z – dkfcy gksuk
Deserving-(adj.) – (fMt+foZax) - dkfcy
Desire-(vt.) – (fMt+k;j) – bPNk djuk
Desirous-(adj.) – (fMt+jl) - bPNqd
Desperation- (n.) – (MSLijs‛ku) – fujk‛kk
Destination-(n.) – (MSfLVus‛ku) – eafty
Destroy- (vt.) – (fMLVkª;) - /oLr djuk
Detective-(n.) – (fMVSfDVo) – tklwl
Deteriorate-( vt.) – (fMVSfjvksjsV) –
fxjuk] derj gksuk
Determination-(n.) – (fMVjfeus‛ku) –
fu‛p;
Determine-( vt.) – (fMVjfeu) – fu‛p;
djuk
Detest-(vt.) – (fMVsLV) - ?k`.kk djuk
Develop-( vt.) – (fMosyi] Msoyi) – izxfr
;k mUufr djuk
Development-(n.) – (fMosyiesVa ]
MsoyiesVa ) – mUufr
Devil- (n.) – (MSfoy) – ‚kSrku
Dew-(n.) – (M~;)w - vksl
Diagnosis-(n.) – (MkbxukSfll) – jksx dks
igpkuuk
Dictate-( vt.) – (fMDVsV) – nwljksa dks
fy[kkuk
Dictator-(n.) – (fMDVsVj) – dBksj ‚kkld
Diet-(n.) – (MkbV) – vkgkj
Differ-(vi.) – (fMQj) – fHkUu gksuk
Difference-(n.) – (fMQjSUl) – QdZ
Difficult-(adj.) – (fMfQdYV) – dfBu
Diffuse-(vt.) – (fM¶;wt+) – QSykuk] mM+y
s uk
Dig-( vt.) – (fMx) – [kksnuk
Digest-( vt.) – (MkbtSLV) – ipkuk
Dignity- (n.) – (fMfXuVh) – eku lEeku]
izfr’Bk
Dilemma-(n.) – (Mk;yek) – nqfo/kk]
confusion
Diligence-(n.) – (fMfytSUl) – ifjJe]
lko/kkuh
Diligent-(adj) – (fMfytSUV) – ifjJeh]
lko/kku
Dilute-( vt.) – (MkbY;wV) – iryk djuk]
Qhdk djuk
Dine-( vt.) – (Mkbu) – Hkkstu djuk
Dinner-(n.) – (fMuj) – jkr dk Hkkstu
Diplomat-(n.) – (fMIykseSV) – prqj]
dwVuhfr djus okyk
Disable- (vt.) – (fMlscy) – vleFkZ djuk
Disappear-( vt.) – (fMlvfi;j) – vn`‛;
gks tkuk
Disappointment-(n.) – (fMlvikWbaVeSaV) –
fujk‛kk
Discharge-( vt.) – (fMLpktZ) – NksM+uk]
eqDr djuk] [kRe djuk
Disclose-( vt.) – (fMlDykst+) – izdV djuk]
Li’V djuk
Discourage -( vt.) – (fMldjSt) – grk‛k
djuk
Discovery- (n.) – (fMLdojh) – [kkst
Disease-(n.) – (fMt+ht+) – chekjh] jksx
Disgrace-( vt.) – (fMLxzsl) – vieku djuk
Disguise-( vt.) – (fMLxkbt+) – Hks’k cnyuk
Disgusting- (n.) – (fMLxfLVax) – cgqr gh
csdkj] ?kfV;k
Dishonor-( vt.) – (fMlvkWuj) – vieku
djuk
Disinterested – (adj) – (fMlbUVjLVsM) –
fu’i{k
Dislike-( vt.) – (fMLykbd) – ukilUn djuk
Dislocate-( vt.) – (fMLyksdsV) – tksM+
vyx djuk] txg ls gVkuk
Dismal- (adj.) – (fMLey) – ?kksj] mnkl]
‚kksde;
Dismay- (vt.) – (fMLes) – Mjkuk] fujk‛k
djuk
Dismiss- (vt.) – (fMfLel) – in ls gVkuk
Disorder-(n.) – (fMlvkMZj) – vyx Fkyx]
vO;oLFkk
Dispatch-( vt.) – (fMLiSp) – jokuk djuk
Displace-( vt.) – (fMLkIysl) – txg ls
gVkuk
Display- (vt.) – (fMLkIys) – izn‛kZu djuk
Dispute- (n.)(vt.) – (fMLI;wV) – fookn]
fookn djuk
Distance-(n.) – (fMlVSUl) - nwjh
Distant-(adj.) – (fMLVSUV) - nwj
Distemper-(n.) – (fMLVSEij) – nhokj dk
jax
Distort-( vt.) – (fMLVkWV)Z – #i fcxkM+uk
Distribution-(n.) – (fMLVªhC;w‛ku) – ckaVuk
Disturb-(vt.) – (fMLVcZ)Z – ijs‛kku djuk]
xM+cM+ djuk
Ditto-(adj.) – (fMV~Vks) – fCkYdqy ogh tks
Åij fy[kk gS
Dive-(n.) – (Mkbo) – Mqcdh ekjuk
Diversity-(n.) – (Mk;oflZVh) – fofHkUurk
Diversion-(n.) – (Mk;ojtZ+u) - /;ku gVkuk]
eksM+
Divert- (vt.) – (Mk;oVZ)Z – jkg cny nsuk]
iFk Qsj nsuk
Divine-(adj.) – (fMokb+u) – ifo«k
Division-(n.) – (fMfot+u) – ck¡Vuk] foHkktu
djuk] lSfudksa dh Vksyh
Divorce- ( vt.) – (Mk;okslZ ;k fMoksl)Z –
rykd nsuk] vyx djuk
Divulge- ( vt.) – (Mk;oYt) – [kksy nsuk
Doctrine-(n.) – (MkWDVªkbu) - fl)kUr
Dogma-(n.) – (MkWxek) - fl)kUr
Dogmatic- (adj.) – (MkWXeSfVd) - lS)kfUrd]
gBh
Domestic-(adj.) – (MkWesfLVd) – ?kjsyw
Dominate-(vt.) – (MkWfeusV) – opZLo j[kuk]
‚kklu djuk
Domination-(n.) – (MkWfeus‛ku) – opZLo]
‚kklu
Donation-(n.) – (Mksus‛ku) – nku
Donee -(n.) – (Mksuh) – ftls nku feys
Donor-(n.) – (Mksuj) – nku nsus okyk
Dormant-(adj.) – (MkWeasVZ ) – lqLr
Doubt-(vt.) – (MkmV) – ‚kd djuk
Drain-(vt.) – (Mªus ) - ikuh dks ckgj
fudkyuk
Drainage-(n.) – (Mªus t
s ) - ikuh dk fudkl
Drastic-(adj.) – (MªSlfVd) – l[r] izpaM
Draw-(v.i) – (MªkW) – [khapuk] vkdf’kZr djuk
Drawback-(n.) – (MªkWcSd) - deh
Dread-(n.)(vt.) - (MªSM) – Hk;] Mjuk
Dream-(n.) – (Mªheh) – LoIu] liuk
Drench-(vt.) – (MªSUp) – fHkxksuk
Drive-(vti.) – (Mªkbo) – okgu pykuk
Drizzle-( vt.) – (fMªt+y) – cwna k ckanh] gYdh
o’kkZ
Drowsy-(adj) – (MªkÅt+h) – uhn ls Hkjk
gqvk
Dual-(adj.) – (Mqvy) – nksuksa] nksgjh
Due-(adj.) – () – ns;] dtZ
Duel-(n.) – (M~;wvy) - ;q)
Duly-(adv.) – (M~;wyh) – ;Fkk;ksX;] mfpr
Dumb-(n.) – (Me) – xwx
a k
Durable-(adj.) – (M~;wjScy) - fVdkÅ
Duration-(n.) – (M~;wjs‛ku) – vof/k
During-(prep.) – (M~;wfjax) – ds nkSjku
Dusk-(n.) – (MLd) – la/;kdky
Dust-(n.) – (MLV) - /kwy
Dusty-(adj.) – (MLVh) - /kwy ls Hkjk gqvk
Duty-(n.) – (M~;wVh) – dÙkZO;] dj¼tax½
Dwarf-(n.) – (M~okQZ) - ckSuk
Dwell-(vt.) – (M~oSy) –cluk] jguk
Dwelling-(n.) – (M~oSfyax) – edku] ?kj]
clsjk
Dynamite-(n.) – (Mk;ukekbV) – ck:n
Dynasty-(n.) – (Mk;uSLVh) – jktoa‛k
E
Each-(adj.) – (bZp) – izR;sd] gj dksbZ
Eager-(adj.) – (bZxj) - mRlqd
Eagle-(n.) – (bZxy) - fx)
Ear-(n.) – (bZvj) - dku
Earn-(vt.) – (vuZ) - dekuk
Earnest-(adj.) – (vuZsLV) – mRlqd] xEHkhj
Earning-(n.) – (vfuZax) – vk;] vkenuh
Earth-(n.) – (vFkZ) - /kjrh] i`Foh
Earthly- (adj.) – (vFkZyh) – lkalkfjd
Earthquake-(n.) – (vFkZDosd) - HkwdEi
Ease-(n.) – (bZt+) - vkjke
East-(n.) – (bZLV) - iwjc
Eat-(vti.) – (bZV) – [kkuk
Eatable-(adj.) – (bZVcs y) – [kkus ;ksX;
Echo-(n.) – (,sdks) – vkokt dh x¡t
w
Echo-(vt) – (,sdks) - x¡t
w uk
387
Eclipse-(n.) – (,sfDyIl) – xzg.k
Ecstasy-(n.) – (,DlVSlh) – csgn [kq‛k
Edge-(n.) – (,st) - fdukjk
Edible-(adj.) – (,sfMcy) – [kkus ;ksX;
Edit-(vt.) – (,sfMM) – lEiknu djuk
Edition-(n.) – (,sfM‛ku) – laLdj.k
Editor-(n.) – (,sfMVj) – lEiknd
Educate-(vt.) – (,stqdsV) – f‛k{kk nsuk
Effect- (n.) – (bQSDV) - izHkko
Effective-(adj.) – (bQSfDVo) – dkjxj]
izHkko‛kkyh
Efficiency-(n.) – (,sfQ‛ksUlh) – fuiq.krk
Efficient- (adj.) – (,sfQf‛k,UV) – fuiq.k]
dq‛ky
Effort-(n.) – (,sQVZ) – iz;kl
Ego-(n.) – (bZxks) – ?ke.M
Egoism-(n.) – (bZxksbt+e) – dsoy vius ckjs
esa lkspuk] LokFkZ] ?ke.M
Egotism-(n.) – (bZxksfVt+e) – dsoy vius
ckjs esa ckr djuk] LokFkZ
Eject-(vt.) – (btSDV) – ckgj fudkyuk
Elastic-(adj.) – (bySfLVd) - yphyk
Elder-(adj.) – (,YMj) – mez esa cM+k] T;s’B
Elderly-(adj.) – (,YMjyh) - v/ksM+] cw<+s
O;fDr
Elect-(vt.) – (bySDV) - pquuk
Element-(n.) – (,sfyeSUV) – rRo
Elementary-(adj.) – (,sfyeSUVjh) – ekSfyd
– Basic, Rudimentary
Elevation- (n.) – (,syhos‛ku) – Å¡pkbZ –
Raising, upwards
Eligible-(adj.) – (,fyftcy) - ;ksX;
Elucidate-(vt.) – (bY;wflMsV) – explain
djuk] le÷kkuk
Elusion-(n.) – (bY;wt+u) – Hkze] /kks[kk
Embark- (vti.) – (bEckdZ) – ‚kq# djuk
Embrace- (vt.) – (bEczsl) – xys yxkuk
Embroidery- (n.) – (bEczkbMjh) – diM+s
ij lqbZ ls fMt+kbu dk ckjhd dke
Embryo- (n.) – (bEcz;ks) – Hkzw.k
Emergency-(n.) – (bejtSUlh) –
vkikrdky
Emigrant-(n.) – (bfexzSUV) - izoklh] nwljs
ns‛k ls vk;s gq,
Employ-(vt.) – (bEIyk;) – dke ij j[kuk
Employee-(n.) – (bEIykWbZ) - deZpkjh
Employer-(n.) – (bEIyk;j) - ekfyd
Empower- (vt.) – (,Eikoj) – vf/kdkj
iznku djuk
Emptiness-(n.) – (,EIVhuSl) – [kkyhiu
Empty-(adj.) – (,EIVh) – [kkyh
Encounter-(vt.) – (,UdkmUVj) – fEkyuk]
fHkM+uk
Encourage-(vt.) – (,Udjst) – izksRlkfgr
djuk
Encyclopedia-(n.) – (,UlkbDyksihfM;k) –
lkEkkU; Kku dk ‚kCndks‛k
Endure-(vt.) – (bUM~;ksj) – lgu djuk
Energetic-(adj.) – (,ujtSfVd) - QqrhZyk
Enforce-(vt.) – (,UQksl)Z – ykxw djuk
Enmity-(n.) – (,fUeVh) – ‚k«kqrk
Enormous-(adj.) – (bUkkWeZl) – fo‛kky
Enquire-(vt.) – (bUDok;j) – iwNrkN djuk
Enter-(vti.) – (,.Vj) – izos‛k djuk
Entry-(n.) – (,.Vªh) – izos‛k
Envelop-(n.) – (,Uoyi) - fyQkQk
Envy-(vt.) – (,Uoh) – tyu djuk] bZ’;kZ
djuk
Epic-(n.) – (,fid) – egkdkO;
Epidemic-(n.) – (,fiMSfed) – laØked jksx
Equal -(adj.) – (bZDoy) – cjkcj
Equation-(n.) – (bDos‛ku) – lehdj.k
Equilibrium-(n.) – (bDohfyfcfjve) lary
q u
Equivalent-(adj.) – (bZDohoySUV) – cjkcj
ewY; ;k cjkcj Lrj dk
Era-(n.) – (bjk) – dky] ;qx
Eradicate- (vt.) – (bjSfMdsV) – tM+ ls
[kRe dj nsuk
Erase-(vt.) – (bjst+) – feVkuk
Erect-(vt.) – (bjSDV) – [kM+k djuk
Erection-(n.) – (bjSD‛ku) – [kM+k
Error-(n.) – (,sjj) – xyrh] «kqfV
Escape- (vt.) – (bLdsi) – cp fudyuk]
Hkkx fudyuk
Essential-(adj.) – (blSfU‛k;y) – cgqr
t+#jh
Establish-(vt.) – (bLVSfCy‛k) – LFkkfir
djuk
Esteem- (vt.) – (,LVhe) – vknj djuk
Eternal-(adj.) – (bVuZy) - vuUr
Ethics-(n.) – (,sfFkDl) - uhfr
Evacuate-(vt.) – (boSdq,V) – [kkyh djuk
Evade-(vt.) – (bosM) – gVkuk] cp fudYkuk
Even- (adj.) – (bZou) – lery] le
Evening-(n.) – (bZofuax) – lka;dky
Event-(n.) – (bZoSUV) - ?kVuk
Ever-(adv.) – (,soj) - dHkh
Evidence- (n.) – (,sfoMSUl) – lcwr] izek.k
Evident- (adj.) – (,foMSUV) – tkfgj lh
ckr] LIk’V
Evil- (adj.) – (bfoy) – ikih] nq’V
Evolution-(n.) – (bokWY;w‛ku) – fodkl
Exaggerate-(vt.) – (bXt+StjsV) –
vfr‛;ksfDr djuk] c<+k p<k+ dj cksyuk
Exam-(n.) – (bXt+SEk) - ijh{kk
Examinee-(n.) – (bXt+SEkuh) - ijh{kkFkhZ
Examiner-(n.) – (bXt+SfEkuj) - ijh{kd
Exceed- (n.) – (,sDlhM) – vf/kd gksuk]
T+;knk gksuk
Exception-(n.) – (,sDlSI‛ku) – viokn] dqN
gVdj
Exchange-(n.) – (,sDlpst
a ) - cnyuk
Exclamation-(n.) – (,sDlDyses‛ku) –
foLek;kfn cks/kd] vpkud mRiUu Hkkouk,¡
Exclude- (n.) – (,DlD;wM) – vyx djuk
Exclusive-(n.) – (,DlD;wflo) – tks dgha
vkSj u gks
Excuse-(n.) – (,DlD;wt+) – cgkuk
Exempt-(n.) – (bXt+SEIV) – NwV nsuk] eqDr
djuk
Exhaust-(vt) – (,XT+gkWLV) – Fkdk nsuk
Exhibit-(n.) – (,sXT+ghfcV) – iznf‛kZr djuk]
fn[kkuk
Exist-(n.) – (,fXt+LV) – vfLrRo esa gksuk
Existence-(n.) – (,fXt+LVSUl) – vfLrRo]
igpku
Expect-(n.) – (,DliSDV) – mEehn djuk
Expectation-(n.) – (,DliSDVs‛ku) - mEehn
Expel-(n.) – (,sDliSy) – ckgj fudkyuk
Expensive-(n.) – (,sDliSfUlo) - e¡gxk]
ewY;oku
Experiment-(n.) – (,sDliSfjeSUV) – iz;ksx
djuk
Expire- (n.) – (,sDlik;j) – ejuk] vof/k
[kRe gks tkuk
Explain-(n.) – (,sDlIysu) – O;k[;k djuk]
o.kZu djuk
Explanation-(n.) – (,sDlIysus‛ku) –
O;k[;k] o.kZu
Explode-(vti.) – (,sDlIyksM) – QVuk]
/kekdk djuk
Explore-(vt.) – (,sDlIyksj) – u;k dqN
djuk] [kkstuk
Export- (vt.) – (,sDliksVZ) – fu;kZr djuk
Expose-(vt.) – (,sDlikst+) – izdk‛k esa ykuk
Express-(vt.) – (,sDlizS‛k) – vfHkO;fDr
djuk
Expression-(n.) – (,sDlizS‛ku) – vfHkO;fDr
Extempore-(n.) – (,sDlVSEiks) – fcuk
rS;kjh dh vfHkO;fDr
Extend-(vti.) – (,sDlVSUM) – c<+kuk] QSykuk
Extent-(n.) – (,sDlVSUV) – QSyko
Extension- (n.) – (,sDlVSU‛ku) - QSyko
Extensive- (adj.) – (,sDlVSfUlo) – fo‛kky
Extra-(adj.) – (,sDlVªk) – vfrfjDr] vf/kd
Extract-(vt.) – (,sDlVSªDV) – ckr dk
fupksM+ fudkyuk] NkaVuk
Extraction-(n.) – (,sDlVSªD‛ku) – fy;k
gqvk dksbZ Hkkx] fupksM+
Extraordinary-(adj.) – (,sDlVkWªMufj) –
vnHkqr] xtc] tcjnLr
Extravagant-(adj.) – (,sDlVkªosxasV) –
csQtwy [kphZyk
Extreme-(n.) – (,sDlVªhe) – cgqr]
vkf[kjh
Eye – (n) – (vkbZ) - vk¡[k
F
Face-(n.) – ¼Qsl½ & psgjk] lkeus
Facilitate-(vt.) – ¼QSflfyVsV½ & lgk;rk
djuk] lgt djuk
388
Facilities-(n.) – ¼QSflfyVht+½ & lqfo/kk,¡
Fade-(vi.) – ¼QsM½ & eqj÷kkuk] csjax gksuk
Faint-(n.) – ¼QsUV½ & csgks‛k
Faint-(vi.) – ¼QsUV½ & csgks‛k gksuk
Fair-(n.) – ¼Qsvj½ & esyk
Fair-(adj.) – ¼Qsvj½ & lqUnj
Faith-(n.) – ¼QsFk½ & fo‛okl] lPpkbZ
Faithful-(n.) – ¼QsFkQqy½ & oQknkj
Familiar-(adj.) – ¼Qsfefyvj½ & ifjfpr]
tkuk igpkuk
Famous-(adj.) – ¼Qsel½ & izfl)
Farewell-(n.) – ¼Qs;josy½ & vyfonk]
fonkbZ
Fascinate-(vt.) – ¼QSlhusV½ & fny thr
ysuk] [kq‛k dj nsuk
Fatal-(n.) – ¼QsVy½ & ?kkrd
Fate-(n.) – ¼QsV½ & HkkX;
Fault- (n.) – ¼QkWYV½ & xyrh] Hkwy
Faulty- (adj.) – ¼QkWYVh½ & nks’kiw.kZ
Favor- (vt.) – ¼Qsoj½ & d`ik djuk] lgkjk
nsuk
Favorable- (adj.) – ¼Qsojscy½ & fgrdkjh]
ykHknk;d
Fear-(n.) – ¼fQvj½ & Mj
Feasible-(adj.) – ¼Qhft+cy½ & gksus ds
;ksX;] lkFkZd
Feature-(n.) – ¼Qhpj½ & #i] y{k.k] xq.k
Feeble-(adj.) – ¼Qhcy½ & detksj
Festival-(n.) – ¼QSfLVoy½ & R;ksgkj
Festive-(adj.) – ¼QSfLVo½ & R;ksgkj lEcU/kh
Fiction-(n.) – ¼fQD‛ku½ & dYiuk
Fictitious-(adj.) – ¼fQfDV‛kl½ & dkYifud
Fierce-(adj.) – ¼fQ;lZ½ & Hk;kud] Øks/k
Finance-(vt.) – ¼QkbusUl½ & iSls ls
lEcfU/kr] iSlk nsuk
Financial-(adj.) – ¼QkbusfU‛k;y½ & vkfFkZd
Finish-(vt.) – ¼fQfu‛k½ & vUr
Fire-(n.) – ¼Qk;j½ & vkx
Fireproof-(adj.) – ¼Qk;j izwQ½ &
vfXujks/kd
Fish-(n.) – ¼fQ‛k½ & eNyh
Fishery-(n.) – ¼fQ‛kjh½ & eNyh idM+us dk
O;olk;
Fist-(n.) – ¼fQLV½ & eqVB~ h
Fit-(n.) – ¼fQV½ & Bhd
Fit-(vt.) – ¼fQV½ & Bhd djuk
Fit-(vi.) – ¼fQV½ & Bhd gksuk
Fitness- (n.) – ¼fQVusl½ & fQV gksuk
Flagrant-(adj.) – ¼¶ySxjsUV½ & dq[;kr
Flame-(n.) – ¼¶yse½ & Tokyk
Flame-(vt.) – ¼¶yse½ & Tkykuk
Flame-(vi.) – ¼¶yse½ & tyuk
Flatter-(vt.) – ¼¶ySVj½ & pkiywlh djuk
Flavour-(n.) – ¼¶ysoj½ & Lokn
Flaw- (n.) – ¼¶ykW½ & nks’k
Flexible-(adj.) – ¼¶ySfDlcy½ & yphyk
Flight-(n.) – ¼QkbV½ & mM+ku] if{k;ksa dk
÷kq.M
Flock-(n.) – ¼¶ykWd½ & if{k;ksa dk ÷kq.M]
tkuojksa dk ÷kq.M
Flock-(vi.) – ¼¶ykWd½ & ,d«k gksuk
Fluctuation-(n.) – ¼¶yDpq,‛ku½ &
vfLFkjrk] mrkj p<+ko
Fluent-(adj.) – ¼¶yw,UV½ & cgrk gqvk]
/kM+kds ds lkFk cksyus okyk O;fDr
Fog-(n.) – ¼QkWx½ & dksgjk
Follower-(n.) – ¼QkWyksvj½ & vuqlj.k djus
okyk
Foolish-(adj.) – ¼Qwfy‛k½ & csodwQ
Forbid-(vt.) – ¼QkWjfcM½ & euk djuk]
jksduk] fu’ks/k djuk
Forcible-(adj.) – ¼QksflZcy½ & cy ds lkFk
Forecast-(vt.) – ¼QkWjdkLV½ & Hkfo’;ok.kh
djuk
Forefather-(n.) – ¼QksjQknj½ & iwot
Z
Foreigner-(n.) – ¼QkWjuj½ & fons‛kh
Forever-(adv.) – ¼Qjsoj½ & ges‛kk
Foreword-(n.) – ¼QksjoMZ½ & izLrkouk]
Hkwfedk
Forfeit-(vt.) – ¼QksjQhV½ & vf/kdkj [kks
cSBuk
Forgive-(vt.) – ¼QkWjfxo½ & ekQ djuk
Forge-(n.) – ¼QkstZ½ & HkV~Vh
Forge-(vt.) – ¼QkstZ½ & tkylkth djuk
Forget-(vt.) – ¼QxSV½ & Hkwy tkuk
Formal-(adj.) – ¼QkWeZy½ & vkSipkfjd
Formality-(n.) – ¼QkWefsZ yVh½ &
vkSipkfjdrk
Forsake-(vt.) – ¼QkWjlsd½ & R;kxuk
Fort- (n.) – ¼QksVZ½ & fdyk
Foundation-(n.) – ¼QkmUMs‛ku½ & uhao]
laLFkkiuk
Founder-(n.) – ¼QkmUMj½ & laLFkkid
Frank-(adj.) – ¼ÝSUd½ & Li’Voknh
Fraud-(n.) – ¼ÝkWM½ & /kks[ksckt] /kks[kk
Freeze-(vt.) – ¼Ýht+½ & tek nsuk
Freight-(n.) – ¼ÝsV½ & eky] HkkM+k
Freight-(vt.) – ¼ÝsV½ & tgkt ij eky
yknuk
Frequent- (adj.) – ¼ÝhDosUV½ & ckj&ckj
dk
Frequently- (adv.) – ¼ÝhDosUVyh½ &
vDlj] ckj&ckj
Friendly-(adj.) – ¼ÝSUMyh½ & fe«krkiw.kZ
Front-(n.) – ¼ÝUV½ & lkeus] vxyk Hkkx
Fruit-(n.) – ¼ÝwV½ & Qy
Fulfill-(vt.) – ¼QqyfQy½ & iwjk djuk
Fun-(n.) – ¼Qu½ & [ksy
Fundamental-(n.) – ¼QUMkesUVy½ &
ewyHkwr] ekSfyd
Furnish-(vt.) – ¼QfuZ‛k½ & lqlfTtr djuk
Furious-(adj.) – ¼¶;wfjvl½ & cgqr Øks/kh
Further-(adv.) – ¼Qjnj½ & vkxs
Fury-(n.) – ¼¶;wjh½ & Øks/k] ikxyiu
Fusion-(n.) – ¼¶;wt+u½ & esy] feJ.k
Futile-(n.) – ¼¶;wVkby½ & rqPN] fujFkZd
Future-(adj.) – ¼¶;wpj½ & Hkfo’;
G
Gab-(n.) – ¼xSc½ & xi‛ki
Gab-(vt.) – ¼xSc½ & xi‛ki djuk
Gale-(n.) – ¼xsy½ & vka/kh
Gallant-(adj.) – ¼xSysUV½ & lkglh
Gamble-(vi.) – ¼xSEcy½ & tqvk [ksyuk
Garland-(n.) – ¼xkjyS.M½ & ekyk
Garlic-(n.) – ¼xkfyZd½ & yglqu
Garment-(n.) – ¼xkjeSUV½ & diM+k] iks‛kkd
Garnish-(vt.) – ¼xkfuZ‛k½ & ltkuk
Gaze-(vi.) – ¼xst+½ & ?kwjuk
Gem-(n.) – ¼tse½ & ef.k
Generally-(adv.) – ¼tSujyh ;k tujyh½ &
lkekU;r%
Generate-(vt.) – ¼tujsV½ & iSnk djuk
Generation-(n.) – ¼tujs‛ku½ & ih<+h] oa‛k
Generic-(adj.) – ¼tSufjd½ & dqy dk
Generous-(adj.) – ¼tSujl½ & nkuh
Gentle-(adj.) – ¼tSUVy½ & fouez] n;kyw
Genuine-(adj.) – ¼tSU;qvu½ & vlyh
Gesture-(n.) – ¼tSLpj½ & gko Hkko
Giant-(n.) – ¼tk;UV½ & nSR;
Giant-(adj.) – ¼tk;UV½ & fo‛kky
Gift-(n.) – ¼fx¶V½ & migkj
Gift-(vt.) – ¼fx¶V½ & migkj nsuk
Girlish-(adj.) – ¼xfyZ‛k½ & ydM+h dh rjg
Glad-(n.) – ¼XySM½ & [kq‛k
Glare-(vi.) – ¼Xysvj½ & peduk
Glide-(vi.) – ¼XykbM½ & fQlyuk
Glimpse-(n.) – ¼fXyEIl½ & ÷kyd
Glorious-(n.) – ¼Xyksfj;l½ & csgrjhu
Glossary-(n.) – ¼XykWljh½ &‛kCndks‛k
Goldsmith-(n.) – ¼xksYMfLeFk½ & lqukj
Goodness-(n.) – ¼xqMuSl½ & cM+Iiu]
vPNkbZ
Goodwill-(n.) – ¼xqMfoy½ & yksdfiz;rk
Gossip-(n.) – ¼xkWfli½ & xi‛ki
Grace- (n.) – ¼xzsl½ & n;k
Gradual-(adj.) – ¼xzStqvy½ & fu;fer
Gradually-(n.) – ¼xzStqvyh½ & /khjs /khjs
Grain-(n.) – ¼xzsu½ & vukt] cht
Grand-(n.) – ¼xzS.M½ & ‚kkunkj] fo‛kky
Grape-(n.) – ¼xzsi½ & vaxwj
Grasp-(n.) – ¼xzSLi½ & idM+uk] fdlh ckr
dks le÷k ysuk
Gratitude-(n.) – ¼xzSfVV~;wM½ & /kU;okn
Great-(n.) – ¼xzsV½ & egku
Greatness-(n.) – ¼xzsVusl½ & egkurk
Greed-(n.) – ¼xzhM½ &ykyp
Greeting-(n.) – ¼xzhfVax½ & dq‛ky eaxy
iwNuk
Grief-(n.) – ¼xzhQ½ & nq[k
389
Grievance-(n.) – ¼xhfo,Ul½ & vUuk;] nq[k
Grip-(n.) – ¼fxzi½ & idM+uk
Groundnut-(n.) – ¼xzkmUMuV½ & ewaxQyh
Growth-(n.) – ¼xzksFk½ & rjDdh] izxfr
Guarantee-(vt.) – ¼xSjUVh½ & fo‛okl
fnykuk] vk‛oLr djuk
Guarantee-(n.) – ¼xSjUVh½ & ca/kd ¼tSls
cSad esa yksu ysus ds fy, lEifRr dks ca/kd
j[kuk½]
Guard-(n.) – ¼xkMZ½ & pkSdhnkj
Guardian-(n.) – ¼xkfMZ;u½ & laj{kd
Guidance-(n.) – ¼xkbMSUl½ & iFk izn‛kZu
Guide-(vt.) – ¼xkbM½ & iFk iznf‛kZr djuk]
jkg fn[kkuk
Guilt-(n.) – ¼fxYV½ & vijk/k] nks’k
Guilty-(adj.) – ¼fxYVh½ & vijk/kh] nks’kh
Gulp- (vt.) – ¼xYi½ & fuxyuk
Gust- (n.) – ¼xLV½ & gok dk ÷kksd
a k] izp.M
gok
Gymnasium-(n.) – ¼ftEusft+;e½ & fte]
O;k;keky;
H
Habit-(n.) – ¼gSfcV½ & vknr
Habitual-(n.) – ¼gSchpqvy½ &vH;Lr] vknr
gksuk
Hail-(n.) – ¼gsy½ & vksys
Hail-(vt.) – ¼gsy½ & vksys iM+uk
Hair-(n.) – ¼gsvj½ & cky
Hale-(n.) – ¼gsy½ & LoLFk
Halt-(vt.) – ¼gkWYV½ &:duk] Bgjuk
Hammer-(n.) – ¼gSej½ & gFkksM+k
Hammer-(vt.) – ¼gSej½ & ihVuk] ekjuk]
dwVuk
Handful-(n.) – ¼gS.MQqy½ & eqVB~ h Hkj
Handicap-(n.) – ¼gS.MhdSi½ &det+ksjh
Handicraft-(n.) – ¼gS.MhØk¶V½ & gLr
f‛kYi
Handiwork-(n.) – ¼gS.MhodZ½ & gkFk dk
dke
Handkerchief- (n.) – ¼gSadjphQ½ &:eky
Hang-(vti.) – ¼gSUx½ & yVdkuk
Happiness-(n.) – ¼gSfiuSl½ & [kq‛kh] vkuUn
Happy-(adj.) – ¼gSih½ & [kq‛k
Harm- (vt.) – ¼gkeZ½ &gkfu igq¡pkuk
Harmful- (n.) – ¼gkeZQqy½ &gkfudkjd
Haste-(n.) – ¼gsLV½ & tYnh
Hatred-(n.) – ¼gsVªM
s ½ & uQjr] ?k`.kk
Haughty-(n.) – ¼gkWVh½ &?ke.Mh
Havoc-(n.) – ¼gSod½ &fouk‛k] rckgh
Headache-(n.) – ¼gSMsd½ &ljnnZ
Heading-(n.) – ¼gSfMax½ & ‛kh’kZd
Headstrong-(adj.) – ¼gSMLVªk¡x½ & gBh
Health-(n.) – ¼gSYFk½ &LokLF;
Healthy-(adj.) – ¼gSYnh½ &LoLFk
Heap- (n.) – ¼ghi½ & <sj
Heap- (vt.) – ¼ghi½ & <sj yxkuk
Hear- (vti.) – ¼fg;j½ & lquuk
Hearsay- (n.) – ¼fg;jls½ &ppkZ] vQokg
Heart-(n.) – ¼gkVZ½ & fny
Hearty-(n.) – ¼gkVhZ½ & fny ls] gkfnZd
Heir-(n.) – ¼,vj½ & okfjl
Help-(vt.) – ¼gSYi½ & enn djuk
Helpless-(n.) – ¼gSYiySl½ & etcwj
Hence-(adv.) – ¼gSUl½ & vr%] blfy,
Herb-(n.) – ¼gcZ½ & tM+h cwVh
Herd-(n.) – ¼gMZ½ & tkuojksa dk >q.M
Hereabout-(adv.) – ¼fg;jvckmV½ & vkl
ikl
Hereafter-(adv.) – ¼fg;jvk¶Vj½ &Hkfo’;
es]a bl ds ckn
Heredity-(n.) – ¼gSfjfMVh½ & oa‛k] ijaijkxr
xq.k
Hereunder-(adv.) – ¼fg;jvUMj½ & bldss
uhps
Herewith-(adv.) – ¼fg;jfon½ &blds lkFk
Hero-(n.) – ¼ghjks½ &cgknqj] uk;d
Heroine-(n.) – ¼fgjksbu½ & ukf;dk
Hesitation-(n.) – ¼gSt+hVs‛ku½ &
fgpfdpkgV
Highway-(n.) – ¼gkbZos½ & cM+h lM+d
Hinder- (vt.) – ¼fgUMj½ & jksduk] vM+pu
Mkyuk
Hindrance-(n.) – ¼fgUMªSUl½ & :dkoV
Historian-(n.) – ¼fgLVksfj;u½ &
bfrgkldkj
Historical-(adj.) – ¼fgLVksfjdy½
&,sfrgkfld
Hoarse-(adj.) – ¼gkslZ½ &dBksj
Hobby-(n.) – ¼gkWch½ &‛kkSd
Hold-(vt.) – ¼gksYM½ & idM+uk
Holiday-(n.) – ¼gkWfyMs½ &NqVV~ h
Hollow-(n.) – ¼gkWyks½ & [kkyh] ‛kwU;
Honest- (n.) – ¼vkWuLs V½ &bZekunkj
Honesty- (n.) – ¼vkWuLs Vh½ &bZekunkjh
Honorary-(adj.) – ¼gkWujjh½ &lEekunk;d
Honourable- (adj.) – ¼vkWujscy½ &ekuuh;
Horrible-(adj.) – ¼gkWfjcy½ &Hk;kud]
Mjkouk
Horror-(n.)(adj.) – ¼gkWjj½ & Mj] Mjkouk
Horse-(n.) – ¼gkWlZ½ & ?kksM+k
Horticulture-(n.) – ¼gkWVhdYpj½ &
ckxokuh
Hospitality-(n.) – ¼gkWfLiVSfyVh½ &
esgekunkjh] vfrfFk lRdkj
Host-(n.) – ¼gksLV½ & esgekunkjh djus okyk
Hostel - (n.) – ¼gkWLVy½ & Nk=kokl
Hostile-(n.) – ¼gkWLVkby½ & ‛k«kq
House- (n.) – ¼gkml½ & ?kj
Household- (adj.) – ¼gkmlgksYM½ &
x`gLFkh dk] ?kjsyw
Housewife-(n.) – ¼gkmlokbZQ½
&x`gLokfeuh] ?kjokyh
Hover- (vi.) – ¼goj½ & eaMjkuk
Human-(adj.) – ¼g~;weu½ &ekuo
Humane-(adj.) – ¼g~;wesu½ &n;kyq
Humanity-(n.) – ¼g~;weSfuVh½ &euq’; tkfr
Humble-(adj.) – ¼gECky½ &uez
Humdrum-(adj.) – ¼gEMªe½ & ew[kZ
Humid-(adj.) – ¼g~;wfeM½ &ue] xhyk
Humidity-(n.) – ¼g~;wfefMVh½ &ueh]
xhykiu
Humour-(n.) – ¼g~;wej½ &gkL;
Hungry-(adj.) – ¼gaxzh½ &Hkw[kk
Hunt-(vt.) – ¼gUV½ &f‛kdkj djuk
Hunter-(n.) – ¼gUVj½ &f‛kdkjh
Hurriedly-(adv.) – ¼gfjMyh½ &tYnh esa
Hurry-(n.) – ¼gfj½ &tYnh
Hurry-(vt.) – ¼gfj½ &tYnh djuk
Hygienic-(adj.) – ¼gkbftfud½ &LoPN]
dhVk.kq jfgr
Hymn-(n.) – ¼fge½ & xhr] izkFkZuk
Hypnotise-(v.t.) – ¼fgIuksVkbt+½ & lEeksfgr
djuk] o‛k esa djuk
Hypocrite-(v.t.) – ¼fgIkksØkbV½ & <ksx
a h]
ik[k.Mh
I
Icon-(n.) – ¼vkbdkWu½ & ewfrZ
Ideal-(n.) – ¼vkbfMvy½ & vkn‛kZ
Identity-(n.) – ¼vkbMSfUVVh½ & igpku
Idiom-(n.) – ¼bfM;e½ & eqgkojk
Idiot-(n.) – ¼bZfM;V½ & ew[kZ
Idle-(adj.) – ¼vkbMy½ & csdkj] [kkyh] lqLr]
fudEek
Idol-(n.) – ¼vkbMy½ & ewfrZ] izfrek
Ignite-(vt.) – ¼bXukbV½ & vkx yxkuk
Ignite-(vi.) – ¼bXukbV½ & vkx yxuk
Ignorance-(n.) – ¼bXuksjsUl½ & vKkurk
Ignorant-(adj.) – ¼bXuksjUs V½ & vKku
Ignore-(vt.) – ¼bXuksj½ & /;ku u nsuk
Ill-(n.) – ¼by½ & chekj
Illegal-(adj.) – ¼byhxy½ & voS/k
Illegible-(adj.) – ¼bYySftcy½ & vLi’V]
tks i<+k u tk lds
Illiteracy-(n.) – ¼bfyVªslh½ & fuj{kjrk
Illiterate-(adj.) – ¼bfyVªslh½ & vui<+
Illness-(n.) – ¼byusl½ & jksx
Illogical- (adj.) – ¼bykWftdy½ & rdZjfgr]
U;k; foijhr
Illusion-(n.) – ¼bY;wt+u½ & Hkze
Immature-(adj.) – ¼bEeSP;ksj½ &v/kwjk]
dPpk
Impatient-(adj.) – ¼bEis‛ksUV½ & v/khj]
ftls /kS;Z u gks
Impeach-(vt.) – ¼bEihp½ & nks’kh Bgjkuk
Imperfect-(adj.) – ¼bEijQSDV½ & tks
ijQSDV u gks
Imperil-(vt.) – ¼beisfjy½ & tksf[ke esa
Mkyuk
Import-(vt.) – ¼bEiksV½Z & fons‛k ls eky dk
vk;kr djuk
390
Impose-(vt.) – ¼bEikst½ & Fkksiuk] /kks[kk
nsuk
Impression-(n.) – ¼bEizS‛ku½ & izHkko
Improvement-(n.) – ¼bEizwoesUV½ & mUufr]
rjDdh
Impure-(n.) – ¼bEI;ksj½ & vifo=
Inability-(n.) – ¼bu,fcfyVh½ & v;ksX;rk]
vl{kerk
Inaccurate-(adj.) – ¼bu,D;wjsV½ & v‛kq)]
xyr
Inactive-(adj.) – ¼bu,sfDVo½ & vkylh]
csdkj
Inattentive- (adj.) – ¼buvVSfUVo½ &
csijokg] cs[kcj
Inaudible-(adj.) – ¼buvkWfMcy½ & tks
lqukbZ u iM+s
Inaugurate-(vt.) – ¼buvkWXjsV½ & mn~?kkVu
djuk
Inauguration-(n.) – ¼buvkWXjs‛ku½ &
mn~?kkVu
Inauspicious-(adj.) – ¼buvkWfLi‛kl½ &
v‛kqHk
Incapable-(adj.) – ¼budsics y½ & v;ksX;
Incapacity-(n.) – ¼budiSflVh½ & v;ksX;rk
Incarnation-(n.) – ¼budkuZs‛ku½ & vorkj
Incident-(n.) – ¼bfUlMSUV½ & ?kVuk
Include-(vt.) – ¼bUDY;wM½ & lfEefyr
djuk
Income-(n.) – ¼bUde½ & vkenuh
Incomparable-(adj.) – ¼budEisvjscy½ &
vrqyuh;
Incompatible-(adj.) – ¼budEisfVcy½ &
v;ksX;] csesy
Incomplete-(adj.) – ¼budEIyhV½ & v/kwjk
Inconvenient-(adj.) – ¼buduohfu;UV½ &
vlqfo/kktud
Incorrect-(adj.) – ¼bUdjsDV½ & xyr
Incorrigible-(adj.) – ¼bUdfjftcy½ &
ftls lgh@Bhd u fd;k tk lds] vlk/;
Incredible-(adj.) – ¼buØSf³cy½ &
vfo‛oluh;
Increment-(n.) – ¼bfUØesUV½ & ykHk]
c<+ksrjh
Incurable-(adj.) – ¼bUD;ksjscy½ & ftls
lgh@Bhd u fd;k tk lds] vlk/;
Indeed-(adv.) – ¼bUMhM½ &okLro esa
Index-(n.) – ¼b.MSDl½ & fu‛kku] fpUg
Index-(vt.) – ¼b.MSDl½ & lwph esa fy[kuk
Indicate-(vt.) – ¼bfUMdsV½ & b‛kkjk djuk
Indication-(n.) – ¼bf.Mds‛ku½ & b‛kkjk
Indicator-(n.) – ¼bf.MdsVj½ & funs‛Z k nsus
okyk
Indifference-(n.) – ¼bf.MQjsUl½ &
fu’i{krk
Indifferent-(adj.) – ¼bf.MQjsUV½ & fu’i{k
Indigestion-(n.) – ¼b.Mkbts‛pu½ &
cngt+eh
Indigo-(n.) – ¼bfUMxks½ & uhy
Indirect- (adj.) – ¼buMk;jSDV½ & vizR;{k
Indirectly- (adv.) – ¼buMk;jSDVyh½ &
vizR;{k :i ls
Individual-(n.) – ¼bf.Mfotqvy½ &
O;fDrxr
Indoor-(adj.) – ¼bUMksj½ & vUnj] ?kjsyw
Induct-(vt.) – ¼b.MDV½ & izkjEHk djuk
Induce-(vt.) – ¼b.M~;wl½ & iszfjr djuk]
mdlkuk
Industrious-(adj.) – ¼b.MfLVª;l½ &
ifjJeh
Inequity-(n.) – ¼bubfDoVh½ &vlekurk
Inert-(adj.) – ¼buVZ½ & vkylh] tM+] lqLr
Inertia-(n.) – ¼buf‛kZ;k½ & vkyL;] tM+rk
Inevitable-(adj.) – ¼bu,sfoVscy½ &
vfuok;Z
Infant-(n.) – ¼bUQSUV½ & cPpk ]uotkr f‛k‛kq
Inferior-(adj.) – ¼buQhfjvj½ & ?kfV;k]
csdkj
Inferiority-(n.) – ¼buQhfjvkWfjVh½ &
ghurk] uhprk
Infinite-(n.) – ¼bufQfuV½ & vuUr
Infinity-(n.) – ¼bufQfufV½ & vuUrrk
Inflammation- (n.) – ¼bu¶yses‛ku½ &
lwtu] tyu
Inflammatory-(adj.) – ¼bu¶ysesVjh½ &
HkM+dkus okyk] tykus okyk
Inflate-(vt.) – ¼bu¶ysV½ & Qqykuk] gok
Hkjuk
Infringe-(vi.) – ¼bfUÝUt½ & mYya?ku
djuk] u ekuuk
Influence-(n.) – ¼bU¶yq,Ul½ & izHkko
Influence-(vt.) – ¼bU¶yq,Ul½ & izHkko
Mkyuk
Influential-(adj.) – ¼bU¶yq,fU‛k;y½ &
izHkko‛kkyh
Informal-(adj.) – ¼buQkWeZy½ &
vukSipkfjd
Information-(n.) – ¼buQkWe‛sZ ku½ & lwpuk
Inhabitant-(n.) – ¼bUgSfcVSUV½ & fuoklh
Inhale-(vt.) – ¼bUgsy½ & Lkk¡l ysuk
Inherit-(vt.) – ¼bUgSfjVSUl½ & iSrd
` lEifRr
;k /ku ikuk] mÙkjkf/kdkj esa ikuk
Inheritance-(n.) – ¼bUgSfjVSUl½ & iSr`d
lEifRr ;k /ku
Inhuman-(adj.) – ¼bUg~;weu½ & funZ;h
Initial-(n.) – ¼buhf‛k;y½ & igyk] izkjEHk dk
Initially-(adv.) – ¼buhf‛k;yh½ & igys]
izkjEHk esa
Initiate-(vt.) – ¼buhf‛k,V½ & izkjEHk djuk
Initiative-(n.) – ¼buhf‛k,fVo½ & ‚kq# djus
dh ftEesnkjh ysuk
Injury-(n.) – ¼bUtjh½ & uqdlku] pksV
Inn-(n.) – ¼bu½ & ljk;] /keZ‛kkyk
Innate-(n.) – ¼bUusV½ & LokHkkfod
Innocence-(n.) – ¼bukslSUl½ & Hkksykiu
Innocent-(adj.) – ¼bukslSUV½ & HkksykHkkyk
Inquire-(vti.) – ¼bUDok;j½ & iwNrkN djuk
Insane-(adj.) – ¼bulsu½ & ikxy
Insanity-(n.) – ¼bulSfuVh½ & ikxyiu
Inscription-(n.) – ¼bUlfØI‛ku½ & [kqnk
gqvk] f‛kykys[k
Insert-(vt.) – ¼bUlVZ½ & ?kqlkuk] Mky nsuk
Insoluble-(adj.) &¼bUlkWY;qcy½ & tks ?kqy
u lds
Insolvent-(n.) – ¼bulkWyoSUV½ & fnokfy;k
Insomnia-(n.) – ¼bulkWfEu;k½ & uhan u
vkus okyk jksx
Inspiration-(n.) – ¼bUlfijs‛ku½ &
izksRlkgu] izsj.kk
Instance-(n.) – ¼bUlVSUl½ & iy] {k.k
Instant-(adj.) – ¼bUlVSUV½ & rqjUr
Institute-(n.) – ¼bfULVV~;wV½ & laLFkk
Institute-(vt.) – ¼bfULVV~;wV½ & uhao Mkyuk]
LFkkfir djuk
Instruct-(vt.) – ¼bUlVªDV½ & vkns‛k nsuk
Instructor-(n.) – ¼bUlVªDVj½ & f‛k{kd]
v/;kid
Instrument-(n.) – ¼bUlVªeq Vsa ½ & vkStkj
Insufficient-(adj.) – ¼bulQhf‛k;UV½ &
vi;kZIr
Insult-(vt.) – ¼bulYV½ & vieku djuk
Insurance-(n.) – ¼bU‛;ksjl
sa ½ & chek
Integrity-(n.) – ¼bUVhfxzVh½ &lPpkbZ]
bZekunkjh
Intend-(vt.) – ¼bUVS.M½ & bPNk djuk
Intense-(adj.) – ¼bUVSUl½ & rst] cgqr
Interference-(n.) – ¼baVjfQvjSUl½
&:dkoV] ck/kk
Interim-(adj.) – ¼baVfje½ & chp ds le;
dk] vYidkyhu
Interlink-(n.) – ¼baVjfyad½ &dfM+;ksa dks
tksM+ nsuk
Internal-(adj.) – ¼baVuZy½ &vanj dk
Interpret-(vti.) – ¼baVjizsV½ &O;k[;k djuk]
vFkZ fudkyuk
Interrupt-(vt.) – ¼baVªIV½ & n[ky nsuk
Interval-(n.) – ¼baVjoy½ &fojke
Intervene-(vi.) – ¼baVjohu½ & chp esa vkuk
Intervention-(n.) – ¼baVjoSU‛ku½ &gLr{ksi
Intestine-(n.) – ¼baVsLVkbu½ & vkar
Intimacy-(n.) – ¼baVheslh½ & fudVrk
Intimate-(adj.) – ¼bafVesV½ & ?kfu’V
Intimate-(vt.) – ¼bafVesV½ & lwpuk nsuk
Intimation-(n.) – ¼bafVes‛ku½ & lwpuk
Intimidate-(vt.) – ¼bfUVfeMsV½ & Mjkuk]
/kedkuk
Intrigue-(n.) – ¼b.Vªhx½ & lkft‛k] ‘kM+;a«k
Intrude-(vt.) – ¼baVª;wM½ &fcuk btktr ds
?kqluk
Invade-(vt.) – ¼bUosM½ &vkØe.k djuk
Invalid-(n.) – ¼bUoSfyM½ &voS/k] xyr
Invasion-(n.) – ¼bUost+u½ &p<+kbZ] vkØe.k
Invention-(n.) – ¼bUoSU‛ku½ & vkfo’dkj
391
Investigate-(vt.) – ¼bUoSLVhxsV½ &Nkuchu
djuk
Invincible-(adj.) – ¼bfUofUlcy½ &vts;]
ftls gjk;k u tk lds
Invisible-(adj.) – ¼bfUoft+cy½ &ftls ns[kk
u tk lds
Invitation- (n.) – ¼bfUoVs‛ku½ &cqykok
Invite-(vt.) – ¼bUokbV½ & vkeaf«kr djuk
Invocation-(n.) – ¼bUoksds‛ku½ & j{kk ds
fy, vkg~okgu
Invoice-(n.) – ¼bUokWbl½ & pkyku] fcy
Invoke-(vt.) – ¼bUoksd½ & j{kk ds fy,
vkg~okgu djuk
Involve-(vt.) – ¼bUokWYo½ & lfEefyr djuk
Iron-(n.) – ¼vk;ju½ &yksgk
Iron-(vt.) – ¼vk;ju½ &bL«kh¼izSl½ djuk
Irony-(n.) – ¼vk;juh½ &O;ax
Irregular-(adj.) – ¼bj~jSxqyj½ & vfu;fer]
Vs<k+ &es<+k] csMkSy
Irregularity-(n.) – ¼bj~jSxqySfjVh½
&vfu;ferrk
Irrelevant-(adj.) – ¼bj~jSyos sUV½ &vlaxr]
cstksM+
Irreparable-(adj.) – ¼bj~fjis;jscy½ & tks
lq/kkj ds ;ksX; u gks
Irrigation-(n.) – ¼bfjxs‛ku½ & flapkbZ
Irrigate-(vt.) – ¼bfjxsV½ & lhapuk
Irritate-(vt.) – ¼bfjVsV½ & ijs‛kku djuk
Island-(n.) – ¼vk;yS.M½ &}hi] Vkiw
J
Jail -(n.) – ¼tsy½ & dkjkxkj
Jam -(n.) – ¼tSe½ & eqjCck
Jam -(vt.) – ¼tSe½ & nckuk] ehpuk
Jaundice-(n.) – ¼tkWfUMl½ & ihfy;k jksx
Jaunty -(adj.) – ¼tkWUVh½ & jaxhyk
Jaw -(n.) – ¼tkW½ & tcM+k
Jealousy-(n.) – ¼tSylh½ & tyu] bZ’;kZ
Jerk -(n.) – ¼tdZ½ & ÷kVdk
Jewel-(n.) – ¼T;wy½ & jRu
Jewellery- (n.) – ¼T;wyjh½ & tokgjkr
Jingle -(n.) – ¼ftUxy½ & VuVukgV]
÷kudkj
Jingle -(vti.) – ¼ftUxy½ & VuVukgV
djuk] ÷ku÷kukuk
Journalist-(n.) – ¼tuZfyLV½ & i«kdkj
Journey-(n.) – ¼tuhZ½ & ;k«kk
Joy-(n.) – ¼tkW;½ & et+k] vkuUn
Judicial-(adj.) – ¼T;qfMf‛k;y½ & U;k;
lEcU/kh
Juggle-(vt.) – ¼txy½ & tknwxjh djuk]
ckthxjh djuk
Juggler-(n.) – ¼txyj½ & tknwxj] ckthxj
Juice-(n.) – ¼twl½ & fdlh Qy ;k lCth
dk jl
Juncture-(n.) – ¼taDpj½ & feyus dk
LFkku] tksM+] mfpr le;
Junior -(n.)– ¼twfu;j½& mez ;k in esa NksVk
Just-(adj.) – ¼tLV½ & U;kf;d] mfpr
Just-(adv.) – ¼tLV½ & vHkh
Justice-(n.) – ¼tfLVl½ & U;k;
Justify-(vt.) – ¼tfLVQk;½ & lgh lkfcr
djuk
Juvenile-(adj.) – ¼T;wfoukby½ & cpdkuk]
yM+diu
K
Keen-(adj.) – ¼dhu½ & mRlqd
Keep-(vt.) – ¼dhi½ & j[kuk
Kernel-(n.) – ¼djusy½ & nkuk] cht] eq[;
Hkkx
Kerosene-(n.) – ¼dSjksflu½ & feV~Vh dk
rsy
Kettle-(n.) – ¼dSVy½ & dsryh
Key-(n.) – ¼dh½ & pkch] eq[; Hkkx
Kill-(vt.) – ¼fdy½ & ekjuk
Kill-(adj.) – ¼fdfyax½ & o‛k esa dj ysuk
okyk] tcjnLr
Kin-(n.) – ¼fdu½ & fj‛rsnkj] laca/kh
Kind-(adj.) – ¼dkbUM½ & n;kyw] fouez
Kindergarten-(n.) – ¼fdUMjxkVZu½ & NksVs
cPpksa dk Ldwy
Kindle-(vt.) – ¼fdUMy½ & tykuk
Kindly-(adv.) – ¼fdUMyh½ & fouezrk ls
Kinship- (n.) – ¼fduf‛ki½ & fj‛rk
Kiss- (vt.) – ¼fdl½ & pweuk
Kite-(n.) – ¼dkbV½ & phy] irax
Kitchen-(n.) – ¼fdpu½ & jlksbZ
Knead-(vt.) – ¼uhM½ & xwFa kuk] eaMuk
Knit-(vt.) – ¼fuV½ & cquuk
Knock-(vt.) – ¼ukWd½ & [kV[kVkuk
Knot-(n.) – ¼ukWV½ & ca/ku] xkaB
Knot-(vt.) – ¼ukWV½ & xkaB ck¡/kuk
Knowingly- (adv.) – ¼uksbx
a yh½ &
tkucw÷kdj
Knowledge- (n.) – ¼ukWyst½ & Kku
L
Label-(n.) – ¼yscy½ & lwpd i«k
Laboratory-(n.) – ¼yscksjsVjh½ & iz;ksx‛kkyk
Laborious-(adj.) – ¼yscksfj;l½ & esgurh
Labour-(vt.) – ¼yscj½ & etnwjh djuk]
ifjJe djuk
Labourer-(n.) – ¼yscj~j½ & etnwj
Lace-(n.) – ¼ysl½ & Mksjh
Lace-(vt.) – ¼ysl½ & Mksjh ls ck¡/kuk
Lack-(n.) – ¼ySd½ & deh
Lad-(n.) – ¼ySM½ & yM+dk
Lamb- (n.) – ¼ySEc½ & HksM+ dk cPpk] eseuk
Lame-(n.) – ¼yse½ & y¡xM+k
Lament-(n.) – ¼ysesUV½ & ‚kksd
Lament-(vt.) – ¼ysesUV½ & ‚kksd djuk]
foyki djuk
Landlord-(n.) – ¼yS.MykWMZ½ & edku
ekfyd] tehankj
Landmark-(n.) – ¼yS.MekdZ½ & dksbZ fpUg]
,sfrgkfld ?kVuk
Landscape-(n.) – ¼yS.MLdsi½ & ftruh
i`Foh ,d ckj esa fn[kkbZ ns ¼,d n`‛; es½a
Landslide-(n.) – ¼yS.MLdsi½ & HkwL[kyu
Lane-(n.) – ¼ysu½ & xyh
Language-(n.) – ¼ySUXost½ & Hkk’kk
Lantern-(n.) – ¼yS.VuZ½ & ykyVsu
Lap-(n.) – ¼ySi½ & xksn
Large-(adj.) – ¼yktZ½ & fo‛kky
Lash-(vt.) – ¼yS‛k½ & dksM+s ekjuk
Last-(adj.) – ¼ykLV½ & vkf[kjh] vfUre
Laud-(adj.) – ¼ykmM½ & iz‛kalk] rst vkokt
Laud-(vt.) – ¼ykmM½ & iz‛kalk djuk
Lavish-(adj.) – ¼ySfo‛k½ & foykflrk iw.kZ
Lavish-(vt.) – ¼ySfo‛k½ & [kpZ djuk] iSlk
yqVkuk
Law- (n.) – ¼ykW½ & dkuwu
Lawful- (adj.) – ¼ykWQqy½ & U;k;ksfpr
Lawless-(adj.) – ¼ykWySl½ & U;k; fo#)
Lawyer-(n.) – ¼ykW;j½ & odhy
Lazy-(adj.) – ¼yst+h½ & lqLr
Leap-(vt.) – ¼yhi½ & dwnuk] mNyuk
Lecture-(n.) – ¼ySDpj½ & mins‛k] Hkk’k.k
Lecture-(vt.) – ¼ySDpj½ & mins‛k nsuk]
Hkk’k.k nsuk
Legal-(adj.) – ¼yhxy½ & dkuwuh] oS|
Legible-(adj.) – ¼ySftcy½ & lkQ lqFkjk]
tks vklkuh ls i<+k tk lds
Leisure-(adj.) – ¼yS‛k+j½ & [kkyh] QqlrZ
Lengthy-(adj.) – ¼ySUFkh ;k ySUnh½ & yEck
Leniency-(n.) – ¼yhfuvUlh½ & uehZ
Lenient-(adj.) – ¼yhfuvUV½ & ueZ
Lessen-(vt.) – ¼ySlu½ & de djuk] ?kVkuk
Lesson-(n.) – ¼ySlu½ & ikB
Let-(vt.) – ¼ySV½ & djus nsuk] djus dh
vkKk nsuk
Lexicon-(n.) – ¼ySfDldu½ & ‚kCndks’k
Liability-(n.) – ¼yk;fcfYkVh½ & mÙkjnkf;Ro]
ft+Eesnkjh
Liable-(adj.) – ¼yk;cy½ & mÙkjnk;h]
ft+Eesnkj
Liberal-(adj.) – ¼fycjy½ & uez] vktkn
Liberate-(vt.) – ¼fycjsV½ & vktkn djuk
Liberty-(n.) – ¼fycVhZ½ & vktknh
Librarian-(n.) – ¼ykbczsfjvu½ &
iqLrdk/;{k
Licence-(n.) – ¼ykblsUl½ & vf/kdkj i«k
License-(vt.) – ¼ykblsUl½ & vf/kdkj nsuk
Lid-(n.) – ¼fyM½ & <Ddu
Lie-(n.) – ¼yk;½ & ÷kwB
Lie-(vt.) – ¼yk;½ & ÷kwB cksyuk
Lifelong- (adj.) – ¼ykbQyk¡x½ & ftUnxh
Hkj
Limit-(vt.) – ¼fyfeV½ & gn] nk;jk
Limited-(adj.) – ¼fyfefVM½ & lhfer
Liquid-(n.) – ¼fyfDoM½ & nzo
Liquidate-(vt.) – ¼fyfDoMsV½ & fglkc iwjk
djuk] dtZ pqdkuk
392
Liquidity- (n.) – ¼fyfDofMVh½ & rjyrk]
nzoRo
Liquor-(n.) – ¼fydj½ & ‚kjkc
Literacy-(n.) – ¼fyVjslh½ & lk{kjrk
Livelihood-(n.) – ¼ykbofygqM½ & thfodk
Live-(vi.) – ¼fyo½ & jguk] thfor jguk
Liver-(n.) – ¼fyoj½ & dystk
Livestock-(n.) – ¼ykboLVkWd½ & eos‛kh]
tkuoj
Lockup-(n.) – ¼ykWdi½ & cUnhx`g
Lofty-(adj.) – ¼yks¶Vh½ & Å¡pk] cM+k] ?ke.Mh
Logic-(n.) – ¼ykWftd½ & rdZ
Lonely-(adj.) – ¼yksUyh½ & vdsyk
Longevity-(n.) – ¼ykWfUxfoVh½ & yEch mez
Longing-(n.) – ¼ykWfUxax½ & vfHkyk’kk
Longitude-(n.) – ¼ykWfUxV~;wM½ & ns‛kkUrj
Lotus-(n.) – ¼yksVl½ & dey dk Qwy
Love-(n.) – ¼yo½ & I;kj
Love-(vt.) – ¼yo½ & I;kj djuk
Loving-(adj.) – ¼yfoax½ & I;kjk
Low-(adj.) (adv.)– ¼yks½ & de] uhpk
Low-(vti.) – ¼yksvj½ & de djuk
Loyalty-(n.) – ¼ykW;yVh½ & lPpkbZ]
bZekunkjh
Lucid-(adj.) – ¼Y;wflM½ & pedhyk] lkQ
Lucrative-(adj.) – ¼Y;wØsfVo½ & Qk;nsean
Lukewarm-(adj.) – ¼Y;wdokWeZ½ & xquxquk
Lunacy-(n.) – ¼Y;wusfl½ & ikxyiu
Lunatic-(adj.) – ¼Y;wusfVd½& ikxy] lUkdh
Lust-(n.) – ¼yLV½ & yksHk] ykyp
Lust-(vi.) – ¼yLV½ & yksHk djuk] ykyp
djuk] dke Hkksx dh bPNk djuk
Luxurious-(adj.) – ¼yXt+hfj;l ;k
yXt+fq j;l½ & foyklh] vkuUnh
Luxury- (n.) – ¼yXt+jh½ & Hkksx foykl]
lq[k Hkksx
M
Machine- (n.) – ¼e‛khu½ & ;a«k
Mad-(n.) – ¼eSM½ & ikxy
Madden-(vt.) – ¼eSMu½ & ikxy cukuk
Magic- (n.) – ¼eSftd½ & tknw
Magical- (adj.) – ¼eSftdy½ & tknqbZ
Magician- (n.) – ¼eSftf‛k;u½ & tknwxj
Magnificent-(adj.) – ¼eSfXufQlsaV½ &
tcjnLr] fo‛kky
Mail-(n.) – ¼esy½ & Mkd
Mail-(vt.) – ¼esy½ & Mkd esa Mkyuk
Maintain-(vt.) – ¼esUVsu½ & j[kuk] laHkkyuk
Maintenance-(n.) – ¼esUVsUksUl½ & j[kj[kko
Maize-(n.) – ¼est+½ & eDdk
Major-(adj.) – ¼estj½ & cM+k] ckfyx
Majority-(n.) – ¼estksfjVh½ & cgqer]
vf/kdrk
Mammoth-(adj.) – ¼eSeFk½ & fo‛kky] egku
Manage- (vti.) – ¼eSut
s ½ & laHkkyuk]
cankscLr djuk] izcU/k djuk
Manageable-(adj.) – ¼eSusft,cy½ &
izcU/kuh;
Management-(n.) – ¼eSustesaV½ & izcU/k
Manager-(n.) – ¼eSut
s j½ & izcU/kd
Mandatory-(adj.) – ¼eSUMsVjh½ & vfuok;Z
Manifesto-(n.) – ¼eSuhQSLVks½ & ?kks’k.kk i«k
Manifold-(adj.) – ¼eSuhQksYM½ & fofo/k]
dbZ] ukuk izdkj ds
Manipulate-(vt.) – ¼eSuhI;qysV½ & pkykdh
ls dke djuk
Mankind-(n.) – ¼eSudkbUM½ & ekuo tkfr
Manner-(n.) – ¼eSuj½ & vkpj.k
Manoeuvre-(n.) – ¼eSuqoj½ & dq‛kyrk]
pkykdh
Manual-(adj.) – ¼eSuqvy½ & gkFk ls fd;k
x;k] NksVh fdrkc
Manufacture-(vt.) – ¼eSuQ
q SDpj½ & cukuk]
fuekZ.k djuk
Maraud- (vti.) – ¼ejkWM½ & ywVuk
Marble- (n.) – ¼ekcZy½ & laxejej
Marine-(adj.) – ¼ejhu½ & leqnhz
Marital-(adj.) – ¼eSfjVy½ & fookg lEcU/kh
Mark-(n.) – ¼ekdZ½ & fpUg] fu‛kku
Mark-(vti.) – ¼ekdZ½ & fpUg yxkuk] fu‛kku
yxkuk
Marriage-(n.) – ¼eSfjt½ & fookg] ‚kknh
Married-(adj.) – ¼eSfjM½ & fookfgr
Marvelous-(adj.) – ¼ekoZyl½ & cgqr
tcjnLr
Masculine-(adj.) – ¼eSLdqfyu½ & enkZuk]
fnysj
Mash-(vt.) – ¼eS‛k½ & dqpyuk] elyuk
Masque-(n.) – ¼ekLd½ & ?kw?a kV] cukoVh
psgjk
Massacre-(n.) – ¼eSld
s j½ & ujgR;k
Massacre-(vt.) – ¼eSlsdj½ & ujgR;k
djuk] lagkj djuk
Massage-(n.) – ¼elkt½ & ekfy‛k
Massive-(adj.) – ¼eSflo½ & fo‛kky] ‚kkunkj
Masterpiece-(n.) – ¼ekLVjihl½ & Js’B
dke
Mat-(n.) – ¼eSV½ & pVkbZ
Match-(n.) – ¼eSp½ & ekfpl] ;q)
Match-(vt.) – ¼eSp½ & cjkcj djuk] cjkcjh
djuk
Mathematics-(n.) – ¼eSFksesfVDl½ & xf.kr
Matrimony-(n.) – ¼eSfVªeuh½ & fookg
Matter-(n.) – ¼eSVj½ & ekeyk
Mature-(adj.) – ¼eSP;ksj½ & le÷knkj]
iDdk] rS;kj
Maturity-(n.) – ¼eSP;ksfjVh½ & le÷knkjh]
iDdkiu
Maximum-(adj.) – ¼eSfDlee½ & vf/kdre
Meantime-(adv.) – ¼ehuVkbe½ & rc rd]
bl chp
Meanwhile-(adv.) – ¼ehuokby½ & rc
rd] bl chp
Measure-(n.) – ¼eS‛k+jscy ;k eSt+jscy½ &
ekius ;ksX;] ukius ;ksX;
Measure-(vt.) – ¼eS‛k+j ;k eSt+j½ & ekiuk]
ukiuk
Mechanic-(n.) – ¼esdsfud½ & dkjhxj
Medal-(n.) – ¼eSMy½ & ind
Meddle-(vt.) – ¼eSMy½ & n[ky nsuk
Mediate-(vt.) – ¼ehfM;sV½ & chp esa iM+uk
Memorable-(adj.) – ¼eSejscy½ & ;knxkj
Memory-(n.) – ¼eSejh½ & ;kn
Mental-(adj.) – ¼eSUVy½ & ekufld
Mentality-(n.) – ¼eSUVSfyVh½ & lksp
Mention-(n.) – ¼eSU‛ku½ & ppkZ] o.kZu
Mention-(vt.) – ¼eSU‛ku½ & ppkZ djuk]
o.kZu djuk
Mercy-(n.) – ¼elhZ½ & n;k
Meritorious-(adj.) – ¼eSfjVksfj;l½ & xq.kh]
xq.koku
Mesmerize-(vt.) – ¼eSLejkbt+½ & lEeksfgr
djuk
Message-(n.) – ¼eSlst½ & lans‛k
Mid- (adj.) – ¼feM½ & chp dk
Midst- (n.) – ¼feM~LV½ & chp esa
Might-(n.) – ¼ekbV½ & ‚kfDr] rkdr
Mighty-(adj.) – ¼ekbVh½ & ‚kfDr‛kkyh
Million-(n.) – ¼fefy;u½ & 10 yk[k #i;s
Millionaire-(adj.) – ¼fefyusvj½ & y[kifr
Mimic-(vt.) – ¼fefed½ & udy djuk
Minimize-(vt.) – ¼fefuekbt+½ & de djuk
Minimum-(adj.) – ¼fefuee½ & de ls de
Minor-(adj.) – ¼ekbuj½ & NksVk] ukckfyx
Minority-(n.) – ¼ekbukWfjVh½ & vYier
Mint-(n.) – ¼feUV½ & iqnhuk
Miracle-(n.) – ¼fejsdy½ & peRdkj
Miraculous-(adj.) – ¼fejsD;qyl½ &
peRdkfjd
Mire-(n.) – ¼ek;j½ & nyny] dhpM+
Mirror-(n.) – ¼fejj½ & ‚kh‛kk
Mischief-(n.) – ¼feLphQ½ & uqdlku]
‚kjkjr
Misguide-(vt.) – ¼feLxkbM½ & cgdkuk]
HkVdkuk
Mislead-(vt.) – ¼feLyhM½ & cgdkuk]
HkVdkuk
Misplace- (vt.) – ¼felIysl½ & xyr txg
ij j[kuk
Mockery-(n.) – ¼ekWdjh½ & g¡lh] migkl
Moist-(adj.) – ¼ekWbLV½ & xhyk] ue] Hkhxk
Moment-(n.) – ¼ekWesUV½ & {k.k] iy
Momentary-(adj.) – ¼ekWesUVjh½ & {kf.kd
;kfu ,d iy dk
Momentous-(adj.) – ¼ekWesUVl½ & egRoiw.kZ
Monologue-(n.) – ¼eksuksykWx½ & ,d O;fDr
ds }kjk cksyh x;h ckr
Monopoly-(n.) – ¼eukWiyh½ & ,dkf/kdkj]
fdlh pht dks cspus dk leLr vf/kdkj
393
Monotony-(n.) – ¼eukWVuh½ & ,d Loj]
,d vkokt
Monsoon-(n.) – ¼ekWulwu½ & ekulwu
Mood-(n.) – ¼ewM½ & LoHkko
Moody-(adj.) – ¼ewMh½ & fpM+fpM+k
Moon-(n.) – ¼ewu½ & pUnzek
Moral-(adj.) – ¼ekWjy½ & uSfrd
Morality-(n.) – ¼ekWjSfyVh½ & vPNk vkpj.k]
lnkpkj
Moreover-(adv.) – ¼eksjksoj½ & flok;
blds] vkSj Hkh
Mount-(n.) – ¼ekmUV½ & Å¡pk] f‛k[kj] igkM+
Mount-(vti.) – ¼ekmUV½ & p<+uk
Move-(vt.) – ¼ewo½ & fgykuk
Mum- (n.) – ¼ee½ & pqi
Murmur-(vt.) – ¼eeZj½ & cM+cM+kuk
Mushroom-(n.) – ¼e‛k#e½ & dqdqjeqÙkk
Music-(n.) – ¼E;wft+d½ & laxhr
Musical-(adj.) – ¼E;wft+dy½ & lqjhyk
Musician-(n.) – ¼E;wt+hf‛k;u½ & laxhrdkj
Myriad-(adj.) – ¼fefj;kM½ & dbZ
N
Nab- (vt.) – ¼uSc½ & nckspuk] idM+uk
Nail-(n.) – ¼usy½ & uk[kqu
Naked -(adj.) – ¼usdsM½ & uaxk
Nameless-(adj.) – ¼useySl½ & xqeuke
Namesake-(adj.) – ¼uselsd½ & geuke
Nap-(n.) – ¼uSi½ & ÷kidh] Å¡?k
Nap-(vt.) – ¼uSi½ & ÷kidh ysuk] Å¡?kuk
Napkin-(n.) – ¼uSfIdu½ &#eky
Narrate-(vti.) – ¼ujsV½ & c;ku djuk
Narration-(n.) – ¼uSjs‛ku½ & o.kZu
Narrow-(adj.) – ¼uSjks½ & ladjk
Nationality-(n.) – ¼uS‛kuSfyVh½ & jk’Vªh;rk
Native-(n.) – ¼usfVo½ & ewy fuoklh
Natural-(adj.) – ¼uSpqjy½ & LokHkkfod]
izkd`frd
Nature-(n.) – ¼uspj½ & LoHkko] izd`fr
Naughty-(adj.) – ¼ukWVh½ & ‚kjkjrh
Navigation-(n.) – ¼uSfoxs‛ku½ & ty Ik;ZVu
Necessary-(adj.) – ¼uSlsljh½ & t+#jh
Necessity-(n.) – ¼uSlsflVh½ & vko‛;drk
Needle-(n.) – ¼uhMy½ & lqbZ
Nefarious-(adj.) – ¼fuQsfj;l½ & egkikih
Negation-(n.) – ¼fuxs‛ku½ & udkjkRedrk]
eukgh
Neglect-(vt.) – ¼uSXySDV½ & /;ku u nsuk
Negligence-(n.) – ¼uSfXytsUl½ & ykijokgh
Negligent-(adj.) – ¼uSfXytsUV½ & ykijokg
Negotiate-(vti.) – ¼uSxksf‛k,V½ & eksy Hkko
djuk
Negotiation-(n.) – ¼uSxksf‛k,‛ku½ & eksy
Hkko
Neighbour-(n.) – ¼uscj½ & iM+kslh
New-(adj.) – ¼U;w½ & u;k
Newly-(adv.) – ¼U;wyh½ & u;k u;k
News-(n.) – ¼U;wt+½ & lekpkj
Newspaper-(n.) – ¼U;wt+iis j½ & v[kckj
Nickname-(n.) – ¼fuduse½ & miuke
Niece-(n.) – ¼uhl½ & HkkUth] Hkrhth
Nightmare-(n.) – ¼ukbVes;j½ & nq%LoIu]
Mjkouk
Nominal-(adj.) – ¼ukWfeuy½ & ukeek«k dk
Nominate-(vt.) – ¼ukfeusV½ & uketn
djuk
Nominee-(n.) –¼ukfeuh½&uketn fd;k gqvk
Noon- (n.) – ¼uwu½ & nksigj
Notable-(adj.) – ¼uksVscy½ & izfl) iq#’k]
izfl) OkLrq
Notation-(n.) – ¼uksVs‛ku½ & fpUg
Numerous-(adj.) – ¼U;wej~l½ & dbZ
Novelty-(n.) – ¼ukWoYVh½ & u;kiu] uohurk
Nurse-(vt.) – ¼ulZ½ & ikyuk
Nurture-(vt.) – ¼upZj½ & ikyuk
O
Oat - (n) – ¼vksV½ & tkS
Oath-(n) – ¼vksFk½ & ‚kiFk
Obedience-(n) – ¼vksfcfM;Ul½ & vkKk
ikyu
Obesity - (n) – ¼vkscfs lVh½ & eksVkbZ
Obey-(n) – ¼vkscs½ & vkKk dk ikyu djuk
Object-(n) – ¼vkWCtsDV½ & y{;
Objection-(n) – ¼vkWCtsD‛ku½ & vkifÙk
Obligation - (n) – ¼vkWfCyxs‛ku½ & drZO;
Oblige - (n) – ¼vkWCykbt½ & d`ik djuk
Obscene-(n) – ¼vkWClhu½ & v‛yhy
Observe-(n) – ¼vkWCt+o½Z & voyksdu djuk
Obsession - (n) – ¼vkWCls‛ku½ & /kqu
Obstacle-(n) – ¼vkWCLVsdy½ & vojks/k
Obtain- (n) – ¼vkWCVsu½ & izkIr djuk]
Obvious- (n) – ¼vkWfc;l½ & tkfgj
Occasional-(n) – ¼vkWdst+uy½ & dHkh dHkh
dk
Occult-(n)(Adj.) – ¼vkWdYV½ & tknw] xqIr
Occupation-(n) – ¼vkWD;qis‛ku½ & is‛kk
Occur-(n) – ¼vdj½ & gksuk] ?kfVr gksuk
Ocean-(n) – ¼vksf‛ku½ & egklkxj
Odour-(n) – ¼vkWMkWj½ & lqxU/k] [kq‛kcw
Offence-(n) – ¼vkWQsUl½ & vijk/k
Offer-(n) – ¼vkWQj½ & izLrko
Offering-(n) – ¼vkWf¶jax½ & izlkn] p<+kok
Offen-(adv.) – ¼vkWQu ;k vkW¶Vu½ & vDlj
Ointment-(n) – ¼vkWbUVesUV½ & ejge
Omit-(vt.) – ¼vkWfeV½ & NksM+ nsuk] pwd
tkuk
Omnipotent-(n) – ¼vksEuhiksVsUV½ &
loZ‛kfDreku
Omniscient- (n) – ¼vksEuhfl;UV½ &
loZKkrk
Omnipresent- (n) – ¼vksEuhizStU+s V½ &
loZO;kih
Opaque-(n) – ¼vksisd½ & /kq/a kyk
Opinion-(n) – ¼vksihfu;u½ & jk;] lykg
Opportunity-(n) – ¼vkWijP;wfuVh½ & volj
Oppose-(n) – ¼vikst+½ & fojks/k djuk
Optimistic-(n) – ¼vkWfIVfefLVd½ &
vk‛kkoknh
Oral-(n) – ¼vksjy½ & ekSf[kd
Orator-(n) – ¼vksjsVj½ & oDrk
Ordinary-(n) – ¼vkWfMZujh½ & lk/kkj.k
Ornament-(n) – ¼vkWukZeVsa ½ & vkHkw’k.k
Orphan-(n) – ¼vkWQZu½ & vukFk
Ostrich – (n) – ¼vkWfLVªp½ & ‚kqrqjeqxZ
Otherwise-(n) – ¼vnjokbt+½ & vU;Fkk]
ojuk
Outcome-(n) – ¼vkmVde½ & ifj.kke
Outline- (n) – ¼vkmVykbu½ & #ijs[kk
Outrage -(vti.) – ¼vkmVjst½ & vR;kpkj
djuk
Outsider-(n) – ¼vkmVlkbMj½ & ckgjh
O;fDr
Outskirts-(n) – ¼vkmVLDVZl½~ & ljgn]
fdukjk] nwjnjkt
Outstanding-(n) – ¼vkmVLVSafMax½ &
cdk;k] cpk gqvk
Overhear-(vt.) – ¼vksojfg;j½ & la;ksx ls
lquuk] pqids ls lquuk
Overheat-(vt.) – ¼vksojghV½ & T+;knk xeZ
djuk
Overlook-(vt.) – ¼vksojyqd½ & tkapuk]
{kek djuk
Overnight-(vt.) – ¼vksojukbV½ & jkr Hkj
ds
Overrate-(vt.) – ¼vksojjsV½ & vf/kd ewY;
yxkuk
Overtake-(vt.) – ¼vksojVsd½ & ikj djuk
Overtime-(vt.) – ¼vksojVkbe½ & vfrfjDr
le;
Overwhelm-(vt.) – ¼vksojOgSYe½ & [kq‛k
djuk] thr ysuk
Owe-(vt.) – ¼vks½ & _.kh gksuk
Owner-(n) – ¼vksuj½ & ekfyd
Ox-(n) – ¼vkWDl½ & cSy
P
Pace-(n.) – ¼isl½ & ix] dne
Pace-(vti.) – ¼isl½ & pyuk
Pacific-(adj.) – ¼iSflfQd½ & ‚kkUr] iz‛kkUr
Pacify-(vt.) – ¼iSflQk;½ & ‚kkUr djuk]
eukuk
Package-(n.) – ¼iSdst½ & xB~Bk] iqfyUnk
Pact-(n.) – ¼iSDV½ & laf/k] fu;e] ‚krZ
Paddy-(n.) – ¼iSMh½ & /kku
Paint-(vti.) – ¼iaVs ½ & fp= cukuk
Painting-(n.) – ¼isfVax½ & fp=
Palace-(n.) – ¼iSysl½ & egy
Palate-(n.) – ¼iSysV½ & rkyq] Lokn
Palm-(n.) – ¼ike½ &gFksyh
Palmist-(n.) – ¼ikfeLV½ &gLrjs[kk foKkuh
Pamper-(vt.) – ¼iSEij½ & ykM I;kj djuk
Paragon-(n.) – ¼iSjkxkWu½ &vkn‛kZ] uewuk
394
Parallel-(adj.) – ¼iSjSyy½ &lekukUrj
Paralysis-(n.) – ¼iSjkykbfll½ &ydok jksx
Paramount-(n.) – ¼iSjkekm.V½ & izeq[k]
cM+k] iz/kku
Parasite-(n.) – ¼iSjklkbV½ & ijthoh]
eq¶r[kksj
Parity-(n.) –¼iSfjVh½&lekurk
Parliament- (n.) – ¼ikfyZ;kesUV½ &laln
Part-(n.) – ¼ikVZ½ & Hkkx
Partial-(adj.) – ¼ikf‛kZ;y½ & i{kikrh]
vkaf‛kd
Partiality-(n.) – ¼ikf‛kZ;SfyVh½ & i{kikr
Participate-(vt.) – ¼ikfVZflisV½ &Hkkx ysuk]
ck¡Vuk
Participation-(n.) – ¼ikfVZflis‛ku½ &
c¡Vokjk
Particle-(n.) – ¼ikfVZdy½ & ,d Hkkx
Particular-(Adj.) – ¼ifVZD;qyj½ & fo‛ks’k]
,d ckr
Particularly-(Adv.) – ¼ifVZD;qyjyh½ &
fo‛ks’kr%
Partner-(n.) – ¼ikVZuj½ & Hkkxhnkj] lkFkh
Partnership-(n.) – ¼ikVZujf‛ki½ &
lgHkkfxrk
Passenger-(n.) – ¼iSlUs tj½ &;k=h
Passion-(n.) – ¼iS‛ku½ & tks‛k] tT+ck
Passionate-(adj.) – ¼is‛kusV½ & Øks/kh]
xqLlsckt
Patent-(n.) – ¼isVsUV½ & iw.kZ vf/kdkj
Paternal-(adj.) – ¼iSVuZy½ &iSrd
`
Paternity-(n.) – ¼iSVfuZVh½ &fir`Ro
Path-(n.) – ¼ikFk½ &jkg
Patience-(n.) – ¼is‛ksUl½ &/kS;Z] lcz
Patient- (n.) – ¼is‛ksUV½ &jksxh
Patriot-(n.) – ¼iSfVªvkWV½ & ns‛kHkDr
Patriotic-(adj.) – ¼iSfVªvkWfVd½ &
ns‛kHkfDriw.kZ
Patron-(n.) – ¼isVªu½ & ikyd] laj{kd]
lgk;d
Patronage-(n.) – ¼isVªksust½ & ikyu]
laj{k.k
Pattern-(n.) – ¼iSVuZ½ & lkapk] uewuk
Paucity-(n.) – ¼ikWflVh½ & deh] vHkko
Pauper-(n.) – ¼ikWij½ & fHk[kkjh
Payable-(adj.) – ¼is,cy½ &ns;
Payment-(n.) – ¼isesUV½ &Hkqxrku
Peacock-(n.) – ¼ihdkWd½ &eksj
Peak- (n.) – ¼ihd½ &pksVh
Pearl- (n.) – ¼iyZ½ &eksrh
Peasant- (n.) – ¼ihtsU+ V½ &fdlku
Peculiar-(adj.) – ¼fiD;wfy;j½ &vuks[kk]
vuwBk
Penal-(adj.) – ¼ihuy½ &n.M lEcU/kh
Penalize-(vt.) – ¼ihuykbt+½ & n.M nsuk
Penetrate-(vt.) – ¼iSfuVsªV½ &izos‛k djuk]
?kqluk
Penetration-(n.) – ¼iSfuVsª‛ku½ &izos‛k
Percentage-(n.) – ¼ijlsaVst½ &izfr‛kr
Perfect-(adj.) – ¼ijQSDV½ & funks’Z k] iwjk]
fl)
Perfection-(n.) – ¼ijQSD‛ku½ & funks’Z krk]
iwjkiu
Perhaps-(adv.) – ¼ijgSIl½ &dnkfpr]
‚kk;n
Perish-(vi.) – ¼iSfj‛k½ & ej tkuk] u’V gks
tkuk
Perishable-(adj.) – ¼iSfj‛kscy½ &u’V gks
tkus ;ksX;
Permanent-(adj.) – ¼iekZuSUV½ & LFkkbZ
Permission-(n.) – ¼ifeZ‛ku½ &vkKk
Permit-(n.) – ¼ijfeV½ & vkKk i=
Perpetuate-(vt.) – ¼ijiSpq,V½ &fLFkj j[kuk
Perplex-(vt.) – ¼ijIysDl½ & gSjku djuk]
dfBu cukuk
Personal- (adj.) – ¼ilZuy½ & O;fDrxr
Personnel- (n.) – ¼ilZuy
s ½ & deZpkjh yksx
Perturb-(vt.) – ¼ij~VCkZ½ & O;kdqqy djuk
Perusal-(n.) – ¼is#t+y½ & /;ku nsdj i<+us
dh voLFkk
Pessimism-(n.) – ¼iSflfeTk+e½ & fujk‛kkokn
Pessimistic-(adj.) – ¼iSflfefLVd½ &
fujk‛kkoknh
Phenomenal-(adj.) – ¼fQukWfeuy½ &
vn~Hkqr] vlk/kkj.k
Philosopher-(n.) – ¼fQykWLkQj½ &nk‛kZfud
Physical-(adj.) – ¼fQft+dy½ & ‚kkjhfjd
Physician-(n.) – ¼fQt+hf‛k;u½ & oS|
Physicist-(n.) – ¼fQt+hflLV½ & HkkSfrd
foKkuh
Pick-(vt.) – ¼fid½ &pksap ekjuk] pquuk]
mBkuk
Pickle-(n.) – ¼fidy½ &vpkj
Pickpocket-(n.) – ¼fidikWdsV½ &tscdrjk
Pictorial-(adj.) – ¼fidVksfj;y½ & fp=
laca/kh
Picture-(n.) – ¼fiDpj½ &fp=
Piece-(n.) – ¼ihl½ & VqdM+k
Pierce-(vt.) – ¼fi;lZ½ & Nsnuk
Pile-(vt.) – ¼ikby½ & tek djuk
Pilgrim-(n.) – ¼fiyfxze½ & rhFkZ&;k=h
Pilgrimage-(n.) – ¼fiyfxzest½ &rhFkZ ;k=k
Pillow-(n.) – ¼fiyks½ &rfd;k
Pinch-(n.) – ¼fiUp½ & pqVdh
Pinch-(vt.) – ¼fiUp½ & rax djuk
Piracy-(n.) – ¼ik;jslh½ & lkfgfR;d pksjh]
leqnhz MdSrh
Pirate-(n.) – ¼ik;jsV½ & leqnhz Mkdw
Pity-(vt.) – ¼fifV½ &n;k djuk
Placid-(adj.) – ¼IysflM½ & uje] dksey
Plan-(n.) – ¼Iyku ;k IySu½ &;kstuk
Pleasant-(adj.) – ¼IyS‛k+sUV½ &euksgj
Pleasure-(n.) – ¼IyS‛k+j½ &vkuan
Pledge- (vt.) – ¼Iyst½ &fxjoh j[kuk
Plenty-(adj.) – ¼IysUVh½ &vf/kdrk] dkQh
Plot-(n.) – ¼IykWV½ & t+ehu dk VqdM+k]
‘kM+;a«k
Policy-(n.) – ¼ikWfylh½ &uhfr
Poison-(n.) – ¼ikW;t+u½ & t+gj
Poisonous-(adj.) – ¼ikW;t+usl½ & t+gj
;qDr
Polite-(adj.) – ¼iksykbV½ & fouez] lH;]
fou;
Politics-(n.) – ¼ikWfyfVDl½ &jktuhfr
Politician-(n.) – ¼ikWfyfVf‛k;u½ &
jktuhfrK
Pollute- (vt.) – ¼ikWY;wV½ & xUnk djuk
Popular-(adj.) – ¼ikiqyj½ & yksdfiz;
Popularity-(n.) – ¼ikiqySfjVh½ & ‛kksgjr]
yksdfiz;rk
Population-(n.) – ¼ikiqys‛ku½ &tula[;k
Portrait-(n.) – ¼iksVªVs ½ &fp=] rLohj] Nfo
Possession-(n.) – ¼it+‛s ku½ &vf/kdkj]
dCt+k
Possible-(adj.) – ¼ikWflcy½ & lEHko
Possibly-(adv.) – ¼ikWflcyh½ & dnkfpr]
‚kk;n
Post-(n.) – ¼iksLV½ & ukSdjh] LFkku
Postal-(adj.) – ¼iksLVy½ &Mkd lEcU/kh
Poster-(n.) – ¼iksLVj½ & foKkiu fp«k
Post-mortem-(n.) – ¼iksLV&ekWVeZ ½ & e`R;q
ds ckn fd;s tkus okyh tkap
Postpone-(vt.) – ¼iksLkiksu½ &Vky nsuk] nsj
djuk
Poverty-(n.) – ¼ikWoVhZ½ &xjhch
Practicable-(n.) – ¼izSDVhdscy½ & lEHko]
eqefdu
Practical- (adj.) – ¼izSfDVdy½ & O;kogkfjd
Practice-(n.) – ¼izSfDVl½ & pyu] nLrwj
Practice-(vt.) – ¼izSfDVl½ & vH;kl djuk
Pray-(vt.) – ¼izs½ &izkFkZuZ k djuk
Preach-(vt.) – ¼izhp½ &mins‛k nsuk
Precious-(adj.) – ¼izS‛kl½ & cgqewY;] dherh
Precise-(adj.) – ¼fizlkbt+½ & Bhd] ,dne
lgh
Predict-(vt.) – ¼fizfMDV ½ & Hkfo’;ok.kh
djuk
Preface-(n.) – ¼izhQsl½ & izLrkouk] Hkwfedk
Pregnancy- (n.) – ¼izsxusUlh½ & xHkkZoLFkk
Prejudice-(n.) – ¼fiztqfMl½ &i{kikr
Premature-(adj.) – ¼izheSP;qj½ & le; lss
iwoZ gksus okyk] vlkef;d
Prematurity-(n.) – ¼izheSP;ksjVh ½ &
vlkef;drk
Prescription-(n.) – ¼fizfLØI‛ku½ & uqL[kk]
fpfdRlk] fof/k
Prestige - (n.) – (izsLVht½ & izfr’Bk
Prevention-(n.) – ¼fizosU‛ku½ & cpko
Prey-(n.) – ¼izs½ &f‛kdkj
Pride-(vt.) – ¼izkbM½ & ?keaM djuk
Primitive-(adj.) – ¼fizfefVo½ & izkjfEHkd]
izkphu
395
Principal-(n.) (adj.)– ¼fizfa liy½ &
izk/;kid] eq[;
Principle- (n.) – ¼fizafliy½ & fl)kUr
Priority-(n.) – ¼izk;kWfjVh½ & izFkerk
Prisoner-(n.) – ¼fizt+uj½ & dSnh] cUnh
Privilege- (n.)(vt.) – ¼fizfoyst½ & fo‛ks’k
ykHk] fo‛ks’k ykHk nsuk
Probability-(n.) – ¼izkscsfcfyVh ½ &
lEHkkouk
Probe-(vt.) – ¼izksc½ & iwNuk] ijh{kk ysuk
Proceeding-(n.) – ¼izkslhfMax½ &dk;Zokgh
Procession-(n.) – ¼izksl‛s ku½ & ckjkr]
tqywl
Proclamation-(n.) – ¼izksDyses‛ku½ &
f<a<ksjk] ?kks’k.kk
Produce-(vt.) – ¼izksM~;wl½ & iSnk djuk
Profession-(n.) – ¼izksQs‛ku½ & is‛kk
Professional-(n.) – ¼izksQs‛kuy½ & is‛ksoj
Profound- (n.) – ¼izksQkm.M½ & xgjk]
xEHkhj
Progress-(n.) – ¼izksxszl½ & mUufr
Progressive-(adj.) – ¼izksxzsflo½ &
izxfr‛khy
Prohibition-(n.) – ¼izksfgfc‛ku½ & jksd]
eukgh] fu’ks/k
Prominent-(adj.) – ¼izkWfeusUV½ & iz[;kr]
Å¡pk
Pronounce- (vt.) – ¼izksukmUl½ & mPpkj.k
djuk
Prophet-(n.) – ¼izksQsV½ &Hkfo’;oDrk
Proposal-(n.) – ¼izikst+y½ & izLrko
Propose-(vt.) – ¼izikst+½ & izLrko j[kuk]
fuosnu djuk
Proprietor-(n.) – ¼izksijkbVj½ & Lokeh
Prosperity-(n.) – ¼izkWliSfjVh½ & le`f)
Provoke-(vt.) – ¼izksoksd
s ½ & mdlkuk
Prudence-(n.) – ¼izwMsUl½ &cqf)eÙkk]
nwjnf‛kZrk
Prudent-(adj.) – ¼izwMsUM½ & cqf)eku]
nwjn‛khZ
Punctual- (adj.) – ¼iUDpqvy½ ≤ dk
ikcUn
Purify-(vt.) – ¼I;wjhQk;½ &‛kq) djuk
Purpose- (n.) – ¼ijit½ & mn~n‛s ;
Purposely-(adv.) – ¼ijit+yh½ & lksp
le÷k dj
Pursuance-(n.) – ¼ijlq,Ul½ & ihNk]
vuqlj.k
Pursue-(vt.) – ¼ijL;w½ & ihNk djuk]
vuqlj.k djuk
Puzzle-(n.) – ¼it+y½ & xqRFkh] igsyh
Python-(n.) – ¼ik;Fku½ & vtxj
Q
Quack-(vi.) – ¼Dosd½ & Mhaxs gk¡duk] ‚ks[kh
c?kkjuk] cr[k dh rjg cksyuk
Quail-(vti.) – ¼Dosy½ & fgEer gkjuk
Quake-(vt.) – ¼Dosd½ & dk¡iuk] FkjFkjkuk
Qualification-(n.) – ¼DokfyfQds‛ku½
&;ksX;rk
Qualified-(adj.) – ¼DokfyQkbZM½&;ksX;
Qualify-(vt.) – ¼DokfyQkbZ½ & ikj djuk
Quantity- (n.) – ¼DokfUVfV½ & ek«kk
Quarrel-(n.) – ¼Dokjy½ & fookn] ÷kxM+k
Quarrelsome-(adj.) – ¼Dokjyle½ &
>xM+kyw
Quarter-(n.) – ¼DokVZj½ & pkSFkkbZ
Quarterly-(Adv.) – ¼DokVZjyh½ &«kSekfld
Quash-(vt.) – ¼DoS‛k½ & [kaMu djuk
Queen-(n.) – ¼Dohu½ & jkuh
Quell-(vt.) – ¼Dosy½ & ijkftr djuk]
nckuk] ‚kkar djuk
Query-(n.) – ¼Dosjh½ &iz‛u
Query-(vti.) – ¼Dosjh½ &iz‛u djuk
Quest-(n.) – ¼DosLV½ & ryk‛k] [kkst
Question-(n.) – ¼Dos‛pu½ & iz‛u
Questionable-(adj.) – ¼Dos‛puscy½
&lUnsg djus ;ksX;
Questioner-(n.) – ¼Dos‛puj½ & iz‛u iwNus
okyk
Questionnaire-(n.) – ¼Dos‛pusvj½ &
iz‛ukoyh
Queue-(n.) – ¼D;w½ & iafDr
Quiet-(adj.) – ¼Dok;V½ & ‚kkUr] pqi
Quilt-(n.) – ¼fDoYV½ & jt+kbZ
Quit-(vt.) – ¼fDoV½ & R;kx nsuk
Quite-(adj.) – ¼DokbV½ & iwjh rjg ls
Quiver-(vt.) – ¼fDooj½ &dk¡iuk
Quiz - (n.)(vt.) – ¼fDot+½ & iz‛kuksRrj]
etkd cukuk] g¡lh djuk
Quota-(n.) – ¼dksVk½ & Òkx] va‛k
Quote-(n.) – ¼dksV½ & fdlh ds }kjk dgh
x;h ckr
Quote-(vt.) – ¼dksV½ & ewY; crkuk
Quotient-(n.) – ¼dks‛ksUV½ & HkkxQy
R
Rabbit- (n.) – ¼jSfcV½ & [kjxks‛k
Race- (n.) – ¼jsl½ & oa‛k] dqy] nkSM+
Race- (vt.) – ¼jsl½ & nkSM+uk
Racial- (adj.) – ¼jsf‛k;y½ &dqy dk] oa‛k dk
Radiant-(adj.) – ¼jsfM;UV½ & pedrk gqvk
Radical-(adj.) – ¼jSfMdy½ & ekSfyd]
LokHkkfod
Radium-(n.) – ¼jsfM;e½ & ,d pedus
okyh /kkrq
Rage-(n.) – ¼jst½ & Øks/k
Rain-(n.) – ¼jsu½ & o’kkZ
Rain-(vti.) – ¼jsu½ & o’kkZ gksuk] o’kkZ djuk
Rainbow-(n.) – ¼jsucks½ & bUnz/kuq’k
Rainfall- (n.) – ¼jsuQkWy½ & ikuh cjluk
Rainy-(adj.) – ¼jsu½ & cjlkr tSlk
Rape-(n.) – ¼jsi½ & cykRdkj
Rapid-(adj.) – ¼jSfiM½ & rst
Rapture-(n.) – ¼jSIpj½ & csgn [kq‛kh
Rare- (adj.) – ¼js;j½ & nqyZHk] vuwBk
Rather- (adv.) – ¼jknj½ & cfYd
Rational-(adj.) – ¼jSS‛kuy½ & mfpr
Razor-(n.) – ¼jst+j½ & mLrjk
Reach-(vti.) – ¼jhp½ & ig¡qpuk
React-(vt.) – ¼fj,sDV½ & izfrfdz;k djuk
Reaction-(n.) – ¼fj,sD‛ku½ &izfrfdz;k
Read-(vt.) – ¼jhM½ &i<+uk
Readable-(adj.) – ¼jhMscy½ &i<+us ;ksX;
Realistic-(n.) – ¼fj;fyfLVd½ & O;kogkfjd
Reality-(n.) – ¼fj,fyVh½ &lpeqp
Realize-(vti.) – ¼fj;ykbt+½ & eglwl djuk
Reap- (vti.) – ¼jhi½ & Qly dkVuk
Rear- (n.) – ¼fj;j½ & fiNyk Hkkx
Reason-(n.) – ¼jht+u½ & dkj.k
Rebel-(vt.) – ¼jscy½ &jktnzksg djuk
Rebellion-(n.) – ¼jscfs y;u½ &jktnzksgh
Reception-(n.) – ¼fjlSI‛ku½ & Lokxr
Recital-(n.) – ¼fjlkbVy½ & c;ku
Recite-(vti.) – ¼fjlkbV½ & c;ku djuk]
O;k[;ku djuk] ppkZ djuk
Recognize-(vt.) – ¼jSdXukbt+½ & igpkuuk
Recommend- (vt.) – ¼jSdeUM½ &flQkfj‛k
djuk
Recommendation- (n.) – ¼jSdeUMs‛ku½
&flQkfj‛k
Recreation-(n.) – ¼fjØh‛ku½ &euksjt
a u
Recruit- (vt.) – ¼fjØwV½ & HkrhZ djuk
Rectify- (vt.) – ¼jSfDVQk;½ & Bhd ;k lgh
djuk
Reduce-(vt.) – ¼fjM~;wl½ & ?kVkuk
Reduction-(n.) – ¼fjMD‛ku½ &deh
Reform-(vti.) – ¼fjQkWeZ½ & lq/kkj djuk
Refrain-(vti.) – ¼fjÝsu½ &jksduk
Refresh-(vt.) – ¼fjÝS‛k½ & rktk djuk
Refuse-(vt.) – ¼fjQ~;wt+½ & euk djuk
Regard-(vt.) – ¼fjxkMZ½ &vknj djuk
Regime-(n.) – ¼fjthe½ & ‛kklu dky
Regret-(vt.) – ¼fjxzsV½& [ksn djuk] iNrkuk
Regulate-(vt.) – ¼jsxqysV½ & fu;af«kr djuk
Rehearsal- (n.) – ¼fjglZy½ & nksgjko
Rehearse- (vt.) – ¼fjglZ½ & nksgjkuk
Reign-(vi.) – ¼jsu½ &‛kklu djuk
Reiterate-(vt.) – ¼jhbVjsV½ & ckj&ckj
nksgjkuk
Reject-(vt.) – ¼fjtsDs V½ & vLohdkj djuk
Rejection-(n.) – ¼fjtsDs ‛ku½ &vLohd`fr
Relax-(vt.) – ¼fjysDl½ &vkjke djuk
Relevance-(n.) – ¼jsfyosUl½ & mi;qDrrk
Relevant-(adj.) – ¼jsysoUs V½ & mi;qDr
Reliable-(adj.) – ¼fjyk;cy½ & fo‛okl
;ksX;
Reliance-(n.) – ¼fjyk;al½ &Hkjkslk
Rely-(vt.) – ¼fjyk;½ & fo‛okl djuk
Remain-(n.) – ¼fjesu½ & cpk gqvk] cjdjkj
Remain-(vi.) – ¼fjesu½ & cjdjkj jguk
Remember-(vt.) – ¼fjesEcj½ &;kn djuk
396
Remembrance-(n.) – ¼fjesEcjsl½ &;knxkj
Remove-(vt.) – ¼fjewo½ & LFkku cnyuk
Render-(vt.) – ¼jsUMj½ & nsuk] ykSVkuk
Renew-(vt.) – ¼fjU;w½ & u;k djuk]
uohuhdj.k djuk
Renewal-(n.) – ¼fjU;wvy½ & uohuhdj.k
Renowned-(adj.) – ¼fjukmUM½ &e‛kgwj
Repair-(vt.) – ¼fjis;j½ & ejEer djuk
Repeat-(vt.) – ¼fjihV½ & nksgjkuk
Repent-(vt.) – ¼fjisUV½ &iNrkuk
Require-(vt.) – ¼fjDok;j½ & vko‛;drk
gksuk
Requirement-(n.) – ¼fjDok;jesUV½ &
vko‛;drk
Rescue-(vt.) – ¼jSLD;w½ &cpkuk
Resemble-(vt.) – ¼fjtsEcy½ & ,d tSlk
gksuk
Reservation-(n.) – ¼fjt+oZ‛s ku½ &vkj{k.k
Residence-(n.) – ¼jsft+MsUl½ & fuokl
Respect-(vt.) – ¼fjLiSDV½ & lEeku djuk
Response-(n.) – ¼fjLikWUl½ & tokc
Restrain-(vt.) – ¼fjLVªsu½ & lhfer djuk
Restraint-(n.) – ¼fjLVªUs V½ & :dkoV
Restriction-(n.) –¼fjfLVªD‛ku½ &lhek] ca/ku
Retain-(vt.) – ¼fjVsu½ & u tkus nsuk] dk;e
j[kuk
Retaliate-(vt.) – ¼fjVsfy,V½ & tSls dks
rSlk tokc nsuk
Retrieve-(vt.) – ¼fjVªho½ & nksckjk ikuk
Return-(vt.) – ¼fjVuZ½ &ykSV nsuk
Reveal-(vt.) – ¼fjohy½ & izdV djuk
Revenge-(vt.) – ¼fjosUt½ & cnyk ysuk
Revive-(vt.) – ¼fjokbo½ & thfor djuk
Revoke-(vt.) – ¼fjoksd½ & [k.Mu djuk
Revolt-(n.) – ¼fjoksYV½ & fonzksg
Revolution-(n.) – ¼fjoksY;w‛ku½ & pDdj
Revolve-(vti.) – ¼fjoksYo½ &pDdj yxkuk
Rift-(n.) – ¼fj¶V½ & njkj
Rigid-(adj.) – ¼fjftM½ & dM+k
Rigidity-(n.) – ¼fjftfMfV½ &dBksjrk
Ring-(n.) – ¼fjax½ & vaxwBh
Rinse-(vt.) – ¼fjal½ & ikuh ls lkQ djuk
Rival-(n.) – ¼jkboy½ & izfrjks/kh] ftlls
eqdkcyk gks
River-(n.) – ¼fjoj½ & unh
Roam-(vt.) – ¼jkse½ & ?kweuk
Rock-(n.) – ¼jkWd½ & pV~Vku
Room-(n.) – ¼:e½ &dejk
Rot- (vti.) – ¼jkWV½ & lM+uk] lM+kuk] xyuk
Rotate-(vi.) – ¼jksVsV½ & ?kweuk
Rotate-(vt.) – ¼jksVsV½ & ?kqekuk
Rotation-(n.) – ¼jksVs‛ku½ & pDdj
Rotten- (adj.) – ¼jkWVu½ & lM+k gqvk] xyk
gqvk
Rough-(n.) – ¼jQ½ & [kqjnjk
Roughen-(vt.) – ¼jQu½ & [kqjnjk djuk
Route-(n.) – ¼:V½ &ekxZ] lM+d
Routine-(n.) – ¼:Vhu½ & jkst dk fu;e
Royal-(n.) – ¼jkW;y½ & ‚kkgh
Rubbish-(n.) (adj.) – ¼jfCk‛k½ &dwM+k
djdV
Rude-(n.)(adj.) – ¼#M½ & vlH;] dBksj
O;ogkj
Rumour-(n.) – ¼j~;wej½ & vQokg
Rupture-(n.) – ¼jIpj½ & rksM+uk
Rush-(vi.) – ¼j‛k½ & nkSM+uk] VwV iM+uk
S
Sabotage-(n.) – ¼lScksVst½ & rksM+&QksM+
Sacrifice-(vt.) – ¼LkSfØQkbl½ & cfynku
nsuk
Sad-(n.) – ¼lSM½ &nq%[kh] mnkl
Sadden-(vi.) – ¼lSMu½ &nq%[kh gksuk
Sadden-(vt.) – ¼lSMu½ &nq%[kh djuk
Saint-(n.) – ¼LksUV½ & lUr
Sale-(n.) – ¼Lksy½ &fcdzh
Salt-(n.) – ¼LkkWYV½ & ued
Salvation-(n.) – ¼LkSYos‛ku½ & eks{k izkfIr]
eqfDr
Sample-(n.) – ¼lSEiy½ &uewuk
Sand-(n.) – ¼lS.M½ & jsr
Satire-(n.) – ¼LkVk;j½ & g¡lh] rkuk] O;aX;
Saturn-(n.) – ¼LSkVuZ½ &‛kfuxzg
Sauce-(n.) – ¼lkWl½ &pVuh
Save-(vt.) – ¼lso½ & j{kk djuk
Saying-(n.) – ¼lsbx
a ½ &dgkor
Scandal-(n.) – ¼LdS.MYk½ & cnukeh
Scant-(n.) – ¼LdSUV½ & deh
Scar- (n.) – ¼Ldkj½ & nkx] fu‛kku
Scarce- (n.) – ¼LdklZ½ & de] vi;kZIr
Scarcity- (n.) – ¼LdkflZVh½ & deh] vHkko
Scarf-(n.) – ¼LdkQZ½ & :eky] nqIkV~Vk
Schedule-(n.) – ¼‛ksM~;wy ;k LdSM~;wy½ &
lwph
Scholar-(n.) – ¼LdkWyj½ & fo}ku
Scholarship-(n.) – ¼LdkWyjf‛ki½ &
Nk=o`fr
Scissors- (n.) – ¼lht+lZ½ & dSaph
Scope-(n.) – ¼Ldksi½ & volj
Search-(n.) – ¼lpZ½ & [kkst
Search-(vt.) – ¼lpZ½ & [kkst djuk
Sculpture-(n.) – ¼LdYipj½ & ewfrZ] izfrek
Sculpture-(vt.) – ¼LdYipj½ & ewfrZ cukuk
Secret-(n.) – ¼lhØsV½ & xqIr
Secretariat-(n.) – ¼lsfØVsfj;V½ &lfpoky;
Secretary-(n.) – ¼lsØsVjh½ & lfpo
Secular- (adj.) – ¼lSD;wyj½ & /keZfujis{k
Security-(n.) – ¼flD;ksfjVh½ & lqj{kk
Seesaw-(n.) – ¼lhlkW½ & >wyk
Seize-(vt.) – ¼lhTk+½ & dCt+k djuk
Seizure-(n.) – ¼lht+j½ & dCt+k dh xbZ
pht
Seldom- (adv.) – ¼lSYMe½ & dÒh&dÒh
Selfish-(adj.) – ¼lSfYQ‛k½ & LokFkhZ
Sensible-(adj.) – ¼lSfUlcy½ & le>nkj
Sensitive-(adj.) – ¼lSfUlfVo½ & Òkoqd
Separate-(vt.) – ¼lsijsV½ & vyx djuk
Separation-(n.) – ¼lsijs‛ku½ & vyxko
Severe-(adj.) – ¼lhfo;j½ & dBksj]
nq[knk;d
Shade-(n.) – ¼‛ksM½ &Nk;k
Shady-(adj.) – ¼‛ksMh½ & Nk;knkj
Shake-(vt.) – ¼‛ksd½ & fgykuk] dk¡iuk
Share-(n.) – ¼‛ks;j½ & fgLlk
Sheep-(n.) – ¼‛khi½ &ÒsM+
Sheepish-(adj.) – ¼‛khfi‛k ½ & dk;j
Shield-(n.) – ¼‛khYM½ & <ky] dop
Shine-(vi.) – ¼‛kkbu½ & peduk
Shock-(n.) – ¼‛kkWd½ & /kDdk] lnek
Shocking-(adj.) – ¼‛kkWfdax ½ & LrC/k dj
nsus okyk
Shortcoming-(n.) – ¼‛kkWVZdfeax½ & deh
Shortage-(n.) – ¼‛kWkVZst½ & deh] vHkko
Shorten-(vt.) – ¼‛kkWVZu½ & de djuk
Shout-(vt.) – ¼‛kkmV½ &fpYykuk
Shrewd-(adj.) – ¼‛kzM
w ½ & pkykd
Shrink-(vti.) – ¼f‛kzad½ &fldqMuk
Shun-(vti.) – ¼‛ku½ & vyx jguk] nwj jguk
Sigh-(n.) – ¼lk;½ & xgjh lk¡l
Silly-(adj.) – ¼flyh½ & ew[kZ
Simplicity-(n.) – ¼flfEIyflVh½ & ljyrk
Sin-(n.) – ¼flu½ &iki
Sincere-(adj.) – ¼flUl;j½ & lPpk]
bZekunkj
Sincerity-(n.) – ¼flfUl;sfjVh½&lPpkbZ
Situation-(n.) – ¼flpq,‛ku½ & fLFkfr
Sketch- (vt.) – ¼LdSp½ & uD‛kk cukuk
Skin-(n.) – ¼fLdu½ & [kky
Skip-(vt.) – ¼fLdi½ &dwnuk] NksM+ tkuk
Slaughter-(n.) – ¼LykWVj½ &gR;k
Slaughter-(vt.) – ¼LykWVj½ &gR;k djuk
Slave-(n.) – ¼Lyso½ &xqyke
Sleep-(n.) – ¼Lyhi½ & uhan
Sleep-(vi.) – ¼Lyhi½ & lksuk
Slip-(vti.) – ¼fLyi½ & fQlyuk] Òwy djuk
Slum-(n.) – ¼LYke½ & xank eSyk eksgYyk
Smoke-(n.) – ¼Leksd½ &/kqeziku
Smoke-(vti.) – ¼Leksd½ &/kq¡vk fudkyuk]
rEckdw flxjsV vkfn ihuk
Smuggle-(vt.) – ¼Lexy½ & Nqik ds ykuk
;k Hkstuk
Sneeze-(vi.) – ¼Luht+½ &Nhaduk
Snow- (n.) – ¼Luks½ & cQZ
Snow- (vi.) – ¼Luks½ & cQZ iMuk
Social-(adj.) – ¼lks‛ky½ & lkekftd]
feyulkj
Solemn-(adj.) – ¼lkWyse½ & xaÒhj] ifo«k
Solicit-(vt.) – ¼lkWfyflV½ & izkFkZuk djuk
Solid-(adj.) – ¼lkWfyM½ & Bksl
397
Solitude-(n.) – ¼lkWfyV~;wM½ & vdsykiu
Soluble-(adj.) – ¼lkWY;wcy½ & ?kqyu‛khy]
xyu‛khy
Sorrow-(n.) – ¼lkWjks½ & ‛kksd] nq[k
Sound- (n.) – ¼lkm.M½ & vkokt+
Sound- (adj.) – ¼lkm.M½ & xgjk
Spare-(vi.) – ¼Lisvj½ & NksM+uk] cpkuk]
jksduk] {kek djuk] fdQk;r djuk
Sparkle-(n.) – ¼LikdZy½ & ped] fpaxkjh
Sparkling-(adj.) – ¼LikdZfyax½ & pednkj
Specific-(adj.) – ¼LisflfQd½ & fo‛ks’k
Specification-(n.) – ¼LisflfQds‛ku½&
fo‛ks’krk,¡
Spectacles-(n.) – ¼LiSDVsd
s Yl½ & p‛ek
Speech-(n.) – ¼Lihp½ & Hkk’kk] cksyh] Hkk’k.k
Spendthrift-(adj.) – ¼LisUMfFkz¶V½ &
fQtwy[kpZ djus okyk
Spin-(vti.) – ¼fLiu½ & ?kqekuk] ?kweuk
Spine-(n.) – ¼Likbu½ & jh<+
Spirit-(n.) – ¼fLizV½ & vkRek] mRlkg
Spiritual-(adj.) – ¼Lizhpqvy½ & vkfRed]
ekufld] vk/;kfRed
Sprout-(vt.) – ¼LizkmV½ & vadqfjr gksuk]
mxuk
Spy-(n.) – ¼Lik;½ & tklwl
Squash-(vt.) – ¼LDoS‛k½ & fipdkuk]
elyuk] fupksM+uk
Squeeze-(vt.) – ¼LDoht+½ & fupksM+uk
Stable-(adj.) – ¼LVscy½ & fLFkj
Stage-(n.) – ¼LVst½ & jaxeap] voLFkk
Stagnant-(adj.) – ¼LVSxUkS.V½ & fLFkj
Stamina-(n.) – ¼LVSfeuk½ & fdlh dk;Z
djrs jgus dh lgu‛kfDr
Stammer-(vi.) – ¼LVSej½ & gdykuk
Stare-(vt.) – ¼LVsvj½ & ?kwjuk
Starvation-(n.) – ¼LVkoZs‛ku½ & miokl]
Hkq[kejh
Starve-(vi.) – ¼LVkoZ½ & Hkw[kk jguk
Starve-(vt.) – ¼LVkoZ½ & Hkw[kk ejuk
Stationary-(adj.) – ¼LVs‛kUkjh½ & Bgjk gqvk
Stationery-(adj.) – ¼LVs‛kUkjh½ & i<+us
fy[kus dk lkeku
Statue-(n.) – ¼LVSpw½ & ewfrZ
Stature-(n.) – ¼LVspj½ & vkdkj
Status-(n.) – ¼LVsVl½ & #rck
Stay-(vti.) – ¼LVs½ & Bgjuk
Stimulate-(vi.) – ¼fLVE;wysV½ & HkM+dkuk]
mdlkuk
Stitch- (vt.) – ¼fLVp½ & flyuk
Stomach-(n.) – ¼LVed½ & isV
Stone-(n.) – ¼LVksu½ & iRFkj
Stop-(vt.) – ¼LVkWi½ & jksduk
Stop-(vi.) – ¼LVkWi½ & #duk
Stoppage-(n.) – ¼LVkWist ½ & #dus dk
LFkku
Storey- (n.) – ¼LVksjh½ & eafty ¼edku dh½
Story-(n.) – ¼LVksjh½ & dgkuh
Stout-(adj.) – ¼LVkmV½ & cyoku
Straight-(adv.) – ¼LVªVs ½ & lh/kk
Straighten-(vt.) – ¼LVªVs u½ & lh/kk djuk
Strain-(n.) – ¼LVªUs k½ & eksp
a
Strain-(vt.) – ¼LVªUs k½ & rkuuk] [khapuk
Stranger-(n.) – ¼LVªUs tj½ & vtuch
Strap-(n.) – ¼LVªis ½ & Qhrk
Strategy-(n.) – ¼LVªSVth½ & j.kuhfr
Stream-(n.) – ¼LVªhe½ & /kkjk] unh
Strength-(n.) – ¼LVªSUFk½ & ‚kfDr] lkeF;Z
Stress-(n.) – ¼LVªl
s ½ & ncko] cy] egRo
Stretch-(vti.) – ¼LVªp
s ½ & [khapuk
Stretcher-(n.) – ¼LVªp
s j½ & gkWfLiVy esa
ejhtksa dks ,d txg ls nwljh txg ys tkus
okyk midj.k
Strike-(n.) – ¼LVªkbd½ & gM+rky
Strike-(vti.) – ¼LVªkbd½ & Bksduk] ihVuk]
ctkuk
String-(n.) – ¼fLVaªx½ & jLlh
Strive-(vt.) – ¼LVªkbo½ & iz;kl djuk
Structure-(n.) – ¼LVªDpj½ & cukoV
Stubborn-(n.) – ¼LVcuZ½ & ftn~nh
Studious-(adj.) – ¼LVwfM;l½ & esgurh
Study-(n.) – ¼LVMh½ & i<+kbZ
Study-(vti.) – ¼LVMh½ & i<+kbZ djuk
Stupid- (adj.) – ¼LVqfiM½ & ew[kZ
Stupidity-(n.) – ¼LVqfifMfV½ & ew[kZrk
Subdue-(vt.) – ¼LkcM~;w½ & thruk] v/khu
djuk
Subjugate-(vi.) – ¼LkcT;wxsV½ & thruk]
v/khu djuk
Submission-(n.) – ¼Lkcfe‛ku½ & v/khurk
Submit-(vti.) – ¼LkcfeV½ & v/khu gksuk]
tek djuk] vkxs j[kuk
Subscribe-(n.) – ¼LkCLØkbc½ & xzkgd
cuuk
Subsequent-(adj.) – ¼LkfCLkDoSUV½ & ckn esa
vkus okyk
Subsidy-(n.) – ¼LkfClMh½ & enn
Substantial-(n.) – ¼LkCLVSuf‛k;y½ &
egRoiw.kZ
Substitute-(vt.) – ¼LkfCLVV~;wV½ & cnyuk
Succeed-(vti.) – ¼lDlhM½ & lQy gksuk]
mÙkjkf/kdkjh gksuk
Success-(n.) – ¼LkDlSl½ & lQyrk
Succession-(n.) – ¼LkDls‛ku½ &
mÙkjkf/kdkj] ih<+h
Successor-(n.) – ¼LkDlslj½ & mÙkjkf/kdkjh]
okfjl
Sudden-(adj.) – ¼LkMu½ & vpkud
Suffer-(vti.) – ¼lQj½ & d’V ÷ksyuk
Suffering-(n.) – ¼LkQfjax½ & d’V
Suffice-(vti.) – ¼lQkbl½ & Ik;kZIr gksuk
Sufficiency-(n.) – ¼lfQf‛k;sUlh½ &
Ik;kZIrrk
Sufficient-(adj.) – ¼lfQf‛k;sUV½ & I;kZIr
Suicide-(n.) – ¼L;wlkbM½ & vkRegR;k
Suit-(vti.) – ¼LkwV½ & vuqdwy gksuk
Suitability-(n.) – ¼LkwVsfCyVh½ & vuqdwyrk
Sum-(n.) – ¼le½ & ;ksx] tksM+
Sum-(vt.) – ¼le½ & ;ksx djuk] tksM+uk
Summarize-(vt.) – ¼lejkbt½ & lkj
fudkyuk
Summary-(n.) – ¼lejh½ & lkjka‛k
Superior-(adj.) – ¼lqihfj;j½ & cM+k] T;s’B]
Js’B
Superlative-(adj.) – ¼lqijysfVo½ &
loksrZ e
Superstition-(n.) – ¼lqijfLV‛ku½ & va/k
fo‛okl
Superstitious-(adj.) – ¼lqijfLV‛kl½ &
va/k fo‛oklh
Supervise-(vt.) – ¼lqijokbt+½ & ns[kHkky
djuk
Surround- (vt.) – ¼ljkmUM½ & ?ksjuk
Survive-(vt.) – ¼lokZbo½ & thfor jguk
Suspicious-(adj.) – ¼lfLi‛kl½ & ‚kDdh
Sustain-(vt.) – ¼lLVsu½ & dk;e j[kuk
Sweat-(n.) – ¼LosV½ & ilhuk
Sweat-(vi.) – ¼LosV½ & ilhuk fudyuk
Sweep-(vti.) – ¼Lohi½ & lQkbZ djuk
Sword-(n.) – ¼LkksMZ½ & ryokj
Symbol-(n.) – ¼flEcy½ & fpUg] ladsr
Sympathy-(n.) – ¼flEisFkh½ & lgkuqHkwfr
Symptom-(n.) – ¼flEIVe½ & jksx dk y{k.k
Synonym-(n.) – ¼flukWfue½ & Ik;kZ;okph
System-(n.) – ¼flLVe½ & iz.kkyh
T
Table-(n.) – ¼Vscy½ & est
Tact-(n.) – ¼VSDV½ & fuiq.krk
Tactic-(n.) – ¼VSdfVd½ & dkS‛kyrk
Tail-(n.) – ¼Vsy½ & iw¡N
Taint-(vti.) – ¼Vsy½ & eSyk djuk
Tale-(n.) – ¼Vsy½ & dgkuh
Talent-(n.) – ¼VSysUV½ & xq.k
Talented-(n.) – ¼VSysfUVM½ & xq.kh
Talk-(vt.) – ¼VkWd½ & ckrphr djuk
Talkative-(adj.) – ¼VkWdsfVo½ & ckrwuh
Tame-(adj.) – ¼VsEk½ & ikyrw] ?kjsyw
Tangle-(n.) – ¼VSSaXky½ & my>u
Tangle-(vt.) – ¼VSSaXky½ & my>kuk
Tangle-(vi.) – ¼VSSaXky½ & my>uk
Tap-(n.) – ¼VSIk½ & uy
Tape-(n.) – ¼VsIk½ & Qhrk
Teach-(vt.) – ¼Vhp½ & i<+kuk
Tear-(n.) – ¼fV;j½ & vk¡lw
Tease-(vt.) – ¼Vht+½ & ijs‛kku djuk] lrkuk
Technique-(n.) – ¼VSdfud½ & dyk
Technology-(n.) – ¼VSdukWyth½ & dyk
foKku
Tedious-(adj.) – ¼VhfM;l½ & Fkdkus okyk
Teem-(vti.) – ¼Vhe½ & iSnk djuk
Temper-(n.) – ¼VSEij½ & LoHkko
398
Temper-(vt.) – ¼VSEij½ & dksey djuk
Tempest-(n.) – ¼VSEisLV½ & vka/kh] gypy
Temple-(n.) – ¼VSEiy½ & eafnj
Temporary-(adj.) – ¼VSEijjh½ & {kf.kd]
vLFkkbZ
Tempt-(vt.) – ¼VSEIV½ & yypkuk
Temptation-(n.) – ¼VSEIVs‛ku½ & ykyp]
izyksHku
Tenant-(n.) – ¼VSusUV½ & fdjk;snkj
Tendency-(n.) – ¼VSUMsUlh½ & izo`fÙk
Tenor-(n.) – ¼VSUkj½ & vfHkizk;
Tension-(n.) – ¼VsU‛ku½ & ruko
Tenure-(n.) – ¼VSU;ksj½ & vof/k
Terminate-(vt.) – ¼VfeZuVs ½ &lekIr djuk
Terminate-(vi.) – ¼VfeZuVs ½ & lekIr gksuk
Terrace-(n.) – ¼VSjsl½ & Nr
Terrible-(adj.) – ¼VSfjcy½ & Hk;kud
Terrify-(vt.) – ¼VSfjQk;½ & Mjkuk
Thank-(n.) – ¼FkSUd½ & /kU;okn
Thank-(vt.) – ¼FkSUd½ & /kU;okn nsuk
Theft-(n.) – ¼FkS¶V½ & pksjh
Theist-(n.) – ¼FkhLV½ & vkfLrd
Theory-(n.) – ¼fFk;jh½ & fl)kar
Thief-(n.) – ¼FkhQ½ &pksj
Thieve-(vti.) – ¼Fkho½ & pksjh djuk
Thigh-(n.) – ¼Fkkb½ & tka?k
Thirst-(n.) – ¼FkLVZ½ & I;kl
Thirsty-(adj.) – ¼FkLVhZ½ &I;klk
Thread-(n.) – ¼FkzsM½ & /kkxk
Thread-(vt.) – ¼FkzM
s ½ & fijksuk
Thunder-(n.) – ¼FkUMj½ & fctyh dh
dM+d] xjt
Thunderstorm-(n.) – ¼FkUMjLVkeZ½ &
fctyh dh dM+d ds lkFk vka/kh
Timid-(adj.) – ¼fVfeM½ & dk;j
Tire-(vt.) – ¼Vk;j½ & Fkdkuk
Tire-(vi.) – ¼Vk;j½ & Fkduk
Tolerate -(vt.) – ¼VkWyjsV½ & lgu djuk
Torture-(n.) – ¼VkWpZj½ & d’V
Torture-(vt.) – ¼VkWpZj½ & d’V nsuk
Touch-(vti.) – ¼Vp½ & Nwuk
Tough-(adj.) – ¼VQ½& dBksj] l[r
Towel-(n.) – ¼VkWoy½ & rkSfy;k
Tradition-(n.) – ¼VªsfM‛ku½ & ijaijk
Traditional-(adj.) – ¼Vªfs M‛uy½ &
ijaijkxr
Training-(n.) – ¼Vªfs uax½ & izf‛k{k.k
Transfer-(n.) – ¼VªkaLQj½ & rcknyk
Transfer-(vt.) – ¼VªkaLQj½ & rcknyk djuk
Transform-(vt.) – ¼VªkaLQkWeZ½ & :Ik
cnyuk
Transport-(vt.) – ¼VªkaliksVZ½ & ,d txg
ls nwljh txg ys tkuk
Trap-(vt.) – ¼VªSi½ & Qalkuk
Travel-(vti.) – ¼VªSoy½ & ;k=k djuk
Traveller-(n.) – ¼VªSoyj½ & ;k=h
Treachery- (n.) – ¼Vªhpjh½ & fo‛okl?kkr
Treaty-(n.) – ¼VªhVh½ & laf/k
Tremble-(vi.) – ¼VªSEcy½ & dk¡iuk
Tribunal-(n.) – ¼fVªC;wuy½ & U;k;ky;
Tribute-(n.) – ¼fVªC;wV½ & migkj
Trifle-(n.) – ¼VªkbQy½ & gYdh ckr] rqPN
Triumph-(n.) – ¼Vªk;EQ½ & thr
Trivial-(adj.) – ¼Vªhfo;y½ & rqPN
Trouble-(n.) – ¼Vªcy½ & ijs‛kkuh
Trouble-(vt.) – ¼Vªcy½ & ijs‛kku djuk
Trust-(vt.) – ¼VªLV½ & fo‛okl djuk
Trustworthy-(adj.) – ¼VªLVonhZ½ & fo‛okl
;ksX;
Turtle-(n.) – ¼VVZy½ & dNqvk
Tweak-(vti.) – ¼V~ohd½ & pqVdh ekjuk
Twin-(n.) – ¼V~fou½ &tqM+ok
Twinkle-(vi.) – ¼V~foUdy½ & peduk]
f÷kyfeykuk
Typhoid-(n.) – ¼VkbQkbM½ & VkbQkbM
chekjh
Typical-(adj.) – ¼fVfidy½ & vkn‛kZ #i
Tyre - (n.) – ¼Vk;j½ & ifg;k
U
Ugly-(adj.) – ¼vXyh½ & Hkn~nk] cnlwjr
Ulcer-(n.) – ¼vYlj½ &QksM+k] ?kko] uklwj
Ultimate-(adj.) – ¼vYVhesV½ & vfUre]
vkf[kjh
Ultimatum-(n.) – ¼vYVhesVe½ & vkf[kjh
ckr
Ultra-(adj.) – ¼vYVªk½ & vR;Ur
Umbrella-(n.) – ¼vEczSyk½ & Nkrk
Unanimous-(adj.) – ¼;wuSfuel½ &,der]
loZlEer
Unarmed-(adj.) – ¼vuvkeZM~½ & fugFFkk
Unaware-(adj.) – ¼vuvosvj½ & cs[kcj]
vlko/kku] vufÒK
Uncertain- (adj.) – ¼vulVsuZ ½ & vfuf‛pr
Uncertainty- (n.) – ¼vulVsuZ ~fV½ &
vfuf‛prrk
Uncle- (n.) – ¼vady½ & pkpk
Unconscious- (adj.) – ¼vudkWU‛kl½ &
csgks‛k
Under- (prep.) – ¼vUMj½ & uhps] v/khu
Undergo- (vt.) – ¼vUMjxks½ & lguk]
Hkksxuk] ÷ksyuk
Undergraduate- (n.) – ¼vUMjxzStq,V½ &
iwoZ Lukrd
Understand-(vti.) – ¼v.MjLVS.M½
&le>uk
Undertake-(vti.) – ¼v.MjVsd½ & iz;Ru
djuk] gkFk esa ysuk] opu nsuk
Undo-(vt.) – ¼vUMw½ & okil djuk] u’V
djuk
Undoing-(n.) – ¼vUMwbx
a ½ & myV iqyV
Uneasy-(adj.) – ¼vubZt+h½ & cSpsu
Uneducated-(adj.) – ¼vu,stqdsfVM½ &
vui<+
Uneven-(adj.) – ¼vubZou½ & vleku]
fo’ke] vlery
Unfair-(adj.) – ¼vuQsvj½ & v;ksX;]
vU;k;iw.kZ
Uniform-(n.) – ¼;wuhQkWeZ½ & onhZ
Uniform-(adj.) – ¼;wuhQkWeZ½ & ,d tSlk
Uniformity-(n.) – ¼;wuhQkWfeZVh ½ &lekurk
Unique-(adj.) – ¼;wuhd½ & vuks[kk] vuqie
Union-(n.) – ¼;wfu;u½ & la?k
Unite-(vti.) – ¼;wukbV½ &la;qDr djuk]
feykuk
United-(adj.) – ¼;wukbV½ & feyk gqvk
Universal-(n.) – ¼;wfuolZy½ & lkoZykSfdd]
fo‛oO;kid
University-(n.) – ¼;wfuoflZVh½
&fo‛ofo|ky;
Unjust-(adj.) – ¼vutLV½ & vuqfpr
Until-(Conj.) – ¼vfUVy½ &tc rd ugha
Unwell-(adj.) – ¼vuosy½ &vLoLFk
Uphold- (vt.) – ¼vigksYM½ & lEHkkyuk]
Fkkeuk] mBkuk
Uplift-(vt.) – ¼vfIy¶V½ & mBkuk] mUufr
Upset- (n.) – ¼vIlsV½ & ijs‛kku] myV
Upset- (vt.) – ¼vIlsV½ & myV nsuk
Upshot- (vt.) – ¼vI‛kkWV½ & ifj.kke
Urge-(vti.) – ¼vtZ½ & ihNs iM+uk] gB djuk
Urgent-(adj.) – ¼vjtSUV½ & vR;ko‛;d
Usher-(vt.) – ¼v‛kj½ & izos‛k djuk
Use-(n.) – ¼;wt+½ & mi;ksx
Use-(vt.) – ¼;wt+½ & iz;ksx djuk
Usual-(Adj.) – ¼;w‛k+qvy ;k ;wt+v
q y½ &
lkekU;] lk/kkj.k
Usually-(adv.) – ¼;w‛k+qvyh ;k ;wt+qvyh½ &
lk/kkj.kr%] lkekU;r%
Utensil-(n.) – ¼;wVsfUly½ & crZu
Uterus-(n.) – ¼;wVsjl½ & xHkkZ‛k;
Utter-(vt.) – ¼vVj½ & cksyuk] mPpkj.k
djuk
Utterance- (n.) – ¼vVjsUl½ & mPpkj.k]
dFku
V
Vacancy-(n.) – ¼osdsUlh½ & [kkyhiu
Vacant-(adj.) – ¼osdsUV½ & [kkyh
Vacate-(vt.) – ¼osdsUV½ & [kkyh djuk
Vacation-(n.) – ¼osds‛ku½ & NqVV~ h
Vaccinate- (vt.) – ¼oSDlhusV½ & Vhdk
yxkuk
Vaccination- (n.) – ¼oSDlhus‛ku½ & Vhdk
yxokuk
Vacuum- (n.) – ¼oSD;we½ & fcuk gok dk
LFkku
Vagabond-(adj.) – ¼oSxkck¡M½ & vkokjk]
?kqeDdM+
Vagrant-(adj.) – ¼oSxjsVa ½ & vkokjk]
?kqeDdM+
Vague- (adj.) – ¼osx½ & /kq¡/kyk
Vail-(n.) – ¼osy½ & ?kw?a kV
399
Vain-(adj.) – ¼osu½ & fujFkZd] O;FkZ
Valid-(adj.) – ¼oSfyM½ &oS|] dkuwuh
Validity-(n.) – ¼oSyhfMVh½ & oS|rk
Valuable- (adj.) – ¼oSY;w,cy½ & cgqewY;]
dherh
Valuation-(n.) – ¼oSyq,‛ku½ & dher
fu/kkfjr djuk
Value-(n.) – ¼oSY;w½ & egRo] ewY;
Vanish-(vi.) – ¼oSfu‛k½ & xk;c gks tkuk
Vapour- (n.) – ¼osij½ & Hkki
Variable-(n.) – ¼osfj,cy½ & ifjorZu‛khy
oLrq
Various-(adj.) – ¼osfj;l½ & dbZ
Vary-(vt.) – ¼oSjh½ & cnyuk
Vegetable- (n.) – ¼osthVscy½ & lCt+h
Vegetarian-(adj.) – ¼osthVsfj;u½ &
‚kkdkgkjh
Valiant- (adj.) – ¼oSfy;UV½ & cgknqj
Vehicle-(n.) – ¼fOgdy½ & okgu
Veil-(n.) – ¼osy½ & ?kw?a kV
Veil-(vt.) – ¼osy½ & ?kw?a kV djuk] fNikuk
Vender- (n.) – ¼osUMj½ & cspus okyk] foØsrk
Vendor- (n.) – ¼osUMj½ & cspus okyk] foØsrk
Venerate-(vt.) – ¼oujsV½ & vknj djuk
Ventilator-(n.) – ¼osfUVysVj½ & ÷kjks[kk
Ventilate-(vt.) – ¼osfUVysV½ & gok djuk
Venture- (n.) – ¼oSUpj½ & tksf[ke] lkgl
Venture- (vti.) – ¼oSUpj½ & tksf[ke mBkuk]
lkgl djuk
Venue- (n.) – ¼oSU;w½ & ?kVuk LFky
Verse-(n.) – ¼olZ½ & in] NUn] dfork
Version- (n.) – ¼otZ+u½ & o.kZu
Vessel- (n.) – ¼oSly½ & crZu] tgkt
Veteran-(adj.) – ¼osVju½ & vuqHkoh
Vibrate-(vti.) – ¼okbczsV½ & dk¡iuk] fgyuk]
FkjFkjkuk
Vibration-(n.) – ¼okbczs‛ku½ & FkjFkjh
Vice-(n.) – ¼okbZl½ & iki] v/keZ] nks’k
Vicious-(Adj.) – ¼fo‛kl½ & nks’kh] ikih
Victim-(n.) – ¼fofDVe½ & ihfM+r
Victor-(n.) – ¼foDVj½ & fot;h
Victory-(n.) – ¼foDVjh½ & fot;
Vigilant-(adj.) – ¼foftysUV½ & lko/kku
Vigorous-(adj.) – ¼foxjl½ & cyoku
Vigour-(n.) – ¼foxj½ & ikS#’k] cy
Village-(n.) – ¼foyst½ & xk¡o
Vindicate-(vt.) – ¼fofUMdsV½ & leFkZu
djuk] cnyk ysuk
Vine- (n.) – ¼okbu½ & vaxwj dh csy
Vinegar-(n.) – ¼fousxj½ & fljdk
Vineyard- (n.) – ¼okbu;kMZ½ & vaxwj dk
ckx
Violate-(vt.) – ¼ok,ysV½ & fgalk djuk]
vifo«k djuk] mYya?ku djuk
Violation-(n.) – ¼ok;ys‛ku½ & fgalk]
mYya?ku
Violence-(n.) – ¼ok;ysUl½ & mRikr]
izpaMrk
Violent-(Adj) – ¼ok;ysUV½ & vR;kpkjh
Virgin-(adj.) – ¼oftZu½ & dqaokjh] ifo«k
Virtue-(n.) – ¼oP;Zq½ & cy] izHkko] /keZ] xq.k
Virtuous-(adj.) – ¼opZqvl½ & /kkfeZd] xq.kh
Virulent-(adj.) – ¼fo#ysUV½ & dM+ok]
t+gjhyk
Vision-(n.) – ¼fo‛k+u ;k fot+u½ & vkHkkl]
n`f’V
Visit-(vt.) – ¼foft+V½ & HksVa djuk
Visitor-(n.) – ¼foft+Vj½ & vkxUrqd
Vital-(adj.) – ¼okbVy½ & vR;ko‛;d]
thfor
Vitality- (n.) – ¼okbVSfyVh½ & izk.k] psruk
Vitalize-(vt.) – ¼okbVykbt+½ & izk.k cpkuk
Vitamin-(n.) – ¼foVfeu½ & Hkkstu rRo
Vivid-(adj.) – ¼fofoM½ & QqrhZyk] papy
Vocabulary- (n.) – ¼odSC;yjh½ &
‚kCnlwph] ‚kCndks’k
Vocal-(n.) – ¼oksdy½ & tqckuh
Void-(n.) – ¼okWbM½ & [kkyh txg
Void-(vt.) – ¼okWbM½ & [kkyh djuk
Void-(vi.) – ¼okWbM½ & [kkyh gksuk
Volume-(n.) – ¼okWY;qe½ & vkokt] fdrkc
Volunteer-(n.) – ¼okWyfUV;j½ & Lo;a lsod
Vomit-(vt.) – ¼okWfeV½ & mYVh djuk
Voyage-(n.) – ¼okW,t½ & ty ;k=k
Vulgar-(adj.) – ¼oYxj½ & vf‛k’V
Vulgarity-(n.) – ¼oYxSfjVh½ & vf‛k’Vrk
Vulnerable-(adj.) – ¼oYusjcs y½ & detksj]
vklkuh ls v/khu dj ysus ;ksX;
Vulture-(n.) – ¼oYpj½ & phy
W
Wage- (n.) – ¼ost
s ½ & osru] etnwjh
Wagon-(n.) – ¼osxu½ & pkj ifg;k xkM+h
Wail-(vt.) – ¼osy½ & foyki djuk
Waist-(n.) – ¼osLV½ & dej
Waive-(vt.) – ¼osLV½ & NksM+uk
Wait– (vt.) – ¼osV½ & izfr{kk djuk
Wake- (vti) – ¼osd½ & tkxuk
Walk-(vi.) – ¼okWd½ & pyuk
Wall-(n.) – ¼okWy½ & nhokj
Wander-(vi.) – ¼okW.Mj½ & HkVduk] ?kweuk
Want-(n.) – ¼okW.V½ & vHkko
War-(n.) – ¼okj½ & ;q)
Ward- (vt.) – ¼okMZ½ & j{kk djuk
Warden- (n.) – ¼okMZu½ & laj{kd
Wardrobe-(n.) – ¼okWMZjksc½ & vyekjh
Warehouse- (n.) – ¼os;jgkml½ & xksnke
Warm-(n.) – ¼okWeZ½ & xje
Warm-(vti.) – ¼okWeZ½ & xje djuk
Warning-(n.) – ¼okWfuZax½ & psrkouh
Warrior-(n.) – ¼okWfj;j½ & ;ks)k
Wash-(vti.) – ¼okW‛k½ & /kksuk
Washer man- (n.) – ¼okW‛kjeSu½ & /kksch
Wastage-(n.) – ¼osLVst½ & csdkj] gkfu
Waste-(n.) – ¼osLV½ & csdkj
Waste-(vt.) – ¼osLV½ & u’V djuk
Wave-(n.) – ¼oso½ & ygj
Weak-(n.) – ¼ohd½ & det+ksj] nqcZy
Weaken-(vt.) – ¼ohdu½ & det+ksj djuk]
nqcZy djuk
Weakness-(n.) – ¼ohdusl½ & det+ksjh
Wealth-(n.) – ¼osYFk½ & /ku
Wealthy-(adj.) – ¼osYnh ;k osYFkh½ & /kuh
Weapon-(n.) – ¼oSiu½ & gfFk;kj
Weather-(n.) – ¼oSnj½ & ekSle
Web-(n.) – ¼osc½ & tkyk
Wed-(vti.) – ¼osfMax½ & fookg djuk
Wedding-(n.) – ¼osfMax½ & fookg
Wedlock- (n.) – ¼osMykWd½ & fookg ca/ku
Week-(n.) – ¼ohd½ & lIrkg
Weekly-(adj.) – ¼ohdyh½ & lkIrkfgd
Weep-(vi.) – ¼ohi½ & jksuk
Weigh-(vti.) – ¼os½ & ekiuk] egRo j[kuk]
rksyuk
Weight-(n.) – ¼osV½ & otu
Welcome-(n.) – ¼oSYde½ & Lokxr
Welcome-(vt.) – ¼oSYde½ & Lokxr djuk
Welfare-(n.) – ¼osYQsvj½ & dY;k.k
Wheat-(n.) – ¼OghV½ & xsgw¡
Wheel- (n.) – ¼Oghy½ & ifg;k
Wheez- (vi.) – ¼Oght+½ & d’V ls rst rst
lk¡l ysuk
When-(adv.) – ¼OgSu½ & dc
Whenever-(adv.) – ¼OgSuoS j½ & tc dHkh
Whisper- (vti.) – ¼fOgLij½ & QqlQqlkuk]
dku esa [kqlj Qqlj djuk
White-(n.) – ¼OgkbV½ & lQsn
Whitewash-(vt.) – ¼OgkbVokW‛k½ & iqrkbZ
djuk
Whole- (adj.) – ¼gksy½ & iwjk
Wholly-(adv.) – ¼gksyh½ & iwjh rjg ls
Wicked-(adj.) – ¼fod~M½ & ikih
Widow- (n.) – ¼foMks½ & fo/kok
Width-(n.) – ¼foM~Fk½ & pkSM+kbZ
Wild-(adj.) – ¼okbYM½ & taxyh
Wilful- (adj.) – ¼foyQqy½ & gBh
Will- (n.) – ¼foy½ & pkgr
Wind-(n.) – ¼foUM½ & gok
Window-(n.) – ¼foUMks½ & f[kM+dh
Wire-(n.) – ¼ok;j½ & rkj
Wireless-(n.) – ¼ok;jysl½ & fcuk rkj dk
Wisdom-(n.) – ¼fot+Me½ & le÷k] cqf)ekuh
Wish-(vt.) – ¼fo‛k½ & bPNk] nqvk djuk
Witch-(vt.) – ¼fop½ & tknw djuk
Withdraw- (vt.) – ¼fon~Mªk½ & okil ysuk
Withhold-(vt.) – ¼fongksYM½ &jksduk
400
Withstand-(vti.) – ¼fonLVSUM½ & lkeuk
djuk
Witness-(n.) – ¼foVusl½ & izek.k] xokg
Woe-(n.) – ¼oks½ & nq[k
Woeful-(adj.) – ¼oksQqy½ & nq[kh
Wolf-(n.) – ¼oqYQ½ & HksfM+;k
Womb-(n.) – ¼owEc½ & xHkkZ‛k;
Wonder-(vt.) – ¼oUMj½ & vk‛p;Z djuk
Wonderful- (n.) – ¼oUMjQqy½ & xtc
Wool-(n.) – ¼owy½ & Åu
Work-(n.) – ¼odZ½ & dk;ZZ
Work-(vi.) – ¼odZ½ & dk;Z djuk
Worry-(n.) – ¼ojh½ &fpUrk
Worship- (n.) – ¼of‛kZi½ & iwtk
Worshipper-(n.) – ¼of‛kZij½ &iwtk djus
okyk
Worst-(adj.) – ¼oLVZ½ & lcls cqjk
Worth-(n.)(adj.) – ¼oFkZ½ & ewY;
Worthwhile-(adj.) – ¼oFkZokby½ & ;ksX;
Worthless-(adj..) – ¼oFkZysl½ & ewY;ghu]
xq.kghu
Wound-(n.) – ¼owUM½ & ?kko
Wrap-(vt.) – ¼jSi½ & yisVuk
Wrath-(adj.) – ¼jSFk½ & Øks/k
Wreath-(n.) – ¼jhFk½ & ekyk] xtjk] gkj
Wrestle-(vt.) – ¼jsLky½ & dq‛rh djuk
Wrestling-(n.) – ¼jslfyax½ & dq‛rh
Wrinkle-(n.) – ¼fjady½ & >qjhZ
X
X-factor-(n.) – ¼,Dl QSDVj½ & fo‛ks’k xq.k
X-rays-(n.) – ¼,Dl jst+½ & ,d izdkj dh
fdj.ksa
Y
Yawn-(vt.) – ¼;kWu½ & v¡xM+kbZ ysuk] tEHkkbZ
ysuk
Yell-(vi.) – ¼;Sy½ & fpYykuk
Yesterday-(n.) – ¼;lVMs½Z & dy ¼chrk
gqvk½
Yield- (vt.) – ¼;hYM½ & iSnk djuk
Yoke-(n.) – ¼;ksd½ & tksM+
Yolk-(n.) – ¼;ksd½ & vaMs dk ihyk Hkkx
Young-(n.) – ¼;ax½ & toku] ;qok
Youngster-(n.) – ¼;axLVj½ & toku] ;qok
Youth-(n.) – ¼;wFk½ & fd‛kksjkoLFkk
Z
Zeal-(n.) – ¼t+hy½ & tks‛k
Zealous-(n.) – ¼t+Syl½ & tks‛khyk
Zenith-(n.) – ¼t+SfuFk½ & lcls Å¡pk f‛k[kj
Zest-(n.) – ¼t+SLV½ & Lokn] #fp
Zigzag- (adv.) – ¼ft+xt+Sx½ & Vs<h+ es<+h
Zodiac-(n.) – ¼t+ksfM;sd½ & jkf‛k
Zone-(n.) – ¼t+ksu½ & e.My
Zoo-(n.) – ¼t+w½ & fpfM+;k?kj
Zoology- (n.) – ¼t+v
w kWyth½ & izk.kh ‚kkL«k