LIBYA ANTIQUA ANNUAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF LIBYA

L IB YA AN T IQUA AN NUAL OF THE DE PARTME NT O F ARCH AE OLOG Y OF LIBYA Editors - in - Chief Dr. Saleh R. Akab Prof. Antonino Di Vita Scientiic Committee Comm. Giuma Anag Dr. Edreis E. Gatanash Dr. Mabrouk Zanati Prof. Nicola Bonacasa Prof. Andrea Laronde Prof. Mario Luni Prof. Savino Di Lernia Prof Serenella Ensoli Prof. David Mattingly Prof. Detlev Kreikenbom Prof. Michael Mackensen Editorial Board Prof. Serenella Ensoli Prof. Ginette Di Vita-Evrard Dr. Mustafa Turjman G R EAT SO CI AL I ST P EOPLE ’S LIB YAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA D EPARTMENT OF ARCHAE OLOG Y L I B YA A N T I Q UA ANNUAL OF TH E DE PA RTME NT OF ARCHAE OLOG Y OF L I B YA N E W S ERIE S · VOLUM E V I N CLU S I VE IS S UE (19 9 8 - 2 0 0 8 ) 2010 P I S A · RO M A FA B R I Z I O S E R R A E D I T O R E MMX Amministrazione e abbonamenti Fabrizio Serra editore ® Casella postale n. 1, succursale n. 8, i 56123 Pisa, tel. +39 050542332, fax +39 050574888, fse@libraweb.net I prezzi uiciali di abbonamento cartaceo e/o Online sono consultabili presso il sito Internet della casa editrice www.libraweb.net. Print and/or Online oicial subscription retes are available at Publisher’s web-site www.libraweb.net. 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Akab, Preface 9 Antonino Di Vita, L’Università di Macerata: dieci anni di studi e restauri archeologici in Tripolitania (1998-2008) 11 Enrica Fiandra, Anna Maria Dolciotti, Missione archeologica congiunta italo-libica. “Tempio Flavio”, Leptis Magna, Libia. Attività 1998-2007 25 Detlev Kreikenbom, Karl-Uwe Mahler, Archaeological Projects of the Johannes GutenbergUniversität Mainz at Lepcis Magna, 2002-2007 37 Luisa Musso (Contributions by: Daniela Baldoni, Barbara Bianchi, Maria Gloria Calì, Barbara Davidde, Ginette Di Vita-Evrard, Massimiliano Munzi, Roberto Petriaggi, Beatrice Pinna Caboni, Gianni Ponti, Ramadan Shebani), Missione archeologica dell’Università Roma Tre, 1998-2007 49 Nicola Bonacasa, Università di Palermo. attività della missione archeologica a Sabratha, Leptis Magna e Cirene 79 Tomasz Mikocki, George Yacoub, Kazimierz Lewartowski (Contributions by: K. Chmie lewski, P. Jaworski, W. Małkowski, K. Misiewicz, M. Muszyńska-Mikocka, M. Rekowska-Ruszkowska, J. Żelazowski) Polish Archaeological research in Ptolemais (Cyrenaica) in years 2001-2007 99 Emanuela Fabbricotti, Lo studio delle sculture, il Museo e la catalogazione delle monete. Missione Università di Chieti 1998-2003 109 Serena Ensoli, Cirene 1998-2008 115 Susan Kane, Report of the 2006 and 2007 Seasons of the Cyrenaica Archaeological Project 147 Oliva Menozzi, Domenico Fossataro, Field Survey, gis and excavations in the territory of Cyrene and at Lamluda. Interim Report of Chieti University 157 Mario Luni, Il Quartiere dell’Agorà - Acropoli di Cirene: scavi e ricerche dell’Università di Urbino (1997-2007) 173 Rudolph Kuper, Heiko Riemer, Archaeological survey at western Jebel Ouenat, SE Libya 189 Khalil Abdel Hadi, Marina Cappellino, Ediicio della Mudiria a El Bordi - Porto Bardia 201 Sebastiano Tusa, Rapporto preliminare della missione italiana per lo studio dell’archeologia costiera e subacquea in Cirenaica (2003-2008) 211 Barbara E. Barich, Elena A. A. Garcea, Carlo Giraudi, Giulio Lucarini, Giuseppina Mutri, The Latest Research in the Jebel Gharbi (Northern Libya): environment and cultures from MSA to LSA and the First Neolithic indings 237 THE LATEST RESEARCH I N THE JEBEL GHARBI (NORTHERN LIBYA): ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURES FROM MSA TO LSA AND THE FIRST NEOLITHIC FINDINGS Ba rbar a E. Barich · Elena A . A . Ga rc e a · Ca rlo G i r au d i Giu lio Lucar i ni · G i u s e ppi na Mutr i Introduction T he Italian-Libyan Archaeological Project was launched in the early 1990s with the aim of investigating the development of human occupation in the region. Particular emphasis was given to the Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene phases in order to study the transition from late hunter-gatherer societies to the earliest food-production experiments. At the beginning of our research, only limited information was available for the region. The main discoveries were the results of Charles McBurney’s work, the co-author (together with R.W. Hey) of the irst geomorphological outline of Wadi Ghan.1 The current multidisciplinary project is based on a collaboration between archaeologists and geomorphologists to reconstruct sedimentary and anthropic sequences and study their relative interrelations. The research has been based on a territorial approach and was carried out along the Ghan and Ain Zargha wadis which are the two main water courses and also the strategic communication routes within the jebel. Fieldwork included surveying, the systematic collection of lithic assemblages and the stratigraphic excavation of test pits at sample sites. Georeferenced satellite images were essential tools for locating newly detected sites, while the application of radiometric dating techniques (C14, U/Th and OSL in particular) provided the irst absolute datings for this area. During recent missions, research also looked at the most recent deposits that developed after the arid phase corresponding to the younger Dryas (after 10,000 bp). These aspects were initially investigated in the Shakshuk area and then in the area next to it, in the Wadi Basi- na and Josh area, which are all located in front of the Jefara plain, continuing west to Nalut. The Wadi Basina sites seem related to pastoral movements between the plain and grazing up on the plateau; both rock art and tumuli in the Nalut area can be attributed to pastoral groups. Despite the importance of this evidence, for the moment they are isolated features and need to be placed within a more precise chrono-cultural context. In fact, the Neolithic context of northern Libya needs to be more accurately deined in order to evaluate its relationships with southern Libya as well, which belonged to the cycle of Saharan cultures. This most recent research phase has also included a sampling programme in the areas that were a source of the raw materials used in MSA and LSA industries, which has prompted many useful considerations on the ways the area was used by prehistoric societies. Some of the results of this programme are presented in Giuseppina Mutri’s section below. Geology and the palaeoenvironment (by Carlo Giraudi) The Jebel Gharbi is the 400 m high escarpment that divides the Tripolitanian Plateau (on which the Sahara desert extends) and the Jefara coastal plain (the south of which is largely desert). The escarpment is cut by numerous valleys that make the area very morphologically complex (Fig. 1). Geologically the Jebel Gharbi is made up of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks that form the northern edge of a monocline, the strata of which gently slope to the south. Stratigraphic studies carried out since 1991 in the Jebel Gharbi area have largely looked at 1 McBurney-Hey 1955. 238 b. e. barich · e. a. a. garcea · c. giraudi · g. lucarini · g. mutri Fig. 1. Map of the Jebel Gharbi. the sediments covering the substratum, which are mainly alluvial, lacustrine, colluvial detrital and aeolian deposits. Interbedded with the sediments are soils or the remains of soils, sometimes rich in organic matter, and calcareous crusts varying in thickness from a few centimetres to over two metres. The chronological framework of the late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments, discussed in this paper, has been obtained dating the organic remains and charcoal by the radiocarbon method. Some well-preserved stratigraphic sequences containing reliable dating elements have been studied with particular attention in order to show the climatic/environmental variations that occurred during the human occupation phases in the Jebel Gharbi.2 These sequences are exposed (Figs. 1-2) in the Wadi Ghan (east of Gharian), Ras el Wadi (near Jado), Shakshuk and Wadi Basina (between Shakshuk and Josh). The available stratigraphic database allows various types of interpretations: in this paper attention will be given to evidence that shows wet or “non arid” phases over the course of the last 50,000 years. The wet phases in the Jebel Gharbi The interpretation of the geological data has provided information on the climatic and environmental variations that afected the Jebel Gharbi area in the past. In an arid environment, such as the jebel today, the most common geological phenomena are aeolian delation and sedimentation, and coarse alluvial sedimentation related to lash loods caused by intense but brief rain storms. In the stratigraphic sequences studied, most of the sediments belonged to these two categories of deposits: this conirms that even in the recent geological past the environment was generally arid. But, the presence in various stratigraphic levels of lacustrine sediments, soils, ine silty alluvium, erosion surfaces caused by running water, and the absence of aeolian sedimentation and delation, conirm that during short periods there was heavier rainfall which was more regularly and seasonally distributed. The organic-rich soils and the lacustrine sediments were formed during very wet 2 Giraudi 2005; Garcea-Giraudi 2005; Barich-Garcea-Giraudi 2006. environment and cultures from msa to lsa and the first neolithic findings 239 periods. Some of the data reported in the present paper have already been published;3 others are discussed for the irst time. The sedimentary record of environmental variations is not continuous: it is therefore possible that the geological traces of some environmental events which occurred during the period under study were not conserved. It is therefore probable that future research will identify other wet periods when the area had diferent environmental characteristics to those of today. Having applied the methodology described in the last section, ive wet phases were identiied in the sediments from the Jebel Gharbi and surrounding areas. For the dating of these events, it should be noted that the sediments’ Fig. 2. Wet phases in the Jebel Gharbi from the Upper Pleistocene to the Middle Holocene chronological framework sometimes allows (after Giraudi 2009). the length of the phase to be evaluated, while at other times it only provides data on the episodes that occurred during a wet phase. Bewet phase, there were environmental varialow the series of wet phases that occurred durtions that inluenced the transport of sediing approximately the last 50,000 years are prements. sented, starting with the most recent (Fig. 2). 2nd Wet Phase 1st Wet Phase (Middle Holocene) (Late Upper Pleistocene) The Middle Holocene wet phase is recorded in The wet phase datable to the Late Upper Pleisthe organic soils which alternate with alluvial tocene is recorded in the stratigraphy of the and aeolian deposits, found near Shakshuk Wadi Ghan and west Shakshuk sediments. (eastern area: Ain Soda; western area: Wadi Among the terraced deposits at Wadi Ghan, Sel) and the banks of the Wadi Basina. which are almost always formed by sandy The development of organic-rich soils imgravel with cobbles and boulders, an alluvial plies regular rainfall, the absence or scarcity of terrace has been identiied made up of mainly erosive or depositional processes, limited aeosilty and sandy sediments with a level rich of lian transport and delation phenomena. This organic matter dated to 11,110±40 14C BP suggests that the environment was geomor(13,180-12,910 2-sigma cal BP). The ine grain phologically stable and this can be attributed size of the sediments implies low sediment to almost continuous vegetation cover. In the transport due to widespread vegetation cover east area of Shakshuk, the dating of the botand regular rainfall. In the Shakshuk area, tom (7290±60 14C BP; 8190-7970 2-sigma cal there are many root remains (which are absent BP) and top (5400±40 14C BP; 6320-6200 2-sigin other stratigraphic levels) which even penema cal BP) of the soil allows the length of the trate the sediments containing Aterian artewet period to be estimated as about 2000 years. facts. Some roots, clear evidence for vegetaThe dates of the soils from west Shakshuk tion, have been dated to 11,690±40 14C BP (6120±100 14C BP; 7260-6730 2-sigma cal BP) (13,850-13,460 2-sigma cal BP) and 11,570±40 14C and Wadi Basina (oldest soil: 7030±50 14C BP; BP (13,820-13,410 2-sigma cal BP). 7950-7740 2-sigma cal BP; most recent soil: 6370±40 14C BP; 7410-7240 2-sigma cal BP) fall 3rd Wet Phase (Last Glacial Maximum) in the wet interval indicated by the east ShakThe third wet phase is recorded by a soil deshuk soils. However, the organic soils that alveloped over ine aeolian sediments4 on a ternate with alluvial sediments at Wadi Basina slope of Ras el Wadi, near Jado. A thin calcareshow that, even during the Middle Holocene 3 Giraudi 2005. 4 Giraudi 2005. 240 b. e. barich · e. a. a. garcea · c. giraudi · g. lucarini · g. mutri ous crust of the soil was dated (18,020±190 14C the aeolian sands on which the soil developed BP; 21,610-20,090 2-sigma cal BP).The develop(49,200 ± 3500: date from J.L. Schwenninger ment of a soil on the slope shows a phase of 2007) largely conirms the chronological outgeomorphological stability due to widespread line of the wet phase. vegetation cover. A further indication of a wet period during part of the Last Glacial MaxiIn the intervals between the various phases of mum comes from the dating (18,760±50 14C greater wetness, the climate must have been BP; 22,740-21,820 2-sigma cal BP) of a lacusconsiderably more arid. As indicated in the trine sediment found at Wadi Basina. The labibliography,5 during part of MIS2 and MIS4 custrine sediment could indicate a very wet the aridity must have been particularly severe period, although it is probable that the posito the point that the aeolian sands of the Sative hydrologic balance was produced by a hara extended to the head of the Jebel Gharbi lower evaporation rate due to the lowering of valleys. the average temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum. MSA: The Aterian in the Jebel Gharbi and the Libyan Sahara th (by Elena A. A. Garcea) 4 Wet Phase (early phases of the Last Glacial Maximum) The Middle Stone Age (MSA) is represented by diferent cultural aspects. At least three horiThe fourth wet phase is recorded in the sedizons could be identiied. In chronological orments at Ras el Wadi, at east Shakshuk and at der, they include Early MSA, Aterian and Late Wadi Basina. At Ras el Wadi, the calcareous Aterian. The Early MSA is not well preserved, crust from a soil in the head of the valley has but it could be clearly associated within a given a date of 27,310±320 14C BP. The developstratigraphic sequence described for the Ras el ment of soil on the slopes indicates a stable geWadi Area.6 omorphological phase due to widespread vegThe Aterian occupations followed the Early etation cover. In the area east of Shakshuk, ine MSA one, probably after an interruption in the alluvial sediments were found, which contain occupation due to a dry episode. They are repine charcoals. The charcoal has given a date of resented by several assemblages scattered 24,620±400 14C BP. At Shakshuk there is also throughout the region. Many of them are evidence for geomorphological stability and a mixed with later, Upper Later Stone Age low sediment transport rate linked to the pres(Iberomaurusian) materials, but some are isoence of vegetation. In the Wadi Basina area, lated and ofer a reliable context for the Aterthe wet phase can be seen in the lacustrine sedian industries. From a geostratigraphic point iments dated to 26,330±80 14C BP. As for the of view, Aterian lithic artefacts are included in third wet phase, the lacustrine sediment could colluvial silts with interbedded calcareous indicate a period of heavy humidity, although crusts that surmount a deposit of sterile sands it is likely that the positive hydrologic balance laying on top of the aeolian sands with Early was due to a lower evaporation rate caused by MSA artefacts. the lowering of the average temperature durAnother type of assemblage that appeared ing the glacial period. to be markedly diferent from the typical Aterian could be also recognised. It difered from 5th Wet Phase (intermediate phase the Aterian in the technology, types of raw maof the Upper Pleistocene) terials and dimensions (cf. Site SJ-00-57, deThe ifth wet phase was only identiied in the scribed below). From a cultural point of view, western part of Shakshuk and recorded as a it is particularly important as it indicates that very dark organic soil which is associated with the typical Aterian assemblages was followed Aterian artefacts. by other similar ones that maintained a few The age of the soil (44,600±2430 14C BP) general traditions and introduced some techseems fairly approximate given that it is at the nological, typological and functional innovalimit of the 14C range, but the OSL dating of tions. 5 Giraudi 2005. 6 Giraudi 2005; Barich-Garcea-Giraudi 2006. environment and cultures from msa to lsa and the first neolithic findings 241 Fig. 3. View of the wadi Ain Zargha. Surface collections were made in some locations that provided a reliable, unitary context. SJ-98-28 This site is located near the wadi Ain Zargha, not far from Ras el Wadi. A systematic collection of the Aterian artefacts was carried out over an area of 10 × 15 m. The area was divided into three sectors in order to analyse the horizontal distribution of the archaeological material within the site. The frequency of the artefacts is extremely high, accounting for more than 10 pieces per square metre, which is not a common evidence at other recorded sites. The Aterian aggregate appeared to comprise a wide variety of raw materials, including diferent types of chert (grey, banded grey, brown, pink, yellow and range), quartzite and rarely limestone. Tool kits indicate typical features, that do not seem to be present at sites at the bottom of the jebel, such as those in the Shakshuk area. Tanged tools are common, but are not inely retouched on the limbs. They mostly include denticulates, non-formal tools and unretouched lakes. Sidescrapers and endscrapers are present, but rare. SJ-00-55 This site is very close to the village of Shakshuk. Construction works for the building of a house brought to light a sequence of alternating levels of ashes and sands containing Aterian artefacts. All lithic artefacts visible in the artiicial cut made by the bulldozer were collected. SJ-00-56 Extension 2 A test excavation was conducted near the main excavation at Site SJ-00-56. It yielded a 2-metre tick deposit with a layer of ashes at 160 cm below the surface. Above this layer, about 150 cm below the surface, there were a Levallois lake and a cortical lake with steep retouches that could be attributed to the Aterian. SJ-00-57, Mahatta Frid A unitary archaeological context was found about 70 m south from the water pump called ‘Mahatta Frid’. A surface collection was made over an area of 30 × 10 m. The lithic assemblage lies on top of a calcareous crust. They appear 242 b. e. barich · e. a. a. garcea · c. giraudi · g. lucarini · g. mutri Fig. 4. View of the wadi Ghan. to be technologically diferent from the typical Aterian ones and they show smaller tangs. In some cases, instead of a proximal tang there is a distal bec elaborated in the shape of a tang. It seems likely that the shape of these implements was obtained regardless of the orientation of blanks. The large majority of raw material was chert. Quartzite was rarely used, unlike in other Aterian assemblages. SJ-0058, Ain Shakshuk A cemented whitish aeolian sediment including Aterian artefacts was identiied about 14 m north-west from Site SJ-00-56, in Shakshuk West, where an Iberomaurusian deposit was located and excavated. A surface collection of the Aterian assemblage was made over an area of 12 × 4 m. The deposit was cut through by a gully that brought to light the Aterian artefacts. The same pedological deposit with Aterian artefacts appeared abut 38 m south-west from the Iberomaurusian site. Another surface collection was made over an area of 7 × 8 m. The Aterian artefacts were included inside the whitish sediment that presently lies on the bedrock. SJ-02-68 This site is located in the area of Shakshuk, east of the main Iberomaurusian excavations at SJ-00-56, east of the main Iberomaurusian site (SJ-00-56). It is situated on the left bank of the wadi Sel, about 4-5 metres from the present bottom of the wadi. A test excavation was conducted and three other main archaeological levels could be identiied below the Iberomaurusian one. From the top to the bottom, there was an aeolian level containing Later Stone Age artefacts, They covered a level with a Levallois lake that could be attributed to the Aterian unit. The lowermost archaeological level was formed by aeolian sands and included a typical Aterian industry. SG-99-41 This site is located on the left bank of the wadi Ghan valley. In addition to an Iberomaurusian deposit, a small remnant representing a forma- environment and cultures from msa to lsa and the first neolithic findings 243 tion with Aterian artefacts could be detected at the north side of the jebel, formed by alluvial the bottom of the Iberomaurusian sequence. deposits transported by the erosion of the A surface collection was made over an area of jebel’s internal valleys. 15 × 4 m. Shakshuk LSA occupation of the Jebel The Shakshuk area, on the southern edge of (by Barbara E. Barich) the Jefara plain, contains a great number of The most recent research has placed more emsites. There are various springs here – the phasis on those areas that have allowed a largest of which is the Ain Shakshuk – located broader diachronic and more detailed reconfrom the Wadi Sel in the west through to Ain struction because of the number of occupaSoda in the east. The formation of these tion sites. springs can be attributed to the intense tectonic activity during the Upper Pleistocene which Ras El Wadi caused earthquakes and opened faults and This name is given to the springs of Wadi Ain new water sources. Fifteen dates have been obZargha in the Jado area. The area is made up tained from the Shakshuk area, four of which of luvial and aeolian sediments, several meform a cluster around 11,000, in conventional tres thick, which cover the substratum rocks bp dates (calibrated between 12,900 and 13,850 on the two sides of the river bed and immediBP) with an apex at 16,750±60 (Beta-157689) ately above it, at an altitude of roughly 650 m (Tab. 1). asl. There are some open-air sites, the remains This latter date is from site SJ-00-56 where of LSA (Iberomaurusian) hunter-gatherer the microlithic blade industry makes its irst apcamps which are recognizable from the plentipearance in the area. This is the debut of LSA ful lithic industries. In these assemblages a protechnology, characterized by the reduction and gressive techno-typological transformation versatility of tools, which indicate new ways of can be seen, which has given rise to the hyexploiting the environment. From a strictly typothesis that locally there was a change in pological point of view, none of the classic hunting activities in favour of gathering and Iberomaurusian tools has been found at this processing plants.7 complex, while the Ouchtata retouch shows However, this continuity has been observed that it belongs to an older Iberomaurusian, particularly in the sites located at the foothills which agrees with its early dating. Other conbetween the jebel and the Jefara plain (landtexts in the Shakshuk area, such as site SJ-00-55 scape unit 2).8 This area is a belt of terraces on east and not far away, SJ-99-31, can instead be Area Ain Soda Shakshuk East Shakshuk West Shakshuk East Shakshuk East Shakshuk Shakshuk East Shakshuk West Shakshuk Shakshuk West Shakshuk Shakshuk West Shakshuk Wadi Sel Site Conventio nal bp SJ-02-67 SJ-00-58 SJ-00-55 East SJ-00-55 West (Test1) SJ-00-55 East SJ-00-55 East SJ-00-56 Ain Soda area SJ-00-55 West (Test2) SJ-00-56 Extension 2 SJ-00-55 West (Test2) SJ-00-56 Extension 2 (base) SJ-00-55 West (Test2) Geological section SJ-02-68 Method Material Sample 5400±40 6120±100 11,360±55 11,620±70 11,570±40 11,690±40 16,750±60 24,620±400 24,740±140 25,410±150 25,500±400 27,800±430 30,870±200 43,530±2,110 AMS Standard C14 Standard C14 AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS Charcoal Organic sediment Charcoal Charcoal Carbonized material Carbonized material Carbonized material Charcoal Carbonized material Organic sediment Carbonized material Charcoal Organic sediment Carbonized material Beta-167092 Beta-154570 Poz-215 Beta-167096 Beta-185498 Beta-185499 Beta-157689 Beta-167094 Beta-157687 Beta-185497 Beta-167099 GdA-196 (KIA-17720) Beta-157688 Beta-167098 44,600±2,430 AMS Organic sediment Beta-167097 Tab. 1. Jebel Gharbi (Libya). Absolute chronology for the Shakshuk area. 7 Barich-Conati Barbaro 2003. 8 Giraudi 2005. 244 b. e. barich · e. a. a. garcea · c. giraudi · g. lucarini · g. mutri linked to the twelfth millennium bp period of greater occupation mentioned above. Josh – Auenat El Dagher The whole situation can be compared to Site 75 is also located near to a water source the Pigeon Cave in Taforalt, Morocco which and has yielded the most impressive stratigrahas been studied as part of a new British-Mophy yet seen in the jebel. Here the dates range roccan research project. Site 56 parallels between 8000 and 5000 (in conventional bp Taforalt’s yellow series (YS) and there is a dates) and the artifacts reveal the wide range of strong correspondence both in the chronolobacked armatures, which were associated with gy (Taforalt: 17,085±65, OxA-13518) as well as bifacial projectile points in the upper part of in the tools. The type of occupation seems to the sequence. Research is still underway on have been “punctuated” in this period.9 The this rich deposit and palynological and arauthors believe that the cave at Taforalt was chaeobotanical study will be undertaken on not continuously occupied but was only used the sediments. as a rest stop by hunter-gatherers in a fairly wide circuit that covered various parts of the El Batn – Bedr District coastal area, as indicated by the non-local raw One of the most important sites yet found in materials found. this area is site SJ-03-83. El Batn is still in the Shakshuk’s Site 56, situated on the banks of Jefara, only 12 km east of Josh. It is a large area Wadi Sel and a few metres away from the Ain which has the appearance of a strip of land Shakshuk, can also be interpreted as a location elevated above the plain between the two where hunters produced lithic tools for immecourses of the Wadi Serwis and near to three diate use in butchering wild animals on the springs, one of which is found at the northern spot, as Marshall and Alhaïque’s analysis has end of the area and two near the south-eastern shown. This study has demonstrated the imend. portance of the site: the remains of hunted anContinuity of occupation is even more eviimals have provided concrete evidence for dent here given the exploitation of the site by hunting practices, territorial awareness and gatherers from 12,490 in conventional bp dates the relationship between animals and a human (Gd-11988). The most signiicant occupation group roughly 17,000 years ago.10 The other phase – shown by the greatest number of above-mentioned sites in the Shakshuk area hearths – dates instead to the Holocene (SJ-00-55 east, SJ-99-31) are instead a form of (around 5000 bp) when the area was probably more “settled” occupation in the area (similar visited by pastoral groups. A certain number of to what seems to have happened in the upper historic dates indicate that this same area conlevels at Taforalt (the grey series, GS: 10,990± tinued to act as a rest stop in the irst centuries 45, OxA-13517). The lithic complexes found in of the present era and still continues to have the these camps included better deined types that same function today, for the herders who pass can be placed within the Iberomaurusian tyby to go to the coast. pology (Fig. 5). The study of the raw materials used has shown that only local materials were The El Batn area and the peopling used; which proves that these hunter-gatherers of the Jefara during the Holocene had chosen a closed artefact production and (by Giulio Lucarini) circulation system, even developing a discrete stylistic individuality compared to the groups The site SJ-03-83 in the El Batn area, Bedr dissettled in the Jebel Akhdar of Cyrenaica.11 trict, is about 12 km west of the El Josh settleThere is an interruption in the sequence of ment (Fig. 1). It has become one of the main dates from Shakshuk after 11,000 bp and before focuses of our research given the huge amount they begin again in the Middle Holocene. The of archaeological evidence found there, in paroldest date yet known for the Holocene – 8210 ticular surface hearths and rich lithic assem±110 (GdA-1501) – comes from the adjacent blages, the remains of ancient and recurring area of Josh at site SJ-03-75. temporary camps. 9 Barton-Bouzouggar-Bronk-Ramsey 2007; Bouzouggar-Barton-Blockey 2008. 10 Alhaique-Marshall 2009. 11 Barca-Mutri 2009; Mutri 2009. environment and cultures from msa to lsa and the first neolithic findings 245 Fig. 5. Later Stone Age/Iberomaurusian lithic tools from Site SJ-00-56. 1-2-4-6-8: Bladelets with Ouchtata retouch; 3: backed bladelets; 7: bladelet with continuous reversed retouch; 9: bladelet (drawings by C. Rozera). The area today is a wide tongue of land rising above the two courses of the Wadi Serwis, an ephemeral water course that runs from the jebel escarpment. There are three springs nearby, one of which is near the northern end of the area and two on its south-eastern edges. The settlement lies directly on highly cemented lacustrine silt formations from a pre-Aterian period, recorded in the deep and visible mud-crack polygons, and these can also be seen in the Wadi Basina.12 Water is abundantly provided by the two Wadi Serwis courses and the three perennial springs that form the natural borders of the site on its northern and southern edges, and this must have made the area particularly attractive from the end of the Pleistocene. This seems clear given the huge number of surface hearths, artefact concentra- 12 Giraudi, personal communication. 246 b. e. barich · e. a. a. garcea · c. giraudi · g. lucarini · g. mutri Fig. 6. Lithic tools from Site SJ-03-83. Area 3 (1: sidescraper; 2: backed element; 3-4: lunates; 5-6: bifacial tanged arrowheads) (drawings by M. Pennacchioni). environment and cultures from msa to lsa and the first neolithic findings 247 tions, ostrich eggshell fragments, grinding not include the hearths larger than 6m2 which stones and ceramic fragments. were all highly delated structures where the The area is currently a large delation surill deposit had been removed and the stones face, characterised by discontinuous surface were found scattered in a much larger area aeolian deposits on top of silty sediments. The than they would originally have been. The strong aeolian delation that afected the area small types (<1-2m2) are the most common, has caused a compaction phenomenon of the giving a clear indication of the extremely temoriginal strata and the sediment that separated porary and mobile nature of the camps that the various layers in the past has broken down. were set up at the site. Therefore in some particularly exposed areas Analysis of the position of the hearth strucof the site, they are now all on a single level. tures, cross-referenced with that of the dates obtained from some of them, has given precise Topographic research indications that the same micro-areas were exploited and occupied over various millennia. Systematic topographic survey of the entire The only area with two dates that refer to the area was carried out using diferential GPS, same phase is the south-east edge of the site covering an overall area of 135 hectares.13 which was one of the most heavily exploited The survey identiied more than 200 steinareas and which has provided one of the most platz hearths, 11 hearth stone scatters (probably signiicant lithic assemblages; it is consistent ancient hearths now completely disintegrated) with the dates obtained from the sixth millenand 16 large areas containing concentrations of nium bp. archaeological artefacts, which were almost entirely made up of lithic assemblages, with Archaeological research and artefact analysis some concentrations of ostrich eggshell fragments. Within the hearth deposits, some of which From the analysis of the inds’ distribution had rich ash and charcoal sediments, various and their spatial density various micro-areas artefacts were found even if, generally, concencould be identiied where there was particulartrations of a large number of stone elements, ly high density and where hearths and artefact grindstones and ostrich eggshell fragments concentrations were grouped. These micro-arwere found only close to some of them. The eas are almost always located between the two El Batn lithic assemblages have been analysed courses of the Wadi Serwis, spreading along according to the typological classiications the south-north axis that runs parallel to the proposed by Tixier and Close.15 larger course. The hearths often have burnt On the basis of the 14C datings obtained, stones and are on the surface, according to four diferent occupation horizons were idenGabriel’s deinition of steinplatz,14 usually with tiied in the area that range from around 12,500 a circular or oval layout. The structure was bp to 1100 bp. The oldest, in the Late Pleisslightly hollowed out, the base shows clear tocene, is associated with a single date, 12,490 signs of rubiication and the ill contains stones ± 70 bp, obtained from a sample of ostrich with signs of burning and rich deposits of ash eggshell from a central area in the site (Area 1). and charcoal. The hearths go from less than The same area also had four hearths, a rich 1m2 to about 6m2, with a diameter that varies concentration of stone tools and grinding between 40-260 cm. From an analysis of the distones which indicate a probable exploitation mensions, three size classes can be identiied, of the area in a later period too. Among the the irst less than 2m2, the second between 2stone tools, microlithic single-platform cores, 4m2 and the third between 4-6m2 – this does pointed backed bladelets, a bifacial tanged 13 The reconstruction of the ancient landscape was carried out through altimetric analysis of RTK (Real Time Kinematik) surveys and the creation of a digital terrain model (DTM). In a later phase of work, all the archaeological evidence identiied in the ield was georeferenced in a single reference system with GPS; in particular, the hearths, the scatters of hearth stones, concentrations of archaeological artefacts and scattered inds were mapped. The hearth structures were recorded on the surface and during excava- tion using aerial photography. The aerial photographs were then georeferenced within the general plan of the site. All the data gathered were processed and entered into the GIS platform. The DGPS survey was carried out by C. Isola (University of Siena); the technical GIS processings were carried out by U. Fabiani (“Sapienza” University of Rome). 14 Gabriel 1972. 15 Close 1980, 1989; Tixier 1963. 248 b. e. barich · e. a. a. garcea · c. giraudi · g. lucarini · g. mutri arrowhead and a very large number of backed stead the other three dates (1460 ± 45 bp, 1235 bladelets with truncation at one or both ends ± 85 bp and 1150 ± 60 bp), if calibrated, can all show a high standard of manufacture; the area be placed in the irst millennium AD. can be considered as a workshop for preparing Structures of this importance provide preprojectile tools for hunting. cise indications that, even during historic periA second group of dates relates to the sixth ods and with great aridity, the El Batn area was millennium bp, a phase to which most of the repeatedly travelled and exploited within the archaeological evidence belongs. This includes transhumant pastoral movements that crossed both a small hearth in the central-northern the jebel slopes and the Nalut area towards the area of site without associated inds (dated coast in search of grazing. It should be noted 5765 ± 80 bp), as well as other two hearths that the jebel escarpment shows a sort of found near to the south-east edge of the site “opening” exactly where the site is, which must (Area 3: dated respectively 5030 ± 90 bp and have been one of the easier routes between the 5960 ± 490 bp). Near one of the latter hearths, plateau and the plain. After 12,500 years the which is a large one (with a dispersal area of area continues to play that role today. Interthe surface stones covering 215 × 180 cm and a views with some shepherds clearly revealed base of c. 130 cm in diameter), a rich lithic asthat El Batn is still a preferred transit and grazsemblage was found with technological traits ing area along the route from the centre of Navery similar to the Neolithic of Capsian Tradilut and the jebel slopes towards the coast. tion (Fig. 6). Among the armatures for hunting tools, two arrowheads were found: the irst Examining the use of raw materials – triangular with wings and covering bifacial through geochemical retouch – can be directly compared to an Alcharacterization (by Giuseppina Mutri) gerian example from the Jebel Marshel, deThe continuous occupation of numerous sites ined by Vaufrey as Capsian Neolithic.16 The during the last millennia of the Pleistocene in second, was broken at its distal end and also the Jebel Gharbi can also be related to the distrihad a covering bifacial retouch even on its long bution of sources of stone. The presence of watang. Among the scraping tools were scrapers, ter and good quality stone resources are consisincluding a type with an obverse bilateral semitent characteristics of other North African steep retouch. These artefacts can be comareas that were inhabited during the Late Pleispared with the lithic assemblage from the tocene. So it can be presumed that, given the more northern site of Silin 18, on the Tripolidiicult climatic conditions, it was necessary tanian coast not far from Leptis Magna. In fact, for human groups to limit their movements a part of the Silin complex shows traits that and privilege particularly favourable ecological strongly recall the elements of the Neolithic of niches. This would suggest an economic sysCapsian Tradition.17 Many ostrich eggshell tem of reduced mobility during the last millenfragments and some ceramic fragments were nia of the Pleistocene.18 Even in the Haua Fteah also found. These, of which only few are diagcave in Cyrenaica, abundant stone resources nostic, have been found scattered around the have been found nearby.19 entire site area. Most fragments had a coarse Often the identiication of stone tool provefabric, 8-mm thick, with light coloured minernance is possible by comparing their geochemal inclusions. ical characteristics with those of possible The last two date groups both refer to hissources of the raw material. This has led toric occupation. In particular, the oldest of many scholars20 to suggest various analytical the four most recent dates, 2720 ± 230 bp, methodologies for characterizing and chemicomes from a small non-structured hearth, cally distinguishing possible sources of raw probably the remains of a temporary rest stop. materials. Various analytical methods, both The calibrated date is c. 1500 BC when the area destructive (XRD, XRF, ICP-MS) and non-dewas one of the obligatory rest stops for passtructive (PIXE, INAA, SEM-EDX), have been toral groups who moved to the jebel slopes. In16 Vaufrey 1955. 17 Munzi-Felici-Cifani-Cirelli-Gaudioso-Lucarini-Matug 2004. 18 Mutri 2009. 19 Barker-Hunt-Reynolds 2007. 20 Bressy 2003. environment and cultures from msa to lsa and the first neolithic findings 249 applied in the archaeometric studies.21 The sethe choice of locations as settlements by hulection of an analytical methodology is afectman groups during the inal millennia of the ed by various factors including its ability to Pleistocene. The lint outcrops were in subidentify particularly discriminating elements horizontal levels and can be found throughout and the possibility of using small quantities of the Jebel Gharbi, in particular in the Wadi Basimaterial. Inductively coupled plasma mass na, at Ras al Wadi and in the Wadi Ghan area. spectrometry (ICP-MS) seems to be particularIn some areas of the jebel, such as near ly efective for studying provenance since it reYefren, the outcrops are less visible. Neverthesponds to both of these requirements. This anless it is possible to ind quarzarenite and lint alytical method ofers a series of clear beneits samples within the alluvial deposits downhill. for multi-elemental analysis of trace and ultraQuarzarenite seems to be a raw material often trace elements, in fact, it allows the chemical used in Aterian and LSA (Iberomaurusian) composition of unknown compounds to be lithic industries. It has been possible to distindetermined even when only small quantities guish between outcrops on the heights (from are available. The particular characteristic of 640 m asl – most of them), and those on the ICP-MS is that it is possible to analyse accuplain (up to 300 m asl – only 8 of them). rately and precisely most of the periodic table elements, with minimal destruction of the By comparing the geochemical characteristics sample, reaching detection limits of between of the lint artefacts with those from possible ppt and ppm (parts per trillion and parts per sources of the raw material, it has been posmillion). Its versatility allows the study of varsible to identify provenance. The ICP-MS ious types of material and can be used in nuanalytical technique has proved to be suitable merous disciplines and applied ields. Such anfor distinguishing between the lint outcrops alytical techniques have been successfully in the Jebel Gharbi area, allowing provenance applied to geochemical characterization and to be attributed to all the examined inds. provenance identiication of some lint arteFrom the petrographic and physical/chemical facts found in the Jebel Gharbi. analyses it seems clear that the analysed arThe study of the raw stone materials was chaeological artefacts are all related to the based on the analysis of both geological and main group of geological lints (including the archaeological samples. Preliminary analyses Wadi Basina, Ras el Wadi and Wadi Ghan). At focused exclusively on lint samples from the analysed archaeological sites there are no geological outcrops, in order to ind potential artefacts from lint outcrops from Nalut, El compositional diferences between samples Aziziya and Yefren. If the absence of artefacts gathered from diferent areas, and then the dathat can be clearly linked to the Nalut outta from the analysis of the geological lint samcrops can be partially explained by the limited ples were compared to the results of the analygeochemical diferences of this lint compared ses carried out on the archaeological samples. to those of the main group of geological In total, 93 geological lint samples were taklints, this reasoning does not apply to the El en from 49 outcrops in the areas indicated Aziziya and Yefren areas. above and 11 archaeological lint samples were In this case we must take into considerataken from 6 LSA sites. tions other factors, mainly the poor quality of In the Jebel Gharbi the lint belongs to the the local lint. Nalut Formation, a geological formation of the Upper Cretaceous period.22 Raw materials Occupation phases during are ixed resources that are not tied to seasonal the LSA and changes in occupation changes. Accessibility may have been blocked models (by Barbara E. Barich) by vegetation and other natural elements. The aridity of the Late Pleistocene suggests that The period between 16,750 and 11,100 bp must the lint was easily accessible; consequently its have been a relatively long phase that was presence became a very important factor in favourable to human settlement and activity 21 Cann-Renfrew 1964; Acquafredda-AndrianiLorenzoni-Zanettin 1999; Carter-Poupeau-BressyPearce 2006; Barca-De Francesco-Crisci 2007; Bar- ca-De Francesco-Crisci-Tozzi 2008; De FrancescoBocci-Crisci 2008. 22 Mrazek-Svoboda 1986. 250 b. e. barich · e. a. a. garcea · c. giraudi · g. lucarini · g. mutri development, given the large number of dates The site, as has been said, has particularly from that period. Four of these come from abundant water resources and began to be freShakshuk (calibrated dates are around 13,800 quented by gatherer groups with clearly LSA and 12,500 BP, which is one of the less arid microlithic technology and ostrich eggshell phases among those identiied by Giraudi).23 manufacturing. Later there was another periThe groups that lived in the region at that time od of intense use of the site in the sixth millenwere still hunters with a deinite LSA technolnium bp; although microlithic tools continued ogy of the Iberomaurusian type and, later, to be used, grinding stones began to become Capsian. In the advanced phase, in addition to common at that time, and bifacial armatures microlithic backed armatures, macrolithic and the irst ceramics appear. The general feadenticulate tools for plant processing and real tures of the ceramics and the industry, and the geometric tools also appeared. dates (between 6000-5000) correspond to those This use of plants, generally undervalued in of the so-called “Neolithic of Capsian Tradithe studies related to hunter-gatherer societies, tion”.25 At the moment no faunal evidence has is backed up by the Haua evidence. New excabeen found at this site, nor in other Holocene vations in the “Libyco-Capsian” levels have contexts in the Jebel Gharbi. However, we found a Hordeum vulgare seed and other plant know that the corresponding levels at Haua remains (peas, beans, vetch).24 Gathering was Fteah (in the McBurney excavations) provided carried out at Josh until 8200 bp (GdA-1501). Todeinite evidence for sheep/goats, although day the revision of the Typical Capsian and the the presence of cattle is still uncertain.26 Upper Capsian (from the traditional deinition) Within the general model proposed for allows the Capsian to be seen as a Holocene decomplex hunter-gatherers, domestication velopment of the Iberomaurusian. It was charseems to be at the far end of a range of manacterized by the use of scrapers and denticuagement practices for both plant and animal lates, burins, notched elements, as well as wild species. There was a generalized exploitagrinding stones, various polished bone tools, tion of the environment and later a return to ostrich eggshell and shell pendants. It seems specialized activity. This is a pertinent model clear that these changes in the basic Iberomauto be applied to the Saharan societies. It aprusian structure must be seen in the context of pears that animal raising practices had precethe normal dynamics of change among groups dents in the management of wild goats (Amthat are closely tied to the territory. It is likely motragus lervia) which, later, were used on that this transformation process also had the domesticable prototypes. The same happened contribution of external groups of Mediterfor plants, where intensive gathering and the ranean immigrants who became progressively horticulture of spontaneous African grasses, integrated within a population that was origimillet and sorghum, was a preliminary step tonally African (this has also appeared in the wards the cultivation of Mediterranean study of Maghreb cemeteries). grains.27 Something similar could have hapIn the Jebel Gharbi the irst evidence for ocpened in the coastal and sub-coastal areas too. cupation in the Holocene appears around 7500 In any case, the northern process must have (8500 cal. BP). From then on the groups more gone forward autonomous of the Saharan decidedly chose the plain (even if it cannot be sphere, as is shown by the distinct character of ruled out that the jebel’s interior continued to the material culture and, moreover, the phebe used for hunting and transhumance). In any nomenon’s much more recent chronology in case, the principal rest stops dated to the the Mid/Late Holocene. Holocene are found on the plain. Among The persistence of relatively wet conditions these, SJ-03-83 is the site used for the longest or even the continued availability of water may amount of time. have favoured the continuation of the hunterIt would seem that at this location at least gatherer lifestyle until the twelfth millennium two types of occupation are superimposed. bp. The younger Dryas climatic crisis could 23 Giraudi 2005. 24 Barker et al. 2009. Other remains have been taken from sediments of the nearby site of Hagfet Et Gama (Barker et al. 2008). 25 It should be noted that this deinition seems unsatisfactory in areas beyond central Algeria (Aurès Mountains) where it was deined by Roubet 1979. 26 McBurney 1967. 27 Barich 1998. environment and cultures from msa to lsa and the first neolithic findings 251 D. Barca, A. M. De Francesco, G. M. Crisci, have induced an intensiication of the pre-seApplication of Laser Ablation ICP-MS for characterlection activities, focusing on the Bos primigeization of obsidian fragments from peri-Tyrrhenian nius, which was present in the region from the area, «Journal of Cultural Heritage», 8, 2007, pp. Upper Pleistocene.28 The adoption of small 141-150. species (sheep/goat) pastoralism occurred in D. Barca, A. M. De Francesco, G. M. Crisci, the Holocene with the arrival of sheep/goats C. Tozzi, Provenance of obsidian artifacts from site along the coast from the Egyptian Delta. So far of Colle Cera, Italy, by LA-ICP-MS method, «Periodthe oldest date is 6800 bp from Haua Fteah. ico di Mineralogia», 77, 2008, pp. 41-52. The Jebel Gharbi ofers new support for the D. Barca - G. Mutri, Caratterizzazione geochimica hypothesis of continuity of the Maghreb pope determinazione della provenienza delle selci del ulation, due in particular to the water sources Jebel Gharbi, «Africa», lxiv, 3-4, 2009. that remained available even in the most severe B. E. Barich, People, Water, and Grain – The Beginphases of the Pleistocene. If the LSA is well nings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley, Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1998. represented and shows a progressive transforB. E. Barich, C. Conati Barbaro, Ras El Wadi mation during the Holocene, in this inal peri(Jebel Gharbi): New data for the study of the Epiod there are currently gaps in the evidence. palaeolithic tradition in northern Libya, Origini, Continuity between the Aterian and Iberoxxv, 2003, pp. 75-146. maurusian can be seen in the use of the same B. E. Barich, E. A. A. Garcea, C. Giraudi, Belocations within the plateau, but in the inal tween the Mediterranean and the Sahara: The geoarphase of the Pleistocene and the Holocene occhaeological reconnaissance in the Jebel Gharbi, cupation moves towards Jefara. In a period Libya, Antiquity, 80, 2006, pp. 567-582. largely dominated by aridity, the plentiful waG. Barker, A. Antoniadou, H. Barton, I. Broter sources here, vegetation and the presence oks et al. The Cyrenaican Prehistory Project 2009: the of wildlife, must have been factors that made third season of investigations of the Haua Fteah cave this plain area region more attractive. and its landscape, and further results from the 2007Acknowledgments The Italian-Libyan Joint Project, co-directed by Barbara E. Barich and Elena A. A. Garcea, is supported by grants from the Italian Ministry for Foreign Afairs, the Ministry of the University and Research and the Sapienza University of Rome. We would like to express our sincere thanks for help and support to the new Chairman of the Libyan Department of the Antiquities, Dr. Saleh El Aghab together with the former Chairman Dr. Giuma El Anag. We are also glad to acknowledge the long collaboration with Dr. Mabrok Zanati, Mr. Mustafa Turjman, Mr. Mansour A. Mansour and Mr. Mohamed El Kouri. References P. Acquafredda, T. Andriani, S. Lorenzoni, E. 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