Diplomacy. Diplomacy is an art of conducting relationships for gain without conflict. It is the chief instrument of foreign policy. Its methods include secret negotiations, international agreements and laws. The goal of diplomacy is to further the state’s interests as dictated by geography, history and economics. Safeguarding the state’s security, independence and integrity is of the prime importance as well. Preserving the widest possible freedom of action for the state is nearly important. Diplomacy seeks maximum national advantage without using force and causing resentment. Diplomacy originated in the system of conducting relations between the states of the world. The Congress of Vienna in 1815, regularized a system of permanent diplomacy between states. The great powers exchanged embassies and ambassadors, while relations involving smaller powers were conducted through legations and ministers. A recognized diplomatic profession developed and characterized by the aristocracy of its members and the secrecy of its methods. Diplomacy in one form or another has had a long history, dating back to the beginning of political states. Since the nature, size and composition of these states varied, so did the system of relations between them. Usually such relations were simple and personal, but in time they became more complex as the political entities became better organized and more tightly controlled. Diplomatic immunities and privileges Dip. immunity is a form of legal immunity that ensures that diplomats are given safe passage and no lawsuit (судебный иск.) or prosecution (судеб. расследование) under the host country is laws. It was agreed as international law in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relation (1961). Diplomatic immunity as an institution developed to allow for the maintenance of government relations, including during periods of difficulties and even armed conflict. When receiving diplomats who formally represent the sovereign- the receiving head of state grants certain privileges and immunities to ensure they may effectively carry out their duties, Originally, these privileges and immunities were granted on a bilateral, ad hoc basis. An international agreement known as the Vienna Convention. Codified the rules and agreements, providing standards and privileges to all states. In ancient times the concept of diplomatic immunity can be found in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana where messengers and diplomats were given immunity from capital punishment and the shouldnit be killed or arrested . Pop Gelasius I was the 1st pope recorded as enjoying diplomatic immunity. Genghis Khan and the Mongols were well known for strongly insisting on the rights of diplomats. Modern diplomatic immunity evolved parallel to the development of modern diplomacy. In the 19th century, the Congress of Vienna reasserted the rights of diplomats and they have been largely respected since then. Currently, diplomatic relations, including diplomatic immunity, are governed internationally by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which has been ratified by almost every country in the world. Diplomatic privileges and immunities guarantee that diplomatic agents or members of their immediate family: May not be arrested or detained May not have their residences entered & searched May not be subpoenaed as witnesses May not be prosecuted Embassies and Ambassadors A diplomatic mission is a group of people one state or an international intergovernmental organization (such as LIN) present in another state to represent the sending state organization officially in the receiving state. In practice a diplomatic mission usually denotes the resident mission – the office, a country’s diplomatic representatives in the capital city of another country. A permanent diplomatic mission is typically known as an embassy, and the person in charge of the mission is known as an ambassador. The main embassy building in which they work known as a chancery (канцелярия). All missions to the countries & to the U. N are known simply as permanent missions, EU member states missions to the EU are known as permanent representations. Vatican mission is headed by a nuncio (latin envoy) . Missions between Commonwealth countries are known as high commissions and their heads are high commissioners, because member countries have maintained that they are not foreign to one another. An ambassador represents one head of state to another and an ambassador’s letters of credence are addressed by one head of state to another. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 formally established an international system of diplomatic ranks. They are: Ambassador Extraordinary & Plenipotentiary – An Ambassador is a head of state with plenipotentiary powers (full authority to represent the government). Ambassadors are entitled to use the title “His/her Excellency" Among Commonwealth countries the title is used as High Commissioner, who represents the government Envoy Extraordinary & Minister Plenipotentiary. An Envoy is a head of mission, not considered a representative of the head of state. Minister Resident or Resident Minister, Minister Counsellor – this is the lowest rank of full head of mission. Counsellor First Secretary Second Secretary Third Secretary Attaché - lowest dip. rank may be military attaché cultural attaché. Assistant Attaché Famous Ambassadors Some Ambassadors have achieved renown ( слова) for that they represent. Other for what they did before becoming an Ambassador or what they did subsequently. Some achieve a flash of fleeting fame ( очень быстрая слова). A few stay famous forever. One good way to acquire fame is to do something distinguished which has not been done before. The well – known ambassador Aleksandra Kollontai was born in a wealthy Russian/ Ukrainian military family in 1872. She was appointed the world’s first female Ambassador in 1923, representing the newly formed USSR in Norway, then Sweden & Mexico. Anne Warburton became the first female British Ambassador. The 1st Kyrgyz diplomat Atake Tynay Biy Uulu – was one of the leaders of the Sarybagysh tribe known for establishing first diplomatic ties between northern Kyrgyz & Russian Empire in 1785- 1787. On agreement with other Kyrgyz leaders he sent his envoys to Saint Petersburg to deliver a letter to Catherine the Great. The Empress was favorable to the ambassadors & on her behalf, Knyaz A. A. Vyazemskiy sent a response to Atake baatyr stating that his proposals of friendship had been accepted. When the Kyrgyz joined the Russian Empire, the volost inhabited by descendants of Atake Baatyr it was named Atake Volost. Kurmanjan Datka ( Datka Kurmanjan Mamatbai kyzy) (1811- 1907) also known as “ The Tsaritsa of Alai” or “Queen of the South” was a states women in Kyrgyzstan known for her resistance to the annexation of that region by Russia. She was the first female diplomat of Kyrgyz nation. Ambassador & Embassies. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one state or an international, inter-governmental organization present in another state to represent the sending state or organization officially in the receiving state. In practice a diplomatic mission usually denotes the resident mission & namely the office of a country’s diplomatic representatives is the capital city of another country. They may be resident or non- resident embassies. A permanent diplomatic mission is typically known as an embassy, and the person in charge of the mission is known as an ambassador. Embassy is a building or compound housing an ambassador’s offices & staff. The main embassy building in which they work may be known as a chancery. Ambassadors can reside within or outside of the embassy. For exam: American diplomatic missions maintain separate housing for their ambassadors apart from their embassies. Ambassadors residing outside of the embassy retain special protection from the host country’s security forces. All missions to the UN are known simply as permanent missions. European Union missions is abroad are known as EU delegations. A Vatican mission is headed by a nuncio ( latin word “envoy”) & he’s known as an apostolic nuncioture. Missions between Commonwealth countries are headed by high commissioners. The functions of diplomatic missions are promoting friendly relations between the sending State & the receiving state & developing the economic, cultural & scientific relations. The rights and immunities such as diplomatic immunity of diplomatic missions are codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Diplomacy and Diplomats. Multilateral Bilateral national Bilateral sub national Bilateral insular By portfolio (Attaché) Offices Permament representative (UN) Resident Representative Ambassador (High Commissioner, Nuncio) Charge’de affaires Head of mission Deputy Chief of mission Consul Resident Envoy Agent General Trade commissioner Science attaché Cultural attaché Agricultural attaché Air attaché Military attaché Legal attaché Charge’de attaché High commission Embassy Apostolic nunciature Legation Consulate De facto embassy Protecting power Diplomatic corps Consular corps Diplomatic uniform Diplomatic uniform are omate uniforms worn by diplomats ambassadorial & consular officers of public occasions. Diplomatic uniforms were first introduced by France in 1781. Widely adopted by other European states. Diplomatic uniform served to emphasize the importance of the office. Diplomatic uniform generally followed 19th century court fashion and usually included a tailcoat with standing collar, breeches or pantaloons, a two cornered plumed hat (became). There were two versions, a dress uniform for ceremonial events and a simple version for less formal occasions. Diplomatic uniforms were usually richly embroidered with gold similar to the uniforms of high court officials. Diplomatic ranks was distinguished by the amount and quality of the embroidery.