8 Х Х 8 - 2018 №8 ХРА АЯ АРХЕ Л ГИЯ - 2018 ϧϘϞΝ 90β/904 ϕϕϞΝ 6γ.4 ϕ98 ϤϹЊϹЁϻϹЁІЏ: ϖ.Ν ϔ.Ν ϟϴЃЌϼЁΝ (ϸϼЄϹϾІЂЄΝ ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ) Ϝ.Ν ϟ.Ν ϦϼЉЂЁЂ϶Ν (ϸϼЄϹϾІЂЄΝ ϠЇϻϹГΝ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼΝ ϥϣϕϗϧ) ϢІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϽΝ ЄϹϸϴϾІЂЄ,Ν ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϼІϹϿАΝ ϡ.Ν Ϩ.Ν ϥЂϿЂ϶АϹ϶ϴ ϦϹЉЁϼЋϹЅϾϼϽΝ ЄϹϸϴϾІЂЄ,Ν ЂЈЂЄЀϼІϹϿАΝ ϥ.Ν ϟ.Ν ϥЂϿЂ϶АϹ϶ ϣϹЄϹ϶Ђϸ:Ν ϔ.Ν ϖ.Ν ϗϼϿϹ϶ϼЋ ϕВϿϿϹІϹЁАΝ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴΝ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼΝ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿАЁЂϽΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏΝ ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽΝ ϔϾϴϸϹЀϼϼΝ ЁϴЇϾ: (ЂЉЄϴЁЁϴГΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼГ).Ν Д№ЖΝ 8Ν /Ν ЁϴЇЋ.Ν ЄϹϸ.Ν ϡ.Ν Ϩ.Ν ϥЂϿЂ϶АϹ϶ϴ;Ν ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν –Ν ϥϣϵ.:Ν Ϝϻϸ-϶ЂΝ ϢϢϢΝ «ϣϹЄϼЈϹЄϼГ»,Ν β018.Ν –Ν β64Ν Ѕ.Ν :Ν ϼϿ. BЮХХОЭТЧΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ IЧЬЭТЭЮЭОΝ ПШrΝ ЭСОΝ HТЬЭШrвΝ ШПΝ MКЭОrТКХΝ CЮХЭЮrОΝ RЮЬЬТКЧΝ AМКНОЦвΝ ШПΝ SМТОЧМОЬ: (rОЬМЮОΝ КrМСКОШХШРв).Ν Д№ЖΝ 8Ν /Ν ОН.Ν ЛвΝ N.Ν F.Ν SШХШЯвШЯК; IHMCΝ RAS.Ν –Ν SPЛ.:Ν PЮЛХТЬСТЧРΝ HШЮЬОΝ OOOΝ «PОrТЩСОrв»,Ν β018.Ν –Ν β64Ν ЩЩ.Ν :Ν ТХХ. ISBNΝ 978-5-90705γ-11-γ ϣϹЄϼЂϸϼЋϹЅϾЂϹΝ ϼϻϸϴЁϼϹΝ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЂΝ ЂЉЄϴЁЁЂ-ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽΝ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІϼΝ ϜϜϠϞΝ ϤϔϡΝ ЃЂΝ ϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂΝ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГΝ ϤЂЅЅϼϼ.Ν ϖЂЅАЀЂϽΝ ЁЂЀϹЄΝ ϵВϿϿϹІϹЁГΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІΝ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉΝ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϽΝ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶Ν ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂΝ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГΝ ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷϴΝ ϼΝ ϹϷЂΝ ЂϾЄϹЅІЁЂЅІϹϽ,Ν ϴΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ ϸЄЇϷϼЉΝ ЄϹϷϼΝЂЁЂ϶ΝϤЂЅЅϼϼ,ΝϾЂІЂЄЏϹΝϵЏϿϼΝЂЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϿϹЁЏΝϢІϸϹϿЂЀΝЂЉЄϴЁЁЂϽΝϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼΝϜϜϠϞΝϤϔϡΝ϶ΝЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼЋϹЅІ϶ϹΝ ЅΝ ϸЄЇϷϼЀϼΝ ЁϴЇЋЁЏЀϼ,Ν ЂϵЄϴϻЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁЏЀϼΝ ϼΝ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼΝ ЂЄϷϴЁϼϻϴЊϼГЀϼΝ ϶Ν β015–β018Ν ϷϷ. ϜϻϸϴЁϼϹΝ ЃЄϹϸЁϴϻЁϴЋϹЁЂΝ ϸϿГΝ ϼЅІЂЄϼϾЂ϶,Ν ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷЂ϶,Ν ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉΝ ЅϿЇϺϴЍϼЉ,Ν ЋϴЅІЁЏЉΝ ЃЄϹϸΝЃ ЄϼЁϼЀϴІϹϿϹϽΝ ϼΝ ЌϼЄЂϾЂϷЂΝ ϾЄЇϷϴΝ ЋϼІϴІϹϿϹϽ,Ν ϻϴϼЁІϹЄϹЅЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉΝ ϶Ν ЁϴЇЋЁЂϽΝ ϼΝ ϸЂЅІЂ϶ϹЄЁЂϽΝ ϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼϼΝ ЂϵΝ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼΝ ϤЂЅЅϼϼΝ ϼΝ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϼΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶Ν ϹϹΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏ. TСТЬΝ ЩОrТШНТМКХΝ ТЬΝ НОНТМКЭОНΝ ЭШΝ ЭСОΝ rОЬМЮТЧРΝ КЧНΝ КrМСКОШХШРТМКХΝ КМЭТЯТЭТОЬΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ IЧЬЭТЭЮЭОΝ ПШrΝ ЭСОΝ HТЬЭШrвΝ ШПΝ MКЭОrТКХΝ CЮХЭЮrОΝ (IHMC)Ν RASΝ ТЧΝ ЬЭЮНТОЬΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ МЮХЭЮrКХΝ СОrТЭКРОΝ ШПΝ RЮЬЬТК.Ν TСОΝ ОТРСЭСΝ ТЬЬЮОΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ BЮХХОЭТЧΝ ЩrОЬОЧЭЬΝ ЭСОΝ rОЬЮХЭЬΝ ШПΝ КrМСКОШХШРТМКХΝ ТЧЯОЬЭТРКЭТШЧЬΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ МЮХЭЮrКХΝ СОrТЭКРОΝ ШПΝ SЭ.Ν PОЭОrЬЛЮrРΝ КЧНΝ ТЭЬΝ ЬЮrrШЮЧНТЧРЬ,Ν КЬΝ аОХХΝ КЬΝ ШЭСОrΝ rОРТШЧЬΝ ШПΝ RЮЬЬТКЧΝ FОНОrКЭТШЧ,Ν МКrrТОНΝ ШЮЭΝ ТЧΝ β015–β018Ν ЛвΝ ЭСОΝ DОЩКrЭЦОЧЭΝ ПШrΝ RОЬМЮОΝ ArМСКОШХШРвΝ ШПΝ IHMCΝ RASΝ ТЧΝ МШХХКЛШrКЭТШЧΝ аТЭСΝ ШЭСОrΝ ЬМТОЧЭТfiΝМ,Ν ОНЮМКЭТШЧКХΝ КЧНΝ ЩЮЛХТМΝ ШrРКЧТгКЭТШЧЬ. TСТЬΝ ЩЮЛХТМКЭТШЧΝ ТЬΝ ТЧЭОЧНОНΝ ПШrΝ СТЬЭШrТКЧЬ,Ν КrМСКОШХШРТЬЭЬ,Ν РШЯОrЧЦОЧЭΝ ОЦЩХШвООЬ,Ν ЩrТЯКЭОΝ ОЧЭrОЩrОЧОЮrЬΝ КЧНΝ КΝ аТНОΝ МТrМХОΝ ШПΝ rОКНОrЬΝ ТЧЭОrОЬЭОНΝ ТЧΝ rОХТКЛХОΝ ЬМТОЧЭТfiΝМΝ ТЧПШrЦКЭТШЧΝ ШЧΝ СТЬЭШrвΝ ШПΝ RЮЬЬТКΝ КЧНΝ ЭСОΝ ЬЭКЭОΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ ЦШЧЮЦОЧЭЬΝ ШПΝ ТЭЬΝ МЮХЭЮrО. ISBN 978-5-907053-11-3 902/904 63.4 ©Ν ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ,Ν ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷ,Ν β018 ©Ν ϢІϸϹϿΝ ЂЉЄϴЁЁЂϽΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼΝ ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν β018 ё ( . . , . . , . 2 - «KukkonkТrkko» – « . . , . . . . . , , » ................................21 . . Ш . . ) ......................................................9 . . , . . . , . . , . 2015–2016 . . ........................27 , . 1 2017 . .........................................................................................39 . . ........................................................................................................47 . . , . . , . . . . . . , . . , . . . 2017 . .........................................................55 . ...............................................................67 - ( . . Ш . . Ш 2017 . ) ...........................................................................69 Х . 2017 . ...........................81 . . . . . . 11 .................91 , . . ( 2016 .) ..........................................................................................97 , . . , . 2016–2017 . БVIII . « . , . . ....................................................123 . -I» .................................................................140 . 5 40. . , . . БVII . ................................156 . : ..........................................................................175 . . , . . , . . , . . , . . 1960- – . . . . . . 1970, . . ......................................................................................215 . ..........................................................................219 БVIII . ............................237 . ..................................................................................................................241 . . . . . . - ................................................................248 ...........................................................................................................263 ...................................................................................................................264 6 CONTENTS Archaeological Investigations in St. Petersburg and its Suburbs EбМКvКtТons Кt tСО NОolТtСТМ sТtО oП BОrОгovo 2 Тn NortС-АОstОrn LКНoРК rОРТon (fiОlН oЛsОrvКtТons КnН prОlТmТnКrв ТntОrprОtКtТons) .....................................................................9 D. V. Gerasimov, E. S. Tkach, E. N. Goncharova InvОstТРКtТon oП ‘KukkonkТrkko’ – ‘CoМk МСurМС’ Тn GКtМСТnК .............................................21 E. R. Mikhaylova, V. Yu. Sobolev FТОlН ТnvОstТРКtТons oП tСО ProП. G. S. LОЛОНОv LКЛorКtorв oП ArМСКОoloРв, HТstorТМКl SoМТoloРв КnН CulturКl HОrТtКРО, St. PОtОrsЛurР StКtО UnТvОrsТtв 2015–2016 ......................27 E. R. Mikhaylova, K. V. Shmelev, V. Yu. Sobolev, D. N. Murzenkov, I. I. Fedorov, I. A. Tarasov EбМКvКtТons Кt tСО sОttlОmОnt oП VlКНТmТrovkК 1 Тn PrТoгОrsk НТstrТМt oП LОnТnРrКН OЛlКst Тn 2017 ......................................................................39 K. S. Roplekar ArМСКОoloРТМКl survОв Тn Ust-LuРК, KТnРТsОpp НТstrТМt oП LОnТnРrКН OЛlКst .......................47 K. S. Roplekar, E. L. Kirillov, I. V. Stasyuk InvОstТРКtТons Тn tСО tОrrТtorв oП N. K. RoОrТМС’s MusОum-EstКtО Тn IгvКrК КnН Кt tСО LОvКsСovo MОmorТКl CОmОtОrв Тn 2017 ........................................................................55 S. A. Semenov, St. A. Vasil’yev, E. K. Blokhin ArМСКОoloРТМКl survОвs on tСО IгСorК PlКtОКu ........................................................................67 I.V. Stasyuk Archaeological Investigations in Northwestern Russia EбМКvКtТons Кt tСО ОstКtО oП tСО AНrТКno-AnНrusovskв monКstОrв Тn 2017 (OlonОts НТstrТМt oП tСО RОpuЛlТМ oП KКrОlТК) ...........................................................................69 M. M. Shakhnovich EбМКvКtТon oП tСО CСurМС oП RОsurrОМtТon oП CСrТst Тn PОtroгКvoНsk Тn 2017 .......................81 M. M. Shakhnovich Archaeological Investigations in Russian Regions A nОа MОsolТtСТМ ЛurТКl РrounН oП Ust-Kolp 11 Тn VoloРНК OЛlКst ............................................91 N. V. Kosorukova, T. R. Sadykov PopulКtТon oП tСО TКmКn PОnТnsulК Тn tСО MТННlО AРОs (mКtОrТКls Пrom ОбМКvКtТons oП 2016) .......................................................................................97 V. L. Myts, S. L. Solovyev InvОstТРКtТons Лв tСО SКвКn EбpОНТtТon oП IIMK RAS Кt sТtОs oП tСО EКrlв BronгО AРО on Itkol LКkО Тn 2016-2017 ....................................................123 A. V. Polyakov, I. P. Lazaretov, Yu. N. Yesin SОttlОmОnt oП tСО 18tС МОnturв ‘EstКtО RКssokСovКtв-I’ Кt tСО ЛounНКrв ЛОtаООn tСО VoronОгС КnН Rostov OЛlКst .............................................................................140 R. V. Philippenko 7 Interdisciplinary Studies A МoТn СoКrН oП tСО 1640s Пrom tСО tОrrТtorв oП tСО Kursk НОtТnОts ....................................156 K. V. Gorlov, R. S. Veretyushkin A СoКrН oП PОtОr’s tТmО Пrom surrounНТnРs oП NovКвК LКНoРК: rОsults oП Кn ТntОrНТsМТplТnКrв stuНв .....................................................................................175 K. V. Gorlov, A. V. Plokhov, L. M. Dmitrenko, S. V. Khavrin, N. F. Morozova NОа ТnПormКtТon on tСО rОstorКtТon-МonstruМtТon аorks Кt tСО sТtО oП roМk Кrt TomskКвК PТsКnТtsК Тn tСО lКtО 1960s – mТН-1970s .................................215 K. V. Kononchuk, A. F. Pokrovskaya АooНОn ПootаОКr lКsts Тn ОКrlв mОНТКОvКl LКНoРК КnН tСО usО oП lКsts Тn tСО MТННlО AРОs .................................................................................................................219 A. V. Kurbatov RОstorКtТon oП К storОroom oП pottОrв oП tСО ОКrlв 18tС МОnturв Пrom NovКвК LКНoРК ........................................................................237 N. S. Kurganov From PОtОrsЛurР to LОnТnРrКН. TСО lКnНmКrks oП tСО proПОssТonКl ПКtО oП tСО КrМСКОoloРТst S. A. DuЛТnskТв .........................................................................................241 S. A. Semenov SpОМТКlТгОН аorksСop oП tСО EКrlв CСКlМolТtСТМ PОrТoН sТtО ВТlРвnlв-НОpО Тn TurkmОnТstКn ....................................................................................................................248 N. F. Solov’yova LТst oП AЛЛrОvТКtТons ............................................................................................................263 LТst oП AutСors ......................................................................................................................264 8 . . . . , 2015–2016 . ϙ.Ν Ϥ.Ν ϠϼЉϴϽϿЂ϶ϴ,Ν Ϟ.Ν ϖ.Ν ϬЀϹϿϹ϶,Ν ϖ.Ν ϲ.Ν ϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶,Ν Ϙ.Ν ϡ.Ν ϠЇЄϻϹЁϾЂ϶, Ϝ.Ν ϔ.Ν ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶,Ν Ϝ.Ν Ϝ.Ν ϦϴЄϴЅЂ϶ DOI:Ν 10.γ1600/978-5-90705γ-11-γ-β018-8-β7-γ8 ϡϴЅІЂГЍϹϹΝЅЂЂϵЍϹЁϼϹΝЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІΝЅЂϵЂϽΝϾЄϴІϾϼϽΝ ЂЋϹЄϾΝ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЏЉΝ ЄϴϵЂІ,Ν ЃЄЂ϶Ђϸϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝ ϟϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼϹϽΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ,Ν ϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾЂϽΝ ЅЂЊϼЂϿЂϷϼϼΝ ϼΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂΝ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГΝ ϼЀ.Ν ϗ.Ν ϥ.Ν ϟϹϵϹϸϹ϶ϴΝ ϥϴЁϾІϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϷЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ЇЁϼ϶ϹЄЅϼІϹІϴΝ ϶Ν β015–β016Ν ϷϷ.Ν (ЂΝ ЄϴϵЂІϴЉΝ ЃЄϹϸЏϸЇЍϼЉΝ ϿϹІΝ ЅЀ:Ν ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶Ν ϼΝ ϸЄ.,Ν β014;Ν ϠϼЉϴϽϿЂ϶ϴΝ ϼΝ ϸЄ.,Ν β015;Ν β017).Ν ϢЅЁЂ϶ЁЇВΝ ЋϴЅІАΝ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЏЉΝ ЄϴϵЂІΝ ϶Ν БІϼΝ ϸ϶ϴΝ ϷЂϸϴΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϼΝ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸϾϼ,Ν ЃЄЂ϶Ђϸϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГΝ ЃЂЋІϼΝ ЃЂΝ ϶ЅϹϽΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ,Ν ϴΝ ІϴϾΝϺϹΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϣЅϾЂ϶ЅϾЂϽΝ ϼΝ ϖЂϿЂϷЂϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵΝϿϴЅІϹϽ.Ν ϫϴЅІАΝ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸЂЋЁЏЉΝ ЄϴϵЂІΝ ϵЏϿϴΝ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁϴΝ ЅΝ ЃϿϴЁϴЀϼΝ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ЂЅ϶ЂϹЁϼГΝ ϻϹЀϹϿАЁЏЉΝ ЇЋϴЅІΝϾЂ϶,Ν ϸЄЇϷϼϹΝ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϼЅАΝ ЅΝ ЊϹϿАВΝ ЁϴЇЋЁЂϷЂΝ ЃЂΝϼЅϾϴ.Ν ϖΝ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІϹΝ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉΝ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸЂϾΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЂІϾЄЏІЏΝЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂΝЁЂ϶ЏЉΝЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶,ΝЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏΝ ЄϴЁϹϹΝ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏϹ,Ν ЅЂϵЄϴЁЏΝ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГΝ ЂΝ ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏЉΝ ЅϿЇЋϴϽЁЏЉΝЁϴЉЂϸϾϴЉΝϼΝЂϵЎϹϾІϴЉ,ΝϾЂІЂЄЏϹΝЃЄϹϸЅІЂϼІΝ ЃЄЂ϶ϹЄϼІА.Ν ϞЄЂЀϹΝ ІЂϷЂ,Ν ЅЂІЄЇϸЁϼϾϼΝ ϟϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼϼΝ ЃЄϼЁГϿϼΝ ЇЋϴЅІϼϹΝ ϶Ν ЄГϸϹΝ ЅЂ϶ЀϹЅІЁЏЉΝ ЃЄЂϹϾІЂ϶Ν ЅΝ ϾЂϿϿϹϷϴЀϼΝ ϼϻΝ ϠЇϻϹГΝ ϴЁІЄЂЃЂϿЂϷϼϼΝ ϼΝ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼΝ ϼЀ.Ν ϣϹІЄϴΝ ϖϹϿϼϾЂϷЂΝ ϤϔϡΝ ϼΝ ϗЂЅЇϸϴЄЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ϱЄЀϼІϴϺϴ. ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹΝЄϴϻ϶ϹϸϾϼΝЁϴΝІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝϟЇϺЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ Ѕ϶ГΝϻϴЁЏΝ ЅΝ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹЀΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶Ν ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏΝ ЃЅϾЂ϶ЅΝϾϼЉΝ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶.Ν ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϽΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅЂ϶,ΝЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉΝ϶Νβ015–β016ΝϷϷ.,ΝЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁΝ ϵϿϼϻΝϸ.ΝϥϿϴЃϼ.ΝϱІЂΝϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂΝІϼЃϼЋЁЂϹΝϸϿГΝϾЇϿАІЇЄЏΝ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼϹΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶,Ν ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϹΝ ϶ϸЂϿАΝ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ϵϹЄϹϷϴΝ ЄЇЋАГ,Ν ЃЂЄЂЅЌϹϷЂΝ ЅЂЅЁЂ϶ЏЀΝϵЂЄЂЀΝϼΝЅЂЅІЂГЍϹϹΝϼϻΝϾЄЇЃЁЂϽΝϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂϽΝ ϷЄЇЃЃЏΝ(ϥϿϴЃϼΝV)ΝϼΝЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉΝϵЂϿϹϹΝЀϹϿϾϼЉ,Ν϶ϾϿВЋϴВЍϼЉΝ γ–5Ν ЁϴЅЏЃϹϽΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 1).Ν ϖΝ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ЀЂΝϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴΝϥϿϴЃϼΝV,ΝЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЁЂϽΝЄϴЅЃϴЌϾЂϽΝЃЂϸΝ ϿϹЅЂЃЂЅϴϸϾϼ,ΝϵЏϿϼΝЅЂϵЄϴЁЏΝЃϹЄϹϺϺϹЁЁЏϹΝϾЂЅІϼ,ΝЃЂΝ ϶ЅϹϽΝ ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂЅІϼ,Ν ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼϹΝ ϼϻΝ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϷЄЇЁІЂ϶ЏЉΝ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽΝ ЄГϸЂЀΝ ЅΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴЀϼ.Ν ϦϴϾϴГΝ ЅϼІЇϴЊϼГΝ ІЂϺϹΝ ІϼЃϼЋЁϴΝ ϸϿГΝ ЃЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼЉΝ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶.Ν ϖЃϹЄ϶ЏϹΝ ϵЏϿϴΝ ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁϴΝ ϷЄЇЃЃϴΝ ϼϻΝ ϸ϶ЇЉΝ ЁϼϻϾϼЉΝ ЄϴЅЃϿЏ϶ЋϴІЏЉΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϹϽΝ ϵϿϼϻΝ ϸ.Ν ϡЂ϶ЏϹΝ ϣЂϿϼЊЏ,Ν ЇΝ ЃЄϴ϶ЂϷЂΝ ϵϹЄϹϷϴΝ Є.Ν ϢЅЁϼЊЏ,Ν ЂІЁЂЅГЍϹϽЅГΝ ϾΝ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁЇΝ Є.Ν ϣϿВЅЅЏ.Ν ϣЄϼΝ ϻϴЋϼЅІϾϹΝ ЁϴЄЇЌϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ϿϹЅЁЂϽΝ ϸЂЄЂϷЂϽΝ ϾЄϴГΝ ЂϸЁЂϽΝ ϼϻΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϹϽΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЅЂϵЄϴЁЏΝ ЃГІАΝ ЀϹϿϾϼЉΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶Ν ϿϹЃЁЂϽΝ ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼΝ ЅΝ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВΝ ϸЄϹЅ϶ЏΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν β). ϡϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϥϿϴЁЊϹ϶ЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝЂϵϿϴЅІϼΝϵЏϿϼΝЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏΝϵϹЄϹϷϴΝЂϻ.ΝϘЂϿϷЂϷЂ,Ν ЇІЂЋЁϹЁϴΝ ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄϼЅІϼϾϴΝ ϼΝ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЂϹΝ ЅЂЅІЂГЁϼϹΝ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϻϸϹЅАΝ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶.Ν ϡϴΝ Ђϻ.ΝϘЂϿϷЂЀΝЅЂЅЄϹϸЂІЂЋϹЁЏΝЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹΝЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼΝ ЁϹΝЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉΝϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂ-ЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉΝϷЂЄϼϻЂЁΝІЂ϶:Ν ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼΝϾЇϿАІЇЄЏΝЃЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼЉΝϸϿϼЁЁЏЉΝϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν (ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶ЂΝϣЂϿϹ,ΝϛϴϺЇЃϴЁАϹ,ΝϚϼϿϼЁЂ,ΝϛϴЄЇЋАϹΝϼΝϸЄ.),Ν ϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ,Ν ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏΝ ϶ЂЅІЂЋЁЂϿϼІЂ϶ЅϾϼЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν (ϾЇЄϷϴЁΝ 45Ν ϶Ν ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϹΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴΝ ϘЂϿЂϺЅϾϼϽΝ ЃЂϷЂЅІ),Ν ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂ-ϺϴϿАЁϼЋЁЏϹΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼΝ ϼΝ ϺϴϿАЁϼϾϼΝ (ϘЂϿЂϺЅϾϼϽΝ ЃЂϷЂЅІ,Ν ϛϴЄЇЋАϹ,Ν ϛϴГЊϾЂ϶ЂΝ ϼΝ ϸЄ.),Ν ϷЄЇЁІЂ϶ЏϹΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼΝ (ЁϴЃЄ.,Ν ϞϼІϾЂ϶Ђ),Ν ϼЅΝІ ЂΝЄϼЋϹЅϾϼϹΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴΝ ЅΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼΝ ϾЄϹЅІϴЀϼΝ (ϨϼϿϹ϶Ђ)Ν (ЄϼЅ.Ν γ). ϛЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏϽΝ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІΝ ЃЂϷЂЅІΝ ϛϴϺЇΝЃ ϴЁАϹΝ (ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂ-ϺϴϿАЁϼЋЁЏϽΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾΝ ϛϴϺЇЃϴЁАϹΝI)Ν–ΝϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅΝЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉΝЃϴЀГІЁϼϾЂ϶,Ν ЂϾЂЁЋϴІϹϿАЁЂΝ ЅЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽЅГΝ ЇϺϹΝ ϶Ν ϩϩΝ ϶.Ν ϞЂЀЃϿϹϾЅΝЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁΝϾΝϻϴЃϴϸЇΝЂІΝϸ.ΝϛϴϺЇЃϴЁАϹ,ΝЁϴΝ ЂϾЂЁϹЋЁЂЅІϼΝ ЃϹЅЋϴЁЂϽΝ ϷЄГϸЏΝ ЁϴΝ ϾЂЄϹЁЁЂЀΝ ϵϹЄϹϷЇΝ Ђϻ.ΝϘЂϿϷЂϹ,ΝЁϴΝІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝϸϹϽЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂΝϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴΝ ЇΝϠϼЉϴϼϿЂ-ϔЄЉϴЁϷϹϿАЅϾЂϽΝЊϹЄϾ϶ϼ.ΝϣϹЄ϶ЏϹΝЅ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГΝ ЂΝЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЉΝЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЉΝЁϴΝБІЂЀΝЀϹЅІϹΝЅ϶ГϻϴЁЏΝ ЅΝ ЄϴϵЂІϴЀϼΝ ϟ.Ν Ϟ.Ν Ϝ϶ϴЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ,Ν ϾЂІЂЄЏϽΝ ϶Ν 1891Ν Ϸ.Ν ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴϿΝЇΝϸ.ΝϛϴϺЇЃϴЁАϹΝ48ΝϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶ΝϼΝϺϴϿАЁϼϾЂ϶.Ν ϣЂЀϼЀЂΝ ϼЁϷЇЀϴЊϼϽ,Ν ЅЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϺϸϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝ ϶ϹЍϴЀϼΝ БII–БIVΝ ϶϶.Ν (϶Ν ІЂЀΝ ЋϼЅϿϹΝ ЀЂЁϹІЂϽΝ ϘϹЄЃІЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϹЃϼЅΝϾΝ ЂЃϴΝ ϗϹЁЄϼЉϴΝ ЈЂЁΝ ϨϹϿАϸϹΝ 1γ55–1γ78Ν ϷϷ.),Ν ϵЏϿЂΝ .№8 . 3. . ЂΝ ϷЂЄϹΝ «ϟϼІЂ϶ЅϾЂϹΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹ»Ν ϶Ν 100Ν ЅϴϺϹЁГЉΝ ЁϴΝ ϻϴЃϴϸΝ ЂІΝ ϸ.Ν ϛϴϺЇЃϴЁАϹΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϼϿΝ ϗϸЂ϶ЅϾϼϽΝ ϼЅЃЄϴ϶ЁϼϾ,Ν ЂІЀϹІϼ϶,Ν ЋІЂΝ «ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІАΝ ϼϻЄЏІϴΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЀϼΝ ϗϿϴϻЂ϶ϴ»Ν (ЬТМ!)Ν (ϥ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ,Ν 1900.Ν ϟ.Ν γ). . 1. . . 2. . ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЂΝ ЁϹΝ ЀϹЁϹϹΝ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉΝ ϾЄϹЀϴЊϼϽ.Ν ϢϸϼЁΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν ЂЃϼЅϴЁΝ ϶Ν ЃЇϵϿϼϾϴЊϼϼΝ ЀϴІϹЄϼϴϿЂ϶Ν ЅϿϹϸЇВЍϼЀΝ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ:Ν «ϖЏЅЂІЂВΝ 4Ν 1/βΝ ϴЄЌ.,Ν ϶Ν ЂϾЄЇϺЁЂЅІϼΝ 15Ν ЅϴϺ.Ν ϞЂЅІЄϼЍϹ»Ν (ϥЃϼЊЏЁ,Ν 1896.Ν ϥ.Ν 109).Ν ϣЇЅІЂϽ(?)ΝϾЇЄϷϴЁΝЅΝϾЂЅІЄϼЍϹЀΝ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽΝϵЂϿϹϹΝγΝЀΝ–Ν БІЂ,Ν ЅϾЂЄϹϹΝ ϶ЅϹϷЂ,Ν ϶ЏЅЂϾϴГΝ (ЅЂЃϾЂ϶ϼϸЁϴГΝ ЁϴЅЏЃА)Ν ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏΝϸϿϼЁЁЏЉΝϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶.ΝϟВϵЂЃЏІЁЂ,ΝЋІЂΝ϶ЅϾЂЄϹΝ ЃЂЅϿϹΝ ЄϴϵЂІΝ ϟ.Ν Ϟ.Ν Ϝ϶ϴЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂ,Ν ϶Ν 1900Ν Ϸ.Ν ЃЄϼΝ ЅϵЂЄϹΝ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼϽΝ ϸϿГΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽΝ ϾϴЄІЏΝϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷЅϾЂϽΝϷЇϵϹЄЁϼϼΝϼЁЈЂЄЀϴЊϼВΝ β8 ϖЃϿЂІАΝ ϸЂΝ ЁϴЋϴϿϴΝ ББΝ ϶.Ν ϶ЅЉЂϿЀϿϹЁϼϹ,Ν ϷϸϹΝ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϿЅГΝЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ,ΝϵЏϿЂΝЅ϶ЂϵЂϸЁЂΝЂІΝϻϴЅІЄЂϽϾϼ.Ν ϢϸЁϴϾЂΝ ϶Ν 190γ–1908Ν ϷϷ.Ν ЁϴΝ ϹϷЂΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϶ϻϴЀϹЁΝ Ђϵ϶ϹІЌϴ϶ЌϹϽΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼΝ ϶Ν ЅЂЅϹϸЁϹϽΝ ϸ.Ν ϨϼϿϹ϶ЂΝ ЅІЄЂϼІЅГΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁϴГΝ ЊϹЄϾЂ϶АΝ ϔЄЉϴЁϷϹϿϴΝ ϠϼЉϴϼϿϴ.Ν ϣЄЂϹϾІΝ ЁЂ϶ЂϽΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼΝ ЅЂϻϸϴϿΝ ϥ.Ν Ϝ.Ν ϔЁϸЄϹϹ϶Ν –Ν ϴ϶ІЂЄΝ ЁϹΝЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉΝЊϹЄϾ϶ϹϽΝ϶ΝϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷЅϾЂϽΝϷЇϵϹЄЁϼϼ,Ν ϴΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ ϸЂЉЂϸЁЏЉΝ ϸЂЀЂ϶,Ν ЀЂЁϴЅІЏЄЅϾϼЉΝ ЃЂϸ϶ЂЄϼϽΝϼΝϻϸϴЁϼϽΝϸϿГΝϵϿϴϷЂІ϶ЂЄϼІϹϿАЁЏЉΝЂϵЍϹЅІ϶Ν ϶Ν ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷϹΝ (ϗϼЁϻϵЇЄϷ,Ν ϞϼЄϼϾЂ϶,Ν 1996.Ν ϥ.Ν β1,Ν ββ).Ν ϣЂЅϿϹΝ ЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁϼГΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼΝ ЃЄϼΝ ЁϹϽΝ ϶ЂϻЁϼϾϿЂΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹ,Ν ϸϹϽЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϹΝ ЃЂΝ ЅϹϽΝ ϸϹЁА.Ν ϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГΝ ЁЂ϶ϹϽЌϹϷЂΝ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼΝ ЄϴϻЄЇЌϼϿϼΝ ЅЇЍϹЅІ϶Ђ϶ϴ϶ЌϼϽΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂ-ϺϴϿАЁϼЋЁЏϽΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ,Ν ϾΝ ϾЂЁЊЇΝ ББΝ ϶.Ν ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅАΝ ϿϼЌАΝ ЁϹϻЁϴЋϼІϹϿАЁЏϹΝ ЂЅІϴІϾϼΝ ЃЄϹϺЁϹϷЂΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ.Ν ϡ.Ν Ϝ.Ν ϣϿϴІЂЁЂ϶ϴΝ ϶Ν 198γΝ Ϸ.Ν ЁϴЅЋϼІϴϿϴΝ ϻϸϹЅАΝ ЃГІАΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶,Ν ϸ϶ϴΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉΝ ЁϴЉЂΝϸ ϼϿϼЅАΝ ϾΝ ВϷЇΝ ЂІΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼ,Ν ЂϸϼЁΝ ϾΝ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇΝ ЂІΝ ЁϹϹ,Ν ЁϴΝ ЅϾϴІϹΝ ЉЂϿЀϴ,Ν ϼΝ ϹЍϹΝ ϸ϶ϴΝ ϸϴϿϹϹΝ ϾΝ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇ,Ν ЂІΝϸϹΝϿϹЁЁЏϹΝЂІΝϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹЁЅϾЂϷЂΝЉЂϿЀϴΝϴ϶ІЂϸЂЄЂϷЂϽ.Ν ϕϿϼϻΝ ϴϿІϴЄЁЂϽΝ ϴЃЅϼϸЏΝ ЅЄϹϸϼΝ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЉΝ ЀЂϷϼϿΝ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴІϹϿАЁϼЊϴΝ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼϿϴΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽΝ ϾЄϹЅІΝ (ϣϿϴІЂЁЂ϶ϴ,Ν 198γ.Ν ϟ.Ν γ6,Ν γ7).Ν ϖΝ 1996Ν Ϸ.Ν ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϼΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏΝ ϖ.Ν ϲ.Ν ϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶ЏЀ,Ν ϾЂІЂЄЏϽΝ ЂІЀϹІϼϿΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽΝ ϾЄϹЅІ,Ν ЂϸϼЁΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁΝ ϾΝ ϶ЂЅІЂϾЇΝ ЂІΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼΝ ϼΝ ϸ϶ϹΝ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼΝ ϾΝ ϻϴЃϴϸЇΝ ЂІΝ ЁϹϹΝ (ϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶,Ν 1996.Ν ϟ.Ν 5).Ν ϖΝ β015Ν Ϸ.Ν ЃЄϼΝ ЂЅЀЂІЄϹΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽΝϾЄϹЅІΝЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϼІАΝ ЇϺϹΝ ЁϹΝ ЇϸϴϿЂЅА.Ν ϕЏϿϼΝ ϶ЁЂ϶АΝ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁЏΝ ІЄϼΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁϴΝЁϴΝІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝϸϹϽЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϷЂΝϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴ,ΝЃЂΝ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇΝ϶ЁϹЌЁϹЀЇΝЂϵϿϼϾЇΝЂЁϼΝЂІЁЂЅГІЅГΝϾΝϾЇϿАІЇЄϹΝ ЃЅϾЂ϶ЅϾϼЉΝ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν (ЄϼЅ.Ν 4).Ν ϦϴϾϼЀΝ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ,ΝЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾΝϛϴϺЇЃϴЁАϹ-IΝЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЂΝЃЄϹϸ- , . 4. ( ). . . ЅІϴ϶ϿГϿΝ ЅЂϵЂϽ,Ν ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ,Ν ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂ-ϺϴϿАΝЁ ϼЋЁЏϽΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾ,Ν ϶Ν ЅЂЅІϴ϶Ν ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂΝ ϶ЉЂϸϼϿϼΝ ϾϴϾΝ ϺϴϿАЁϼЋЁЏϹΝ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГΝ БII–БIVΝ ϶϶.,Ν ІϴϾΝ ϼΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЏΝ ϸϿϼЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν ЅΝ ϾЄϹЀϴЊϼГЀϼΝ ϶ІЂЄЂϽΝ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁЏΝ IΝ ІЏЅ.Ν ϦϴϾЂϹΝ ЅЂЋϹІϴЁϼϹΝ ϶Ν ЂϸЁЂЀΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹΝЁϴЅЏЃϹϽΝϞϘϞΝϼΝϷЂЄϴϻϸЂΝϵЂϿϹϹΝЃЂϻϸЁϼЉΝ ϺϴϿАЁϼϾЂ϶Ν ϶Ν ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϹΝ ϥЄϹϸЁϹϽΝ ϟЇϷϼΝ ϼΝ ϸϴϿϹϹΝ ЁϴΝ ϻϴЃϴϸΝ ϶ЃϿЂІАΝ ϸЂΝ ϫЇϸЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЂϻϹЄϴΝ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϴϹІЅГΝ ϸЂ϶ЂϿАЁЂΝ ЋϴЅІЂ. ϙЍϹΝ ЂϸЁϴΝ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁϴГΝ ϾϴІϹϷЂЄϼГΝ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶,Ν ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϥϿϴЁЊϹ϶ЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴ,Ν –Ν ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹΝϾЄϹЅІЏ.ΝϞЄЂЀϹΝϾЄϹЅІЂ϶ΝЃЂϷЂЅІϴΝϛϴϺЇЃϴЁАϹΝ ϼΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴΝ ϶Ν ϸ.Ν ϨϼϿϹ϶Ђ,Ν ϶Ν β015–β016Ν ϷϷ.Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ ЂЅЀЂІЄϹЁЏΝ ϾЄϹЅІЏΝ ЁϴΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹΝ ϶Ν Ѕ.Ν ϘЂϿЂϺЅϾЂЀΝ (ЁЏЁϹΝ ϸ.Ν ϛϴЄЇЋАϹ)Ν ϼΝ ЇΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼΝ ϶Ν Ѕ.Ν ϟЂϺϷЂϿЂ϶Ђ,Ν ϶ЃϹЄΝ϶ЏϹΝ ϻϴΝЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹΝ ϾЄϹЅІЏΝ ϶Ν Ѓ.Ν ϥІϴЄЂЃЂϿАϹΝ ϼΝ ϶Ν ЋϴЅЂ϶ЁϹΝ ϶Ν ϸ.Ν ϟϼϾЂ϶ЅϾЂϹ.Ν ϞЄϹЅІΝ ϶Ν ϸ.Ν ϟЂϺϷЂϿЂ϶ЂΝ ЅІЂΝϼ Ν ІΝЇΝϻϸϴЁϼГΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϽΝϗϹЂЄϷϼϹ϶ЅϾЂϽΝЊϹЄϾ϶ϼ,ΝЂϾЄЇϺϹЁЁЂϽΝ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ЇВЍϼЀΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹЀ.Ν ϞЄϹЅІΝ ϶ЏΝІГΝЁЇІЂϽΝ ЄЂЀϵЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϽΝЈЂЄЀЏΝ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽΝЂϾЂϿЂΝ1ΝЀΝЃЄϼЅϿЂЁϹЁΝϾΝ ϴϿІϴЄЁЂϽΝ ϴЃЅϼϸϹΝ ЀϹϺϸЇΝ ϸ϶ЇЀГΝ ЀЂϷϼϿϴЀϼ.Ν ϡϴΝ ϾЄϹЅІϹΝ ϼЀϹВІЅГ,Ν ЃЂ-϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ,Ν ЄϴϻЁЂΝ϶ЄϹΝЀϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЁϴϸЃϼЅϼ,Ν ЃЂϻϸЁϹϽЌϴГΝϼϻΝϾЂІЂЄЏЉ,ΝЅϸϹΝϿϴЁЁϴГΝІЂЁϾϼЀϼΝЄϹϻϾϼЀϼΝ ϿϼЁϼГЀϼ,ΝЅЂϸϹЄϺϼІΝϸϴІЇΝ(«϶ЎΝ18γγΝϷЂϸЇ»)Ν(ЄϼЅ.Ν5).ΝϡϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ Ѓ.Ν ϥІϴЄЂЃЂϿАϹΝ (ϵЏ϶ЌϹϹΝ Ѕ.Ν ϖϴϿЂ϶Ђ)Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЏΝ ϸ϶ϴΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЄϹЅІϴ.Ν ϢϸϼЁΝ ϼϻΝ ЁϼЉΝ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГΝ ЇΝ ϻϸϴЁϼГΝ ϸϹϽЅІ϶ЇВЍϹϽΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼΝ ϤЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϴΝ ϩЄϼЅІЂ϶ϴ,ΝϾЇϸϴΝϵЏϿΝЁϹϸϴ϶ЁЂΝЃϹЄϹЀϹЍϹЁ,Ν϶ЂϻЀЂϺЁЂ,ΝЅΝ ЂϸЁЂϷЂΝϼϻΝЂϾЄϹЅІЁЏЉΝϺϴϿАЁϼЋЁЏЉΝЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾЂ϶.ΝϱІЂΝ . 5. . . β9 .№8 ϾЄЇЃЁЏϽΝ ϾЄϹЅІΝ ϼϻΝ ЅϿЂϼЅІЂϷЂΝ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴΝ ЅΝ ЃЄЂЋϹЄЋϹЁЁЏЀΝ ЁϴΝ ЃϿЂЅϾЂЅІϼΝ ϾЄϹЅІЂЀ,Ν ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽΝ 145Ν ЅЀ.Ν ϖϹЄЉΝЁГГΝ ϿЂЃϴЅІАΝ ϾЄϹЅІϴΝ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁϴГ,Ν ІЄϴЃϹЊϼϹ϶ϼϸЁϴГ,Ν ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϹΝ ϿЂЃϴЅІϼΝ ϾЄϹЅІϴΝ ЅϾЂЌϹЁЏΝ ϾЁϼϻЇΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 6;Ν 7).Ν ϘЄЇϷЂϽΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽΝϾЄϹЅІΝЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴϹІЅГΝЁϴΝІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ЅІϴЄЂϷЂΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴ,Ν ЂІϸϹϿϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ЂІΝ ϤЂϺϸϹЅІ϶ϹЁЅϾЂϽΝ ЊϹЄϾ϶ϼΝϸЂЄЂϷЂϽ.ΝϖΝ1984ΝϷ.Νϖ.Νϔ.ΝϟϴЃЌϼЁΝϻϴЃϼЅϴϿΝЅ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГΝ ЂΝ ЄϴЅЃЂϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϹЀЅГΝ ϶Ν БІЂϽΝ ϺϹΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ϸϹЄϹ϶Ёϼ,Ν ЁϴΝ ЇЋϴЅІϾϹ,Ν ϻϴЁГІЂЀΝ ϻϸϴЁϼϹЀΝ ЀϴϷϴϻϼЁϴ,Ν ϷЄЇЁІЂ϶ЂЀΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϹΝ (ϖϴϿЂ϶Ђ-β)Ν (ϟϴЃЌϼЁ,Ν 1990.Ν ϥ.Ν 60),Ν ЅΝ ϾЂ- ІЂЄЏЀΝ ЀЂϺϹІΝ ϵЏІАΝ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁΝ ϼΝ ЃЇϵϿϼϾЇϹЀЏϽΝ ϾЄϹЅІ.Ν ϢЁΝ ϶ЏЄϹϻϴЁΝ ϼϻΝ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴ,Ν ϹϷЂΝ ϶ЏЅЂІϴΝ ЁϴϸΝ ЇЄЂ϶ЁϹЀΝ ϻϹЀϿϼΝ 67Ν ЅЀ,Ν ϿЂЃϴЅІϼΝ ϾЄϹЅІϴΝ ϾЂЄЂІϾϼϹ,Ν ЅϾЄЇϷϿϹЁЁЏϹΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 8;Ν 9).Ν ϣЂΝ ϶ЁϹЌЁϹЀЇΝ ϶ϼϸЇΝ ϾЄϹЅІΝ ЀЂϺЁЂΝ ЂІЁϹЅІϼΝ ϾΝБVIIΝ϶.1ΝϖΝϸ.ΝϟϼϾЂ϶ЅϾЂϹΝϵЏϿΝЂЅЀЂІЄϹЁΝ϶ЏЅϹЋϹЁЁЏϽΝ ϼϻΝ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁГϾϴΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϽΝ ϾЄϹЅІΝ ЅΝ ЃЂϿЇЅІϹЄІЏЀϼΝ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼ,ΝЉЄϴЁГЍϼϽЅГΝ϶ΝЀϹЅІЁЂϽΝЋϴЅЂ϶ЁϹΝϡϼϾЂϿϴГΝ ϫЇϸЂІ϶ЂЄЊϴΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 10). ϡϹϵЂϿАЌϼϹΝ ЃЂΝ Ѕ϶ЂϹЀЇΝ ЂϵЎϹЀЇΝ ЄϴϵЂІЏΝ ϶Ν ϟЂЀЂЁЂΝЅЂ϶ЅϾЂЀΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϹΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЃЂЅ϶ГЍϹЁЏΝ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼВΝ . 8. . . 6. . . 9. . . . 7. . γ0 Ν ϟВϵϹϻЁϴГΝ ЇЅІЁϴГΝ ϾЂЁЅЇϿАІϴЊϼГΝ ϖ.Ν ϕ.Ν ϣϴЁЋϹЁϾЂΝ (ϗЂЅ.Ν ϱЄЀϼІϴϺ). 1 . , . 11. . ϵϼЍϹЀ.ΝϛϸϹЅАΝϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂΝ15ΝЁϴЅЏЃϹϽΝϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀΝ ЂІΝ4,5ΝϸЂΝ8ΝЀ,Ν϶ЏЅЂІЂϽΝЂІΝ0,4ΝϸЂΝ1ΝЀΝ϶ΝЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽΝ ϼΝϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽΝЋϴЅІϼΝЄЂЍϼΝϼΝЌϹЅІАΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉΝϾЄϹЅІЂ϶Ν ϶Ν ВϺЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼ. . 10. . ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾϼЉΝϼЅІЂЄϼЋϹЅϾϼЉΝЃЂЅϹϿϹЁϼϽΝϼΝЅ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉΝЅΝ ЁϼЀϼΝϾϿϴϸϵϼЍ,ΝЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉΝЁϴΝЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴΝЃϴϸΝЁЂЀΝ ЅϾϿЂЁϹΝϜϺЂЄЅϾЂϽΝ϶Ђϻ϶ЏЌϹЁЁЂЅІϼ.ΝϧΝϸ.ΝϞϿϼЀЂІϼЁЂ,Ν ϣЂϸЀЂЌАϹΝϼΝϜ϶ϴЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϹΝϵЏϿϼΝ϶ЏГ϶ϿϹЁЏΝЅЄϹϸЁϹΝ϶ϹϾЂΝ϶ЏϹΝЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϼΝЅΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼΝϾЄϹЅІϴЀϼ.ΝϖЅϹΝІЄϼΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴΝЅЇЍϹЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂΝЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁЏΝЅЂ϶ЄϹΝЀϹЁЁЏЀϼΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϴЀϼ,Ν ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЁϴΝ ЁϼЉΝ ϾϴΝЀ ϹЁЁЏϹΝ ϾЄϹЅІЏΝ ЂІЁЂЅГІЅГΝ ϾΝ ІϴϾΝ ЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЂЀЇΝ ϼϺЂЄЅΝΝϾЂЀЇΝ ІϼЃЇΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶Ν ϼΝ ЀЂϷЇІΝ ЌϼЄЂϾЂΝ ϸϴΝІϼΝЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГΝ БЃЂЉЂϽΝ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГΝ –Ν ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂΝ ϶ЄϹΝЀϹЁϼ.Ν ϚϴϿАЁϼЋЁЏϽΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾΝ ЅΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼΝ ϾЄϹЅІϴЀϼΝ ЇΝ ϸ.Ν ϞϿϼЀЂІϼЁЂΝ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ЄЂЍϼ,Ν ϻϴЁГІЂϽΝ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЀΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹЀ.Ν ϟЇЋЌϹΝ ϶ЅϹϷЂΝ ϺϴϿАΝЁ ϼЋЁЏϹΝ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГΝ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϼЅАΝ ϶Ν ВϺЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ЄЂЍϼ.Ν ϡϴΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹΝ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЂΝ γ8Ν ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶,Ν ЋϴЅІАΝ ϼϻΝ ЁϼЉ,Ν ϶ϹЄЂГІЁЂ,Ν in situΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 11).Ν ϞЇЄϷϴЁЁЂ-ϺϴϿАЁϼЋЁЏϽΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾΝ ЇΝ ϸ.Ν ϣЂϸЀЂЌАϹΝ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ЄЂЍϼ,Ν ϻϴЁГІЂϽΝ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЀΝ ϾϿϴϸϵϼЍϹЀ;Ν ϹϷЂΝ ϺϴϿАЁϼЋЁϴГΝ ЋϴЅІАΝ ЅϼϿАЁЂΝ ЃЂ϶ЄϹϺϸϹЁϴ,Ν ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЅЂΝЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГΝ ϼΝ ϶ЏϾϿϴϸϾϼΝ ЈϼϾЅϼЄЇВІЅГΝ ІЂϿАϾЂΝ ϶Ν ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ЄЂЍϼ.Ν ϖΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϹΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾϴΝ ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЏΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ ЅϹЀАΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЄϹЅІЂ϶Ν ϼΝ ЂϸЁϴΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁϴГΝ ЁϴЅЏЃА.Ν ϞЇЄϷϴЁЁЏϽΝ ЀЂϷϼϿАЁϼϾΝ ЅΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼΝ ϾЄϹЅІϴЀϼΝ ЇΝ ϸ.Ν Ϝ϶ϴЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϹΝ ЁϴЉЂϸϼІЅГΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ЄЂЍϼ,Ν ϻϴЁГІЂϽΝ ЅЂ϶ЄϹЀϹЁЁЏЀΝ ϾϿϴϸ- ϤϴϵЂІЏΝ ЃЂΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀЇΝ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼВΝ ІЄϴЅЅΝ ЃЄЂϹϾІϼЄЇϹЀЏЉΝ ЃЂϸЎϹϻϸЁЏЉΝ ϴ϶ІЂϸЂЄЂϷΝ ϾΝ ЂϵЎΝϹϾІϴЀΝ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϙ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϷϴϻЂЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϴΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄΝЄϼІЂΝЄϼϼΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝ ϼΝ ϖЂϿЂϷЂϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІϹϽΝ ЁϹΝ ϶ЏΝГ϶ϼϿϼΝ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶ΝϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂΝЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГ,ΝϻϴΝϼЅϾϿВЋϹЁϼϹЀΝ ϶ЁЂ϶АΝ ЂІϾЄЏІЂϽΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϽΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ ϶Ν ϖЏϵЂЄϷЅϾЂЀΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϹΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ.Ν ϢІϾЄЏІЏϽΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾΝ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁΝ ЁϴΝ ϵϹЄϹϷЇΝ ϥϴϽЀϹЁЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϾϴЁϴϿϴΝ ϶Ν ЄϴϽЂЁϹΝ ЌϿВϻϴΝ«ϜϿϼЅІЂϹ»;ΝЂЁΝЃЂϿЇЋϼϿΝЂϵЂϻЁϴЋϹЁϼϹΝϪ϶ϹІЂЋЁЂϹΝ ЃЂΝϵϿϼϺϴϽЌϹЀЇΝЁϴЅϹϿϹЁЁЂЀЇΝЃЇЁϾІЇΝ–ΝЃ.ΝϪ϶ϹІЂЋЁЂϹΝ (ϵЏ϶.Ν RтЭЭТУтrЯТ)Ν ϖЏϵЂЄϷЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴ,Ν ЁϴЉЂϸГЍϹЀЇЅГΝ ϶Ν γ,5Ν ϾЀΝ ϾΝ ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾЇΝ ЂІΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴ.Ν ϢϵЎϹϾІΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІΝЅЂϵЂϽΝЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼϹΝЂϾЄЇϷϿЏЉΝϷЄϴЁϼІЁЏЉΝ϶ϴΝϿЇЁЂ϶ΝЄϴϻЀϹЄЂЀΝЂІΝ0,γΝϸЂΝ0,8ΝЀΝ϶ΝЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁϼϾϹ.ΝϖΝЃϿϴЁϹΝ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϹΝ Ђ϶ϴϿАЁЂϽΝ ЈЂЄЀЏ,Ν ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼΝ β,βΝ ×Ν γ,4Ν Ѐ,Ν ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂΝ ϶Ν ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼϼΝ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸΝ –Ν ВϷЂ-϶ЂЅІЂϾ.Ν ϕЂϿϹϹΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹΝ (ϸЂΝ 0,8Ν ЀΝ ϶Ν ЃЂЃϹЄϹЋЁϼϾϹ)Ν ϶ϴϿЇЁЏΝ ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЏΝ ЃЂΝ ЃϹЄϼЀϹІЄЇΝ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ,Ν ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϹΝ ЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁЅІ϶ЂΝ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁЂΝ ϵЂϿϹϹΝ ЀϹϿϾϼЀϼΝ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 1β;Ν 1γ). ϥϿЂϺϹЁϼГΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉΝ ϵЇϿЏϺЁϼϾЂ϶Ν ЃЄϴ϶ϼϿАЁЂϽΝ ϼϿϼΝϼЄЄϹϷЇϿГЄЁЂϽΝЈЂЄЀЏΝ(ІϴϾΝЁϴϻЏ϶ϴϹЀЏϹΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹΝ ϾЇЋϼ,Ν ϿЂЃϴЄЅϾϼϹΝ ϾЇЋϼ)Ν ЌϼЄЂϾЂΝ ЄϴЅЃЄЂЅІЄϴЁϹЁЏΝ ЃЂΝ ϶ЅϹϽΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϕϴϿІϼϽЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϴ,Ν ϶ϾϿВЋϴГΝ ϨϹЁЁЂЅϾϴЁϸϼВΝϼΝЃЄϼϵЄϹϺЁЏϹΝІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝϨϼЁЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϻϴϿϼ϶ϴ,Ν ϼΝ ϸϴІϼЄЇВІЅГΝ ϶Ν ϶ϹЅАЀϴΝ ЌϼЄЂϾϼЉΝ ЃЄϹϸϹϿϴЉ:Ν ЂІΝБЃЂЉϼΝЁЂ϶ЂϷЂΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ϶ϹϾϴΝϸЂΝЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГΝϼΝ ЄϴЁΝЁϹϷЂΝ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂΝ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼ.Ν ϨЇЁϾЊϼϼΝ БІϼЉΝ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼϽΝ ЄϴϻЁЂЂϵЄϴϻЁЏΝ ϼΝ ЁϹΝ ЀЂϷЇІΝ ϵЏІАΝ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁЏΝ ϸЂΝ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЉΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ:Ν ЁϹϾЂІЂЄЏϹΝ ϼϻΝ ЁϼЉΝ Г϶ϿГВІЅГΝ ЃЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏЀϼΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴЀϼΝ ϼϿϼΝ ϺϹЄІ϶ϹЁЁЏЀϼΝ ϾЂЀЃϿϹϾЅϴЀϼ,Ν ϸЄЇϷϼϹΝ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏΝ ЅΝ ЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽΝ ϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІАВΝ ЀϹЅІЁЂϷЂΝ ЁϴЅϹ- γ1 .№8 . 12. ( ) . 13. ( ). ϿϹЁϼГ.Ν ϣЂϷЄϹϵϴϿАЁЏϹΝ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁЏΝ ϾЄϹΝЀ ϴЊϼГЀϼ,Ν ϶Ν ІЂЀΝ ЋϼЅϿϹΝ ϾЂϿϿϹϾІϼ϶ЁЏЀϼΝ ЃЂϸΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼΝϼϿϼΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЂ-ϻϹЀϿГЁЏЀϼΝϾЇЋϴЀϼ,ΝϼϿϼΝЁϴΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉΝ϶ЏЀЂЅІϾϴЉ.ΝϛϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼГΝЃЂϸΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЀϼΝ ϾЇЋϴЀϼΝϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏΝЁϴΝϞϴЄϹϿАЅϾЂЀΝЃϹЄϹЌϹϽϾϹΝϼΝ϶ΝϤϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾϹΝ ϞϴЄϹϿϼГ,Ν ЁϴΝ ЂЅІЄЂ϶ϴЉΝ ϨϼЁЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϻϴϿϼ϶ϴ,Ν ϶Ν ϵϴЅЅϹϽЁϹΝϣЅϾЂ϶ЅϾЂ-ϫЇϸЅϾЂϷЂΝЂϻϹЄϴ,ΝϴΝІϴϾϺϹΝЁϴΝІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϱЅІЂЁϼϼΝ ϼΝ ϲϺЁЂϽΝ ϨϼЁϿГЁϸϼϼ.Ν ϕЂϿАЌϴГΝ ЋϴЅІАΝ БІϼЉΝ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶Ν ϸϴІϼЄЇϹІЅГΝ ЃϹЄϼЂϸЂЀΝ ЂІΝ ЃЂЅϿϹϸЁϼЉΝ ϶ϹϾЂ϶Ν ϸЂΝ ЁϴЌϹϽΝ БЄЏΝ ϸЂΝ Б–БIΝ ϶϶.Ν ϘЄЇϷϴГΝ ЄϴϻЁЂ϶ϼϸЁЂЅІАΝ «ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЋ»,Ν ϸϴІϼЄЇВЍϼЉЅГΝ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϹЀΝЂІΝϷϿЇϵЂϾЂϽΝϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼΝ϶ЃϿЂІАΝϸЂΝБVIII– БIБΝ ϶϶.,Ν –Ν ЂϵЎϹϾІЏ,Ν Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹΝ ЅΝ ГϻЏЋϹЅϾϼЀΝ ЃЂЋϼΝІϴЁϼϹЀΝ Ѕ϶ГЍϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϾϴЀЁϹϽ,Ν ЄϹϿϼϾІЏΝ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂΝ ϼϻΝ϶ϹЅІЁЏΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁЂϽΝ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏΝ ϼΝ ϿϹЅЁЂϽΝ ϻЂЁЏΝ ϖЂЅІЂЋЁЂϽΝ ϙ϶ЄЂЃЏΝ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼΝ ЃЂ϶ЅϹ- γβ ЀϹЅІЁЂ.Ν ϢϵЎϹϾІϴЀϼΝ ЄϹϿϼϷϼЂϻЁЂϷЂΝ ЃЂЋϼІϴЁϼГΝ ЅІϴΝЁЂΝ϶ϼϿϼЅАΝ ϾϴϾΝ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹΝ БЄϴІϼЋϹЅϾϼϹΝ ϶ϴϿЇЁЏ,Ν ІϴϾΝ ϼΝ ϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼГ,Ν ϶ЏϾϿϴϸϾϼΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉΝ ϵЇϿЏϺΝЁϼϾЂ϶,Ν ϴΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ ϾϴЀЁϼΝ ЅΝ ϼϻЂϵЄϴϺϹЁϼГЀϼΝ ϼϿϼΝ ЅϿϹϸϴЀϼΝЃЂϸЄϴϵЂІϾϼ.ΝϖЅІЄϹЋϴВІЅГΝІϴϾϺϹΝϾϴЀϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЅϿЂϺϹЁϼГ,ΝЅ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏϹΝЅΝЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂϽΝϸϹГІϹϿАЁЂЅІАВΝ ϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂΝ ϼΝ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶ЂϷЂΝ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ:Ν ЄϴЅЋϼЅІϾЂϽΝ ЂІΝ ϾϴЀЁϹϽΝ ЃϴЉЂІЁЏЉΝ ЇϷЂϸϼϽ,Ν ϶ЏϾϿϴϸϾЂϽΝ ЂϷЄϴϸΝ ЃЂϿϹϽΝ ϼΝ ЃϴЅІϵϼЍ,Ν ЂЈЂЄЀϿϹЁϼϹЀΝ ЀϹϺϹ϶ЏЉΝ ϻЁϴϾЂ϶.Ν ϜЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹΝІϴϾЂϷЂΝЄЂϸϴΝЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶Ν϶ΝЁϴЅІЂГЍϹϹΝ϶ЄϹЀГΝ Г϶ϿГϹІЅГΝЂϸЁϼЀΝϼϻΝ϶ϴϺЁЏЉΝϼЅІЂЋЁϼϾЂ϶ΝЃЂΝϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВΝ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼΝ ЈЂЄЀϼЄЂ϶ϴЁϼГΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЏЉΝ ϿϴЁϸЌϴЈІЂ϶Ν ϼΝ ϼЅІЂЄϼϼΝЉЂϻГϽЅІ϶ϴΝϸЄϹ϶ЁϹϷЂΝЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГ,ΝЂϸЁϴϾЂΝЂЁϼΝ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЏΝ ϶Ν ЂЅЁЂ϶ЁЂЀΝ ЃЂΝ ϶ϼϻЇϴϿАЁЏЀΝ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸЂЋЁЏЀΝ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЀΝϼΝϸϴЁЁЏЀΝЀϹЅІЁЂϽΝБІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϽΝ ІЄϴϸϼЊϼϼ.Ν ϣЂϿЁЂЊϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾΝ ІϴϾЂϷЂΝ ЄЂϸϴΝ ЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶Ν ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸϴΝ ϤЂЅЅϼϽЅϾЂϽΝ ϨϹϸϹЄϴЊϼϼΝ ЁϹΝ ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿЂЅАΝ (ЂϵϻЂЄΝ ϼΝ ϿϼІϹЄϴІЇЄЇΝ϶ЂЃЄЂЅϴΝЅЀ.:ΝϞϼЄЃϼЋЁϼϾЂ϶ΝϼΝϸЄ.,Ν199β;ΝUТЧШ,Ν 1997;Ν ϬϴЉЁЂ϶ϼЋ,Ν β005;Ν ϥϴϾЅϴ,Ν β010;Ν TЯКЮrТ,Ν β01β). ϢЅϹЁАВΝ β015Ν Ϸ.Ν Ѓ ЄϼΝ ЂЅЀЂІ ЄϹΝ Ͼ Ї ЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν ϶Ν ϸ.Ν ϣϼϿϿЂ϶ЂΝ ϞϼЁϷϼЅϹЃЃЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹΝЁ ЏΝ Ѕ϶ϹϺϼϹΝ ЄϴϻΝЄЇЌϹЁϼГΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂΝ ЅϿЂГΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄΝЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ЂϵЎΝϹϾІϴΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГΝ «ϞЇЄΝϷϴЁЁϴГΝ ϷЄЇЃΝЃϴΝ ϣϼϿϿЂ϶Ђ-1»Ν ЁϴΝ ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽΝ ЂϾЄϴϼЁϹΝ ϸϹЄϹ϶Ёϼ.Ν ϢϾЂΝϿЂΝ 1885Ν Ϸ.Ν ϟ.Ν Ϟ.Ν Ϝ϶ϴЁЂ϶ЅϾϼϽΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴϿΝ ϻϸϹЅАΝ ЁϹΝ ЀϹΝЁϹϹΝ β9Ν ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν ЅΝ ϼЁϷЇЀϴЊϼГЀϼΝ (ϥЃϼЊЏЁ,Ν 1896.Ν ϥ.Ν 101),Ν ϶Ν 197γΝ Ϸ.Ν ϙ.Ν ϔ.Ν ϤГϵϼЁϼЁΝ ЂІЀϹІϼϿΝ ІЄϼΝ ЅЂЉЄϴΝЁ ϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼΝ ϼΝ ЅϿϹϸЏΝ 16Ν ЄϴЅΝΝϾЂЃϴЁЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν (ϟϴЃЌϼЁ,Ν 1990.Ν ϥ.Ν 10β).Ν ϖΝ1998ΝϷ.ΝϾЇЄϷϴЁЁϴГΝϷЄЇЃЃϴΝ϶ΝЉЂϸϹΝϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅΝϾЂϽΝ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸϾϼΝ ϵЏϿϴΝ ЂЅЀЂІЄϹЁϴΝ ϖ.Ν ϕ.Ν ϣϴЁЋϹЁϾЂ,Ν ϶Ν β011Ν Ϸ.Ν Ϝ.Ν ϔ.Ν ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶Ν ϻϴЈϼϾЅϼЄЂ϶ϴϿΝ ϻϸϹЅАΝ ЂЅІϴІϾϼΝ ϶ЅϹϷЂΝ ϸ϶ЇЉΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЂ϶Ν ϼΝ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹΝ ϷЄϴΝϵϼІϹϿАЅϾϼϹΝ ГЀЏ.Ν ϘЂΝ ЁϹϸϴ϶ЁϹϷЂΝ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϾЇЄϷϴЁЁЂϽΝ ϷЄЇЃЃЏΝ ЅІЂГϿϴΝ ϸϹЄϹ϶ГЁЁϴГΝ ЋϴЅЂ϶ЁГ,Ν ЁЂΝ ϶Ν ϴ϶ϷЇЅІϹΝ β011ΝϷ.ΝϹϹΝЄϴϻЂϵЄϴϿϼΝЉЂϻГϹ϶ϴΝϵϿϼϻϿϹϺϴЍϹϷЂΝЇЋϴЅІϾϴ.Ν ϖΝ β015Ν Ϸ.Ν ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾϴΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ϻϴΝЀϹЋϹЁЏΝ Ѕ϶ϹϺϼϹΝ ϷЄϴϵϼІϹϿАЅϾϼϹΝ ІЄϴЁЌϹϼΝ ϼΝ ГЀЏΝ ϷϿЇΝϵϼЁЂϽΝ ϸЂΝ ЀϹІЄϴ,Ν ϶Ν ЂІ϶ϴϿϴЉΝ ГЀΝ ϿϹϺϴϿϼΝ ЋϹϿЂ϶ϹЋϹЅϾϼϹΝ ϾЂЅІϼΝ ϼϻΝ ЁϴΝЄЇЌϹЁЁЏЉΝЃЂϷЄϹϵϹЁϼϽ.ΝϛϸϹЅАΝϺϹΝϵЏϿЂΝЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁЂΝ ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼϹΝ ϾЂЄЄЂϸϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏЉΝ ϺϹϿϹϻЁЏЉΝ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЂ϶,Ν ϶ЂІϾЁЇІЏЉΝ϶ΝϸϹЄЁ:ΝЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂΝЁЂϺϹϽ,Ν϶ІЂϾ,ΝЅϾϿϴϸЁϴГΝ ϵЄϼІ϶ϴ(?)Ν ϼΝ ϸЄ.Ν (ЄϼЅ.Ν 14;Ν 15).Ν ϢЅЂϵЏϽΝ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϹІΝ ϾЄϹЅϴϿЂ,Ν ЂϸϼЁΝ ϾЂЁϹЊΝ ϾЂІЂЄЂϷЂΝ ϻϴϷЁЇІ,Ν ϾϴϾΝ ЇΝ ϾϴϿϴЋϹ϶ϼϸЁЏЉ,Ν ϴΝ ϸЄЇϷЂϽΝ ЄϴЅϾЂ϶ϴЁΝ ϶Ν ЌϼЄЂϾЇВΝ ЀϴЅΝЅϼ϶ЁЇВΝ ЃϿϴЅІϼЁЇ,Ν ІЂЋЁЏЉΝ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼϽΝ ϹЀЇΝ ЁϴЀΝ ЁϹΝ ϼϻ϶ϹЅІЁЂΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 14:Ν 4).Ν ϥЂϵЄϴЁЁЏϹΝ ЃЄϹϸЀϹІЏΝ ЀЂϷЇІΝ ϸϴІϼЄЂ϶ϴІАЅГΝ БЃЂЉЂϽΝ ЃЂϻϸЁϹϷЂΝ ЅЄϹϸЁϹ϶ϹϾЂ϶АГΝ ϼΝ ЁЂ϶ЂϷЂΝ ϶ЄϹЀϹЁϼΝ ϼΝ ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГІ,Ν ЅϾЂЄϹϹΝ ϶ЅϹϷЂ,Ν ЁϹΝ ϼϻΝ ЄϴϻΝЄЇЌϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϻϴЉЂЄЂЁϹЁϼϽ,Ν ϴΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂΝ ЅϿЂГΝ ϸϹЄϹ϶Ёϼ,Ν ϶ЃϹЄ϶ЏϹΝ ЇЃЂЀГЁЇІЂϽΝ ϶Ν 1500Ν Ϸ.Ν ϶Ν ϣϹЄϹЃϼЅЁЂϽΝ ЂϵЄЂЋЁЂϽΝ ϾЁϼϷϹΝ ϖЂϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЃГІϼЁЏΝ ϾϴϾΝ ЅϹϿЂΝ ϣϼϿЂϿϴΝ ϶Ν ЃЂϷЂЅІϹΝ ϡϼϾЂϿАЅϾЂЀΝ ϦЂϿϸЂϺЅϾЂЀΝ ϶Ν ϫВϸϼΝ (ϣϹЄϹΝЃϼЅЁϴГΝ ЂϵЂЄЂЋЁϴГΝ ϾЁϼϷϴ,Ν 1868.Ν ϥІϿϵ.Ν 907). , . 14. , . ϤϴЅϾЂЃϾϼΝ ϶Ν β015–β016Ν ϷϷ.Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ Ѕ϶ГϻϴЁЏΝ ЅΝ ЂЉЄϴЁЁЏЀϼΝЄϴϵЂІϴЀϼΝЃЂΝϼϻЇЋϹЁϼВΝЂϵЎϹϾІЂ϶ΝЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЂϷЂΝ ЃЄЂЀЏЅϿϴΝ ϶Ν ϻЂЁϴЉΝ ЃϿϴЁϼЄЇϹЀЂϷЂΝ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴ.Ν ϤϴϵЂІЏΝ β015Ν Ϸ.Ν ЃЄЂ϶ЂϸϼϿϼЅАΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϖЏϵЂЄϷЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼΝ ϶Ν ϻЂЁϹΝ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴΝ ІϹЄЀϼЁϴϿϴΝ ЃЂΝ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЇΝ ϼΝ ЃϹЄϹΝϷΝ ЄЇϻϾϹΝ ЅϺϼϺϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ЃЄϼЄЂϸЁЂϷЂΝ ϷϴϻϴΝ ϶Ν ЃЂЄІЇΝ Ϸ.ΝϖЏЅЂЊϾ,ΝЁϴΝЂЅІЄЂ϶ϹΝϖЏЅЂЊϾϼϽΝ(ЈϼЁЅϾ.ΝUЮrКЬЬККrТ),Ν ϶ЉЂϸГЍϹЀΝ ϶Ν ϴЄЉϼЃϹϿϴϷΝ ЂЅІЄЂ϶Ђ϶Ν ϖЏϵЂЄϷЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϻϴϿϼ϶ϴ.Ν ϖΝ ЅϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ЂЅІЄЂ϶ϴ,Ν ϶Ν ϻЂЁϹΝ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴΝ ЃЂЄІЂ϶ЂϷЂΝ ІϹЄЀϼЁϴϿϴ,Ν ЁϴЉЂϸϼϿϼЅАΝ ЂЅІϴІϾϼΝЂϸЁЂϽΝϼϻΝϵϴІϴЄϹϽ,ΝϾЂЁІЄЂϿϼЄЂ϶ϴ϶ЌϼЉΝϦЄЂЁϷϻЇЁϸЅϾϼϽΝЃЄЂϿϼ϶ΝϼΝЃЂϸЉЂϸЏΝϾΝϾЄϹЃЂЅІϼΝϦЄЂЁϷϻЇЁϸ,Ν Єϴϻ϶ϴϿϼЁЏΝ ЃЂЅІЄЂϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ϶Ν 19γ0-ЉΝ ϷϷ.Ν ЈϼЁЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЃЂЅϹϿϾϴΝ RОЩШЭКТЩКХОΝ ϼΝ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЋ,Ν ЄϴϻϵЄЂЅϴЁЁЏЉΝ ЃЂΝ ϶ЏЅЂϾЂЀЇΝ ϵϹЄϹϷЇΝ ЂЅІЄЂ϶ϴ,Ν ЃЂЄЂЅЌϹЀЇΝ Ѕ϶ϹІϿЏЀΝ ЅЂЅЁЂ϶ЏЀΝ ϵЂЄЂЀ,Ν ϼϻΝ ϾЂІЂЄЏЉΝ ЁϴЀϼΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЏΝ ІЄϼΝ («ϖЏЅЂЊϾΝ I–III»).Ν ϖЅϹΝ ЂЁϼΝ ЃЂΝ Ѕ϶ЂϹϽΝ ϶ЁЇІЄϹЁЁϹϽΝ ЅІЄЇϾІЇЄϹΝ ЅЉЂϸЁЏΝ ЀϹϺϸЇΝ ЅЂΝϵЂϽ,Ν ϼЉΝ ЅІЄЂϹЁϼϹΝ ЃЂϿЁЂЅІАВΝ ЅЂЂІ϶ϹІЅІ϶ЇϹІΝ ϸϴЁЁЏЀΝ БІЁЂϷЄϴЈϼϼΝ ЂΝ ϶ЏϺϼϷϴЁϼϼΝ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅЁЂϷЂΝ ЇϷΝϿ ГΝ ϶Ν ϾЇЋϴЉΝ(ЄϼЅ.Ν16;Ν17).ΝϪϹЁІЄϴϿАЁϴГΝЋϴЅІАΝϾϴϺΝϸЂϷЂΝЅЂΝЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴΝ ЅЂϵЂϽΝ ЀЂЍЁЏϽΝ ЅϿЂϽΝ ЃϹЅϾϴ,Ν ЃϹЄϹЀϹЌϴЁЁЂϷЂΝ ЅΝ ЇϷϿϹЀΝ ϼΝ ЅϴϺϹϽ,Ν –Ν ЂЅΝΝІ ϴІΝϾ ϼΝ ϻϴЅЏЃϾϼΝ ЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ ϻϹЀϿϹϽΝ ϼΝ ϸϹЄЁЂЀ,Ν ЃϹЄϹЀϹΝЌϴЁЁЏϹΝ ЅΝ ЀϹϿϾϼЀϼΝ ЇϷЂϿАϾϴЀϼΝ ϼΝ ЅϴϺϹϽΝ ЃЂЅϿϹΝ «ϿЂΝЀϴЁϼГ»Ν ϾЇЋϼΝ ϼΝ ϶ЏϵϼЄϴЁϼГΝ ϼϻΝ ЁϹϹΝ ЇϷϿГ.Ν ϞЄϴГΝ ϻϹЀϿГЁЂϽΝ ϻϴЅЏЃϾϼΝ –Ν ІЂϿЍϴΝ ЂϵЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϷЂΝ ЄЏЉϿЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЅΝϾϴ,Ν ЂϾЄЇϺϴ϶ЌϴГΝ ЇϷЂϿАЁЏϽΝ ЅϿЂϽ,Ν –Ν ЂЅІϴ϶ϴϿϼЅАΝ ЃЂІЄϹ϶ЂϺϹЁЏΝ ЀϹЁАЌϹ.Ν ϡϼϺЁϼϽΝ ЇЄЂ϶ϹЁАΝ ϾϴϺϸЂϽΝ ϼϻΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЏЉΝϾЇЋΝЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿΝЅЂϵЂϽΝЃϿЂІЁЏϽΝІЂЁϾϼϽΝ ЅϿЂϽΝ ЅϿϹϺϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГΝ ЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽΝ ЀϹϿЂЋϼΝ ϼΝ ЅϴϺϼ,Ν ЃЂϸΝ ϾЂІЂЄЏЀΝ ϻϴϿϹϷϴϿΝ ЃЄЂϾϴϿϹЁЁЏϽΝ ЀϴІϹЄϼϾ. ϡϴϼϵЂϿϹϹΝ ϼЁІϹЄϹЅЁЏЀϼΝ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅАΝ ЄϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЂϽΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ «ϖЏЅЂЊϾΝ II».Ν ϣЄϼΝ ϻϴЋϼЅІϾϹΝ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁЏΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼΝ ЁϼϺϹΝ ЅϿЂГΝ ϸϹЄЁϴΝ ЃЄЂ- . 15. , . . 16. 1899 . . . . ( . . . № 1363) γγ .№8 . 17. ( . 1911 . , . ( ). , 2014. . 52) ЅІЇЃϼϿϼΝϾЂЁІЇЄЏΝ϶ЏІГЁЇІЂϷЂΝЃГІЁϴΝІϹЀЁЂϷЂΝЃϹЅϾϴ,Ν ЃϹЄϹЀϹЌϴЁЁЂϷЂΝЅΝЇϷϿГЀϼΝϼΝЅϴϺϹϽ,ΝЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼΝ5,5Ν×Ν 6,βΝ Ѐ.Ν ϣГІЁЂΝ ІϹЀЁЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЅϾϴΝ ЅΝ ЇϷϿϹЀΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿЂΝ ЅЂϵЂϽΝ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІАΝ ЅϿЂГΝ ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАВΝ 0,γ–0,4Ν Ѐ,Ν ЅϿϴϷϴ϶ЌϹϷЂΝ϶ϹЄЉΝЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽΝЋϴЅІϼΝ϶ЅϹϷЂΝЂϵЎϹϾІϴ.Ν ϡϼϺϹΝ ЅϿЂГΝ ІϹЀЁЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЅϾϴΝ ЅΝ ЇϷϿϹЀΝ ЃЂϸΝ ϶ЅϹϽΝ ЊϹЁІЄϴϿАЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІАВΝ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГΝ ϻϴϿϹϷϴϿΝ ІЂЁϾϼϽΝ ЅϿЂϽΝ ЃϿЂІЁЂΝЅϿϹϺϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГΝЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽΝЀϹϿЂЋϼ,ΝЂЅІϴ϶ЌϹϽЅГΝ ЁϴΝ ЀϹЅІϹΝ ЃЂЅϿϹΝ ЄϴϻϵЂЄϾϼΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЂϽΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ ϼΝ ϶ЏϵЂЄϾϼΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЅϾЂ϶Ν ϷЂІЂ϶ЂϷЂΝ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅЁЂϷЂΝ ЇϷϿГ.Ν ϖЂϾЄЇϷΝ ВϺЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ЃГІЁϴΝ ІϹЀЁЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЅϾϴΝ ЅΝ ЇϷϿϹЀΝ ϵЏΝϿ ϼΝ ЄϴЅЋϼЍϹЁЏΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏΝ ϾЄϹЃϿϹЁϼГΝ ЂϵЍϹϽΝ ϾЂЁЅІΝЄЇϾЊϼϼ:Ν18ΝЂϵЇϷϿϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝϾЂϿАϹ϶,Ν϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂΝ ϶ϵϼІЏЉΝ ϶Ν ϷЄЇЁІΝ ЅΝ ЁϹЄϴ϶ЁЏЀϼΝ ЃЄЂЀϹϺЇІϾϴЀϼΝ (ЂІΝ 5–6Ν ЅЀΝ ϸЂΝ β0Ν ЅЀΝ ϼΝ ϵЂϿϹϹ).Ν ϖЂϾЄЇϷΝ ЃГІЁϴΝ ЇϷϿϹϽΝ ϼΝ ЇϷϿϼЅІЂϷЂΝЃϹЅϾϴΝϻϴϿϹϷϴϿϴΝЃЂϿЂЅϴΝЄЏЉϿЂϷЂΝЅ϶ϹІϿЂϷЂ,Ν ЀϹЅІϴЀϼΝ ЃЂЋІϼΝ ϵϹϿЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЄϹϷЂЄϹϿЂϷЂΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЅΝϾϴΝ ЅΝ ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЀϼΝ ІЂЁϾϼЀϼΝ ϿϼЁϻϴЀϼΝ ЇϷϿϼЅІЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЅϾϴΝ ϼΝ ЅϴϺϼ.Ν ϥϿЂϽΝ ЃϹЄϹϷЂЄϹϿЂϷЂΝ ЃϹЅϾϴΝ ϾЂϿАЊЂЀΝ ЂϾЄЇϺϴϿΝ ІϹЀЁЏϽΝ ЃϹЅЂϾΝ ЅΝ ЇϷϿϹЀ:Ν ЌϼЄϼЁϴΝ ϾЂϿАЊϴΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴΝ ϶Ν ЅЄϹϸЁϹЀΝ ЂϾЂϿЂΝ βΝ Ѐ,Ν ЀЂЍЁЂЅІАΝ ЅϿЂГΝ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿϴΝ 0,γ–0,4Ν Ѐ.Ν ϞЄϴГΝ ЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ ЂЅІϴϿϼЅАΝ ЁϹΝ ЄϴϻЂϵЄϴЁЏΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷϴЀϼ,Ν ϼΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏΝ ϾϴЄϵЂЁϼϻϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЂϽΝ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅϼЁЏΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЄϴЅЋϼЍϹЁЏΝ ϶Ν ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϹΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾΝ in situ.Ν ϢϵЇϷϿϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏΝ ЋЇЄЂϾΝ ϼΝ ϺϹЄϸϹϽΝ ϻϴϿϹϷϴϿϼΝ ЂІЋϴЅІϼΝ ϶Ν ЃϿЂІЁЂЀΝ ЅϿЂϹΝ ЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽΝЃЏϿϼ,ΝЂІЋϴЅІϼΝЃЂϸΝЅ϶ϹІϿЏЀΝЃϹЄϹϷЂЄϹϿЏЀΝ ЃϹЅϾЂЀ.Ν ϤϴЅЋϼЍϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏΝ ЂϾϴ ϻϴ ϿϼЅАΝ ЇϿЂϺϹЁЏΝ ЃЂΝ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼВΝ ϾΝ ЊϹЁІЄЇΝ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼГ,Ν ЂϵЄϴϻЇГΝ ϶Ν ЃϿϴЁϹΝ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉЇϷЂϿАЁϼϾΝ («ϾϴϵϴЁ»),Ν ЂЄϼϹЁІϼЄЂ϶ϴЁЁЏϽΝ Ѕ϶ЂϼЀϼΝ ЅІЂЄЂЁϴЀϼΝ ЃЄϴϾІϼЋϹЅϾϼΝ ЃЂΝ ЅІЄϴЁϴЀΝ Ѕ϶ϹІϴ.Ν ϢЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ ЄϴϻЀϹЄϴЀϼΝ 6,5– 7Ν×Ν8ΝЀ,ΝЌϼЄϼЁϴΝЁϹЄϴϻЂϵЄϴЁЁЂϷЂΝϾЄϴГΝЅЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϴΝ1,0– 1,βΝ ЀΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν 18).Ν ϣЄЂЋЁЂЅІАΝ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼΝ ЃЄϼϸϴ϶ϴϿϼΝ ЀϴЅΝЅϼ϶ЁЏϹΝϻϴЂЅІЄϹЁЁЏϹΝϾЂϿАГ,Ν϶ϹЄІϼϾϴϿАЁЂΝ϶ϵϼІЏϹΝ ϶Ν ϷЄЇЁІ:Ν ϶Ν ЁϼϺЁϹϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼΝ ЄϴЅЋϼЍϹЁЏΝ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼГΝ ЋϹІЏЄϹЉΝ ІϴϾϼЉΝ ϾЂϿАϹ϶Ν ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀΝ 10– 1βΝ ЅЀ,Ν ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼϹЅГΝ ЁϴΝ ϶ЏЅЂІЇΝ ЂІΝ 1βΝ ϸЂΝ γ0Ν ЅЀ.Ν γ4 . 18. « II», . ϢІЋϹІϿϼ϶ЂΝ϶ϼϸЁЂ,ΝЋІЂΝЋЇЄϾϼΝϼΝϵЄϹ϶ЁϴΝЇϾΝϿϴΝϸЏΝ϶Ν ϴϿϼЅАΝ ЃЂΝ ЁϴЃЄϴ϶ϿϹЁϼВΝ ЂІΝ ЊϹЁІЄϴΝ ϾΝ ϾЄϴГЀ,Ν ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏЀϼΝ ЃϿЂІЁЏЀϼΝЅ϶ГϻϾϴЀϼΝϼϿϼΝЂЉϴЃϾϴЀϼΝЌϼΝЄϼΝЁЂϽΝ0,6–0,8Ν Ѐ.Νϥ϶ГϻϾϼΝЇϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϿϼЅАΝЁϴϾϿЂЁЁЂ,ΝІϴϾϼЀΝЂϵΝЄΝ ϴϻЂЀ,Ν ЋІЂΝ ϼЉΝ ϾЂЁЊЏ,Ν ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁЁЏϹΝ ϾΝ ЊϹЁІΝЄЇΝ ϾЂЁЅІΝЄЇϾЊϼϼ,Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ ЃЄϼЃЂϸЁГІЏ.Ν ϖΝ ЁϴϼϵЂϿϹϹΝ ЅЂΝЉ ЄϴΝЁ ϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝ Ѕ϶ГϻϾϴЉΝ ЀЂϺЁЂΝ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼІАΝ ϸЂΝ 5–6Ν ГЄЇЅЂ϶Ν ЅІ϶ЂϿЂ϶,Ν ϶Ν ЂϸЁЇΝ Ѕ϶ГϻϾЇΝ ЇϾϿϴϸЏ϶ϴϿϼЅАΝ ЅІ϶ЂΝϿ ЏΝ ЂϸϼЁϴϾЂ϶ЂϽΝ ІЂϿΝЍϼΝЁЏ.Ν ϥІ϶ЂϿЏΝ ϸϹЄϹ϶АϹ϶Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ ЅЄЇϵϿϹЁЏΝ ЁϴϼЅϾЂЅАΝ ІЂЃЂЄЂЀΝ ϼϿϼΝ ϾЂЅϴЄϹЀΝ ЂϸЁϼЀ-ІЄϹЀГΝ ϾЂЅЏЀϼΝ ЇϸϴΝЄϴЀϼΝ Ѕ϶ϹЄЉЇΝ ϶Ёϼϻ.Ν ϫϴЅІАΝ ЁϼϺЁϼЉΝ ЃЂϿϹЁАϹ϶Ν ϼΝ ЋЇЄЂϾΝ ЂϾϴϻϴϿϼЅАΝ ЂϵЇϷϿϹЁЏΝ ЁϹΝ ϸЂΝ ϾЂЁЊϴ,Ν ЁϴΝ ЁϹϾЂΝІ ЂЄЏЉΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІϴЉΝ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿϴЅАΝ ϾЂЄϴ,Ν ЂІϾЇϸϴΝ ϶ϼϸΝЁЂ,Ν ЋІЂΝ ϼЅЃЂϿАϻЂ϶ϴЁЏΝ ЅЂЅЁЂ϶ЏϹΝ ϼΝ ϿϼЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЋЇЄΝϾ ϼ,Ν ЃЄϼЋϹЀΝ ЅЂЅЁЂ϶ЏϹΝ ϿϹϺϴϿϼΝ ϶ЁϼϻЇ,Ν ϴΝ ϶ЏЌϹΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЇϿЂϺϹЁЏΝ ЋЇЄϾϼΝ ϼϻΝ ϿϼЅІ϶ϹЁЁЏЉΝ ЃЂЄЂϸ.Ν ϘϿГΝ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂ϶ΝϼϻΝϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼΝЇϸϴϿЂЅАΝЃЂϿЇЋϼІАΝϸϹЁϸЄЂЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϹΝ ЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϹ:Ν ЂϾЂϿЂΝ 18β0Ν Ϸ.β ϡϴЉЂϸЂϾ,ΝЅ϶ГϻϴЁЁЏЉΝЁϹЃЂЅЄϹϸЅІ϶ϹЁЁЂΝЅΝЇϷЂϿАЁЏЀϼΝ ϾЇЋϴЀϼ,Ν ЃЄϼΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉΝ ЁϴΝ Ђ-϶ϹΝ ϖЏЅЂЊϾЂЀΝ ЁϹΝ ЅϸϹϿϴЁЂ,Ν ЂϸЁϴϾЂΝ ЃЄϼΝ ЄϴϻϸϹЄЁЂ϶ϾϹΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴΝ ЁϴΝ ϾЇЋϹΝ «ϖЏЅЂЊϾΝ I»Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ ЁϴϽϸϹЁЏΝ ЀϹϸЁϴГΝ ЀЂЁϹІϴΝ ΝϖЏЄϴϺϴϹЀΝЅϴЀЇВΝϼЅϾЄϹЁЁВВΝЃЄϼϻЁϴІϹϿАЁЂЅІАΝϴ϶ІЂЄϴЀΝ ЃЄЂϼϻ϶ϹϸϹЁЁЏЉΝЂЃЄϹϸϹϿϹЁϼϽΝϟ.ΝϟϴϻЇϾЂ϶ЂϽΝϼΝϙ.ΝϘЂϿϷЂ϶ЂϽΝ (ϟϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼГΝ ϸϹЁϸЄЂЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼϼΝ ϜЁЅІϼІЇІϴΝ ϷϹЂϷЄϴЈϼϼΝ Ϥϔϡ). β , ϖϹϿϼϾЂϷЂΝ ϾЁГΝϺϹЅІ϶ϴΝ ϨϼЁϿГЁϸЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЁЂЀϼЁϴϿЂЀΝ 10Ν ЃϹЁΝЁϼ,Ν ЋϹϾϴΝЁϹЁΝЁϴГΝ ϶Ν 1916Ν Ϸ.,Ν ϼΝ ЁϹϵЂϿАЌϴГΝ ЄϴΝϾЂ϶ϼЁϴΝ ϾϴЇΝЄϼΝ (CвЩrКОКΝ ЦШЧОЭК)Ν (ЄϼЅ.Ν 19). ϣЂЀϼЀЂΝЂЉЄϴЁЁЏЉΝЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾ,Ν϶ΝϻЂЁϹΝЃϿϴЁϼЄЇϹЀЂϷЂΝ ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿАЅІ϶ϴΝ ЁϴΝ Ђ-϶ϹΝ ϖЏЅЂЊϾЂЀΝ ϶Ν β015Ν Ϸ.Ν ϵЏϿЂΝ ЃЄЂΝ϶ϹϸϹЁЂΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ ϸЂЃЂϿЁϼІϹϿАЁЂϹΝ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸЂЋЁЂϹΝ ЂϵЅϿϹΝϸЂ϶ϴЁϼϹΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϿϹЅЁЂϷЂΝ ЇЋϴЅІϾϴΝ ϼΝ ЂЃϹЄϴЊϼΝЂЁЁЂϽΝ ϴϾ϶ϴІЂЄϼϼΝ ЅІЄЂГЍϹϷЂЅГΝ ЂϵЎϹϾІϴ.Ν ϖΝ ЉЂϸϹΝ ЂϵЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГΝ ϴϾ϶ϴІЂЄϼϼΝ ЅЃϹЊϼϴϿϼЅІϴЀϼΝ ϢϢϢΝ «ϨϹЄІЂϼЁϷ»Ν ϵЏϿΝ ЂϵЁϴЄЇϺϹЁΝ ϼΝ ЃЂϸЁГІΝ ЁϴΝ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІАΝϺϹϿϹϻЁЏϽΝГϾЂЄА,ΝϼϻЇЋϹЁЁЏϽΝϞ.Νϖ.ΝϬЀϹϿϹ϶ЏЀ.Ν ϳϾЂЄАΝ ϴϸЀϼЄϴϿІϹϽЅϾЂϷЂΝ ІϼЃϴ,Ν ϶ЏЃЂϿЁϹЁΝ ЃЂΝ ЅЉϹЀϹΝ ϣϴЄϾϹЄϴ-ϤЂϸϺϹЄϴ.Ν ϣЄЂϼϻ϶ЂϸЅІ϶ЂΝ ГϾЂЄϹϽΝ ϸϴЁЁЂϷЂΝ ІϼЃϴΝ ЁϴЋϼЁϴϹІЅГΝ ϶Ν ϾЂЁЊϹΝ 1840-ЉΝ ϷϷ.,Ν ЃϹЄϼЂϸΝ ϼЉΝ ϴϾІϼ϶ЁЂϷЂΝ ЃЄϼЀϹЁϹЁϼГΝ ЃЄϼЉЂϸϼІЅГΝ ЁϴΝ ЄЇϵϹϺΝ БIБ– ББΝ ϶϶.,Ν ЂІϸϹϿАЁЏϹΝ БϾϻϹЀЃϿГЄЏΝ ЃЄϼЀϹЁГϿϼЅАΝ ϸЂΝ ϾЂЁЊϴΝ ϩϩΝ ϶ϹϾϴΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν β0). « . 19. I»: 1 – 10 1916 ., 2 – . 20. , . ϖΝ β016Ν Ϸ.Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ ЃЄЂ϶ϹϸϹЁЏΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϼΝ ЁϴΝ ϷЄЇЃЃϹΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЋΝ «ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГΝ I»Ν ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϣЄϼΝЂЁϹϺЅΝϾЂϷЂΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴΝ ϤϹЅЃЇϵϿϼϾϼΝ ϞϴЄϹϿϼГ,Ν ЁϹϸϴΝϿϹϾЂΝ ЂІΝ Ϸ.Ν ϣϹІЄЂϻϴ϶ЂϸЅϾϴ.Ν ϗЄЇЃЃЇΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼΝ ЌϹЅІАΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЏЉΝ ϾЇЋ,Ν ЄϴЅЃЂϿЂϺϹЁЁЏЉΝ ϶Ν ЁϼϻЀϹЁΝЁЂЀ,Ν ЀϹЅІϴЀϼΝ ЃЂϸϵЂϿЂЋϹЁЁЂЀΝ ϿϹЅЇΝ ЅΝ ϻϴЀϹІЁЏЀΝ ЃЄϹЂϵϿϴϸϴЁϼϹЀΝ ϹϿϼ.Ν ϥϴЀЂϹΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЂϹΝ ϼϻΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃϴЁЁЏЉΝ ϻϸϹЅАΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЏЉΝ ЅЂЂЄЇϺϹЁϼϽΝ –Ν ϾЇЋϴΝ №Ν γ.Ν ϘЂΝ ЄϴЅϾЂЃЂϾΝ ЂЁϴΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϴΝ ЅЂϵЂϽΝ ЄϴЅЃϿЏ϶ЋϴІЇВΝ ЁϴЅЏЃАΝ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀΝ 15Ν ЀΝ ϼΝ ϶ЏЅЂІЂϽΝ ϸЂΝ 0,6Ν Ѐ,Ν ЅΝ ЃЄЂЅϹ϶ЌϹϽΝ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁЂϽΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν β1).Ν ϡϴΝ ВϷЂ-ϻϴЃϴϸЁЂϽΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼΝ ІЂЄЋϴϿϼΝ ϸ϶ϴΝ ЃЂЄЂЅЌϼЉΝ ЋϹЄЁϼЋЁϼϾЂЀΝ ЉЂϿЀϼϾϴ,Ν ЂϾϴϻϴ϶ЌϼϹЅГΝ ЃЂΝ ЅЁГІϼϼΝ ϾЇЋϴЀϼΝ ЀϹϿϾϼЉΝ ЇϷϿϹϽ,Ν ϵϹЅЃЂЄГϸЂЋЁЂΝ ϶ЏЅЏЃϴЁЁЏЉΝ ЁϴΝ ϶ϹЄЌϼЁЇΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼ.Ν ϢЅІϴІϾϼΝ ЂϵЇϷϿϹЁЁЂϽΝ ЁϹϸЂϺϺϹЁЁЂϽΝ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅϼЁЏ,Ν ϵЄЂЌϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЁϴΝ ЀϹЅІϹ,Ν ϵЏϿϼΝ ϶ЅІЄϹЋϹЁЏΝ ЃЄϼΝ ЅЁГІϼϼΝ ϸϹЄЁϴΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉΝ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГΝ ϾϴΝЁϴ϶ΝϾ ϼ,Ν ЂϾЄЇϺϴ϶ЌϹϽΝ ϾЇЋЇ.Ν ϡϴЅЏЃАΝ ЅЂЅІЂГϿϴΝ ϼϻΝ ϶ϻГІЂΝϷ ЂΝ ЁϴΝ ЀϹЅІϹΝ ЀϹЌϴЁЂϷЂΝ ϾЂЄϼЋЁϹ϶ЂϷЂΝ ЅЇϷϿϼЁϾϴ,Ν ЁϴЅЏЍϹЁΝЁЂϷЂΝ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼΝ ϼΝ ЃϹЄϹЀϹЌϴЁЁЂϷЂΝ ЅΝ ЇϷϿГЀϼΝ ϼΝ ЇϷЂϿАЁЂϽΝ ЃЏϿАВ.Ν ϢЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϹΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЂϽΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ΝϿГϿϴΝ϶ЏЄϹϻϴЁЁϴГΝϼϻΝЀϴІϹЄϼϾϴΝЂϾЄЇϷϿϴГΝЃϿЂЍϴϸϾϴΝ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄЂЀΝ ϸЂΝ 16Ν Ѐ,Ν ЂϾЄЇϺϹЁЁϴГΝ ϾЂϿАЊϹ϶ЂϽΝ ϾϴЁϴ϶ϾЂϽ.Ν ϖΝ ЂЅЁЂ϶ϴЁϼϼΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼ,Ν ЁϴΝ ЀϴІϹЄϼϾϹΝ ϿϹϺϴϿϼΝ ЂϵЇϷϿϹЁЁЏϹΝ ЃϿϴЉϼ,Ν ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГ϶ЌϼϹΝ ϾЄϴГΝ ЅϿЂϺϹЁЁЂϽΝ ϸϿГΝ ϶ЏϺϼϷϴЁϼГΝ ЇϷϿГΝ ϾЇЋϼ.Ν ϢЁϴΝ ϼЀϹϿϴΝ ЂϾЄЇϷϿЇВΝ ϶Ν ЃϿϴЁϹΝ ЈЂЄЀЇ,Ν ϹϹΝ ϸϼϴЀϹІЄΝ ϸЂЅІϼϷϴϿΝ 10Ν ЀΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν ββ).Ν ϣϿϴЉϼΝϵЏϿϼΝЇϿЂϺϹЁЏΝЅϿЂГЀϼΝ(ЃЄϼΝЄϴЅЋϼЅІϾϹΝϾЄϴϹ϶Ν ϾЂЁЅІЄЇϾЊϼϼΝ ЃЄЂЅϿϹϺϹЁЂΝ β–4Ν ЅϿЂГ),Ν ЁϴϾϿЂЁЁЂΝ ІϴϾϼЀΝ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ,Ν ЋІЂΝ ϾΝ ЊϹЁІЄЇΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЂϵЄϴЍϹЁЏΝ ЃЄϼЃЂϸЁГІЏϹΝ ϾЂЁЊЏ.Ν ϡϼϺЁϼϽΝ ЅϿЂϽΝ ϿϹϺϴϿΝ ЃЂЋІϼΝ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЂ,Ν ЇϷЂϿΝ ЁϴϾϿЂЁϴΝ ЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼЉΝЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿГϿΝγ0–40°.ΝϘϿϼЁϴΝЅЂЉЄϴЁϼ϶ЌϼЉЅГΝЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶Ν ЂϵЇϷϿϹЁЁЏЉΝ ЃϿϴЉΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϼϿϴΝ ЂІΝ 10–1βΝ ЅЀΝ ϸЂΝ 50Ν ЅЀ,Ν ЌϼЄϼЁϴΝ –Ν ЂІΝ 5Ν ЅЀΝ ϸЂΝ 18–β0Ν ЅЀ,Ν ЃЂЋІϼΝ ϶ЅϹΝ ЂЁϼΝ ЇЃϿЂЍϹЁЏΝ ЂІΝ ІГϺϹЅІϼΝ ЃϹЄϹϾЄЏ϶ЌϹϷЂΝ ϼЉΝ ϷЄЇЁІϴ.Ν ϠЂϺЁЂΝ ЄϴϻϿϼЋϼІАΝ ЋϴЅІϼΝ ЁϹϾЄЇЃЁЏЉΝ ЅІ϶ЂϿϼΝϾЂ϶Ν ϼΝ ϺϹЄϸϹϽ,Ν ϴΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ ЀϴЅЅϼ϶ЁЏϹΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏϹΝ ϾЂϿЂІЏϹΝ ϶ϸЂϿАΝ ЋЇЄϾϼΝ ЅΝ ϾЂЁЊϴЀϼ,Ν ϾЂЅЂΝ ЅІϹЅϴЁЁЏЀϼΝ ІЂЃЂЄЂЀ.Ν ϘЄϹ϶ϹЅϼЁϴΝ ϾЄЇЃЁЏЉΝ ЋЇЄЂϾΝ ϼЀϹϿϴΝ ІЂЁϾЇВΝ ЅϿЂϼЅІЂЅІА,Ν ЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄЁЇВΝ ϸϿГΝ Љ϶ЂϽЁЏЉΝ ЃЂЄЂϸ.Ν ϠϴІϹЄϼϾΝ ЃЂϸΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЂϽΝ ϾЇЋϹϽΝ ϼЀϹϿΝ ϸ϶ЇЅϿЂϽЁЇВΝ ЅІЄЇϾΝІ ЇЄЇ:Ν ϹϷЂΝ ϶ϹЄЉЁϼϹΝ 10–15Ν ЅЀΝ ЃЄϹϸЅІϴ϶ϿГϿϼΝ ЅЂΝϵЂϽΝ ЃЄЂϾϴϿϹЁЁЏϽΝ ЄЏЉϿЏϽ,Ν ϵϹϿϹЅЏϽΝ ϷЄЇЁІ,Ν ЁϼϺϹΝ ЀϴΝІϹЄϼϾΝЅЂЉЄϴЁϼϿΝЅ϶ЂϽΝЃϹЄ϶ЂЁϴЋϴϿАЁЏϽΝЉϴЄϴϾІϹЄΝ–Ν ЁϴЅЏЍϹЁЁЏϽΝ ϾϴЀЁГЀϼΝ ЅЇϷϿϼЁЂϾΝ ϺϹϿІЂϷЂΝ Њ϶ϹІϴ,Ν ϾЁϼϻЇΝ ЃϹЄϹЉЂϸГЍϼϽΝ ϶Ν Ѕ϶ϹІϿЂ-ЅϹЄЏϽ. ϖΝВϺЁЂϽΝЋϴЅІϼΝЄϴЅϾЂЃϴΝЃЄϼΝЄϴϻϵЂЄϾϹΝЂЃЂϿϻЌϹϷЂΝ ϾЄϴГΝ ЁϴЅЏЃϼΝ ϼΝ ϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГΝ ЂϾЄЇϺϴ϶ЌϹϽΝ ϹϹΝ ϾϴЁϴ϶ΝϾ ϼΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЂІЀϹЋϹЁЏΝ ЂІЉЂϸЏΝ ЇϷϿϹϺЂϷЁЂϷЂΝ ЃЄЂЊϹЅЅϴ:Ν ЂϵϷЂЄϹ϶ЌϼϹΝ ϾЂϿЂІЏϹΝ ЃЂϿϹЁАГ,Ν ϿϹϺϴ϶ЌϼϹΝ ϷЂЄϼϻЂЁІϴϿАЁЂΝ϶ΝІЄϼΝЅϿЂГΝ϶Ν϶ϹЄЉЁϹϽΝЋϴЅІϼΝϻϴЃЂϿЁϹЁϼГΝ ϾϴЁϴ϶Ͼϼ.Ν ϣЄϼΝ ЄϴϻϵЂЄϹΝ БІЂϷЂΝ ЅϾЂЃϿϹЁϼГΝ ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅϼЁЏΝ ϵЏϿϼΝ ЅЂϵЄϴЁЏΝ ІϴϾϺϹΝ 1βΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЂ϶Ν ϾϹЄϴЀϼϾϼ,Ν ЃЂ϶ϼϸϼЀЂЀЇ,Ν ЃЄЂϼЅЉЂϸГЍϼЉΝ ЂІΝ ЂϸЁЂϷЂΝ ЀϼЅϾЂ϶ϼϸЁЂϷЂΝ γ5 .№8 . 21. . 22. γ6 № 3 « . -I» . . , . 23. № 3 ЅЂЅЇϸϴΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν βγ:Ν 1).Ν ϥЂЅЇϸΝ ϵЏϿΝ ϼϻϷЂІЂ϶ϿϹЁΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЄϴЅЁЂΝϺ ϷЇЍϹϽЅГΝ ϷϿϼЁЏΝ ЅΝ ЃЄϼЀϹЅАВΝ ϸЄϹЅ϶Џ;Ν ЋϹЄϹЃΝϾ ϼΝ ϶Ν ϼϻϿЂЀϹΝ ІЄϹЉЅϿЂϽЁЏϹ,Ν ЄϴЅІЄϹЅϾϼ϶ϴВІЅГ.Ν ϖЅϹΝ ЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІЏΝ ϻϴЀϹІЁЂΝ ЂϾϴІϴЁЏ,Ν І.Ϲ.Ν ϸϿϼІϹϿАЁЂϹΝ ϶ЄϹЀГΝ ϿϹϺϴϿϼΝ ЁϴΝ ЃЂ϶ϹЄЉЁЂЅІϼΝ ϻϹЀϿϼ.Ν ϙЍϹΝ ЂϸϼЁΝ ϴЁϴϿЂϷϼЋЁЏϽΝЈЄϴϷЀϹЁІ,ΝЂІΝЃЄϼϸЂЁЁЂϽΝЋϴЅІϼΝЅЂЅЇϸϴ,Ν ІϴϾϺϹΝ ЂϾϴІϴЁЁЏϽ,Ν ϵЏϿΝ ЁϴϽϸϹЁΝ ЁϹЅϾЂϿАϾЂΝ ϻϴЃϴϸЁϹϹΝ (ЄϼЅ.Ν βγ:Ν β).Ν ϤϹϻЇϿАІϴІЏΝ ϸϹЁϸЄЂЉЄЂЁЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϴЁϴϿϼϻϴΝ ЂϵЄϴϻЊЂ϶Ν ϸЄϹ϶ϹЅϼЁЏΝ ϼϻΝ ϾЇЋϼΝ №Ν γΝ ϷЄЇЃЃЏΝ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЁϴГ-IΝ ЂІЁЂЅГІΝ ЃϴЀГІЁϼϾΝ ϾΝ БVIIIΝ ϶.Ν ϤϴϵЂІЏΝ β015–β016Ν ϷϷ.Ν ЃЄϼЁϹЅϿϼ,Ν ІϴϾϼЀΝ ЂϵЄϴϻЂЀ,Ν ЁЂ϶ЏϹΝ Ѕ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГΝ ЂϵΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂЀΝ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼϼΝ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸϴ. ϗϼЁϻϵЇЄϷΝ ϔ.Ν Ϡ.,Ν ϞϼЄϼϾЂ϶Ν ϕ.Ν Ϡ.,Ν 1996.Ν ϔЄЉϼІϹϾІЂЄЏΝ –Ν ЅІЄЂϼІϹϿϼΝ ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷϴΝ ЅϹЄϹϸϼЁЏΝ БIБΝ –Ν ЁϴЋϴϿϴΝ ϩϩΝ ϶ϹϾϴ.Ν ϥЃЄϴ϶ЂЋЁϼϾ.Ν ϥϣϵ. ϜЁϷϹЄЀϴЁϿϴЁϸϼГ,Νβ014.ΝϜЁϷϹЄЀϴЁϿϴЁϸϼГΝϷϿϴϻϴЀϼΝϥϴЀЇϿϼΝ ϣϴЇϿϴЉϴЄАВ.Ν ϖϹϿЂБϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼГΝ ϿϹІЂЀΝ 1911Ν ϷЂϸϴ.Ν ϥϣϵ. ϞϼЄЃϼЋЁϼϾЂ϶Ν ϔ.Ν ϡ.,Ν ϡϴϻϴЄϹЁϾЂΝ ϖ.Ν ϔ.,Ν ϥϴϾЅϴΝ ϔ.Ν Ϝ.,Ν ϬЇЀϾϼЁΝϖ.Νϳ.,Ν199β.ΝϞϴЀϹЁЁЏϹΝ϶ЏϾϿϴϸϾϼΝϙ϶ЄЂЃϹϽЅϾЂϷЂΝϥϹ϶ϹЄϴΝϼΝϼЉΝϼЅІЂϿϾЂ϶ϴЁϼϹΝ//ΝϘЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІϼΝ ЅϿϴ϶ГЁΝ ϼΝ ЈϼЁЁЂ-ЇϷЄЂ϶.Ν ϥϣϵ. ϟϴЃЌϼЁΝϖ.Νϔ.,Ν1990.ΝϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϴГΝϾϴЄІϴΝϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼ.Ν ϟ.Ν ϫϴЅІАΝ 1:Ν ϛϴЃϴϸЁЏϹΝ ЄϴϽЂЁЏ. ϠϼЉϴϽϿЂ϶ϴΝϙ.ΝϤ.,ΝϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶Νϖ.Νϲ.,ΝϦϴЄϴЅЂ϶ΝϜ.ΝϜ.,ΝϬЀϹϿϹ϶ΝϞ.Νϖ.,Ν ϠЇЄϻϹЁϾЂ϶Ν Ϙ.Ν ϡ.,Ν ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶Ν Ϝ.Ν ϔ.,Ν β015.Ν ϣЂϿϹ϶ЏϹΝ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГΝ ϟϴϵЂЄϴІЂΝЄϼϼΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼϼ,Ν ϼЅІЂЄϼ- « -I». ЋϹЅϾЂϽΝ ЅЂЊϼЂϿЂϷϼϼΝ ϼΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄЁЂϷЂΝ ЁϴЅϿϹϸϼГΝ ϼЀ.Ν ЃЄЂЈ.Ν ϗ.Ν ϥ.Ν ϟϹϵϹϸϹ϶ϴΝ ϥϣϵϗϧΝ ϶Ν β01β–β01γΝ ϷϷ.Ν //Ν ϕВϿϿϹІϹЁАΝ ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν №Ν 5. ϠϼЉϴϽϿЂ϶ϴΝ ϙ.Ν Ϥ.,Ν ϕϹЉІϹЄΝ ϔ.Ν ϖ.,Ν ϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶Ν ϖ.Ν ϲ.,Ν ϦϴЄϴЅЂ϶Ν Ϝ.Ν Ϝ.,Ν β017.Ν ϔЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼϹΝ ЄϴϵЂІЏΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼΝІ ЂЄϼϼΝ ЇЅϴϸАϵЏΝ ϕЂϷЂЅϿЂ϶ϾϴΝ (ϛϼЁЂ϶АϹ϶Ђ)Ν //Ν ϕВϿϿϹІϹЁАΝ ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν №Ν 6. ϣϹЄϹЃϼЅЁϴГΝЂϵЄЂЋЁϴГΝϾЁϼϷϴ,Ν1868.ΝϣϹЄϹЃϼЅЁϴГΝЂϵЄЂЋЁϴГΝ ϾЁϼϷϴΝ ϖЂІЅϾЂϽΝ ЃГІϼЁЏ.Ν ϣϹЄ϶ϴГΝ ЃЂϿЂ϶ϼЁϴ.Ν ϥϣϵ.Ν ϦЂЀΝγ:ΝϡЂ϶ϷЂЄЂϸЅϾϼϹΝЃϼЅЊЂ϶ЏϹΝϾЁϼϷϼ,ΝϼϻϸϴЁЁЏϹΝ ϔЄЉϹЂϷЄϴЈϼЋϹЅϾЂϽΝ ϾЂЀϼЅЅϼϹϽ. ϣϿϴІЂЁЂ϶ϴΝ ϡ.Ν Ϝ.,Ν 198γ.Ν ϢІЋϹІΝ ЂΝ ЃЂϿϹ϶ЏЉΝ ϼЅЅϿϹϸЂ϶ϴЁϼГЉΝ β-ϽΝ ϷЄЇЃЃЏΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϷЂΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІЁЂϷЂΝ ЂІЄГϸϴΝ ϟϢϜϔΝ ϶Ν ϟЇϺЅϾЂЀΝ ϼΝ ϥϿϴЁЊϹ϶ЅϾЂЀΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϴЉΝ ϟϹЁϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝЂϵϿϴЅІϼΝ϶Ν198γΝϷ.Ν//ΝϤЇϾЂЃϼЅЁЏϽΝ ϴЄЉϼ϶Ν ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν Ϩ.Ν γ5.Ν Ϙ.Ν 70. ϥϴϾЅϴΝ ϔ.Ν Ϝ.,Ν β010.Ν ϘЄϹ϶ЁГГΝ ϞϴЄϹϿϼГΝ ϶Ν ϾЂЁЊϹΝ IΝ –Ν ЁϴЋϴϿϹΝ IIΝ ІЏЅГЋϹϿϹІϼГΝ Ё.Б.Ν ϣЄЂϼЅЉЂϺϸϹЁϼϹ,Ν ϼЅІЂЄϼГΝ ϼΝ ϾЇϿАІЇЄϴΝ ЁϴЅϹϿϹЁϼГΝ ϿϹІЂЃϼЅЁЂϽΝ ϞϴЄϹϿАЅϾЂϽΝ ϻϹЀϿϼ.Ν ϥϣϵ. ϥ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГ,Ν1900.Νϥ϶ϹϸϹЁϼГΝЂΝϸЄϹ϶ЁЂЅІГЉΝЃЂΝϗϸЂ϶ЅϾЂЀЇΝЇϹϻϸЇ,Ν ЅЂϵЄϴЁЁЏϹΝ ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷЅϾϼЀΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾϼЀΝ ϼЁЅІϼІЇІЂЀΝ ϸϿГΝ ЅЂЅІϴ϶ϿϹЁϼГΝ ϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽΝ ϾϴЄІЏΝ ϷЇϵϹЄЁϼϼΝ /Ν ϤЇϾЂЃϼЅЁЏϽΝ ϴЄЉϼ϶Ν ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν Ϩ.Ν γ7.Ν Ϙ.Ν β. ϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶Ν ϖ.Ν ϲ.,Ν 1996.Ν ϢІЋϹІΝ ЂΝ Єϴϻ϶ϹϸϾϹΝ IIΝ ЂІЄГϸϴΝ ϥϹ϶ϹЄЂ-ϛϴЃϴϸЁЂϽΝϴЄЉϹЂϿЂϷϼЋϹЅϾЂϽΝБϾЅЃϹϸϼЊϼϼΝϥϣϵ.Ν ϤϡϜϜΝ ϞϣϡΝ ϶Ν ϥϿϴЁЊϹ϶ЅϾЂЀΝ ЄϴϽЂЁϹΝ ϟϹΝЁ ϼЁϷЄϴϸЅϾЂϽΝ ЂϵϿϴЅІϼΝ ϶Ν 1996Ν Ϸ.Ν //Ν ϔЄЉϼ϶Ν ϜϔΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν Ϩ.Ν Ϥ-1. γ7 .№8 ϥЃϼЊЏЁΝ ϔ.Ν ϔ.,Ν 1896.Ν ϞЇЄϷϴЁЏΝ ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷЅϾЂϽΝ ϷЇϵϹЄЁϼϼΝ ϶Ν ЄϴЅϾЂЃϾϴЉΝ ϟ.Ν Ϟ.Ν Ϝ϶ϴЁЂ϶ЅϾЂϷЂΝ ϥϣϵ.Ν (ϠϔϤ.Ν №Ν β0). ϨϹϸЂЄЂ϶Ν Ϝ.Ν ϔ.,Ν ϠЇЄϻϹЁϾЂ϶Ν Ϙ.Ν ϡ.,Ν ϥЂϵЂϿϹ϶Ν ϖ.Ν ϲ.,Ν ϬЀϹϿϹ϶Ν Ϟ.Ν ϖ.,Ν ϠϼЉϴϽϿЂ϶ϴΝ ϙ.Ν Ϥ.,Ν β014.Ν ϤϴϵЂІЏΝ ϟϴϵЂЄϴІЂЄϼϼΝ ϼЀϹЁϼΝ ЃЄЂЈ.Ν ϗ.Ν ϥ.Ν ϟϹϵϹϸϹ϶ϴΝ ϥϣϵϗϧΝ ЁϴΝ ІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϥϴЁϾІ-ϣϹІϹЄϵЇЄϷϴΝ ϶Ν β01β–β01γΝ ϷϷ.Ν //Ν ϕВϿϿϹІϹЁАΝ ϜϜϠϞΝ Ϥϔϡ.Ν №Ν 4. ϬϴЉЁЂ϶ϼЋΝϠ.ΝϠ.,Νβ005.ΝϖϴϿЇЁЁЏϹΝЁϴЅЏЃϼΝЁϴΝІϹЄЄϼІЂЄϼϼΝ ϞϴЄϹϿϼϼΝ //Ν ϞϼϺЅϾϼϽΝ ϶ϹЅІЁϼϾ.Ν ϣϹІЄЂϻϴ϶ЂϸЅϾ.Ν ϖЏЃ.Ν 10. TЯКЮrТΝ A.,Ν β01β.Ν TСОΝ MТРrКЭТШЧΝ ЩОrТШН,Ν PrО-ЯТФТЧРΝ КРОΝ КЧНΝ VТФТЧРΝ КРОΝ ТЧΝ EЬЭШЧТК.Ν TКrЭЮ.Ν (EЬЭШЧТКЧΝ КrМСКОШХШРв.Ν №Ν 4). UТЧШΝ P.,Ν 1997.Ν AЧМТОЧЭΝ KКrОХТК:Ν ArМСКОШХШРТМКХΝ ЬЭЮНТОЬ.Ν HОХЬТЧФТ.Ν (SMВA.Ν №.Ν 104). γ8