Case stacking

Ö Please fill in your text in the yellow colored table element Õ Lemma case stacking Definiens occurrence of more than one case marker in a wordform position (English) German If you do not know German we will translate this position for you. equivalent Please inform us if this is the case. Definiens If you do not know German we will translate this position for you. position Please inform us if this is the case. (German) Further Case stacking is defined as occurrence of more than one case explanation marker in a wordform (see DENCH/EVANS 1988, PLANK ed. 1995, EA not more than 4000 characters, SA not more 20000 characters! NOONAN 2008, DENCH 2009). There are three distinct kinds of this phenomenon: (i) Derivational case stacking (AUSTIN 1995), when one case form serves as a base for the formation of other case forms, as in (1); (1) North Russian Romani (Indo-European > Indo-Aryan, Russia; WENTZEL 1980: 72), pigeon NOM golúmbo ACC golumbó-s LOC golumbó-s-te DAT golumbó-s-ke ABL golumbó-s-tïr INS golumbó-s-a Derivational case stacking is primarily attested in NakhDaghestanian languages (KIBRIK 1991), though is also found elsewhere, e.g. in certain Indo-Aryan and Tibetan languages, in Tocharian etc. (ii) Case compounding, when two independently occurring case markers are used together to express a meaning more or less compositionally derived from the functions of the components, as in (2), which is similar to preposition stacking in English (NOONAN 2008: 128–129). (2) Chantyal (Sino-Tibetan > Tamangic, Nepal; NOONAN 2008: 137) dɦuŋ-phyaraŋ-mar-gəmsə tree-SUPER-CIRC-ABL from around the top of the tree Instances of case compounding are found in many languages of the world, though they seem to rarely be systematic. (iii) Multiple case marking or Suffixaufnahme, when the wordform contains several case markers each expressing its own function and reflecting distinct syntactic triggers. The most crosslinguistically common type of Suffixaufnahme is found in noun phrases with genitive modifiers inflected for the case of the whole constituent, as in (3). (3) Old Georgian (Kartvelian; SCHANIDSE 1982: 188) sisxl-i vic-ta-j da ḳuro-ta-j blood-NOM goat-OBL-NOM and bull-OBL-NOM the blood of goats and bulls NP-internal Suffixaufnahme is found in Hurrian, certain Caucasian and Tibetan languages, some languages of Northern Eurasia (Mordvin, Evenki, Chukchi), certain Cushitic languages, Quechua, and in many Australian languages (PLANK 1995: 93– 94). NP-internal multiple case marking sometimes involves cases other than the genitive, cf. (4) (4) Evenki (Tungus-Manchu, Siberia; NEDJALKOV 1997: 155) Nungartyn eme-re asatkan-dula nginakin-nun-dule. they come-NFUT(3PL) girl-ALL dog-COM-ALL They came to [the girl with the dog]. A mirror-image pattern of NP-internal Suffixaufnahme is attested in Japanese, where the genitive particle can attach to the noun with a locative or comitative particle, cf. (5). (5) Japanese (KAISER et al. 2013: 55–56) tomodachi e no tegami friend ALL GEN letter a/the letter to a/the friend Most complex systems of multiple case marking are attested in the languages of Australia (DENCH/EVANS 1988, NORDLINGER 1998), especially in those of the Tangkic family (EVANS 1995a, 1995b, RICHARDS 2013, ROUND 2013). Here nominals in embedded clauses may bear the complementizer case assigned to the whole clause (DENCH 2006) as in (6) or be assigned the so-called modal case reflecting the tense-mood features of the predicate, as in (7). (6) Panyjima (Pama-Nyungan, Western Australia; DENCH 2006: 85) Ngatha yana-ku panti-rta kumpa-ku [kangkuru-ku 1SG.NOM go-PRS sit-FUT wait-PRS kangaroo-ACC [paka-rnu-ku murrka-karta-ku]]. come-REL-ACC soak-ALL-ACC I am going to sit waiting for a kangaroo to come to the soak. (7) Lardil (Tangkic, Queensland; RICHARDS 2013: 48) ngada nguthungu-thur warnawu-thur dulnhuka-r 1SG.NOM slowly-FUT cook-FUT month.fish-FUT beerr-uru-r nyith-uru-r. ti.tree-INS-FUT fire-INS-FUT I will slowly cook the month fish on a fire of ti-tree wood. Zeichen zählen ( double click) 3907 Artikeltext prüfen (double click) Please use only the following mark ups: SMALL CAPS (for authors s names and semantic roles), italic (for object language), bold and underline (for accentuation), crossed and Superscript-/ Subscript as well as the combinations italic+bold and italic+underline. Please link references, links as well as synonyms und antonyms and figures directly in the editorial system! Place for you notes, links, synonyms, antonyms, references etc. synonym(s): case compounding, Suffixaufnahme, multiple case marking antonym(s): link(s): references: AUSTIN, P. [1995]. Double case marking in Kanyara and Mantharta languages, Western Australia. In: PLANK ed. 1995: 363–379. DENCH, A. C. [2006] Case marking strategies in subordinate clauses in Pilbara languages – some diachronic speculations. Australian Journal of Linguistics 26: 81– 105. DENCH, A. C. [2009]. Case in an Australian language: Distribution of case and multiple case marking in Nyamal. In: MALCHUKOV, A./ SPENCER, A. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Case. Oxford. 756–769. DENCH, A./ EVANS, N. [1988] Multiple case-marking in Australian languages. In: Australian Journal of Linguistics 8: 1–47. EVANS, N. [1995a] A Grammar of Kayardild. With Historical-Comparative Notes on Tangkic. Berlin/New York. EVANS, N. [1995b] Multiple case in Kayardild: Anti-iconic suffix ordering and the diachronic filter. In: PLANK ed. 1995: 396–428. KAISER, S. / ICHIKAWA, Y./ KOBAYASHI, N. / YAMAMOTO, H. [2013] Japanese, A Comprehensive Grammar. 2nd ed. London/New York. KIBRIK, A. E. [1991] Organising principles for nominal paradigms in Daghestanian languages: Comparative and typological observations. In: PLANK, F. (ed.). Paradigms: The Economy of Inflection. Berlin/New York. 255–274. NEDJALKOV, I. [1997] Evenki. London/New York. NOONAN, M. [2008] Case compounding in the Bodic languages. In: CORBETT, G.G./ NOONAN, M. (eds.). Case and grammatical relations. Studies in honor of Bernard Comrie. Amsterdam/Philadelphia. 127–148. NORDLINGER, R. [1998]. Constructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages. Stanford. PLANK, F. [1995]. (Re-)Introducing Suffixaufnahme. In: Plank ed. 1995: 3–110. PLANK, F. (ed.) [1995] Double Case. Agreement by Suffixaufnahme. New York/Oxford. RICHARDS, N. [2013]. Lardil case stacking and the timing of case assignment. Syntax 61: 42–76. ROUND, E. R. [2013] Kayardild Morphology and Syntax. Oxford. SCHANIDSE, A. [1982]. Altgerogisches Elementarbuch. Teil I. Grammatik der Altgeorgischen Sprache. Tbilissi. WENTZEL, T. W. [1980]. Die Zigeunersprache (Nordrussischer Dialekt). Leipzig.