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Given that consciousness is an essential ingredient for achieving Singularity, the notion that an Artificial General Intelligence device can exceed the intelligence of a human, namely, the question of whether a computer can achieve consciousness, is explored. Given that consciousness is being aware of one's perceptions and/or of one's thoughts, it is claimed that computers cannot experience consciousness. Given that it has no sensorium, it cannot have perceptions. In terms of being aware of its thoughts it is argued that being aware of one's thoughts is basically listening to one's own internal speech. A computer has no emotions, and hence, no desire to communicate, and without the ability, and/or desire to communicate, it has no internal voice to listen to and hence cannot be aware of its thoughts. In fact, it has no thoughts, because it has no sense of self and thinking is about preserving one's self. Emotions have a positive effect on the reasoning powers of humans, and therefore, the computer's lack of emotions is another reason for why computers could never achieve the level of intelligence that a human can, at least, at the current level of the development of computer technology.
Kínesis - Revista de Estudos dos Pós-Graduandos em Filosofia
The Emergence of Artificial Consciousness and Its Importance to Reach the Technological SingularityThe men admired a way to swim the fish, but today they sail faster than anyone. They'd like flying like the birds, but have been a lot higher. They searched for wisdom, now they have all the knowledge accumulated in the story available in a few clicks. Human evolution is about to meet its peak through the Technological Singularity, which can be understood as the future milestone reached at the moment that a computer program can think like a human, yet with quick access to all information already registered by society. It will not be like a man, but more intelligent than all mankind in history. So we have a big question: will this new entity has consciousness? Through a study of the levels of intelligent agents autonomy and in a timeless dialogue with Alan Turing, René Descartes, Ludwic Wittgenstein, John Searle and Vernor Vinge, we show the possibility of an artificial consciousness and thatthe quest for intentionality, promoted by sophisticated algorithms of learning and machin...
Computer und Kultur
Computers and Human Consciousness1987 •
Note: This is an historical paper from the early days of hypertext. It may be more interesting for its historical value than for current theory. ABSTRACT There are at present two diverging views regarding the future shape of the computer and computing in human life. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach, and the functional approach. The AI approach regards the computer as a device which will eventually imitate human cognitive operations, to eventually substitute for human work process. The functional approach sees the computer as a tool to be used by humans much like a hammer, or a screwdriver. My tendency in this discussion is to reject both approaches. The AI approach is far from realization at this point. Computers are a long way from being able to imitate human cognitive processes, especially realization and utilization of the cultural and environmental knowledge which underlies most everyday actions and thought processes, which have been constant for at least 25,000 years.
In the course of the development of the computer, Alan Turing’s question enabled us to explore the possibility of machines thinking and acting like humans. But does artificial intelligence reach its limit in terms of simulating subjective consciousness? This work investigates how human consciousness should be viewed and up to what extent it can be simulated. It stresses the irreducible character of consciousness, as demonstrated by John Searle, but on the other hand shows how Marvin Minsky and David Chalmers still insists that it is possible for machines to be conscious like humans. In the end, we can see that the divide between mind and machine would be possible, affirming that Turing’s question is an exploration of limitless possibilities and a challenge of great proportions.
The previous decade has witnessed the widespread recognition that sophisticated AI is under development. The likes of Bill Gates, Stephen Hawking, André LeBlanc, Stefan Wess, Jonathan White, Daniel Dewey and other experts in this field have all agreed that it is a matter of time before super intelligent machines are created, and, although opinions differ, all predict this event will occur in the following couple of decades. However, they all end their predictions with strong cautionary notes that the rise of " superintelligent " machines might bring about great disasters as severe as the end of mankind. Even though this is a topic that sparks much interest, this paper is essentially not concerned with the scenario whether a machine revolution might wipe humans off the face of the earth, but with the formulation of an " intelligent " machine and the next step—a conscious artificial intelligence. So, what are the current positions on machine intelligence and consciousness that brought about such grave predictions? I would like to divide the current attitudes into three " schools " of thought: the computationalist/pragmatic school, spearheaded by several top AI researchers mentioned above; the functionalist/emergentist school, represented by Raymond Kurzweil; and the panpsychist/IIT school, whose proponents are Christof Koch and Giulio Tononi. It seems that all of the experts cited at the beginning of the previous paragraph (comprising the first, computationalist/pragmatic group of thinkers) focused their attention on intelligence as something that is (partially) equivalent with consciousness, disregarding qualia in general. In their opinion, the main premise of artificial intelligence (AI) coming into being is the so-called " intelligence explosion " , which would come about after scientists have devised a very sophisticated machine (be it hardware or software), far superior to anything we have today and integrated it with the greatest in AI at that time (a learning machine). This machine could efficiently form hypotheses, make plans based on them, execute these plans and observe the outcomes relative to the plans, and it would then be tasked to algorithmically investigate AI and create machines with greater computing power. This kind of " recursion " would add to the already exponential development of computing power in the machine, leading to an " intelligence explosion " (Dewey 2013), a threshold under which intelligence seems to peter out, but above which it thrives and exponentially grows. This would ultimately create a machine with would be able to outperform the human race in its totality in terms of intelligence, which would be a moment when the technological change would become so profound, it would change the fabric of human history. This moment was dubbed the " singularity " (White 2014). It is not hard to see why the premise of a goal-oriented and chain-reactive system opens a possibility for negative consequences. In an analogy with microorganisms, Dewey (2013) postulated the possibility of the systems algorithmic goals not being in line with the goals of humans, which would then initiate a process of eliminating the obstacle, turning the immensely superior computation machine against humanity. However, this is still the domain of intelligence viewed purely as computational power and algorithmic capabilities, while true consciousness is not even close to being explained. The question arises: could these
International Journal of Machine Consciousness
The Potential for Consciousness of Artificial Systems2009 •
World Futures: The Journal of New Paradigm Research
Is the ‘Technological Singularity Scenario’ Possible: Can AI Parallel and Surpass All Human Mental Capabilities?2022 •
This paper explores and discusses those human mental processes and capabilities which pose a serious challenge to the actualization of the Technological Singularity scenario. It posits that the contemporary human mind-intellect1 and its further evolution is the main issue and not AI takeover. It elaborates some relatively less explored aspects of human mental architecture and functioning that defy emulation by AI. It introduces the concept of ‘integrated autonomous intellect’ as the future evolutionary stage of the human intellect. It opts for a positive vision of the harmonious collective future(s) of human mind-intellect and AI instead of the Technological Singularity scenario.
2014 •
The state of the art in automating basic cognitive tasks, including vision and natural language understanding, is far below human abilities. Real-world reasoning, which is an unavoidable part of many advanced forms of computer vision and natural language understanding, is particularly difficult---suggesting the advent of computers with superhuman general intelligence is not imminent. The possibility of attaining a singularity by computers that lack these abilities is discussed briefly.
Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
Paradox in AI – AI 2.0: The Way to Machine Consciousness2009 •
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Lorenzo Verderame, Cuneiform Texts in the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, Oriens Antiquus NS 1 (2019), 165–171.
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