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The Dimensions of Consciousness in Spiritual and Religious beliefs Clifford Geertz, the anthropologist, stated that there is a drive to understand and a need for meaning that is “as real and pressing as the more familiar biological needs!” The scope of what human consciousness envelops and embraces is an important factor to keep in mind in light of the fact that human consciousness is limited. As Lev Tolstoy, the brilliant Russian novelist and radical Christian, observed, “Man’s mind cannot grasp the causes of events in their completeness, but the desire to find those causes is implanted in man’s soul.” (p.777 WP) As John Bargh observes, "Mental categories are absolutely essential in simplifying and understanding the information-rich environment (e.g., Bruner, 1957; E. E. Smith & Medin, 1981), but stereotypes are maladaptive forms of categories because their content does not correspond to what is actually present or going on in the environment. (The Unbearable Automaticity of Being, John A Bargh & Tanya L. Chartrand - p. 462 July 1999 American Psychologist). So, any realistic assessment of religious beliefs necessitates an understanding that religious beliefs and ideologies are often largely simplified models or theories of abstractions, The most important factor and influence in a human being's life would be other human beings of course. It would seem rather self-evident that religions are groups and since religions have been forming groups since prehistoric times that on purpose or function of religions would be to "form groups." Needless to say, religious beliefs would require some structure for relationships and collective action - primarily through rituals, it would seem. In fact, on the face of it, rituals in a social context would apparently be for the purpose of getting the individual to submit to the group. Furthermore, as Roy Baumeister observes, “Many of the strongest emotions people experience, both positive and negative, are linked to belongingness.” (p.508 need) That is, the ideologies generated by groups evoke very strong emotions clearly having the function of creating bonds by which social structure could be created and also to facilitate collective action.
Emanato da papa Paolo II, a cura di Anna Modigliani e Sandro Notari, che devo ringraziare vivamente, come tutti i collaboratori che dettero seguito all'idea di quando ero ancora in servizio a Roma 3; fu condivisa con entusiasmo dal prof. Stanzione, cui si deve la prima traduzione del testo dell'incunabolo. Qui importanti i saggi introduttivi per la storia di Roma nel Quattrocento.
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