(PDF) SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars — Mechanical Systems Table of Contents

Problems in dynamics may be solved by any one or more of three basic methods: force and acceleration (F=m a), work and kinetic energy (Fd=½ mV^2), impulse and momentum (〖Imp〗_(1→2)=mV_2-mV_1); these are just different ways of looking at a common underlying reality . The method(s) used to investigate a particular dynamics problem depends upon the specific nature of the problem. Problems involving that most severe form of automotive longitudinal deceleration, crashing, are no exception. Even at the most elementary level, as represented by the previous equations, the unifying role of mass properties is evident. Notable in the basic formulae of all three methods for the solution of problems in dynamics is the common parameter “m” (mass). However, this represents just the “tip of the iceberg”; at the detailed level representative of actual engineering problems the full role played by mass properties is often revealed to be far more complicated than that indicated by such simple basic equations. For instance, an automobile traveling at a particular velocity will possess a certain amount of kinetic energy which must be dissipated for the vehicle to come to a stop. The dissipation can be controlled and orderly as in the case of braking a car to a stop at an intersection, or it can be somewhat more violent as in the case of a collision with a concrete abutment. In both cases the outcome is directly dependent upon the magnitude of the kinetic energy involved. Initially the mass properties involvement seems to be very simple: the kinetic energy of any body of mass “m” moving at a velocity “V” is expressible as “½ mV^2”; to come to a stop that energy must be dissipated through the work done by a deceleration force “F” times the distance “d” traveled during the deceleration. However, the kinetic energy possessed by an automobile is much more than would be indicated by a simple determination of its mass “m” from its weight (“m= W/g”). Many components of an automobile possess not only translational kinetic energy, but rotational as well. Thus the simple mass “m” is not the appropriate value needed for kinetic energy determination; there is a greater value “me”, termed the “effective mass”. The calculation of “me” involves the rotational inertia of such components as the wheels, tires, brakes, shafts, bearings, etc. Thus not only the mass of the automobile as a whole, but that of various components, come into play when calculating the amount of kinetic energy which, in turn, determines the magnitude of the deceleration forces required to affect a complete stop in a certain distance. When the deceleration is a matter of braking, certain other vehicle mass properties come into play: the vehicle longitudinal, lateral, and vertical CG. When the deceleration is a matter of crashing, then the vehicle mass density and mass density distribution also have significance. The purpose of this paper is to make explicit the exact role that all the mass properties play in determining the automotive deceleration performance during a crash. This has a direct bearing on the survivability of a crash, which can be enhanced through thoughtful mass properties engineering.

A survey of accident statistics and harm to the head and neck from side impact and rollover, suggest that vehicle upper structure should be the next high priority goal in reducing severe casualties. Contrary to contentions that roof strength has little influence on these injuries, these results from a multiplicity of studies, indicate that roof collapse should be eliminated, passive interior padding improved, laminated and retained glazing be installed and restraints improved by pretensioning retractors. A statistical analysis of the 982 and 1983 NASS files of rollover accidents, indicates a greatly increased risk of severe injury to occupants under a collapsing roof section. The increased risk was also demonstrated by detailed investigation and analysis of 15 rollover accidents using the protocol of SAE #890382 (Live Subject Safety Research). The instrumented data from sixteen nearly identical, rollover tests conducted by General Motors with conventional and rollcaged roofs and unrestrained and belted Hybrid III dummies were analyzed and confirmed the increased risk. Limiting the deformation extent of vehicle roofs by lightweight structural changes and simple and inexpensive force limiting, energy absorbing interior surface modifications, were demonstrated to reduce the rick of severe injuries by a factor of at least four. Further reductions stability by Anti-Lock Braking Systems, limiting an occupant's contact velocity by emergency tensioning retractors on restraints and by minimizing partial ejection potential by laminated and retained glazing.

Safety of an automobile is one of the important areas while designing a vehicle. This paper gives an overall view of the different safety features that are taken care of while designing a vehicle. Available technologies of different active and passive safety features were analyzed. These technical features once incorporated in design not only help in avoiding the accidents but also reduces the fatigue caused to the driver which further mitigates the chances of an accident. Dissipation of the kinetic energy forms the guiding principle while designing all the passive safety features. Crumple zones situated in front and rear absorb this energy upon impact in a predictable way. Safety features such as forward collision warning systems, lane departure warning systems, electronic stability control, anti-lock braking systems, brake assist monitor, brake override, Crumple zones, seatbelts and airbags have been dealt with in detail with an overview of the total vehicle safety.

SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars — Mechanical Systems Table of Contents Experimental and CFD Analysis of Tire Cooling Sidewall (2008-01-0148) ......................................................... 1 Masashi Yamaguchi, Makoto Tsuruta, and Kenshiro Kato Reducing Tire Rolling Resistance to Save Fuel and Lower Emissions (2008-01-0154) .................................... 9 Jerome Barrand and Jason Bokar Rollover Crash Tests on Dirt: An Examination of Rollover Dynamics (2008-01-0156) .................................. 18 Peter A. Luepke, Jarrod W. Carter, Kevin C. Henry, Geoff J. Germane, and James W. Smith Motorcycle Rider Trajectory in Pitch-Over Brake Applications and Impacts (2008-01-0164) ......................... 31 Todd A. Frank, James W. Smith, Dana C. Hansen, and Stephen M. Werner Occupant Ejection Trajectories in Rollover Crashes: Full-Scale Testing and Real-World Cases (2008-01-0166) ......................................................................................................................... 43 James R. Funk, Gray Beauchamp, Nathan A. Rose, Stephen J. Fenton, and Janine Pierce Glass Debris in Rollover Accidents (2008-01-0167) ............................................................................................ 55 T. R. Perl, J. E. Bready, R. P. Nordhagen, and M. H. Warner Crash Pulse and DeltaV Comparisons in a Series of Crash Tests with Similar Damage (BEV, EES) (2008-01-0168) ...................................................................................................................... 60 Ronald L. Woolley and Alan F. Asay Rollover Dynamics: An Exploration of the Fundamentals (2008-01-0172) ....................................................... 80 Jarrod W. Carter, Peter Luepke, Kevin C. Henry, Geoff J. Germane, and James W. Smith Analysis of Vehicle-to-Ground Impacts During a Rollover with an Impulse-Momentum Impact Model (2008-01-0178) ............................................................................................................................... 105 Nathan A. Rose, Stephen J. Fenton, Gray Beauchamp, and Robert W. McCoy Modelling of Truck-Car Sideswipe Collisions Using Lug Patterns (2008-01-0179) ..................................... 124 Michael S. Varat, Stein E. Husher, John F. Kerkhoff, Christopher D. Armstrong, and John C. Steiner HIC(d) and Its Relation With Headform Rotational Acceleration in Vehicle Upper Interior Head Impact Safety Assessment (2008-01-0186) .............................................................................................. 142 Anindya Deb, Umesh Biswas, and Clifford C. Chou CFD Design Tool Improves HVAC Design and Cuts Product Development Cycle Time (2008-01-0238) ................................................................................................................................... 150 Meisen Li and LinJie Huang Development of a Numerical Simulation Tool for the Cooling of Batteries (2008-01-0239) .......................... 156 Thorsten J. Möller, Ruben Stahlbaum, Choopong Sereecharoenkij, and Rolf Radespiel CAE Virtual Durability Tests of Automotive Products in the Frequency Domain (2008-01-0240) ................ 165 Hong Su i Parameter Design Based FEA Correlation Studies on Automotive Seat Structures (2008-01-0241) ............................................................................................................................ 175 Radesh Vangipuram, Luohui Long, Hai Truong, Daniel Ferretti, and Joseph Talamonti Numerical Analysis of Initial Shape of Nozzle Inject Flow (2008-01-0243) .................................................... 184 Qinyin Fan, Chenhai Guo, Kikuo Narumiya, and Hiroshi Hattori Open Chain Systems Based on Oriented Graph-Matroid Theory (2008-01-0245) ........................................ 189 Ilie Talpasanu and Pilaka Murty Prediction Snow Ingress into Air Intake System (2008-01-0249) .................................................................... 200 Akio Takamura and Isao Saito Evaluation Method for Pressure Loss using Energy Dissipation (2008-01-0250) ........................................ 208 Keiji Komura, Kazuhiko Murai, Akihiro Yoshikawa, Yosuke Ueno, M. K. Ibrahim, and Yoshiaki Nakamura Vehicle Fire Deaths Resulting from Fires Not Caused by Collisions or Overturns: How Do They Differ from Collision Fire Deaths? (2008-01-0257) ................................................................... 215 Marty Ahrens How NHTSA Would Analyze the Costs and Benefits of Fire Safety (2008-01-0258) .................................... 227 James F. Simons Design Definition and Manufacturing of the Superbus (2008-01-0260) .......................................................... 231 Antonia Terzi, Valeria Antonelli, and Wubbo Ockels Dynamic Behavior of Segmented Telescoping Structures in Automotive Systems (2008-01-0263) ................................................................................................................... 238 Lubov P. Andrusiv, Glen Prater, Jr., and Christopher M. Richards Noise Quality Analysis and Metrics Development under Transient Shifting Condition (2008-01-0271) ....................................................................................................................... 250 Jian Wang, Yulong Lei, Anlin Ge, and Xintian Lu Accelerated and Integrated Real Time Testing Process Based on Two Universal Controllers on Rapid Controller Prototyping (2008-01-0285) .......................................................................... 258 Zhenchun Xia, Feng Gao, Kazuhide Togai, and Hiroki Yamaura Superelement, Component Mode Synthesis, and Automated Multilevel Substructuring for Rapid Vehicle Development (2008-01-0287) ................................................................................................. 268 Mallikarjuna Bennur Development of a Compact Torque Vectoring Axle for Primary or Secondary Axles (2008-01-0305) ......................................................................................................................... 280 Dan Showalter Developing Mode Shift Strategies for a Two-Mode Hybrid Powertrain with Fixed Gears (2008-01-0307) .................................................................................................................................. 285 Kukhyun Ahn and Suk Won Cha GLORIA: Design and Development of a Calibration Jig for H-Point Machines Used for the Measurement of Head Restraint Geometry (2008-01-0348) ....................................................... 293 Matthew Avery, David Zuby, John Gane, and Mark Cox ii A Method to Quantify Vehicle Dynamics and Deformation for Vehicle Rollover Tests Using Camera-Matching Video Analysis (2008-01-0350) .................................................................................. 301 Nathan A. Rose, William T. C. Neale, Stephen J. Fenton, David Hessel, Robert W. McCoy, and Clifford C. Chou A Method for Determining the Vehicle-to-Ground Contact Load during Laboratory-based Rollover Tests (2008-01-0351) ............................................................................................. 318 Clifford C. Chou, Jingwen Hu, King H. Yang, and Albert I. King Thermal Response and Flammability of Li-Ion Cells for HEV and PHEV Applications (2008-01-0400) ...................................................................................................................... 326 E. Peter Roth Effects of On-Road Turbulence on Vehicle Surface Pressures in the A-Pillar Region (2008-01-0474) ............................................................................................................................. 333 Andrew A. Lawson, David B. Sims-Williams, and Robert G. Dominy On-road Turbulence (2008-01-0475) .................................................................................................................... 341 Scott Wordley and Jeff Saunders An Approach to Model Sheet Failure After Onset of Localized Necking in Industrial High Strength Steel Stamping and Crash Simulations (2008-01-0503) ....................................... 361 Lutz Kessler, Helmut Gese, Guido Metzmacher, and Heinrich Werner A Study of the Rear Seat Occupant Safety using a 10-Year-Old Child Dummy in the New Car Assessment Program (2008-01-0511) ...................................................................................... 371 Seong-Woo Hong, Chung-Kyu Park, Richard M. Morgan, Cing-Dao Kan, Shinhee Park, and Hanil Bae The Hybrid III Dummy Family Subject to Loading by a Motorized Shoulder Belt Tensioner (2008-01-0516) ............................................................................................................................. 383 Craig A. Good, David C. Viano, and Janet L. Ronsky Occupant Trajectory Model using Case-Specific Accident Reconstruction Data for Vehicle Position, Roll, and Yaw (2008-01-0517) ................................................................................................ 396 Chad B. Hovey, Matthew L. Kaplan, and Robert L. Piziali A Frontal Impact Taxonomy for USA Field Data (2008-01-0526) ..................................................................... 406 Kaye Sullivan, Scott Henry, and Tony R. Laituri Two-Degree-of-Freedom Controller Design for Clutch Slip Control of Automatic Transmission (2008-01-0537) ............................................................................................................ 430 Bingzhao Gao, Hong Chen, and Kazushi Sanada Oxygenated Fuel Considerations for In-Shop Fuel System Leak Testing Hazards (2008-01-0554) ............. 439 K. M. Frank and M. D. Checkel Characterization of the Lateral Control Performance by Human Drivers on Highways (2008-01-0561) ................................................................................................................................ 450 Jing Zhou, Huei Peng, and Timothy J. Gordon Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Motion including Non-Holonomic Constraints by Extended Baumgarte’s Method (2008-01-0578) ................................................................................................. 459 Takashi Maruyama, Shunsuke Muroi, Masaaki Kanai, and Hiroshi Tokunaga iii Ride Comfort Evaluation through Analysis of Roll and Lateral Vehicle Behaviors Due to Road Input (2008-01-0581) ....................................................................................................................... 472 Shingo Koumura and Tsuyoshi Ohkita Application of Adaptive Kalman Filter for Estimation of Power Train Variables (2008-01-0585) ................. 480 Danijel Pavković, Joško Deur, Ilya Kolmanovsky, and Davor Hrovat Analysis of Lateral Dynamics and Ride Performance of the Superbus (2008-01-0586) ................................ 492 Steve van Herk, Antonia Terzi, and Wubbo Ockels Vehicle Dynamics Simulation for Predicting Steering Power-Off Limit Performance (2008-01-0587) ................................................................................................................................. 498 Jinghong Yu and Michael Johnson The Influence of Direct Yaw Control AWD Systems on Vehicle Stability and Response in All Driving Conditions (2008-01-0591) ......................................................................................... 504 Bill Post, Xiaodi Kang, and Theodore Klaus Brake Based Torque Vectoring for Sport Vehicle Performance Improvement (2008-01-0596) .................... 514 Leonidas Kakalis, Andrea Zorzutti, Federico Cheli, and Gian Claudio Travaglio Vehicle Coast Analysis: Typical SUV Characteristics (2008-01-0598) ............................................................ 526 Ashley L. (Al) Dunn, Gregory D. Uhlenhake, Dennis A. Guenther, Gary J. Heydinger, and Grant J. Heydinger Robust Optimal Design for Enhancing Vehicle Handling Performance (2008-01-0600) ............................... 536 Yunqing Zhang, Chaoyong Tang, Wei Chen, Liping Chen, and Jingzhou Yang The Influence of Motion Aerodynamics on the Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics (2008-01-0657) ........................................................................................................................ 545 Peter Aschwanden, Jürg Müller, Gian Claudio Travaglio, and Timo Schöning The Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Race Car Wing Operating in a Wake (2008-01-0658) ....................... 552 Michael R. Wilson, Robert G. Dominy, and Adam Straker Reducing Power Demand for Heavy Suspension Tests (2008-01-0690) ........................................................ 560 Steven R. Haeg Test Rig for Characterization of Automotive Suspension Systems (2008-01-0692) .................................... 568 Massimiliano Gobbi, Paolo Guarneri, Gianpiero Mastinu, and Gianpiero Rocca Finite Element Modelling of Composite Hydrogen Cylinders in Localized Flame Impingements (2008-01-0723) ................................................................................................................... 577 J. Hu, J. Chen, K. Chandrashekhara, and William Chernicoff Investigation of the Allowable Flow Rate of Hydrogen Leakage on Receptacle (2008-01-0724) ................. 590 Masashi Takahashi, Yohsuke Tamura, Jinji Suzuki, and Shogo Watanabe Developing Safety Standards for FCVs and Hydrogen Vehicles (2008-01-0725) ......................................... 598 Glenn W. Scheffler, Jake DeVaal, Gery J. Kissel, Jesse Schneider, Michael Veenstra, Tommy Chang, Naoki Kinoshita, George Nicols, and Hajime Fukumoto Flame Quenching Limits of Hydrogen Leaks (2008-01-0726) .......................................................................... 605 M. S. Butler, R. L. Axelbaum, C. W. Moran, and P. B. Sunderland iv Hydrogen Concentration Distribution in Simulated Spaces for a Hydrogen System Installed in a Large Bus in Case of Hydrogen Leakage (2008-01-0727) ........................................................ 613 Hideki Matsumura, Kenji Murooka, Kuzuo Matsushima, and Tetsuo Taniguchi Ventilation Characteristics of Modeled Compact Car Part 2: Estimation of Local Ventilation Efficiency and Inhaled Air Quality (2008-01-0731) ...................................... 623 Hideaki Nagano, Shengwei Zhu, Yoshiichi Ozeki, Shinsuke Kato, Kazuhiko Matsunaga, and Takuya Kataoka Ventilation Characteristics of Modeled Compact Car Part 1: Airflow Velocity Measurement with PIV (2008-01-0732) ................................................................................... 631 Yoshiichi Ozeki, Jeong-Hoon Yang, Hideaki Nagano, Shinsuke Kato, Eiji Nomura, Minoru Inoue, and Shin Kobayashi Ejector-Type Cool Box (2008-01-0734) ............................................................................................................... 640 Hiroshi Oshitani, Mika Gocho, and Yoshiaki Takano Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Unsteady Separated Flow behind an Oscillating Car Model (2008-01-0738) ................................................................................................................. 646 Emmanuel Guilmineau and Francis Chometon Preliminary Evaluation Methodology in Front-Front Vehicle Compatibility (2008-01-0814) ......................... 658 John C. Brewer and David L. Smith Relationship between Frontal Stiffness and Occupant Compartment Intrusion in Frontal Crash Tests (2008-01-0815) .................................................................................................................... 667 James Saunders, Alexander Strashny, and Chris Wiacek Development of a Test Method to Evaluate both Stiffness and Interaction of Compatibility Performance (2008-01-0816) ......................................................................................................... 679 Takashi Hasegawa and Toshiya Kudoh Brake System and Subsystem Design Considerations for Race Track and High Energy Usage Based on Fade Limits (2008-01-0817) .............................................................................. 689 David Antanaitis, Patrick Monsere, and Mark Riefe “Sticky” Lining—The Phenomena, Mechanism and Prevention (2008-01-0819) ........................................... 709 YJ (Yanjun) Huang, Xinyu Wen, and Yulong Zhu Pneumatic Brake Apply System Response and Aero-Acoustic Performance Considerations (2008-01-0821) ..................................................................................................... 716 David Antanaitis, Dyan Martins, Patrick Monsere, and Mark Riefe A Study on the Effect of Brake Assist Systems (BAS) (2008-01-0824) ........................................................... 729 Toshiya Hirose, Tetsuo Taniguchi, Tadashi Hatano, Kunio Takahashi, and Nobuhisa Tanaka The Measurement and Analysis of the Disc/Pad Interface Dynamic Centre of Pressure and Its Influence on Brake Noise (2008-01-0826) ............................................................................. 736 John D. Fieldhouse, Naveed Ashraf, and Chris Talbot GREEN-MAC-LCCP®: A Tool for Assessing Life Cycle Greenhouse Emissions of Alternative Refrigerants (2008-01-0828) ............................................................................................................. 746 Stella Papasavva, William R. Hill, and Ryan O. Brown v Field Tests to Monitor Build-up of Carbon Dioxide in Vehicle Cabin with AC System Operating in Recirculation Mode for Improving Cabin IAQ and Safety (2008-01-0829) ................................ 757 Gursaran D. Mathur Disc Pressure Effects on the Spine, Influenced by Extra Equipment and a Massage System in Car Seats (2008-01-0888) ................................................................................................... 768 Matthias Franz, Raphael Zenk, Alexander Durt, and Peter Vink Emocard—An Approach to Bring More Emotion in the Comfort Concept (2008-01-0890) ........................... 775 Raphael Zenk, Matthias Franz, and Heiner Bubb Acoustic Attenuation Performance Analysis of Three-pass Perforated Tube Muffler with End-resonator (2008-01-0894) ..................................................................................................................... 783 Zhenlin Ji, Shengli Su, and Chen Liu Development of Exhaust Sound Quality on Aston Martin V8 Vantage (2008-01-0895) ................................. 792 P. Hiscutt and S. Ishikawa Real-Time Crank-Resolved Engine Simulation for Testing New Engine Management Systems (2008-01-1006) ................................................................................................................ 801 GianCarlo Pacitti, Steven Amphlett, Peter Miller, Robert Norris, and Anthony Truscott Cylinder Balancing Based on Reconstructed Engine Torque for Vehicles Fitted with a Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF) (2008-01-1019) ............................................................................................. 810 Andreas Walter, Christian Lingenfelser, Uwe Kiencke, Stephen Jones, and Thomas Winkler An Applied Approach for Large-Scale Multibody Dynamics Simulation and Machine-Terrain Interaction (2008-01-1101) ...................................................................................................... 820 Mohamed A. Omar A Study on Fracture Characteristics of Plastics and Application to Head Impact Simulation for Instrument Panels (2008-01-1116) ............................................................................................. 829 Kangwook Lee, Taejung Yeo, Soonjo Park, Helmut Arnulf Gese, and Harry Dell Implementation of Child Biomechanical Neck Behavior into the Hybrid III Crash Test Dummy (2008-01-1120) ..................................................................................................................... 835 Miroslav Tot, Tanya Kapoor, William Altenhof, Wayne Marino, and Andrew Howard Finite Element Modelling of Rollover Crash Tests with Hybrid III Dummies (2008-01-1123) ........................ 846 Keith Friedman, John Hutchinson, and Dennis Mihora Property Analysis of an X-Coupled Suspension for Sport Utility Vehicles (2008-01-1149) .......................... 853 Dongpu Cao, Subhash Rakheja, and Chun-Yi Su How to Play a Disc Brake: A Dissipation-Induced Squeal (2008-01-1160) ..................................................... 863 Oleg N. Kirillov Optimizing the Cooling Effects of Fins with Slits on an Air-Cooled Cylinder by Increasing Natural Convection (2008-01-1170) ............................................................................................. 877 Kohei Nakashima, Takuya Toda, Soichi Ishihara, and Masago Yamamoto Boundary Interference of High Blockage Models in Open Jet Test Sections (2008-01-1201) ...................... 883 Wael A. Mokhtar and Colin P. Britcher vi Theoretical/Experimental Study on the Vibrations of a Car Engine (2008-01-1211) .................................... 896 Luis E. Muñoz, Massimiliano Gobbi, Giampiero Mastinu, and Mario Pennati Virtual Rig Simulation in the Exhaust System Development (2008-01-1215) ............................................... 909 Fulun Yang, Jason Hamilton, and Henry Cheng Effect of Operational Testing and Trim Manufacturing Process Variation on Head Injury Criterion in FMVSS 201 Tests (2008-01-1218) ............................................................................... 913 Waseem Jaradat, Joseph Hassan, Guy Nusholtz, Khalil Taraman, and Sanaa Taraman Stability and Control Considerations of Vehicle-Trailer Combination (2008-01-1228) ................................. 925 Aleksander Hac, Daniel Fulk, and Hsien Chen A Computational Study of Rear-Facing and Forward-Facing Child Restraints (2008-01-1233) ................... 938 Robert G. Kendall, Christopher P. Sherwood, and Jeff R. Crandall Validation of an FE Lower Limb Model for a Child Pedestrian by Means of Accident Reconstruction (2008-01-1240) ............................................................................................................ 971 O. Ito, M. Okamoto, Y. Takahashi, and F. Mori Pedestrian Lower Extremity Response and Injury: A Small Sedan Versus A Large Sport Utility Vehicle (2008-01-1245) ......................................................................................................... 985 Jason Kerrigan, Damien Subit, Costin Untaroiu, and Jeff Crandall, and Rodney Rudd Developing a Transfer Function for Vehicle Ride Performance (2008-01-1280) ........................................ 1003 Mohamed Nasser and Badih Jawad Analysis of Tensioner Induced Coupling in Serpentine Belt Drive Systems (2008-01-1371) ..................... 1009 R. P. Neward and S. Boedo Terrain Profile Estimation for use in Suspension Simulation Testing (2008-01-1414) .............................. 1018 Dave Fricke and Kevin R. Kefauver Longitudinal Interfacial Forces of the Interaction of a Treaded Tire with Snow (2008-01-1415) .............. 1030 Jonah H. Lee Thermal Modelling of Power Steering System Performance (2008-01-1432) ............................................... 1039 Timothy C. Scott and Jason Uphold Computer Simulation of Automotive Air Conditioning—Components, System, and Vehicle: Part 2 (2008-01-1433) .................................................................................................................... 1045 Timothy C. Scott, Dhananjay S. Joshi, and Frank Chianese Various Impacting factors on a Radiator Top Tank Temperature (2008-01-1438) ..................................... 1052 Ying Tang, Nicolas Grall, and John Savage Active Roll and Stability Control (2008-01-1457) ............................................................................................. 1060 Jing Shen Tang Functional Mobility Testing: A Novel Method to Create Suit Design Requirements (2008-01-1857) ............................................................................................................... 1071 Scott A. England, Elizabeth A. Benson, and Sudhakar L. Rajulu vii Challenge of Lumbar Support Design Using Human Body Models (2008-01-1860) .................................. 1078 Hyung Yun Choi, Kyung Min Kim, Chi Ho Kim, Sungjin Sah, Seok-Hwan Kim, Su-Hwan Hwang, Kwang-Noh Lee, Jong-Kweon Pyun, Nicole Montmayeur, and Inhyeok Lee Development of a Detailed Buttock and Thigh Muscle Model for the Dynamic Occupant Model CASIMIR (2008-01-1864) ....................................................................................................... 1085 Alexander Siefert, Steffen Pankoke, and Ralph Blüthner Validation of a Human Body Model for Frontal Crash and its Use for Chest Injury Prediction (2008-01-1868) ............................................................................................................. 1094 Bengt Pipkorn and Krystoffer Mroz Studying Visibility as a Constraint and as an Objective for Posture Prediction (2008-01-1875) .................................................................................................................... 1118 Brian Lewis Smith, Tim Marler, and Karim Abdel-Malek Posture Maintenance of the Human Upper Extremity; Identification of Intrinsic and Reflex Based Contributions (2008-01-1888) ............................................................................................. 1125 Riender Happee, Erwin De Vlugt, and Alfred C. Schouten Postural Behaviors during One-Hand Force Exertions (2008-01-1915) ........................................................ 1136 Suzanne G. Hoffman, Matthew P. Reed, and Don B. Chaffin Truck Instep Evaluation Using a Sample of Manikins (2008-01-1920) .......................................................... 1143 Adrien Chameroy, Gilles Monnier, and Christophe Roybin Impact and Injury Response of Long Track Speed Skaters (2008-01-1923) ................................................ 1149 Patrick A. Forbes, Frank Swartjes, Ronald Ruimerman, and John Willems The Use of Physical Props in Motion Capture Studies (2008-01-1928) ........................................................ 1163 Monica L. H. Jones, Jim Chiang, Allison Stephens, and Jim R. Potvin A Novel Measurement of Dynamic Friction (2008-01-2536) ........................................................................... 1172 S. K. Wang and J. Woodhouse Sacrificial Shield for the Wheel Hub Bearing Flange to Maintain Low Brake Rotor Lateral Runout (2008-01-2548) ................................................................................................................ 1181 Cengiz Shevket, Xiao Bo Zhou, and Henk Kapaan Vibro-Impact Rotor Dampers For Brake Squeal Attenuation—Towards An Insulator Free Design To Quell Squeal (2008-01-2549) ................................................................................................... 1188 Ramana V. Kappagantu Combined Experimental and CFD Investigation of Brake Discs Aero-thermal Performances (2008-01-2550) ............................................................................................................................. 1194 G. Barigozzi, A. Perdichizzi, and M. Donati Dynamic Vehicle Weight Reduction and Safety Enhancement (2008-01-2551) ........................................... 1202 Peter Strom Optimal Robust Design Optimization with Application to a Piezoelectric Brake (2008-01-2554) .............. 1208 Massimiliano Gobbi, Paolo Guarneri, and Gianpiero Mastinu Design and Testing of a New Electric Parking Brake Actuator (2008-01-2555) .......................................... 1217 Chien-Tai. Huang, Chien-Tzu Chen, Shou-Yi Cheng, Bo-Ruei Chen, and Ming-Hu Huang viii The Effect of Wear Groove on Vibration and Noise of Aircraft Brakes: Theoretical and Experimental Evidence (2008-01-2557) ..................................................................................................... 1223 K. Farhang, S. Ozcan, and P. Filip Thermo-Mechanical Contact Analysis of Car Disc Brake Squeal (2008-01-2566) ...................................... 1230 Muhammad Zahir Hassan, Peter C. Brooks, and David C. Barton An Experimental Methodology to Determine the Low Energy Wear Model (2008-01-2573) ....................... 1240 Eric J. Schroeder and Walt Stringham Resonant Inspection Applied to 100% Testing of Nodularity of Cast Ductile Iron (2008-01-2577) ........... 1247 Richard W. Bono and Gail R. Stultz On Tangential Friction Induced Vibrations in Brake Systems (2008-01-2580) ........................................... 1251 G.-P. Ostermeyer Modelling of Friction Evolution and Assessment of Impacts on Vibration Excitation at the Pad-Disc Interface (2008-01-2582) ....................................................................................... 1258 W. Österle, H. Kloß, and A. I. Dmitriev Interactions between Third-Body Flows and Localization Phenomena during Railway High-Energy Stop Braking (2008-01-2583) ........................................................................................ 1267 Yannick Desplanques and Gérard Degallaix Brake Squeal Analysis: A New Method for Predicting Limit Cycles Using the Constrained Harmonic Balance Method (2008-01-2585) ................................................................................ 1276 N. Coudeyras, S. Nacivet, and J.-J. Sinou Constructing Equations of Motion for a Vehicle Rigid Body Model (2008-01-2751) .................................. 1289 Yucheng Liu Application of System Identification for Efficient Suspension Tuning in High-Performance Vehicles: Quarter-Car Study (2008-01-2962) ................................................................... 1298 Chris Boggs, Mehdi Ahmadian, and Steve Southward Application of the ‘Optimal Maneuver Method’ for Enhancing Racing Motorcycle Performance (2008-01-2965) .......................................................................................................... 1311 Bobbo Simon, Cossalter Vittore, Massaro Matteo, and Peretto Martino Comparison of the Performance of 7-Post and 8-Post Dynamic Shaker Rigs for Vehicle Dynamics Studies (2008-01-2966) ....................................................................................................... 1319 Steve C. Southward and Christopher M. Boggs Virtual Motorsports as a Vehicle Dynamics Teaching Tool (2008-01-2967) ................................................. 1325 R. Rieveley and B. Minaker Crash Recorders in Racing—An Overview (2008-01-2972) ............................................................................ 1334 Tom Gideon and John W. Melvin Stock Car Racing Driver Restraint—Development and Implementation of Seat Performance Specification (2008-01-2974) ............................................................................................. 1349 John P. Patalak and John W. Melvin ix Determination of the Pressure Distribution Beneath Two- and Three-Inch-Wide Racing Safety Belts (2008-01-2977) .................................................................................................................. 1356 John W. Melvin, Paul C. Begeman, and Thomas Gideon Improving Earpiece Accelerometer Coupling to the Head (2008-01-2978) .................................................. 1367 Robert S. Salzar, Cameron R. ’Dale’ Bass, and Joseph A. Pellettiere Vertical Impact to an Open Wheel Race Car and Development of a Crash Test to Simulate Driver Response (2008-01-2981) ....................................................................................................... 1382 Jeff Horton, Terry R. Trammell, and James R. Chinni Racecar Front Wing Aerodynamics (2008-01-2988) ........................................................................................ 1392 Wael A. Mokhtar and Jonathan Lane The use of a Bluff Body Wake Generator for Wind Tunnel Studies of NASCAR Drafting Aerodynamics (2008-01-2990) ............................................................................................................. 1404 Roger G. Dominy, and Geoff LeGood x

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SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars — Mechanical Systems Table of Contents

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