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Treatment of Lernaeasis in Carps With Thunder:
An Organophosphate
Article in Pakistan journal of zoology · March 2012
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Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 44 (2), pp. 415-420, 2012.
Treatment of Lernaeasis in Carps With Thunder: An
Organophosphate
Zafar Iqbal*, Iffat Rani and Khalid Pervaiz
Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore. P. code 54590, Pakistan
Abstract.- The carps; Labeo rohita Hamilton, 1822, Catla catla Hamilton, 1822, Ctenopharyngodon idella
Valenciennes, 1844, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Richardson, 1845 and Aristichthys nobilis Richardson, 1845 were
collected from earthen ponds reared under semi-intensive conditions. The parasitic examination of these fishes showed
that all fish species were infected with crustacean copepod parasite Lernaea cyprinacea and other Lernaea spp. C.
catla, L. rohita and C. idella had higher prevalence (62.5%, 68.75% and 76%, respectively) and mean intensity (12.1,
8.45 and 8.84 parasite/fish, respectively) compared to H. molitrix (9.1% and 3.0 parasite/fish). A locally available drug
“Thunder” an organophosphate (2, 2 dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) was used to treat lernaeasis in these fish
species. Three concentrations (0.10, 0.15 and 0.20ppm) of the Thunder were sprayed on the surface of the infected fish
ponds to eradicate lernaeasis. The 0.20ppm dose proved to be the most effective in controlling the infection, without
harming the fish. The water quality parameters remained in normal range and suitable for the fish after treatment
indicating that ‘Thunder’ has no harmful effects on water quality in fish pond.
Keywords: carps, Lernaeasis, treatment, Thunder / DDVP.
INTRODUCTION
The carp fish farming in private sector in
some parts of Pakistan especially in Punjab has
increased in recent years. In 2010, the Directorate
General of Fisheries Punjab (DGOFP) reported
establishment of more than 7829 fish farms
covering approximately 45650 acres in Punjab. The
growth of fish culture has also highlighted many
issues of fish health, such as fish diseases and their
management. Horvath et al. (1992) discussed
various factors for fish disease occurrence in ponds,
such as stocking density, aquaculture technology
application and pollution discharge. In addition,
numerous pathogens, nutritional deficiency, sudden
changes in biotic and abiotic factors are causes of
diseases in pond fishes (Roberts, 1989). Disease
causes mortality, low growth, poor production and
loss of fecundity (Bauer et al., 1973). Hoole et al.
(2001) gave an account on carp diseases. According
to Iqbal et al. (2000, 2001) abdominal dropsy,
lernaeasis, anoxia and fungal infection are the most
commonly occurring diseases in pond fishes in
Punjab.
______________________________
*
Corresponding author: dr.zafariqbal_pu@yahoo.com
0030-9923/2012/0002-0415 $ 8.00/0
Copyright 2012 Zoological Society of Pakistan.
Adult female anchor worm, Lernaea
cyprinacea causes lernaeasis. It lacks host
specificity to such an extent that it can infect all
freshwater fishes (Schmidth, 1990). The red sores
caused by L. cyprinacea on fish skin are prone to
secondary bacterial and fungal infection (Putz and
Bowen, 1964 and Iqbal unpublished data). The
infected fish become listless and weak (Iqbal et al.,
2001). In Africa rapid increase in Lernaea burden
has been associated with growing environmental
stress. Oldewage (1993) reported high prevalence of
Lernaea spp. in tilapia of Lake Victoria. Heavy
infection with Lernaea spp. has resulted mortality in
golden perch, Macquaria ambigua Richardson,
1845 murray cod, Maccullochella peelii Mitchell,
1838 and silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell,
1838, broodstock held in pond (Callinan, 1988).
Low level infection in river fishes and mortality due
to lernaeasis in farmed fish has been reported by
Gabrielli and Orsi (2000).
A fairly comprehensive review of control
measures against Lernaea spp has been published
by Hoffman and Mayer (1974). Most control
measures involve application of chemicals,
sometime on a large scale in ponds. Chemicals such
as Formalin (Putz and Brown, 1964), Dylox
(Hoffman and Mayer, 1974), Dimilin (Burtle and
Morrison, 1986) and Dipterex (Minhas et al., 2001)
are commonly used for the treatment of lernaeasis in
416
Z. IQBAL ET AL.
commercial fisheries. Among the existing veterinary
drugs and chemicals, the organophasphate (OP)
insecticide and acaricide dichlorvos have been
extensively used to treat sea lice infestations by
Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongates in
the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar culture. Organophasphate is relatively non-persistent and undergoes
fast and complete hydrolysis and metabolizes in
most environments (WHO, 1989). Dipterex is very
expensive chemical and its availability is not certain
especially in remote rural areas in Punjab. The
present study was aimed to test a comparatively
cheap and locally available drug, “Thunder” an
organophosphate, (2, 2 dichlorovinyl dimethyl
phosphate or DDVP), to treat Lernaeasis in five
species of carp L. rohita, C. catla, C. idella, H.
molitrix and A. nobilis in fish ponds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The diseased fishes were collected from four
ponds, at the University of the Punjab Research Fish
farms during the spring of 2005. Each fish was
wrapped in plastic bag laid in crushed ice and
brought to laboratory. The fishes were weighed and
measured. All fishes were examined thoroughly for
the presence of any parasites or lesions visible to
naked eye and also with the help of magnifying
glass. The parasites were examined under
microscope at x10 magnification. Lernaea spp were
collected and preserved in specimen bottles in 70%
alcohol for subsequent examination.
“Thunder” is extensively used insecticide in
Pakistan. Its active ingredient is dichlorvos, which
contains DDVP (2, 2 dichlorovinyl dimethyl
phosphate) and other ingredients (58.33% w/w).
Thunder is supplied in 500 ml packing in plastic
bottles by Welgreen Chemicals (Pvt.) Ltd. Lahore.
Three fish ponds (1, 2, 3; stocking density of
350 fishes in each pond) having infected fishes
(infection level in these ponds before treatment is
given in Table I) were selected for treatment of
lernaeasis. The area of the ponds and volume of
pond water was calculated according to Minhas et
al. (2001). The dimension of infected ponds were
175 x 85 x 4.5 feet (ponds 1-3) and 175 x 100 x 4.5
feet (pond 4). The desired quantity of “Thunder”
was dissolved in 15-litre clean water in hand sprayer
and sprayed on the surface of each pond (0.10ppm
in pond 1; 0.15ppm in pond 2 and 0.20ppm in pond
3, respectively, according to Burtle and Morrison
(1987). The pond 4 was used as control and no
treatment was applied. Treatment in these ponds
was repeated in seven days interval and continued
for three weeks. One dose was given at the start of
each week. Dose 1 on first week, dose II on second
week, and dose III on the last week respectively,
was repeated after every seven days interval and
continued for 21 days. The fishes were examined
after each treatment. Pond water temperature,
dissolved oxygen and pH were measured on site
with DO meter YSI (Model 57) and digital pH
meter on sampling day before and after the
treatment in these ponds. Water samples were taken
in sterilized one liter glass bottles for subsequent
analysis at water quality management laboratory,
Fisheries Research and Training Institute, Lahore.
RESULTS
Infection of fish with Lernaea cyprinacea
In total 71 fish were examined to assess the
level of infection in the stock. These fishes were
heavily infected with Lernaea cyprinacea and other
Lernaea spp. The parasites were attached to skin,
fins and abdomen of the infected fish. The
attachment of parasite on fish caused lesions on the
skin. The infected fish showed discoloration of skin,
darkening of the scales and poor growth and health.
The detail of the fish examined and infected is given
in Table I.
Table I indicates that all four ponds were
infected and had high infection of Lernaea, viz.,
pond 1, 62.5%; pond 2, 42.1%; pond 3, 76.5% and
pond 4, 63.2 %.
Table I also indicates 69% prevalence in L.
rohita; 62.5% in C. catla; 76% in C. idella; 9% in
H. molitrix and 67% in A. nobilis. The mean
intensity was 8.45 in L.rohita; 12.1 in C.catla and
8.84 in C.idella. The number of parasites per
infected fish varied from 4 to 20 in L.rohita; 3 to 32
in C.catla and 1 to 26 in C.idella in these ponds.
Overall infection was about 61% and mean intensity
9.0.
Treatment of lernaeasis
The treatment of lernaeasis in these infected
LERNAEASIS TREATMENT WITH THUNDER
Table I.-
Prevalence and mean intensity of Lernaea spp. in different ponds.
Fish
Weight
(g)
Pond 1
No. of fish
Exa.
Infec.
Pond 2
No. of fish
Exa.
Infec.
Pond 3
No. of fish
Exa.
Infec.
Pond 4
No. of fish
Exa.
Infec.
417
Total
Exa.
Infec.
Prevalence
%
Mean
intensity
L. rohita
2431015
4
2
5
3
3
3
4
3
16
11
69
8.45
C. catla
135235
2
1
2
1
7
5
5
3
16
10
625
12.1
C. idella
237786
6
6
8
3
5
4
6
6
25
19
76.0
8.84
H. molitrix
218324
4
1
3
-
1
-
3
-
11
1
9
3
A. nobilis
422781
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
3
2
67
1
Prevalence
Mean
intensity
62.5%
42.1%
76.2%
63.2%
60.56%
8.5
8.12
9.40
9.5
9.0
Exa, examined; Infec, infected.
ponds was carried by spraying “Thunder” on the
surface of the ponds. The first dose of “Thunder”
was applied to pond 1, 2, and 3 at a concentration of
0.10ppm, 0.15ppm and 0.20ppm, respectively. The
treatment continued for 3 weeks. Table II indicates
that fishes were still infected after dose-1 and dose11 of “Thunder” application. The infection was
85.7% in pond 1; 52.6% in pond 2; 50% in pond 3
after dose-1. All fish species showed infection even
after application of dose-11 which was 64.2% in
pond 1; 32.5% in pond 2 and 18.7% in pond 3.
There was no infection after the application
of dose-III in pond 2 and pond 3. However, 5.5%
infection was recorded in Pond 1. The average
number of parasites ranged from 8-19 (pond 1); 6-8
parasites (Pond 2) and 6 parasites per infected fish
(Pond 3) after dose I. Table III, shows that infection
was present in ponds 1, 2 and 3 even after
application of dose II. However, average number of
parasites reduced to 6, 5 and 4 in these ponds,
respectively. In case of Pond 3, infection reduced
after dose II application, only three fish specimens
(two C. idella and one C. catla) were found with
less infection. The fishes were examined after doseIII application and all the fishes showed no
infection. Whereas in control pond, fish infection
persisted even mortality of one fish specimen
occurred due to lernaeasis.
Water quality parameters
The water analysis of the ponds before and
after treatment (Table III) shows that “Thunder”
does not have adverse effect on water quality of the
ponds after treatment.
DISCUSSION
Treatment of L. cyprinacea involving baths
and dips in a container is a prolonged and timeconsuming process. Direct application of chemicals
in a pond is a convenient and effective method and
also avoids fish from handling stress. This study
showed that “Thunder” in various concentrations is
an effective drug to treat and eradicate lernaeasis in
five species of carp. However, 0.20ppm is
considered as the most effective concentration and
has no harmful effect on fish. The infective stages of
Lernaea in the ponds could not survive after
repeated application of “Thunder”. Also, it
minimized fresh infection and re-infection in the
fishes in each pond. The fishes observed after
treatment appeared to be healthy. Abidi et al. (2000)
reported that Thunder at 0.5ppm is not harmful to
fish life, flesh quality or aquatic environment. At 0.5
and 1.5ppm Thunder has no adverse effect on
growth of micro-algae in freshwater (Ayub et al.,
2000).
418
Table II.-
Z. IQBAL ET AL.
Prevalence and mean intensity of Lernaea spp. after treatment with “Thunder” in three fish ponds.
Pond
Fish
1
L. rohita
C. catla
C. idella
H. molitrix
A. nobilis
Total
Prevalence (%)
Mean intensity
4
1
6
2
1
14
4
1
5
1
1
12
85.7
7.0
3
2
6
3
14
2
2
5
0
9
64.2
3.5
4
6
5
2
1
18
1
1
5.5
2
2
L. rohita
C. catla
C. idella
H. molitrix
A. nobilis
Total
Prevalence (%)
Mean intensity
5
3
9
2
19
4
3
7
1
15
52.6
5.0
4
4
6
2
16
0
2
4
0
6
32.5
3
2
4
6
3
15
0
0
0
3
L. rohita
C. catla
C. idella
H. molitrix
A. nobilis
Total
Prevalence (%)
Mean intensity
2
7
4
3
16
1
5
2
0
8
50
3.5
5
1
6
4
16
0
1
2
0
3
18.7
2.0
6
3
5
3
1
18
0
0
0
Dose I (0.10 ppm)
Examined
Infected
Kashara (1962) used organophosphate
trichlorophan for effective eradication of anchor
worm larva at 0.20ppm in two days and in one day
at 0.5ppm. It destroyed free floating larvae and adult
parasites. Putz and Bowen (1964) used formalin at
250ppm to treat larval stages of L. cyprinacea.
However, this concentration is considered unsafe for
fish health. Lernaea spp. was killed by weekly
application of 0.27ppm of Lexone (Gopalkrishan,
1964). Hoffman and Mayer (1974) listed Benzene
Hexachloride as effective against Lernaea parasites
on Carassius auratus. Routine application of
Masoten by spraying on ponds (0.2-0.5ppm) twice
monthly during summer has also been
recommended but more as a precautionary measure
in Japan (Kabata, 1985). In Indonesia, Dipterex was
used successfully at 0.5ppm for three days to treat
lenaeasis (Kabata 1985). Chinese aquaculturists
eradicated Lernaea after Trichlorophon was used at
rate of 2.0ppm for 24 hours (Kabata, 1985). Burtle
and Morison (1987) concluded that Dimilin applied
Dose II (0.15 ppm)
Examined
Infected
Dose III (0.20 ppm)
Examined
Infected
at 10ppb in ponds was effective to kill Lernaea and
other copepods in golden shiner, Notemigonus
crysoleucas Mitchell, 1814.
Minhas et al. (2001) applied two doses of
Dipterex at 0.2ppm in 2 weeks intervals. This dose
was found effective to eliminate L. cyprinacea in
culturable carps. The application of ‘Thunder’ at
0.20ppm in the present study is comparable to
Minhas et al. (2001) and is evident from low
infection in pond 3 after dose-II and no infection
after dose-III. The effect of “Thunder” at 0.20ppm
to H. molitrix seems to be very quick as compared
to other fish species as observed in this study (Table
II). Hemaprasanth et al. (2008) suggested a single
intramuscular administration of the drug
Doramectin at 200 ppb/kg body weight for
treatment of heavily infected adults and brood stock
of carps with L. cyprinacea.
Although Lernaea induced fish kill are not
common (Shariff and Roberts, 1989), however,
presence of Lernaea has been observed in case of
LERNAEASIS TREATMENT WITH THUNDER
419
Table III.- Water analysis of fish pond water before and after treatment.
Pond
Temp.
(°C)
P-1 *
**
P-2*
**
P-3*
**
P4*
***
24
30.5
24
30
23
30
23
30.5
pH
DO
(mg/
L)
Bicarbonate
as
CaCO3
(mg/L)
Total
alkalinity as
CaCO3
(mg/L)
Calcium
as
CaCO3
(mg/L)
Total
hardness as
CaCO3 (mg/L)
Chloride
(mg/L)
TDS
(mg/L)
7.6
7.8
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.7
5.6
4.9
5.5
5.1
5.6
5.0
5.5
4.9
483
457
470
486
474
441
337
436
483
491
470
520
474
499
337
470
108
115
100
111
104
108
92
123
211
204
200
204
207
200
180
230
55
79
68
94
78
69
72
64
715
618
650
618
715
618
650
585
*Before treatment, **After treatment, *** Analysis after three weeks in P-4 (control pond).
culturable carps in Punjab (Iqbal et al., 2001) and in
the present study. To maximize fish production in
an intensive and semi-intensive culture system the
relationship between fish species cultured and
crustacean copepod causing infection and diseases
must be understood (Piasecki et al., 2004).
“Thunder” is ecologically safe due to its
biodegradability. It remains in water for 36h before
it disintegrates and completely disappears from
water (Abidi et al., 2000). “Thunder” at a dose of
0.5 and 1.5ppm has no adverse effects on growth of
an
important
micro-algae
Scenedesmus
quardicauda, natural food of filter feeding fish
(Ayub et al., 2000). All water quality parameters in
our study were suitable for fish culture and within
the normal range for warm water fish culture as
defined by Boyd and Tucker (1998).
The treatment of lernaeasis with “Thunder’ at
0.20 ppm (dose-III) has shown the promising results
in three weeks. There was no indication that fish
were likely to be adversely affected by the use of
“Thunder” at this level. Further trial with higher
doses may probably reduce the treatment time,
however, this remains to be tested. Since, ‘Thunder”
has been reported to be safe for aquaculture industry
at a dose of 0.5ppm (Abidi et al., 2000) we suggest
that precautionary measures be taken at this level of
application during fish rearing to minimize infection
and further, this treatment level may increase stress
to fish in pond. In our study, crustacean copepod
parasites L. cyprinacea and other Lernaea spp. are
more sensitive to “Thunder” than fish and
differences in sensitivity impact the characterization
of risk. The actual extent of mortality would depend
on the rate at which “Thunder” is applied, its
concentration, the degree of mixing that occurs in
the water and the rate of breakdown and dissipation.
These processes suggest that adverse effects in
sensitive species are plausible. No effects are likely
in less sensitive species. As discussed earlier the
hydrolysis of Thunder in water is rapid and it is
likely that the estimates of adverse effects in some
fish would apply only to a limited area rather than to
the larger area of the body of water that is
contaminated.
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