Sessions and Abstracts We have nine sessions and 30 abstracts for you. * Denotes late cancellation Thursday 20th October 9.00 Welcome by ULF R. HANSSON (HARN/University of Texas at Austin) and KRISTIAN GÖRANSSON (Director, The Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome) 9.15 – 10.55 - Session 1 HISTORIES OF ETRUSCOLOGY: THE ETRUSCAN RACE CHAIR – VINCENZO BELLELLI (CNR, Istituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico) Maurizio Harari (Università di Pavia) - Ethnicity and Politics: an Etruscan backstory of the 16th century. Marie-Laurence Haack (Université de Picardie) - From Race to Soul: Etruscan people in Italian anthropology in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries. Robinson Peter Krämer (Rhenische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) - Race and Society. Archaeological interpretations of Etruscan and Roman societies during the National Socialism and Fascism. Raffaella Da Vela (Rhenische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) - Race and Peoples. Migrations in Etruria: from clash of races to meeting between cultures. 10.55 – 11.15 – Tea/Coffee Break 11.15 – 12.30 - Session 2 CHAIR – KRISTIAN GÖRANSSON (Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome) Massimo Tarantini (Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici della Toscana) and Alessandro Guidi (Università di Roma III) – The Emergence of Stratigraphical Archaeology in Mediterranean Europe: The Italian case-study (1900-1950). Meira Gold (University of Cambridge) - “Between plundering and scientific work”: Documenting and visualizing Tell el-Yahudiyeh, c. 1905. Turgut Saner & Gizem Mater (Istanbul Technical University) - Two Approaches to Archaeological Depiction Represented on Larisaean Architectural Terracotta Plates. 12.30 - 14.30 – Lunch 14.30 – 16.15 Session - 3 CHAIR: ULF R. HANSSON (University of Texas at Austin) Frederika Tevebring (Northwestern University) – The Real and the Ideal: Reconsidering excavation and display in Germany around 1900. Andrea Guaglianone (Università di Venezia "Ca’ Foscari") - The Porticus Minuciae Problem in the Light of the Excavation Journals of Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi and Guglielmo Gatti: A new reading. Susan Dixon (La Salle University) - Rodolfo Lanciani’s Selling of Ancient Rome to the United States, 1887-1927. Kathleen Sheppard (Missouri University of Science and Technology) - Baedeker’s Archaeology: A historical tourist in Alexandria. Session 4 (CANCELLED due to inability to present) *Elena Cagiano de Azevedo (Istituto Nazionale di Archeologia e Storia d’Arte, Rome) Evan Gorga: An outsider among modern collectors? 16.15 - 16.45 – Tea/Coffee 16.45 – 18.30 – Session 5 WOMEN ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND WOMEN IN ARCHAEOLOGY: BETWEEN VISIBILITY AND INVISIBILITY CHAIR: MARGARITA DÍAZ-ANDREU (ICREA Universitat de Barcelona) Ana Cristina Martins (New University of Lisbon) - The (in)visible world of Classical archaeology in Portugal. Raffaella Bucolo (Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”) - Margarete Gütschow’s Photographic Collection. Apen Ruiz (Universitat de Barcelona) - Female Archaeologists Entering the Field: reflections about women archaeologists working in the Greco-Roman world. Julia Roberts (University of Central Lancashire) Dressing the Part: British women archaeologists in the first half of the twentieth century. Friday 21st October 9.00 – 10.40 Session - 6 TESTIMONIES AND PROTAGONISTS IN THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF THE CAMPUS MARTIUS DURING THE INTER-WAR PERIOD CHAIR – CLAUDIO PARISI PARICCE (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) Elisabetta Carnabuci (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) - The Interventions of the Fascist Governatorato in the Mausoleum of Augustus. Monica Ceci (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) - Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi: An unconventional voice. Alessandra Gobbi (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) - Agreements, Delays and Solutions. The correspondence concerning Domitian’s Stadium during the Fascist Governatorato. Stefania Pergola (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) - The Continuous Archaeological Discoveries in the Area of the Theatre of Marcellus: Interventions in balance between emergency and safeguarding. 10.40 – 10.55 – Tea/Coffee 10.55 – 12.35 - Session 7 CHAIR: JAMES SNEAD (California State University at Northridge) Marion Bolder-Boos (Teknische Universität Darmstadt) - The Greeks Brought Culture, the Phoenicians Brought … Stuff? – Phoenician archaeology in late 19th and early 20th century German scholarship. Francisco Gracia-Alonso (Universitat de Barcelona) and Gloria Munilla (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya) - The Protection of Archaeological Sites with Ideological Value During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The case of Ampurias. Athena Hadji (Bilkent University, Ankara) - “studiosi delle antichissime civiltà dell' Egeo”: A brief history of Italian archaeology in the Dodecanese (1912-1945). Preliminary results of archival research. *Luigi Cicala (Università di Napoli "Federico II") – Archaeology in the Fascist Period at EleaVelia: men, ideas, methodologies. Lennart Kruijer (Leiden University) and Laurien de Gelder (Allard Pierson Museum), The Santa Prisca Project: investigating the first Dutch excavations on Italian soil 12.35– 14.30 Lunch 14.30 – 16.10 - Session 8 CHAIR: KATHLEEN SHEPPARD (Missouri University of Science and Technology) James Snead (California State University at Northridge) - “Treasures of Primitive Empires Revealed”: Classical models for American archaeology, 1900-1920. Frederick Whitling (European University Institute, Florence) - The Prince and Asine. Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden and the organisation of excavations at Asine, 1920–1922. Kristian Göransson (Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome) - The Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927–1931. Mustafa Kemal Baran (Koç University, Istanbul) - An Anatolian Story: The establishment of Classical Archaeology in Turkey. 16.10 – 16.30 Tea/Coffee 16.30 – 17.25 - Session 9 CHAIR: JULIA ROBERTS (University of Central Lancashire) Vladimir Mihajlovic (Institute for Balkan Studies, Belgrade) - Dual Periphery: Roman heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian rule. *Csaba Szabó (Max Weber-Kolleg, Erfurt) - Beyond Boundaries: The archaeology of Roman Dacia in the period of 1900-1945. Margarita Diaz-Andreu & Francisco Sánchez Salas (Universitat de Barcelona) - Roman Archaeology in Spain 1900-1936/39. 17.25 – 17.45 – Concluding remarks. Abstracts (in order of presentation) Session One: Histories of Etruscology : The Etruscan Race This session aims at studying the way in which the Etruscans have been presented as a peculiar race. The claim about the existence of an Etruscan race is not a contemporary idea and originates from political purposes as in G. Postel in the 16th century, eventually from the 20th-century positivist desire to define the Etruscans anthropologically. During the Fascist and the Nazi regimes, the Etruscan race was opposed to that of the Romans, in this case because of different social organization. After 1945, the scientific community took time to switch from a concept of clash between races to that of meeting between peoples. Maurizio Harari University of Pavia maurizio.harari@unipv.it Ethnicity and Politics: an Etruscan backstory of the 16th century The proposed paper aims at disclosing the truly political perception and the remarkably ideological design of the account, which Guillaume Postel (1510-81) gave of the earliest history of the Etruscans in his bizarre essay De Etruriae regionis originibus Marie-Laurence Haack Université de Picardie – Institut Universitaire de France haackml@yahoo.fr From Race to Soul : Etruscan people in the Italian anthropology in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries This paper examines the defeat of Italian anthropology in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries in identifying an Etruscan race. In the second half of the 19th century, some anthropologists tried to identify the physical criteria of an Etruscan race ; to do so, they studied the shape and the size of the skulls and the skeletons that were identified as Etruscans, but they were not able to agree on objective criteria for the identification of the Etruscan race. Little by little, at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, psychological and cultural criteria of the Etruscan race were established, which implied a continuity from ancient Etruria to medieval and contemporary Tuscany. This concept of continuity gave way to the formulation of an eternal Tuscan soul, the examples of which were presented in the pavillon of Tuscany in the mostra delle regioni in Rome in 1911. Short bibliography : E.V. Alliegro, Antrolopologia italiana. Storia e storiografia 1869-1975, Firenze, 2011. L. Calori, Della stirpe che ha popolato l’antica necropolis alla Certosa di Bologna e delle genti affini, Bologne, 1873. G. Nicolucci, Antropologia dell’Etruria, Napoli, 1869. R. Papini, L’anima toscana, Roma. Rassegna illustrata dell’esposizione del 1911 ufficiale per gli atti del comitato esecutivo, anno II, n° 23-24, dic. 1911. S. Puccini, L’Italia gente dalle molte vite. Lamberto Loria e la Mostra di Etnografia italiana del 1911, Roma, 2005. F. Pullè, Profilo antropologico dell’Italia, Firenze, 1898. A. Zannetti, Studi sui crani etruschi, Archivio per l’antropologia e la etnologia, I, fasc. 2, 1871, p. 166-191. Robinson Peter Krämer Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität. Abteilung für Klassische Archäologie rkraemer@uni-bonn.de Race and Society. Archaeological interpretations of Etruscan and Roman societies during the National Socialism and Fascism Political and social organisations of Classical Antiquity served often as a role model for the German National Socialism and the Italian Fascism. Well-known examples are the reception of Sparta, Ancient Greek paideia and agones as ideals for education and sports as well as the Roman principate as a model for the Führer-cult. It is especially interesting to compare typical interpretations of the social and political structures in Etruria and Rome in the 1920s–1940s. There are very different patterns of interpretation for the Etruscan society offering a sharp contrast to the early Roman equivalent. For example, the Swiss communist Hans Mühlestein interprets the Etruscan society as an ideal, culture-constituting matriarchy, which was conquered surprisingly by a band of shepherds and brigands. The Italian archaeologists Bartolomeo Nogara and Luigi Pareti describe the Etruscan League as a weak institution of city-states with fluctuating political systems. Similarly, Pericle Ducati characterises Etruria as a weak state not being able to unify the Italic populations. For the good of Italy and the entire humanity Rome would conquer Etruria and unify Italy for the first time in history1. German National Socialist ideologists, such as Alfred Rosenberg, describe in absurd manner Etruria an oriental society ruled by Haruspices, “zauberstarke Priester” (magically endowed priests) and the Hetaira Tanaquil performing perverse magical rituals. Ancient Rome would represent a Nordic kingdom instead. 1 P. Ducati, Etruria antica 2 (1927) 16 f.: „… ma era questa una impresa troppo ardua per uno Stato come Etruria, che non aveva salda compagine a causa della sua natura confederale; ma fu un bene che al posto della potenza etrusca sorgesse Roma e che cioè una stirpe prettamente italica potesse prevalere su tutti gli altri popoli della nostra regione; fu bene per l’Italia non solo, ma per l’umanità.“. In this contribution, I collect and analyse the different typical interpretations of political and social organisations of Etruria and Rome during National Socialism and Fascism and explain the political motivation and zeitgeist. Bibliography: P. Ducati, Etruria antica 1&2 (Turin 1927). M.-L. Haack, Tanaquil et les chemises noires et brunes (in press). R. P. Krämer, Von einer „Orientalisierung Roms durch die Etrusker“. Hans Mühlestein und seine Theorien zu den Etruskern, in: M.-L. Haack (ed.), La construction de l’étruscologie au début du xxe siècle. Actes des journées d’études internationales des 2 et 3 décembre 2013 (Bordeaux 2015) 133–149. M. Miller, Alfred Rosenberg, die Etrusker und die Romfrage, in: M.-L. Haack (ed.), L´étruscologie au XXe siècle 2. Les Étrusques au temps du fascisme et du nazisme (Bourdeaux 2016 in press). H. Mühlestein, Über die Ursprungsepoche der etruskischen Kunst unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der “Herkunft” der Etrusker (Leipzig 1928). H. Mühlestein, Die Geburt des Abendlandes. Ein Beitrag zum Sinnwandel der Geschichte (Potsdam 1928). H. Mühlestein, Die Kunst der Etrusker. Die Ursprünge (Berlin 1929). H. Mühlestein, Über die Herkunft der Etrusker (Berlin 1929). B. Nogara, Gli Etruschi e la loro civiltà (Milan 1933). L. Pareti, La disunione politica degli Etruschi e i suoi riflessi storici ed archeologici, PontRendAcc 7, 1929–1932, 89–100. A. Rosenberg, Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts. Eine Wertung der seelisch-geistigen Gestaltenkämpfe unserer Zeit 2(Munich 1931). Raffaella Da Vela Independent Scholar Institut für Klassische Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn am Hofgarten 21 53113 Bonn (Germany) s5radave@uni-bonn.de Race and Peoples. Migrations in Etruria: from clash of races to meeting between cultures “Not just a new spirit, but also new occurrences allow to set Etruscan history into a different frame than those of 50 years ago”. The translated citation of Giacomo Devoto (1946) summarises the break-up, directly after the Second World War, with conceptions and ideas of the precedent decades. The contribution aims to approach this change under a specific point of view: How did European archaeologists, linguists and historians looked to migrations, bilingualism and melting pot in Italy, before and during the Second World War? How did this perspective changed after the war? The interdisciplinary analysis will be conducted on three thematic fields: first, migrations and origin of Etruscans; second, relationships between Etruscans and Italic peoples; third, Romanisation. The transversal observation outlines analogies in reading and presenting migrations and meeting between people in these three fields and suggests a complex reality, were history and archaeology, biased by the political and cultural positions of the scholars, can be expression of racial ideology as well as of opposition, dissidence and resistance. After the war, the new freedom allows to publish concepts, which have been censured or retained before. Did the trauma of the Totalitarianism, of the Holocaust and of the War wake up a new sense of responsibility in the European scientific community? Did the Post-War vision of migrations in ancient Italy become instrumental to condemn and deny the idea of race? Was this approach an evolution of the old scientific debate, or was it born in the new context of international cooperation? Short Bibliography Origins: Brandestein, W., Die Herkunft der Etrusker, Leipzig 1934. Cultrera , G., La fase di transizione dal periodo villanoviano al periodo orientalizzante, StEtr 11, 1937, 57–75. Devoto, G., Il Villanoviano come problema linguistico, 64–66. Devoto, G., Agli inizi della Storia Etrusca, StEtr 19, 1946, 285–300. Duhn, F. von, La fase orientalizzante in Etruria ed in altre regioni d’Italia, I Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Florence 1928, 67–77. Frassetto, F., Le forme craniche degli Etruschi, I Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Florence 1928, 261–263. Georgiev, V., L’origine degli Etruschi. Come problema della storia delle tribú egee, StEtr 20, 1948/49, 101–108.Günther, H. F. K., Rassenkunde Europas, Munich 1929. Günther, H. F. K., Rassengeschichte des hellenischen und römischen Volkes, Munich 1929. Patroni, G., Dell’apparizione della struttura a cupola in Etruria e in altri territori della penisola e delle isole italiane, considerata specialmente nel suo significato antropogeografico, I Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Florence 1928, 83 f. Randall-Mac Iver, P., La civiltà villanoviana e la sua estensione in Italia, I Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Florence 1928, 48–58. Etruscan and Italics: Hommel, E., Le relazioni tra gli antichi Iberi e gli Etruschi secondo gli autori classici, I Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Florence 1928, 62 f. Homo, L., L’Italie primitive et le début de l’Impérialisme romain, Paris 1926. Lun, L. Il nome del Renón (Ritten). Nel quadro delle relazioni etrusco-italiche, StEtr 15, 1941, 225–240. Taramelli, A., Sardi ed Etruschi, I Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Florence 1928, 58 f. Romanisation: Coli, U., Formula onomastica romana nelle bilingui etrusco-latine, StEtr 19, 1946, 277–283. Fell, R.A., Etruria and Rome, Cambridge 1924. Kubitschek, W., Das Verschwinden des Etruskischen Stammes, I Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Florence 1928, 101 f. Mazzarino, S., Dalla monarchia allo stato repubblicano. Ricerche di storia romana arcaica, Catania 1945. General works: Näf, B. (Ed.), Antike und Altertumswissenschaft in der Zeit von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus, Kolloquium Universität Zürich 14th–17th October, Cambridge 1988. Pallottino, M., Gli Etruschi, Roma 1939. Pallottino, M., Etruscologia, Milano 1942. Session Two: HARN General Session 1 Alessandro Guidi (Universita' Roma Tre) and Massimo Tarantini (Soprintendendza Archeologica Della Toscana) The Emergence of Stratigraphical Archaeology in Mediterranean Europe: the Italian Case Study (1900-1950) In the Italian literature, an indisputable statement is that classical archaeology acquired a “stratigraphic” approach only thanks to its relationships with prehistoric archaeology, with a special roole of the most reputed prehistory scholar, Luigi Pigorini. Are we sure that the “medium” of this transfer between the two branches of Italian archaeology was Pigorini? Our paper tries to enlighten this point analyzing the activity of some key-figures of scholars who introduced the practice and the theory of stratigraphy in Italian archaeology in the period between 1900 and 1950; for this purpose we'll examinate the work of Giacomo Boni, Paolo Orsi, Luigi Bernabò Brea and Nino Lamboglia to reconstruct the genesis of their interest for stratigraphy. Meira Gold PhD Student Department of History and Philosophy of Science University of Cambridge mg750@cam.ac.uk Between plundering and scientific work: documenting and visualizing Tell elYahudiyeh, c. 1905 My paper will discuss the 1905 excavations at Tell el-Yahudiyeh led by W.M.F.Petrie for the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Tell el-Yahudiyeh was the local Arabic name given to an ancient Jewish settlement and cemetery in Egypt’s Delta region. The site arose around a temple modelled after Solomon’s in Jerusalem, built by the exiled-Jewish priest Onias in the 2nd century BCE, and reported by the classical-Jewish author Josephus 300 years later. One year prior to his field season, Petrie published the first excavation-specific instructional manual Methods and Aims in Archaeology, in which he stressed the importance of detailed record-keeping in the field to both combat the destructive nature of archaeology and to differentiate “between plundering and scientific work” (Petrie 1904: 48). However, this documentation (field-notes, sketches, plans, photographs, etc.) served wider purposes for authoritative knowledge-production by mobilizing what was observed and collected in the field so that it could be analysed and further represented in what was believed to be less chaotic spaces. This paper will take a geographical approach to investigate the relationship between Petrie’s recording practices from Tell el-Yahudiyeh and his publication of the site back in London. In doing so, I hope to demonstrate some of the ways visualization became fundamental to Egyptological knowledge-making and to the legitimization of the discipline around the turn of the 20th century. Turgut Saner (Istanbul Technical University, Architectural History Program, andsaner@itu.edu.tr) and Gizem Mater (Istanbul Technical University, Art History Program, matergizem@gmail.com) mechanisms of knowledge transfers between prehistoric and classical archaeology. Gilliéron versus Schleif: two approaches of archaeological depiction represented on Larisaean architectural terracotta plates The excavations in Larisa (southern Aeolis) were conceived as a joint undertaking of Swedish and German researchers. The fieldworks were mainly limited to the first excavation of 1902 and to the last three campaigns from 1932 to 1934. Immediately after the 1902 works, the Swiss artist Émile Gilliéron senior was commissioned with the drawing of architectural terracotta finds. The letters written by Johannes Boehlau and Lennart Kjellberg to the Imperial Ottoman Museum inform us that Gilliéron stayed in Istanbul between mid-June and mid-July 1903, and studied there the architectural terracotta plates. His drawings are included in the second volume (1940) of the “Larisa am Hermos” publications. The same publication contains, at the same time, the drawings of the German architect Hans Schleif depicting the reconstructions of the terracotta plates of the same series. These archaic/late archaic pieces show scenes such as symposion and chariot race. Gilliéron’s works reflect his background as an artist and his experience of creating reproductions. They can be considered as an extended produce of the 19th century tendencies including the debate on polychromy, artistic phantasy and the emphasis on three dimensional expression. Schleif’s works, on the other hand, reveal the concern for accuracy, cautiousness, and a linear/stiff expression. The comparison of Gilliéron’s and Schleif’s works dealing with the same content presents differences of period approaches and personal capacities. Session Three: HARN General Session 2 Frederika Tevebring The Real and the Ideal (Northwestern University) Leading up to the turn of the twentieth century, a new generation of ancient scholars were hanging how ancient Greece was approached in Germany, figuratively and literally. In the Mediterranean, actors such as Dörpfeld and Wiegand heralded a systematic archaeology with methods from engineering and architecture. In Berlin, the Museum Island was changing and expanding, anticipating the large reorganizations under Wilhelm von Bode in 1906.New forms of excavation and display were presented as a progressive turn away from the inspired and idealizing approaches to ancient Greece that had characterized the nineteenth century: scientific-objective excavation came to replace treasure hunting for masterpieces, while the museum was reconceived as educational rather than morally edifying. Our own time has inherited methods from this period and to a certain extent also the narrative of scholarly progress. This paper discusses display and excavation around 1900 in Germany focusing on the language with which new methods were presented, especially the discourse on scholarly objectivity as antidote to idealization and ideology. It is clear that the German archaeological activity in today’s Turkey and the national museums that these excavations enabled were determined as much by contemporary geopolitical conditions as by scholarly interests, one factor being the young Greek nation’s stricter rules on exporting antiquities. In my paper I take this discussion one step further by discussing how modern identities defined antiquity. I argue that it was not simply that ancient Greece was presented differently after 1900, but that a different ancient Greece was presented. Andrea Guaglianone (Università di Venezia “Ca’ Foscari”) andrea.guaglianone@hotmail.it tel. +39 3401294579 The Porticus Minuciae problem in the light of the excavation journals of Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi: A new reading. In this paper I will examine the already well-known problem of the porticus Minuciae in Rome, by means of a new comparative approach involving the archival data and the archaeological evidence of the building generally known as porticus Minucia vetus at the eastern limit of the sacred area of Largo Argentina. The examination of the excavation journals of its discoverer Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi (non-edited notes, drawings, tracings and photos of the years 1928-1937) allows for both the reconstruction of the appearance of the building at its discovery and for the dating of its phases. A careful analysis of this archival material has permitted the reconstruction of the history of the excavation of the building and the identification of the Marchetti Longhi’s excavation pits and of the relative finds. Moreover, a study of the present state of the monument and a new survey of the structures revealed a bulk of unpublished information, not yet accessible through the journals. On these grounds, it is now possible to offer a scientific reconstruction of the building that impedes the general interpretation as one of the two porticus Minuciae known, and sheds new light on the topic, providing new directions for further research. Susan M. Dixon (La Salle University, Philadelphia) dixons@lasalle.edu Rodolfo Lanciani’s selling of ancient Rome to the United States, 1887-1927 In the academic year 1887-88, at the peak of his career, the archaeologist and classicist Rodolfo Lanciani (1845-1929) came to the United States for a lecture tour. For the next 40 years, he published eight English-language monographs and a number of journal articles on historical Rome. Between 1888 and 1890, he worked with the Boston Museum of Fine Arts to enrich their ancient Roman collections. Lanciani’s selection of the content of his lectures and publications, and the choice of the antiquities for the museum’s purchase, were predicated on some assumptions Lanciani made about the American psyche. For example, he catered to certain American demographics. His tales of Rome and its new archaeological discoveries seem directed to newly professionalized firefighters and nurses, to recently empowered suffragettes, to those familiar with the American West, and to antebellum freed slaves in northeastern U.S. Lanciani help make the study of ancient Rome popular in the United States. This presentation, however, will focus less on the American reception of his scholarship, than on his assumptions about America. They surely were derived from his contacts with a number of Americans, many of them liberal thinkers, whom he met in Rome from the 1870s forward. These included advocates for the rights of Native Americans, African Americans, and women. I posit that Lanciani’s notion of what appealed to the people and institutions was shaped by these American visitors and ex-patriots in Rome. Kathleen Sheppard (Missouri University of Science and Technology) sheppardka@mst.edu Baedeker’s Archaeology: A historical tourist in Alexandria The capital of the Ptolemies in Egypt has not received the same attention from archaeologists or tourists that Cairo and Luxor have enjoyed for centuries. Alexandria was a major port city and educational center—a jewel of the ancient world—with temples, palaces, the lighthouse of Pharos, and the Library. But in the modern period, tourists and archaeologists alike simply passed through it on their way to the Pyramids of Giza and the richly decorated desert tombs farther to the south. In fact, as late as 1938, E. M. Forster could argue: “The ‘sights’ of Alexandria are in themselves not interesting, but they fascinate when we approach them through the past…”2 This paper aims to examine both sides of Forster’s sentiment by analyzing the history of archaeology in Alexandria in the early decades of the 20th century. Using Baedeker’s Travel Guides for Egypt and travelers’ memoirs from the time of the opening of the Greco-Roman museum in 1892 until the 1940s, I will trace what tourists were seeing in Alexandria. I will compare this with the archaeological development of the sites through the work of Italian archaeologists Botti and Breccia. My goal is to analyse the 2 E. M. Forster, Alexandria: A History and A Guide (Alexandria: Whitehead Morris Limited, 1938), ii. popular archaeology tourism in Alexandria in the early 20th century in the context of scholarly reports of its importance. This will bring to light the important Greco-Roman sites in Alexandria that too often still go unnoticed in traditional histories of archaeology. Session Four: HARN General Session 3 (Presented in absentia) Elena Cagiano de Azevedo (Istituto Nazionale di Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte, Roma) e.cagiano@gmail.com +39.339.4870101 Evan Gorga, an outsider among contemporary collectors? Evangelista Gorga (1865-1957) was a tenor, famous for being the first interpreter of Rodolfo in “La Bohème” by Giacomo Puccini, in 1896. He lived in Rome and here he set up a collection of antiquities (pottery, terracottas, bronzes, weapons, glasses, painted frescoes etc.), musical instruments and a myriad of other kinds of objects, being active on the antiquities market until his death in conditions of extreme poverty at the age of 92. At the beginning of the 20th century such large was the collection that it required ten apartments to be stored. In the Fifties, a great part of Gorga's collection was bought by the Italian State. Since 2013 a selection of antiquities has been edited and exposed in the Palazzo Altemps Museum at Rome. But the variety and the number of represented objects still cause some confusion in the interpretation of the collection. Moreover, the original exposition of the objects by series appears to be really different from other private collections exhibited in the Roman aristocratic salotti at the turn of the 20th century. This and other special peculiarities, together with the extraordinary life story of the collector, led to consider his collection as an unique example, born by the foolish mind of an eccentric man. However, some details in documents seem to indicate that Gorga also acted in line with the experiences of his time and that perhaps he was not completely out of the European frame of collectors. Session Five Women archaeologists and women in archaeology: between visibility and invisibility Abstract The history of science has been revealing many women who played an important – and sometimes crucial -, role in the emergence, institutionalization and development of different scientific disciplines, from Modern times to Contemporaneity. In what concerns archaeology, this scenario is being gradually revealed by authors studying forgotten and unknown names. Analysing different examples of women archaeologists and of women who, though not being archaeologists, contributed largely to the growth of archaeology, this session aims to reinforce the knowledge about some of them and to disclose others partially or totally unknown until now. An approach to be accomplished using methods inherent to history, history of science and archaeology, and to gender studies, in order to obtain a contextualized and comparative (generally speaking) idea of this phenomenon. In addition, the session will scrutinize (some of) the reasons for the many invisibilities of women in the history of archaeology, especially in what concerns the study of the Greco-Roman World. Ana Cristina Martins (Institute of Contemporary History, Universidade Nova de Lisboa) The (in)visible world of Classical archaeology in Portugal ana.c.martins@zonmail.pt Like other ones, the history of archaeology in Portugal has been dominated by a male narrative. At least until more recent times, when a new generation of women historians began to research a range of personal and institutional archives, as well as diverse secondary resources, such as conference proceedings and newspapers. Gradually, some of the Portuguese and foreigner women who contributed to the development of archaeology in Portugal are becoming (more) visible. And this is also true for the history of Classical archaeology in the country. Focused between the 30s and the end of the 40s, this paper analyses the work of these women, identifying their social and research networks, and assess the real impact of their scientific production. In addition, it examines the reasons of their invisibilities in the history of Portuguese archaeology. Finally, it questions, from a comparative and trans-disciplinary point of view, how and if the (re)discovering of their researches changes the practice and the teaching of Classical archaeology in Portugal nowadays. Raffaella Bucolo (Sapienza Università di Roma) r.bucolo@libero.it Margarete Gütschow photographic collection Margarete Gütschow (1871-1951) lived in Rome working as an archaeologist. She started her activity at the German Archaeological Institute already in 1910-1914. Gütschow returned to Rome in 1925 and she had the chance to start new own researches. The scholar was mainly interested in funeral sculpture, supervised by Gerhart Rodenwaldt. Through her new studies, she obtained to become an Ordinary Member of German Archaeological Institute in 1935. Her career was certainly outstanding, especially considering the fact that she began her university studies very late. Her work at the German Archaeological Institute was related to the Sarkophag-Corpus projects. Gütschow gathered documentation on the sarcophagi in Rome and Lazio: photography was the primary tool of data and information collections. The photographs that she took in those years are now kept in the Fotothek of the German Archaeological Institute in Rome and in the German Archaeological Institute Archive in Berlin. Letters and documents prove the existence of a sarcophagi-“Kartothek” and also the dedication of the scholar to improve this kind of archive. Gütschow worked for this project sometimes with the help of some famous photographers, in particular Cesare Faraglia. The study of each photograph allows us to get an overview of the monuments, sites and collections visited by the scholar. Many of the images show artifacts no longer kept, damaged or transferred. As it was meant to be, the Gütschow photographic collection remains an extremely useful tool for the knowledge of many sarcophagi in Rome and Lazio. Apen Ruiz (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya) apen.ruiz@gmail.com Female archaeologists entering the field: Zelia Nutall, Isabel Ramirez Castañeda and Eulalia Guzman and their voices in Mexican Archaeology In my paper I examine the place that three women (Zelia Nuttall, Isabel Ramírez and Eulalia Guzman) had in Mexican archaeology during the early decades of the 20th century. More than just uncovering voices of female archaeologists to make them visible in an otherwise “unwelcoming” discipline for women, I consider that a feminist perspective of science furnishes us with insights to examine their similarities and also highlight certain general aspects of the practice of archaeology in Mexico. In the first part of the paper I advance some methodological aspects that I confronted doing research about female archaeologists in Mexico which I think could be shared by other scholars who are also interested in issues of gender and archaeological practice. In the second part, I argue that even if they had different locations in archaeological practice, there are two axes that enable us to interpret their work. On the one hand, I examine their participation in archaeology in order to rethink the apparent divergence between amateur and professional archaeologies during these early pioneer moments of the discipline. On the other hand, I highlight that their experience enables us to examine how archaeological fieldwork was gendered since its early moments, and that the close links between nationalism and archaeology were specially barriers for women who wanted to enter into the field of archaeology. Julia Roberts (University of Central Lancashire) Dressing the Part: British women archaeologists in the first half of the twentieth century. Drawing on the extensive archive of the Wheelers’ excavations of the Romano-British town of Verulamium between 1930 and 1934, this paper looks at how women archaeologists constructed a space in which to work. The first half of the twentieth century was a time when archaeology manuals presented the discipline as robustly masculine and contemporary British society still largely constructed women’s role as confined to the domestic sphere with many commentators continuing to voice the fear that women would become defeminised through education and work and, by extension, practicing archaeology. The presence of women on excavations from this period demonstrates that despite societal unease women were active participants in all aspects of archaeology and I will suggest some of the ways women subverted and circumvented normative expectations. In particular, and using theories of gender, dress and identity, I argue that women archaeologists used clothing as a way to construct an identity and to elude censure. Session Six Testimonies and Protagonists in the Urban Transformation of the Campus Martius During the Inter-War Period This section aims to point out some aspects of the historical and cultural climate of the years between the two World Wars. The urban transformations, intent on creating infrastructure for the Fascist city and designing new urban areas, brought to light different purposes. Particularly, the area of the ancient Campo Marzio turn out to be the favorite theatre for the exaltation of the cult of the Roman world, implemented through demolitions aimed to isolation of the ancient monuments. In this context different cultural figures with different characters and approaches emerged. They provided very important interventions with results often uneven and sometimes disappointing, in part concluded, in part still awaiting definition. Elisabetta Carnabuci (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) The interventions of the Fascist Governatorato in the Mausoleum of Augustus The current structure of the Mausoleum of Augustus is the result of one of the most controversial interventions made during the Fascist period, which involved the complete demolition of the entire sixteenth century building urban fabric. The beautiful concert hall of the Auditorium Augusteo, built on the ruins of the tomb, was also demolished. The result of this senseless destruction of the Mausoleum was its isolation from the urban context. In this framework, this contribution intends to clarify the constructive dynamics of the hastily made restorations and, in particular, the impressive and invasive structures put in place over the scant remains of the burial chamber and the central pillar of the Mausoleum. Monica Ceci (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi: An unconventional voice Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi is a rather unique figure in the Roman archeological frame between the 20s and the 30s of the last century. Among all the protagonists of the Governorate interventions, he worked outside the institutions as a forerunner freelance and forcefully claimed his thorny positions. Its scientific value is often underestimated, even if the amount of his writings and publications on excavations in the sacred area of Argentina should give pause. The analysis of massive amounts of archival material (journals, drawings, photographs) can provide all the essential information to open a new phase for the debate on this fascinating archaeological figure. Alessandra Gobbi (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) The paper aims at drawing the political, cultural and archaological frame in which the Stadium of Domitian was discovered in 1936. The opening of Corso del Rinascimento, as stated in the General Urbanistic Plan in 1931, led to the distruction of many buildings of the central Campo Marzio. During the demolitions in the northern part of Piazza Navona the ruins of the Stadium of Domitian were eventually brought to light. According to the findings, the original project had to be changed and the Stadium was incorporated in the foundations of the new INA building (where it is nowadays conserved). Along with the archaeological setting given to the ruins, the intense correspondence entertained by the Governatorato, the INA officers, and the leading figures of the Fascist Party will be stressed. The paper also aims at reconstructing the difficult steps towards a draft of convention to be signed by the Governatorato and the INA in order to determine duties, rights and competences on the new monument. Stefania Pergola (Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome) The continuous archaeological discoveries in the area of the theatre of Marcellus: Interventions in balance between emergency and safeguarding The paper aims to reconstruct, through the examination of excavation journals of the years between 1937 and 1939 and the archaeological evidence preserved, the political and cultural climate of great urgency when were carried out the excavations and anastylosis in the area of theatre of Marcellus. The archaeologists in charge of following the liberation operations of the monuments, who discovered contexts hitherto unknown as the temple of Bellona and other buildings at the back of the temple of Apollo, had to act very quickly with the awareness to perform unique operations. They left us testimony in the photographs, the clipboard and precise excavation journals containing the list of all finds on the occasion from the opening of the via del Mare, and that were deposited mainly in the fornices of the theatre of Marcellus. In that period were formed those deposits of ancient marbles, real pilings up, which found place in many the monuments, taken into account even in the present time. The study aims also to examine this aspect, often poorly treated, concerning the fate of stone materials in those years, sometimes used as reused elements in modern buildings or furniture solutions, but more often forgotten in the hidden places of the monuments and studied only in recent times. Session Seven HARN General Session 4 Marion Bolder-Boos (Technical University Darmstadt) +49 (0)6151-16 mboos@klarch.tu-darmstadt.de The Greeks brought culture, the Phoenicians brought…stuff? Phoenician archaeology in late 19th and early 20th century German scholarship German scholarship of the late 19th and early 20th century often regarded the Greeks as a great colonial power that in the first half of the first millennium BCE brought cultural advancements to many supposedly backwards areas. Contemporary Phoenician settlements in the West, on the other hand, were mostly interpreted as ports-of-call set up to facilitate Phoenician trade between the Levant and the central and western Mediterranean; they were therefore not thought to have contributed much to the cultural development of indigenous peoples beyond supplying them with foreign goods in return for local resources. This paper seeks to demonstrate how archaeological material was interpreted to support these views and how these views were embedded in the social and political situation of Germany, from its short-lived period as a colonial power to the end of the Third Reich. Although much work has been devoted to the “cleansing” of archaeological interpretations from racial ideologies, there is still much left to be done. A critical revision of how the notion that the Phoenicians were mainly merchants was formed, and what role the social and political situation including nationalistic and racial sentiments played in the process, may allow for a reappraisal of the Phoenician cultural impact on the central and western Mediterranean. Francisco Gracia Alonso (Universidad de Barcelona) The protection of archaeological sites with ideological value during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The case of Ampurias. Catalan nationalist politicians used since the late nineteenth century the Greek colony of Emporion (Ampurias) as an ideological referent to consolidate popular support for their political demands. During the Second Republic (1931-1939), the autonomous government Generalitat of Catalonia delved into that vision in support of a nationalist and bourgeois conception of the past. However, the revolution that followed the outbreak of war in July 1936, and the assumption of power by the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias, put at risk the protection of historical and artistic heritage, understood as an opposite ideological expression to popular culture. The Generalitat of Catalonia took place during the war the protection of the site, developed by the anarchist militias in an artillery position to deal with the incursions of the Italian fleet, allied of Franco, as well as collections materials from the site, both public and private action within a comprehensive protection of the artistic and archaeological heritage Catalan, which included the confiscation of materials and their transfer to safe locations outside the city of Barcelona. Towards the end of the war, the Catalan archaeological collections, including the masterpieces of Ampurias, were transferred by order of the Government of the Republic to Geneva where they were deposited under the protection of the League of Nations until delivery to the Franco officials, who organized their return to Catalonia. Athena Hadji (Bilkent University) athenahadji@bilkent.edu.tr “studiosi delle antichissime civiltà dell' Egeo”: A brief history of Italian archaeology in the Dodecanese (1912-1945). Preliminary results of archival research. One of the first official acts performed by the Italian governance of the Dodecanese was the restoration of the Hospital of the Knights in the medieval city of the island of Rhodes and the foundation of the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes in its premises. A major part of the project was the removal of later Ottoman additions to the 15th c. medieval edifice. The new museum was inaugurated in early 1916. This act was most indicative of the attitude of the new regime toward the occupied population as well as their future plans and intentions. A key to its interpretation is the exploitation of the connection with the past and archaeological research as a means of political persuasion. The paper traces the trajectory of the history of archaeology and official attitudes toward antiquities and monuments during the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese (1912-1945). The main research goal is to shed light to an aspect of Italian cultural imperialism during the aforementioned period drawing from resources that have not been studied previously. Methodologically, it is the outcome of a three-year research project in the State Archives of the Prefecture of the Dodecanese, stored on the island of Rhodes. Emphasis is placed on purchase of antiquities on behalf of the museum, especially during the directorship of Amedeo Maiuri in the first formative years of the Italian Administration. Luigi Cicala (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II) luigi.cicala@unina.it www.docenti.unina.it/luigi.cicala Archaeology in the Fascist period at Elea-Velia: men, ideas, methodologie Recent researches in the last decades have offered the items to draw a very extensive and innovative picture of archaeological activities at Elea-Velia in the years of fascism. From 1927 to 1933, archaeological surveys, led by Amedeo Maiuri, Superintendent Archaeologist of Campania, are incurred by the Società Magna Grecia and mainly by Umberto Zanotti Bianco. One of the most interesting themes of this period is precisely the relationship between Zanotti Bianco, against the Fascist regime, and the Superintendence led by Maiuri, burdened with the difficult task of having to face a very complex reality. Since the beginning of the thirties of the twentieth century, as part of a broad propaganda program and rootedness in the Salerno area, the fascist archaeology also fits in Elea-Velia. The excavations are funded by Ente per le Antichità e i Monumenti della Provincia di Salerno, an expression of the transformation of the political and ideological climate. In 1935, Raffaele Umberto Inglieri with the direction of the same Amedeo Maiuri, led a wide excavation remained unpublished, which offers the opportunity to examine in details, through the archive documents retrieved, methodological, cultural, historical and economic aspects. Despite the general direction of the ideology of the time, closely related to the new myths of the "Romanity", the image of Elea-Velia preserved his character of "Greek city", in the writings recovered, aroused by the urban planning, the culture material, the landscape, etc. A key to interesting reading to the archaeology of Magna Graecia during the Fascist period. Lennart Kruijer (Leiden University) and. Laurien de Gelder (Allard Pierson Museum) l.i.degelder@uva.nlcom kruijer.lennart@gmail The Santa Prisca Project: investigating the first Dutch excavations on Italian soil In close collaboration with the Soprintendenza Roma I, the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome initiated the Santa Prisca Project which unlocks and re-examines the legacy data of the first Dutch excavations in Italy, beneath the church of Santa Prisca on the Aventine hill. These excavations, directed by Maarten Vermaseren (UU) and Carel van Essen (NIR) lasted for more than a decade (1952-1968) and yielded parts of a Roman imperial insula and one of the most important Mithraea in the world. While the results of the first phase of these excavations have been thoroughly published in 1965 (The excavations in the mithraeum of the church of Santa Prisca in Rome, Leiden-Brill), the results of the second phase of research which concentrated on the courtyard of the Santa Prisca complex (1964-1968) have thus far remained mostly unpublished. By unlocking several archives, the Santa Prisca project aims to retrace the steps of these pioneers of Dutch archaeology in Italy. During the lecture we will provide the political and social dynamics within which Dutch archaeology took wing in Italy. What motivated both parties to join forces? How was the archaeological practice shaped by personal relations and the intellectual agendas of the affiliated actors and institutes? In order to answer these questions, the project contextualises the Santa Prisca excavation by relating it to contemporary political developments, most significantly the process of European unification in the 1950s and 1960s. Session Eight HARN General Session Five James E. Snead (California State University, Northridge) “Treasures of Primitive Empires Revealed”: Classical Models for American Archaeology, 1900-1920 Establishing classical archaeology in the United States was predicated on the construction of an audience. The cultural relevance of Mediterranean history for American society was deep, and the public had long been attuned to archaeological discoveries. Yet the geographic remoteness of the field, ideological differences, and limited patronage were challenging. The early struggles of the Archaeological Institute of America to acquire a foothold in classical fieldwork reflect these circumstances. At the end of the 19th century the Institute established local chapters across the United States to harness popular interest in archaeology in support of research in the classical world. Lecture tours brought scholars in front of disparate regional audiences: an interest in indigenous archaeology was also cultivated to promote the general effort. Concepts, images, and analogies derived from the classical world were deployed in this regard, particularly via the pages of the Institute’s popular journal, Art and Archaeology. Nonetheless tension developed among the members of the institute about the value of American work. The cultivation of patronage continued to lag, particularly since local patrons preferred tangible results for their support. Institute leadership—including prominent scholars such as Francis Wiley Kelsey and Edgar Lee Hewett—advanced inclusive agendas in the face of resistance by more traditional classical scholars, but by 1920 the Institute redefined its mission to largely exclude New World fieldwork. The legacy of this debate provides a rich context for exploring shared concepts of the Euro-American past, cultural/scientific models for archaeology, and public perceptions of the tangible past. Frederick Whitling (European University Institute, Florence) The Prince and Asine. Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden and the Organisation of Excavations at Asine, 1920–1922 The Swedish archaeological engagement or ‘big dig’ at Asine in Greece (1922–1930) plays a pivotal role in my ongoing research project Gustaf VI Adolf as Archaeologist and Patron of the Arts. In this project, I investigate the influence of the former king of Sweden on the coordination of archaeological enterprises, focusing on his long period as crown prince, 1907–1950. The project is relevant to the understanding of the structures that influence the perception of the past. Important aspects of the project hinge on excavations at Asine, the first large-scale Swedish excavation in the Mediterranean, predating the establishment of research institutes in Rome and in Athens. This contribution is based on previously unpublished archival material in Sweden and in Greece. Its title paraphrases Giorgios Seferis’ poem “The King of Asine” (1940). It discusses the organisation of the Swedish excavations at Asine 1920–1922, and the excavations themselves as a form of cultural investment, with clear consequences for other projects resulting in collections in Sweden, as well as for Swedish research institutes. The excavations at Asine were organised to a large extent through the direct personal commitment of crown prince Gustaf Adolf. The contribution also touches upon the diplomatic difficulties that occurred as a consequence of the Asine excavations, with implications for further archaeological enterprises such as the Swedish Cyprus Expedition (1927–1931). Kristian Göransson (Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome) goransson@isvroma.org The Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927–1931 The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (SCE) has been credited with laying the foundation of modern archaeology in Cyprus. In only four years the expedition conducted systematic and – in many cases extensive – excavations of 21 archaeological sites all over the island with the outspoken intention of establishing a chronology for the prehistory and early history of Cyprus. The sites excavated range from a Neolithic settlement (Petra tou Limniti) and rich Bronze Age tombs (e.g. Lapithos) over sanctuaries (such as Ayia Irini, Kition and Mersinaki) to a royal palace (Vouni) and a Roman theatre (Soli). The SCE was directed by Einar Gjerstad and consisted of himself and three other members: the archaeologists Erik Sjöqvist and Alfred Westholm and the architect John Lindros. The support by the Crown Prince of Sweden, Gustaf Adolf (later King Gustaf VI Adolf), was crucial and thanks to this Gjerstad managed to get the necessary funds from a large number of private donors which made it possible to launch the expedition in 1927. This paper sets out to present the work of the SCE in a synthetic way and discuss its importance for subsequent archaeology in Cyprus. It will also discuss the aftermath of the excavations with the division of the finds between Cyprus and Sweden, the subsequent publication and the path towards the creation of the Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm where the Cyprus collections are kept and exhibited. Mustafa Kemal Baran (Koç University) mbaran@ku.edu.tr, +90 5531274872 An Anatolian Story: The Establishment of Classical Archaeology in Turkey This paper investigates the establishment and historical development of Classical Archaeology in Turkey in the first half of the twentieth century. Focusing on the actors who shaped this discipline, both in and outside of the academy, this paper, uses social network analyses, to understand the influences and relationships between different individuals and institutions who/ which were involved in the study of Classical Archaeology in Turkey. Informed by a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach which forefronts memory studies, this paper goes beyond the documentation of excavation histories to determine how the heritage of Greco-Roman antiquity in Turkey has been constructed through a process which compiles the memories of places, archaeology, and peoples. The history of excavation of Classical-period sites in Turkey serves as the primary sources for this paper. In this regard, archival records such as administrative correspondence, excavation notebooks, plans, drawings, photos, and personal memoirs of archaeologists from different sites are used in this research. In addition, Turkish popular literature on Classical Archaeology such as historical novels, travel literature, articles in popular archaeology journals, and popular essays on heritage as well as official state rules and regulations regarding archaeological sites and cultural heritage are analysed. In order to complement the written and visual materials, a series of oral history interviews will be conducted with leading figures of Turkish archaeology as well as members of the foreign archaeological teams who worked in Turkey. Session Nine HARN General Session Six Vladimir V. Mihajlović (Institute for Balkan Studies SASA) v.mihajlovic@gmail.com Dual Periphery: Roman Heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian Rule Bosnia and Herzegovina – hitherto a part of the Ottoman Empire – was, after the Congress of Berlin (1878), occupied and subsequently annexed (1908) by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Almost momentarily, the new authorities started an encompassing process of "Europeanization" of the country after more than four centuries of Turkish rule. This large-scale process included creation of numerous new institutions at the very end of the 19th and the beginning of 20th century. Some of them – such as the Bosnisch-Herzegowinischen Landesmuseums (established in 1888) or the Institut für Balkanforschung (1904) – had archaeology in their agendas. Moreover, Roman provincial studies had a significant role, not just in the cultural sphere, but also in the Habsburg overall policy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina. Roman past was an inexhaustible source of numerous exempla for the imperial officers, but at the same time, it was supposed to be an agent of civilization of the country's inhabitants. Put shortly, Bosnia and Herzegovina was a dual periphery – both in classical period and at the end of the 19th century. Through an outlook on the institutions which were, in a way, peripheral themselves – they were created upon models from the great imperial centers, and by the people who were under strong influence from the central government as well as the academic authorities – the paper aims to question the theory and practice, as well as ideological frame of Roman provincial archaeology on the European periphery. Csaba Szabó (University of Pécs) szabo.csaba.pte@gmail.com Beyond Boundaries: the archaeology of Roman Dacia in the period of 1900-1945 After four century of antiquarian tradition and private collectionarism, the study of Roman materiality in Transylvania became a professional field of archaeologists and historical associations. The end of the so called long 19th century represented a shift of paradigm not only in the historical discourse, but also in the formation of museums and various local tendencies. The diversification and increasing number of archaeological associations in the Austro-Hungarian Empire will create also a competition between centre and peryphery and tendencies of monopolisation, especially imposed from the capital (Budapest) and some regional centres (Kolozsvár, Cluj). While till 1918, the archaeology of Dacia was researches by two levels (universities and semi-professional associations) within the same political formation and ideological milieu, after 1918 the situation changed radically. The archaeology of Roman Dacia became a crucial point in the official historical discourse of the newly established Great Romania, and remained a marginal, but still relevant topic of Hungarian historiography, creating an ideological field of conflicts. The changes of historical discourse on Roman Dacia between 1900 and 1945 reflects the main ideological tendencies of European archaeology, but also the regional history of this part of the continent, where changes of political and ideological boundaries influenced severely also the evolution of archaeology of Dacia. In this paper the author will present through several case studies the main characteristics of this very special phenomenon. Margarita Díaz-Andreu (ICREA-Universitat de Barcelona) and Francisco Sánchez Salas (Universitat de Barcelona) Roman Archaeology in Spain (1900-1936/39): a survey This paper will analyse Roman archaeology in Spain in the first third of the twentieth century. We will examine the influence of politics in the development of Classical archaeology in Spain, comparing the periods before the first dictatorship of the century, during the right-wing dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera (1923-1930) and during the 1930s until the start of the Spanish Civil War. We will assess the range of topics dealt with, the sites that attracted scholarly attention, the excavations that were undertaken and the archaeological sites of Roman period that were opened to tourism during those years. A regional analysis will be carried out to appraise whether there were particular regions in Spain where research was more active than in others and, in this was the case, an explanation will be sought. One of the main sources of information for our study will be journals. We will explore what was published in two of the main archaeological journals of the time – Archivo Español de Arte y Arqueología (Madrid) and Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología (Valladolid). We will also look at articles on Roman archaeology issued in journals that theoretically focused on Prehistory: Anuario de Prehistoria Madrileña (Madrid), Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina (Valencia). Finally, the extent to which international relations influenced researchers in Spain will also be surveyed. This will be done in order to identify the main countries from which Spanish researchers on Roman archaeology got inspiration from. Reversely, an evaluation will be made on whether this relationship was reciprocal. Thank you for attending HARN2016! We hope to see you at the next HARN conference!