Hepatitis C in Australia
Impact of a Mass Media Campaign
Ben J. Smith, PhD, Adrian E. Bauman, PhD, Jack Chen, PhD, Stuart Loveday, BCom, Melanie Costello, BSW,
Brent Mackie, Grad Dip Com, Gregory J. Dore, PhD
Background: Hepatitis C affects over 200,000 Australians. This study evaluated the impact of a public
education campaign about this disease in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.
Design:
Cohort and independent cross-sectional telephone surveys before and after the campaign.
Setting/
Participants: Random population samples of adults in NSW.
Intervention: Television, radio and newsprint advertisements, posters and public display boards, public
awareness events and media releases, and dissemination of information to healthcare
professionals in April 2000. Data were analyzed in 2000 and 2005.
Main
Outcome
Measures:
Results:
Campaign recall, and knowledge and attitudes concerning hepatitis C.
Recall of information about hepatitis C increased between baseline and follow-up, from
11.1% to 45.5% in the independent samples and 11.8% to 65.3% in the cohort. The
proportion of people who knew that there was a low risk of disease transmission by kissing,
sharing food utensils, or breastfeeding also increased significantly. In the cohort sample, a
higher number of correct knowledge responses was associated with reporting exposure to
information about hepatitis C after the campaign, postsecondary education, and a greater
level of knowledge at baseline. Most people reported supportive attitudes toward people
with hepatitis C and to prevention programs addressing this disease, and there was little
apparent improvement in these.
Conclusions: This campaign successfully increased public exposure to information about hepatitis C and
improved knowledge about the means of transmission of this disease. There is room for
further improvements in community understanding about hepatitis C. Mass media
campaigns have a valuable role to play in this endeavor.
(Am J Prev Med 2006;31(6):492– 498) © 2006 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Introduction
H
epatitis C is a serious public health concern in
Australia, with estimates of the number of
people with hepatitis C exceeding 200,000 and
of new infections of up to 16,000 per year.1–3 Hepatitis
C is a significant problem not only because of its high
prevalence and incidence, but also its serious impact on
From the School of Public Health, University of Sydney (Smith,
Bauman), Sydney; Simpson Centre for Health Services Research,
University of New South Wales (Chen), Liverpool; Hepatitis C
Council of New South Wales, Inc. (Loveday), Darlinghurst; New
South Wales Department of Health (Mackie), North Sydney; National
Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of
New South Wales (Dore), Darlinghurst, New South Wales; and Family
Planning Queensland (Costello), Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Ben J. Smith,
PhD, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Level 2, Medical
Foundation Bldg. K25, NSW, Australia, 2006. E-mail: bens@health.
usyd.edu.au.
492
quality of life, its association with cirrhosis of the liver
and hepatocellular carcinoma, and its potential impact
on healthcare resources.1,2,4
To prevent the spread of the disease, a number of
strategies have been identified, including screening of
high-risk groups and of blood and blood products,
infection control procedures in health settings, harmreduction programs for people who inject drugs, and
support services for people with hepatitis C.5,6 Given
that the disease has been recognized only in the past 20
years, there is also a need for public education about its
nature and methods of transmission.
In Australia, studies among adolescents7,8 and people infected by hepatitis C3 indicate that inadequate
knowledge and misunderstandings about the disease
are common. This is consistent with the findings of
surveys in other countries.9,10 Community-wide education initiatives are needed for alerting people to the
modes of transmission and facilitating a social climate
Am J Prev Med 2006;31(6)
© 2006 American Journal of Preventive Medicine • Published by Elsevier Inc.
0749-3797/06/$–see front matter
doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.08.001
where at-risk people feel comfortable to seek testing
and where harm-reduction strategies can be
implemented.11
The public health experience in the prevention of
HIV,12–14 hepatitis B,15,16 and infectious diseases that
pose a threat to children17,18 shows that mass media
campaigns can contribute to awareness, knowledge,
and the use of preventive services. Little has been
reported to date about the use of mass media as a
strategy for public education about hepatitis C. Community-wide education about hepatitis C has been
implemented in France since 2000,19 involving mass
media advertisements and an education campaign for
general practitioners, but the effect of these efforts has
not been reported. Targeted education programs, such
as school-based education for adolescents20 and dissemination of written information to healthcare professionals,21 have been reported to be effective in improving
knowledge about this disease.
In 2000, a mass media campaign was initiated by the
New South Wales (NSW) Department of Health in
partnership with the Hepatitis C Council of NSW and
other agencies to promote understanding and attitudes
that would strengthen hepatitis C prevention in that
state. This built on a range of effective harm-reduction
strategies targeting high-risk groups, including needle
and syringe programs, methadone maintenance, and
peer education for intravenous drug users.6 This paper
presents the findings of the evaluation of this mass
media campaign on community knowledge and attitudes concerning hepatitis C.
Methods
Hepatitis C Campaign
The aims of the NSW hepatitis C campaign were to increase
knowledge about hepatitis C in the general adult population,
create a supportive environment for hepatitis C programs,
and reduce discrimination against people with the disease.
The theoretical rationale underpinning the campaign was
that supportive attitudes are a prerequisite for nondiscriminatory behaviors, and that attitudes are determined by underlying beliefs concerning the positive and negative attributes of
hepatitis C and people living with the disease.22,23 In regard
to stigma, which is the devaluing or discrediting of an
individual on the basis of certain characteristics,24 illnessrelated beliefs about contagion and death are important to
address because they evoke fear and revulsion.25 The slogan
for the campaign was “Hep C, understanding is the answer.”
Campaign activities conducted during April 2000 included
three 30-second television commercials that were shown on
all metropolitan and regional stations. These achieved a
medium-to-high target audience rating point (TARP) score of
550 across the month. In addition to this, a 30-second radio
advertisement was broadcast on 14 stations across the state,
and posters, bus interior advertisements, brochures, banners,
and an online fact sheet were disseminated. Communication
strategies for non–English-speaking people included a 30-
December 2006
second radio advertisement and large newspaper advertisements in five languages (Cantonese, Khmer, Spanish, Vietnamese, and Arabic). A telephone information helpline was
operated by the Hepatitis C Council of NSW and received
4250 calls during the campaign period.26 An information kit
about hepatitis C was mailed to ⬎7500 family physicians.
Complementing the paid advertising and educational activities were a range of public relations initiatives, including
an official launch of the campaign by the NSW Minister for
Health and distribution of information kits to news outlets.
Regional health authorities also undertook local launches of
the campaign, distribution of media releases, and training of
health workers.
Study Design and Sample
The evaluation design consisted of surveys conducted before
and 1 month after the campaign of both cohort and independent cross-sectional samples of NSW adults. Data collected from the cohort enabled the examination of changes
within individuals while the cross-sectional surveys provided a
means of verifying whether the aggregate changes were
evident in a sample that had not undergone baseline measurement. Respondents were adults aged ⱖ18 years who were
selected at random by sampling of households listed in the
telephone White Pages followed by random selection of one
eligible adult within each household.
Measurements
Survey data were collected by computer-assisted telephone
interviews. The primary impact variables were hepatitis C–related knowledge and attitudes. Knowledge questions concerned the approximate number of people infected by hepatitis C in Australia, the availability of a vaccine, and the risk
of transmitting the disease by various means (kissing, eating
from the same plate, breast feeding, use of nonsterile tattooing or body piercing equipment, blood transfusion, and
sharing equipment for injecting drugs). Additional knowledge measures were collected by asking respondents to rate
their agreement on a 5-point scale with the following statements:
●
●
●
●
●
Hepatitis C is very similar to hepatitis B.
Many people with hepatitis C will not know they have it for
many years.
Hepatitis C is spread by sexual activity.
Hepatitis C is often spread through blood-to-blood
contact.
Only people currently injecting drugs are likely to have
hepatitis C.
Attitudes related to this disease were also measured by a
5-point rating of agreement with the following statements:
●
●
●
●
People with hepatitis C might often feel discriminated
against.
Hepatitis control is not important because the people at
most risk are those who inject illegal drugs.
Increasing services such as needle and syringe programs
would reduce the number of new cases of hepatitis C.
Injecting drug users are as entitled to treatment as anybody else with hepatitis C.
Am J Prev Med 2006;31(6)
493
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the independent and cohort samples
Gender
Male
Female
Age group (years)
18–39
40–54
ⱖ55
Language spoken at home
English
Other language
Marital status
Married/de facto
Other
Educational attainment
Up to year 10 in high school
Completed year 12 or vocational course
University/college degree
Independent baseline
sample (nⴝ1114) %
Independent follow-up
sample (nⴝ1027) %
Cohort sample
(nⴝ900) %
45.2
54.8
42.8
57.2
44.3
55.7
32.0
30.0
38.0
37.7
25.7
26.5*
31.0
32.1
36.9
93.0
7.0
93.4
6.6
94.7
5.3
62.6
37.4
58.8
41.2
64.6
35.4
42.4
31.3
26.3
41.4
31.4
27.3
40.4
33.1
26.6
*p⬍0.05, chi-square test (bolded).
Exposure to the campaign was measured by an open-ended
question about whether respondents had seen or heard any
messages about hepatitis C in the media in the past 4 weeks.
Demographic data collected about respondents included age,
gender, language spoken at home, marital status, and educational attainment.
Statistical Analyses
For the independent samples, the categorized outcomes were
cross-tabulated by the time of the surveys, and the associations
were explored using Pearson chi-square and Fisher’s exact
test. For the cohort sample, the McNemar chi-square was used
to examine changes in knowledge and attitude variables. A
principal component analysis was undertaken to explore any
potential underlying psychometric constructs in the knowledge and attitude responses, but as none were clearly identified, each variable was analyzed independently.
In additional analyses with the cohort sample, negative
binomial regression techniques were used to identify factors,
including demographic characteristics, knowledge at baseline, and reported exposure to information about hepatitis C,
which were independently associated with a higher number
of correct knowledge responses at follow-up. Similar analyses
examined factors independently associated with a higher
number of supportive attitude responses at follow-up, substituting the number of supportive attitudes at baseline for the
number of correct knowledge responses. The negative binomial regression model that was applied allowed the relaxation
of the equality of mean and variance assumption held in
Poisson regression. Data were analyzed in 2000 and 2005
using STATA, version 6.0 (StataCorp, College Station TX,
1999) and SPSS 6.1 (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, 1996).
Results
Characteristics of Survey Respondents
There were 1114 people surveyed at baseline (response
rate of 81.5%). Of these, 972 people (87.2%) agreed to
494
be included in the evaluation cohort, and 900 (80.8%)
were successfully followed. The post-campaign independent sample included 1027 people (response rate
82%). Table 1 shows that there were slightly more
women than men in the independent and cohort
samples, and a fairly even distribution of respondents
in the age groups 18 to 39 years, 40 to 54 years, and ⱖ55
years. Most respondents were English speaking, around
60% had a partner, and just over 25% had postsecondary education. The samples were similar in all characteristics with the exception of the proportion of those
aged ⱖ55 years, which was lower in the post-campaign
independent sample.
Campaign Recall
Table 2 shows the proportion of people who reported
that they had seen any messages about hepatitis C in
the previous month. This increased significantly from
just over 11% at baseline to 45.5% in the independent
Table 2. Recall of any messages about hepatitis C in
previous month, by gender and age
Independent
sample
Cohort sample
Baseline Follow-up Baseline Follow-up
Total
11.1
Gender
Male
11.3
Female
11.1
Age groups (years)
18–39
9.5
40–54
9.2
ⱖ55
14.1
45.5*
11.8
65.3**
43.0*
45.7*
11.8
11.9
64.3**
66.4**
44.2*
41.3*
47.1*
9.4
10.1
15.6
65.9**
66.8**
63.7**
*p⬍0.01, Fisher exact test;
**p⬍0.01, McNemar test (all bolded).
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 31, Number 6
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Table 3. Prevalence of accurate knowledge and supportive attitudes related to hepatitis C at baseline and follow-upa
Independent
samples
Knowledge and attitude variables
Hepatitis C knowledge
Over 200,000 Australians are infected with hepatitis C—agree
Hepatitis C is very similar to hepatitis B—disagree
Many people with hepatitis C will not know they have it for many years—agree
Possible vaccine against hepatitis C—disagree
Hepatitis C is spread by sexual activity—disagree
Hepatitis C is often spread through blood to blood contact—agree
Only people currently injecting drugs are likely to have hepatitis C—disagree
Risk of catching hepatitis C by kissing someone with hepatitis C—low
Risk of catching hepatitis C by eating off the same plate—low
Risk of catching hepatitis C by breastfeeding a baby—low
Risk of catching hepatitis C by unsterile tattooing or body/piercing
equipment—high
Risk of catching hepatitis C by receiving a blood transfusion—low
Risk of catching hepatitis C by sharing drug/injecting equipment—high
Hepatitis C attitudes
People with hepatitis C might often feel discriminated against—agree
Hepatitis control is not important because the people at most risk are those
who inject illegal drugs—disagree
Increasing services such as needle and syringe programs would reduce the
number of new cases of hepatitis C—agree
Injecting drug users are as entitled to treatment as anybody else with
hepatitis C—agree
Cohort sample
Baseline
Follow-up
Baseline
Follow-up
23.0
58.5
89.0
27.8
40.4
86.2
84.1
40.9
47.1
16.0
81.7
27.0*
65.8**
87.5
30.8
43.5
88.8
86.1
47.0**
54.1**
23.4**
85.9**
23.8
63.0
89.6
28.6
40.4
86.9
85.0
43.2
49.3
16.9
82.5
36.3**
61.9
90.3
37.8**
41.7
92.5**
87.7
51.1**
61.1**
26.5**
85.2
59.7
95.3
58.7
95.1
62.2
96.7
66.3*
96.0
76.4
85.4
76.1
90.2
78.7
88.3
84.3**
88.9
70.2
69.6
71.0
77.1**
84.1
85.1
84.9
87.8*
a
p values for the independent sample are based on the Fisher exact test while the p values for cohort sample are based on the McNemar test.
*p value ⬍0.05;
**p value ⱕ0.01 (all bolded).
sample and 65.3% in the cohort sample at follow-up.
These increases were consistent between the gender
and age groups.
Knowledge and Attitudes Concerning Hepatitis C
There were small but significant increases in both the
independent and cohort samples in the proportion of
people who had correct knowledge that ⱖ200,000
Australians are infected with this disease, and that there
is little or no risk that it could be transmitted by kissing
an infected person, eating off the sample plate or
breastfeeding (Table 3). The independent sample comparison showed an increase in the proportion of people
with knowledge that hepatitis C is not very similar to
hepatitis B, which was not evident in the cohort sample,
possibly because of the higher baseline levels of this
variable in this group. On the other hand, in the cohort
sample there was a significant increase in the proportion of people with correct knowledge that there is no
vaccine for this disease.
There were high proportions of people at baseline
(⬎80%) who knew that many people with hepatitis C
are not aware of their disease status and that the disease
can be transmitted by nonsterile tattooing or bodypiercing equipment, sharing injection-drug equipment,
or blood-to-blood contact. In spite of this, there were
increases in the proportion of people in the cohort
sample who knew that the disease could be spread by
December 2006
blood-to-blood contact and, in the independent samples, who knew that it could be transmitted by nonsterile tattooing or body-piercing equipment. Only the
cohort sample showed an increase in the proportion of
people who knew that the risk of catching hepatitis C by
blood transfusion is low.
Responses to the attitude questions revealed that
most people (⬎70%) were supportive of those infected
with hepatitis C and of harm-reduction strategies to
prevent transmission of the disease (Table 3). In the
cohort sample there were significant increases in the
proportion who agreed that people with hepatitis C
might feel discriminated against, that needle and syringe programs could reduce the number of new cases,
and that injection-drug users have equal entitlement to
treatment compared to others in the community.
Multivariate Analyses of Factors Related to
Knowledge and Attitudes at Follow-Up
In the cohort sample, the number of correct knowledge
responses at follow-up was independently associated
with having postsecondary education (incidence rate
ratio [IRR]⫽1.07, p⫽0.04), a higher number of correct
responses at baseline (IRR⫽1.03, p⬍0.001), and reporting exposure to information about hepatitis C after the
campaign (IRR⫽1.07, p⬍0.001) (Table 4). In this analysis, the only variable associated with the number of
Am J Prev Med 2006;31(6)
495
Table 4. Factors associated with number of correct knowledge and supportive attitude responses at follow-up in the cohort
sample
Correct knowledge responses
Gender
Male
Female
Age groups (years)
18–39
40–54
ⱖ55
Language spoke at home
English
Other than English
Marital status
Married/de facto
Other
Education
Up to year 10 in high school
Completed year 12 or vocational course
University/college degree
Recall of campaign
No
Yes
Responses at baselinea
Supportive attitude responses
IRR
95% CI
p value
IRR
95% CI
p value
0.98
0.95–1.01
0.24
0.98
0.93–1.04
0.55
0.98
0.96
0.94–1.03
0.92–1.01
0.46
0.09
0.95
0.97
0.88–1.02
0.90–1.04
0.17
0.40
0.94
0.86–1.01
0.10
0.99
0.87–1.14
0.92
0.99
0.95–1.02
0.45
0.99
0.93–1.05
0.71
1.00
1.07
0.96–1.04
1.00–1.09
0.98
0.04*
0.99
1.01
0.92–1.06
0.94–1.09
0.69
0.76
1.07
1.03
1.03–1.10
1.02–1.03
<0.001**
<0.001**
1.01
1.04
0.95–1.07
1.02–1.06
0.79
0.001**
a
Baseline variable is the number of correct knowledge responses for analysis of respondent knowledge and number of supportive attitude
responses for analysis of respondent attitudes.
*p ⬍ 0.05;
**p ⬍ 0.001 (all bolded).
IRR, incidence rate ratio.
supportive attitude responses was having a higher number of supportive responses at baseline (IRR⫽1.04,
p⫽0.001). In additional modeling concerning attitudes
(results not shown), improvement in knowledge from
baseline to follow-up was included as a covariate, but
this was not related to the number of supportive
attitude responses given.
Discussion and Conclusion
Although hepatitis C is a prevalent disease, it has
received far less public attention in Australia than other
communicable diseases, notably HIV and the diseases
addressed by childhood immunization campaigns. The
focus of hepatitis C prevention efforts to date has been
on people engaged in high-risk behaviors, and this is
the first report of the impact of a mass media campaign
addressing community beliefs and attitudes related to
this disease.
Marked increases were found in recall of information
relevant to campaign messages from baseline to followup. Given that this was measured using unprompted
recall questions, which reflect a higher degree of
cognitive engagement than prompted recognition
questions,27 it appears that the messages had good
salience and accessibility. Corroborating evidence of
reach and exposure achieved comes from the threefold
increase in callers to the Hep C Helpline during the
496
campaign that has been previously reported, with about
one third of callers mentioning mass media as the
source from which they learned of the helpline.26
Factors that are likely to have contributed to the levels
of campaign recall included the use of television as the
primary communication channel, with its extensive
reach, the medium-to-high TARPs attained through the
advertising placements, and the consistency of the
messages delivered.27
Against its objectives—increasing knowledge about
hepatitis C and promoting support and nondiscrimination toward those who are infected—the campaign was
most effective in conveying knowledge about hepatitis
C and its modes of transmission. Both the independent
and cohort sample findings showed an increase in the
proportion of people who had a correct understanding
that the disease could not be transmitted through
kissing, eating off the same plate, or breastfeeding.
Accurate knowledge of this type is a foundation for
appropriate preventive action and helps to lower fear
and stigma toward those who carry the disease. There
was also an increase in the proportion of respondents
who were aware that over 200,000 Australians are
infected with hepatitis C. This fosters an understanding
that the disease is not confined to one small segment of
the population, and that there is a need for public
health funds to be directed to its prevention and
control.
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While these improvements were encouraging, there
were still substantial proportions of people after the
campaign (45% to 75%), who did not have knowledge
of the number of people infected, or that the disease is
not transmitted by casual contacts or breastfeeding.
Furthermore, the majority of respondents did not know
that the risk of hepatitis C infection through sexual
activity is low or that there is not a vaccine to prevent
infection. This indicates that there continues to be a
need for public education about this disease.
On the other hand, an unexpected finding from the
baseline survey was that some facts about hepatitis C
were widely known (by more than 80% of respondents)—namely, that many people who are infected
will not know this for many years; that the disease is
transmitted by sharing injecting drug treatment, bloodto-blood contact, and use of nonsterile tattooing or
body-piercing equipment; and that it is not only people
who inject drugs who are infected in the population.
This suggests that the limited dissemination of information and media discussion about the disease to date
appears to have resulted in substantial knowledge uptake, which may have been facilitated by the novelty of
this strain of hepatitis compared to better-known strains
of hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
Overall, the achievement of improved knowledge
about hepatitis C was an important outcome from this
campaign. Literature on risk perception states that
infectious diseases have many qualities that can evoke a
response of dread, and even panic, due to their invisibility, their perceived potential to infect in a random
and sudden way, and the difficulty that laypeople have
in understanding quantitative estimates of risk.28 –30
The early mass media campaigns about HIV in Australia have been criticized for generating unnecessary
hysteria,31 resulting in low-risk people seeking HIV
testing, and the stigmatization of at-risk groups. Given
that there has been limited public discussion about
hepatitis C, there was some potential for a campaign to
generate reactions of this kind, but the clear and sober
way in which information was portrayed prevented this.
The baseline data concerning community attitudes
showed that most people supported nondiscrimination
toward those infected with hepatitis C and were in favor
of harm-reduction strategies. The understandings promoted by two decades of community education about
HIV in Australia, which has addressed nondiscrimination toward people living with HIV and the benefits of
addressing this as a public health rather than a moral
issue, are likely to have contributed to this. There was
little evidence that the hepatitis C campaign further
increased the proportion of people with supportive
attitudes related to the disease. In the cohort sample
there were some improvements shown in three of the
attitude variables, but as these were not shown in the
independent samples, it is difficult to rule out the
possibility that the changes were the result of pre-test
December 2006
sensitization or social desirability bias. Given that a
number of behavioral theories propose that attitudes
are a determinant of intentions and subsequent actions,23,32 these findings suggest that the campaign is
not likely to have contributed to changes in supportive
behaviors toward people with hepatitis C.
In this campaign, it appears that a reduction in the
prevalence of incorrect beliefs about hepatitis C was not
sufficient to influence the prevalence of supportive
attitudes toward people living with the disease. Programs concerned with reducing stigma toward HIV/
AIDS33 and mental illness34 have found that exposing
the target population to people living with the illness,
in addition to providing information, is an important
strategy for achieving attitude change. This exposure
can be by direct face-to-face contact or media presentations. Greater involvement of people with hepatitis C
in future campaigns could therefore be useful in normalizing the disease and achieving further improvements in attitudes.
Combining a cohort and independent samples design was a strength of the evaluation of this campaign,
enabling verification of impacts across different samples as well as the examination of factors associated with
positive changes within individuals. Reliance on findings from only the cohort sample may have lead to
erroneous findings because of the possibility that repeat measurement influenced the responses given. In
the knowledge domain, where there were improvements shown in both the independent and cohort
samples, it was found that higher educational attainment and greater knowledge at baseline were independently associated with greater knowledge improvements in the cohort sample. This finding is consistent
with the knowledge gap hypothesis35 that information
disseminated in mass media campaigns is more rapidly
acquired by better-educated people. It is not, however,
inevitable that campaigns will perpetuate this gap,36
and there is a need to develop more effective methods
of communicating information about hepatitis C to
people with lower education and health literacy. An
encouraging finding from these analyses was that improvements in knowledge were not differentiated by
age, gender, or the other demographic descriptors, and
were associated with reporting exposure to information
about hepatitis C since the implementation of the
campaign.
One of the weaknesses of the evaluation of this
campaign was that measurements were conducted in
English only; hence, people of non–English-speaking
backgrounds were under-represented in the survey
samples. Non–English-speaking migrants, particularly
those coming from southeast Asia to Australia, have
been found to have a higher prevalence of inaccurate
knowledge about hepatitis C.37 In this campaign, radio
and print advertising was conducted in five major
languages other than English. While data collected by
Am J Prev Med 2006;31(6)
497
the Hep C Helpline showed an increase in callers from
non–English-speaking people during the campaign,26 it
is not known whether there were also positive changes
in knowledge and attitudes in this target population.
Another limitation is that the absence of a control
group means that it is not possible to rule out the
possible effect of secular trends on the changes observed. However, given the limited timeframe between
measurement points and the relationship found between exposure and knowledge improvements, this is
unlikely to have had an influence on the findings.
This evaluation has shown that the NSW hepatitis C
awareness campaign achieved wide community reach
and was successful in building on existing knowledge
about the disease. There is, however, still scope for
understanding of hepatitis C and attitudes toward those
affected by the disease to be improved. As demonstrated by the experience in HIV prevention in Australia and elsewhere, public education campaigns addressing hepatitis C have a useful role to play,
complementing harm-reduction strategies targeting
people engaging in high-risk behaviors.
No financial conflict of interest was reported by the authors of
this paper.
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American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 31, Number 6
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