HTML About the Tutorial HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012. Audience This tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical examples. This tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with:      Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Edit plus etc. How to create directories and files on your computer. How to navigate through different directories. How to type content in a file and save them on a computer. Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format. Copyright & Disclaimer  Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. 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If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@tutorialspoint.com i HTML Table of Contents About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i Copyright & Disclaimer............................................................................................................................. i Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... ii 1. HTML – OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................. 1 Basic HTML Document ............................................................................................................................ 1 HTML Tags ............................................................................................................................................... 2 HTML Document Structure ...................................................................................................................... 3 The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration .................................................................................................................. 3 2. HTML – BASIC TAGS............................................................................................................. 4 Heading Tags ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Paragraph Tag ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Line Break Tag ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Centering Content ................................................................................................................................... 6 Horizontal Lines ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Preserve Formatting ................................................................................................................................ 7 Nonbreaking Spaces ................................................................................................................................ 8 3. HTML – ELEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 10 HTML Tag vs. Element ........................................................................................................................... 10 Nested HTML Elements ......................................................................................................................... 10 4. HTML – ATTRIBUTES .......................................................................................................... 12 Core Attributes...................................................................................................................................... 13 Internationalization Attributes .............................................................................................................. 14 The xml:lang Attribute .......................................................................................................................... 16 ii HTML 5. HTML – FORMATTING ....................................................................................................... 18 Bold Text ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Italic Text .............................................................................................................................................. 18 Underlined Text .................................................................................................................................... 19 Strike Text ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Monospaced Font ................................................................................................................................. 20 Superscript Text .................................................................................................................................... 20 Subscript Text ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Inserted Text ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Deleted Text .......................................................................................................................................... 22 Larger Text ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Smaller Text .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Grouping Content.................................................................................................................................. 23 6. HTML – PHRASE TAGS ....................................................................................................... 26 Emphasized Text ................................................................................................................................... 26 Marked Text .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Strong Text ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Text Abbreviation ................................................................................................................................. 27 Acronym Element .................................................................................................................................. 28 Text Direction........................................................................................................................................ 28 Special Terms ........................................................................................................................................ 29 Quoting Text ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Short Quotations ................................................................................................................................... 30 Text Citations ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Computer Code ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Keyboard Text ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Programming Variables ......................................................................................................................... 32 iii HTML Program Output .................................................................................................................................... 32 Address Text ......................................................................................................................................... 33 7. HTML – META TAGS .......................................................................................................... 34 Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents .................................................................................................. 34 Specifying Keywords ............................................................................................................................. 34 Document Description .......................................................................................................................... 35 Document Revision Date ....................................................................................................................... 35 Document Refreshing ............................................................................................................................ 36 Page Redirection ................................................................................................................................... 37 Setting Cookies...................................................................................................................................... 37 Setting Author Name ............................................................................................................................ 38 Specify Character Set ............................................................................................................................ 38 8. HTML – COMMENTS.......................................................................................................... 41 Valid vs Invalid Comments .................................................................................................................... 41 Multiline Comments.............................................................................................................................. 42 Conditional Comments .......................................................................................................................... 43 Using Comment Tag .............................................................................................................................. 43 Commenting Script Code ....................................................................................................................... 44 Commenting Style Sheets ...................................................................................................................... 45 9. HTML – IMAGES ................................................................................................................ 46 Insert Image .......................................................................................................................................... 46 Set Image Location ................................................................................................................................ 47 Set Image Width/Height ........................................................................................................................ 47 Set Image Border................................................................................................................................... 48 Set Image Alignment ............................................................................................................................. 49 Free Web Graphics ................................................................................................................................ 49 iv HTML 10. HTML – TABLES ................................................................................................................. 50 Table Heading ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes ................................................................................................. 52 Colspan and Rowspan Attributes .......................................................................................................... 53 Tables Backgrounds............................................................................................................................... 53 Table Height and Width ........................................................................................................................ 55 Table Caption ........................................................................................................................................ 56 Table Header, Body, and Footer ............................................................................................................ 57 Nested Tables........................................................................................................................................ 58 11. HTML – LISTS ..................................................................................................................... 60 HTML Unordered Lists ........................................................................................................................... 60 The type Attribute ................................................................................................................................. 61 HTML Ordered Lists ............................................................................................................................... 63 The type Attribute ................................................................................................................................. 63 The start Attribute ................................................................................................................................ 67 HTML Definition Lists ............................................................................................................................ 67 12. HTML – TEXT LINKS............................................................................................................ 69 Linking Documents ................................................................................................................................ 69 The target Attribute .............................................................................................................................. 69 Use of Base Path ................................................................................................................................... 70 Linking to a Page Section ....................................................................................................................... 71 Setting Link Colors ................................................................................................................................. 72 Download Links ..................................................................................................................................... 72 File Download Dialog Box ...................................................................................................................... 73 13. HTML – IMAGE LINKS ........................................................................................................ 74 Mouse-Sensitive Images ........................................................................................................................ 74 v HTML Server-Side Image Maps ........................................................................................................................ 75 Client-Side Image Maps ......................................................................................................................... 76 Coordinate System ................................................................................................................................ 77 14. HTML – EMAIL LINKS ......................................................................................................... 78 HTML Email Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 78 Default Settings ..................................................................................................................................... 78 15. HTML – FRAMES ................................................................................................................ 79 Disadvantages of Frames ...................................................................................................................... 79 Creating Frames .................................................................................................................................... 79 The <frameset> Tag Attributes .............................................................................................................. 81 The <frame> Tag Attributes ................................................................................................................... 82 Browser Support for Frames ................................................................................................................. 83 Frame's name and target attributes ...................................................................................................... 83 16. HTML – IFRAMES ............................................................................................................... 86 The <Iframe> Tag Attributes .................................................................................................................. 86 17. HTML – BLOCKS ................................................................................................................. 88 Block Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 88 Inline Elements ..................................................................................................................................... 88 Grouping HTML Elements ...................................................................................................................... 88 The <div> tag ......................................................................................................................................... 88 The <span> tag ...................................................................................................................................... 90 18. HTML – BACKGROUNDS .................................................................................................... 91 Html Background with Colors ................................................................................................................ 91 Html Background with Images .............................................................................................................. 92 Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds ................................................................................................. 93 vi HTML 19. HTML – COLORS ................................................................................................................ 95 HTML Color Coding Methods ................................................................................................................. 95 HTML Colors - Color Names ................................................................................................................... 95 W3C Standard 16 Colors ........................................................................................................................ 96 HTML Colors - Hex Codes....................................................................................................................... 96 HTML Colors - RGB Values ..................................................................................................................... 98 Browser Safe Colors .............................................................................................................................. 99 20. HTML – FONTS ................................................................................................................ 102 Set Font Size ........................................................................................................................................ 102 Relative Font Size ................................................................................................................................ 103 Setting Font Face ................................................................................................................................. 104 Specify alternate font faces ................................................................................................................. 104 Setting Font Color ............................................................................................................................... 105 The <basefont> Element: .................................................................................................................... 105 Example of the <basefont> Element .................................................................................................... 106 21. HTML – FORMS ............................................................................................................... 107 Form Attributes ................................................................................................................................... 107 HTML Form Controls ........................................................................................................................... 108 Text Input Controls.............................................................................................................................. 108 Single-line text input controls ............................................................................................................. 108 Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 109 Password Input controls ...................................................................................................................... 109 Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 110 Multiple-Line Text Input Controls ........................................................................................................ 110 Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 111 Checkbox Control ................................................................................................................................ 112 Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 112 vii HTML Radio Button Control .......................................................................................................................... 113 Select Box Control ............................................................................................................................... 114 Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 114 File Upload Box ................................................................................................................................... 115 Button Controls ................................................................................................................................... 116 Hidden Form Controls ......................................................................................................................... 117 22. HTML – EMBED MULTIMEDIA ......................................................................................... 118 The <embed> Tag Attributes ............................................................................................................... 119 Supported Video Types ....................................................................................................................... 119 Background Audio ............................................................................................................................... 120 HTML Object tag ................................................................................................................................. 121 23. HTML – MARQUEES......................................................................................................... 123 The <marquee> Tag Attributes ............................................................................................................ 123 24. HTML – HEADER .............................................................................................................. 126 The HTML <title> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 126 The HTML <meta> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 127 The HTML <base> Tag.......................................................................................................................... 128 The HTML <link> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 128 The HTML <style> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 129 The HTML <script> Tag ........................................................................................................................ 130 25. HTML – STYLE SHEET ....................................................................................................... 131 External Style Sheet ............................................................................................................................ 132 Internal Style Sheet ............................................................................................................................. 133 Inline Style Sheet ................................................................................................................................ 134 26. HTML JAVASCRIPT ........................................................................................................... 136 External JavaScript .............................................................................................................................. 136 viii HTML Internal Script ..................................................................................................................................... 137 Event Handlers .................................................................................................................................... 138 Hide Scripts from Older Browsers ....................................................................................................... 138 The <noscript> Element....................................................................................................................... 139 Default Scripting Language .................................................................................................................. 139 27. HTML – LAYOUTS............................................................................................................. 141 HTML Layout - Using Tables ................................................................................................................ 141 Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables .............................................................................................. 142 HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN ......................................................................................................... 144 28. HTML – TAG REFERENCE ................................................................................................. 146 HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ................................................................................................... 153 Browser Support ................................................................................................................................. 154 HTML <doctype> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 154 HTML <a> Tag ...................................................................................................................................... 156 Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 156 Specific Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 156 Event Attributes .................................................................................................................................. 158 HTML <abbr> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 159 HTML <acronym> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 160 HTML <address> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 161 HTML <applet> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 162 HTML <area> Tag................................................................................................................................. 164 HTML <article> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 167 Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 168 Event Attributes .................................................................................................................................. 168 Browser Support ................................................................................................................................. 168 HTML <aside> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 168 ix HTML Description .......................................................................................................................................... 168 HTML <audio> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 169 HTML <b> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 170 HTML <base> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 171 HTML <basefont> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 173 HTML <bdo> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 174 HTML <bdi> Tag................................................................................................................................... 175 HTML <bgsound> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 176 HTML <big> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 177 HTML blink Tag.................................................................................................................................... 178 HTML <blockquote> Tag ...................................................................................................................... 179 HTML <body> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 180 HTML <br> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 182 HTML Button Tag ................................................................................................................................ 182 HTML <canvas> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 184 HTML <caption> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 185 HTML <center> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 187 HTML <cite> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 188 HTML <code> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 188 HTML <col> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 189 HTML colgroup Tag ............................................................................................................................. 191 HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ................................................................................................... 193 HTML <datalist> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 194 HTML <dd> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 195 HTML <del> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 197 HTML <dfn> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 198 HTML <dialog> tag <Start here> .......................................................................................................... 199 x HTML HTML <dir> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 200 HTML div Tag....................................................................................................................................... 201 HTML <dl> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 203 HTML <dt> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 204 HTML <em> Tag................................................................................................................................... 205 HTML <embed> Tag............................................................................................................................. 206 HTML <fieldset> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 207 HTML Figcaption Tag ........................................................................................................................... 209 HTML Figure Tag.................................................................................................................................. 210 HTML <font> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 211 HTML Footer Tag ................................................................................................................................. 212 HTML <form> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 213 HTML <frame> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 216 HTML <frameset> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 218 HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag ....................................................................................................................... 219 HTML <head> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 221 HTML Header Tag ................................................................................................................................ 222 HTML <hr> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 223 HTML <html> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 224 HTML <i> Tag....................................................................................................................................... 225 HTML <iframe> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 226 HTML <ilayer> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 228 HTML <img> Tagx ................................................................................................................................ 230 HTML <input> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 232 HTML <ins> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 237 HTML <isindex> tag ............................................................................................................................. 238 HTML <kbd> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 239 xi HTML HTML keygen Tag ................................................................................................................................ 240 HTML <label> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 242 HTML <layer> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 243 HTML <legend> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 246 HTML <li>Tag ...................................................................................................................................... 247 HTML <link> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 248 HTML Main Tag ................................................................................................................................... 251 HTML <map> Tag................................................................................................................................. 252 HTML Mark Tag ................................................................................................................................... 254 HTML <marquee> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 255 HTML <menu> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 257 HTML <menuitem> tag ........................................................................................................................ 258 HTML <meta> tag ................................................................................................................................ 260 HTML <meter> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 261 HTML <multicol> tag ........................................................................................................................... 262 HTML <nav> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 264 HTML <nobr> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 265 HTML <noembed> Tag ........................................................................................................................ 266 HTML <noframes> Tag......................................................................................................................... 267 HTML <noscript> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 268 HTML <object> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 269 HTML <ol> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 271 HTML <optgroup> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 272 HTML <option> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 274 HTML <output> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 275 HTML <p> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 276 HTML <param> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 278 xii HTML HTML <plaintext> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 279 HTML <pre> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 280 HTML Progress Tag .............................................................................................................................. 281 HTML <q> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 282 HTML Rp Tag ....................................................................................................................................... 283 HTML Rt Tag ........................................................................................................................................ 284 HTML Ruby Tag ................................................................................................................................... 285 HTML <strike> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 286 HTML Phrase Elements ........................................................................................................................ 287 HTML <script> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 289 HTML Section Tag ................................................................................................................................ 291 HTML <select> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 292 HTML <spacer> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 294 HTML <small> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 296 HTML <dialog> tag .............................................................................................................................. 296 HTML <span> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 298 HTML <strike> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 299 HTML <strong> tag .............................................................................................................................. 300 HTML <style> tag ................................................................................................................................. 300 HTML <sub> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 302 HTML Summary Tag ............................................................................................................................ 302 HTML <sup> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 303 HTML <table> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 304 HTML <tbody> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 307 HTML <td> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 309 HTML textarea Tag .............................................................................................................................. 312 HTML <tfoot> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 314 xiii HTML HTML <th> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 317 HTML <thead> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 319 HTML <time> tag ................................................................................................................................. 322 HTML <title> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 323 HTML <tr> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 324 HTML <track> tag ................................................................................................................................ 326 HTML <tt> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 327 HTML <u> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 328 HTML <ul> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 329 HTML <var> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 331 HTML <video> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 331 HTML <wbr> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 333 HTML <xmp> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 334 29. HTML – ATTRIBUTE REFERENCE ...................................................................................... 336 Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 336 Language Attributes ............................................................................................................................ 337 30. HTML EVENTS REFERENCE .............................................................................................. 338 Window Events Attributes .................................................................................................................. 338 Form Events ........................................................................................................................................ 339 Keyboard Events ................................................................................................................................. 340 Mouse Events ...................................................................................................................................... 340 Media Events ...................................................................................................................................... 341 31. HTML – FONTS REFERENCE ............................................................................................. 344 Fonts for Microsoft Systems ................................................................................................................ 345 Fonts for Macintosh Systems .............................................................................................................. 346 Fonts for Unix Systems ........................................................................................................................ 347 xiv HTML HTML ASCII Codes ............................................................................................................................... 347 7-BIT Printable ASCII Characters .......................................................................................................... 347 7-BIT ASCII Device Control Characters ................................................................................................. 351 32. ASCII TABLE LOOKUP ....................................................................................................... 354 7 Bit ASCII Codes ................................................................................................................................. 354 Extended ASCII Codes .......................................................................................................................... 359 33. HTML – COLOR NAMES ................................................................................................... 366 HTML Entities ...................................................................................................................................... 372 Other Entities Supported by HTML Browsers ...................................................................................... 377 34. MIME MEDIA TYPES ........................................................................................................ 380 35. HTML – URL ENCODING .................................................................................................. 382 ASCII Control Characters Encoding ...................................................................................................... 383 Non-ASCII control characters encoding ............................................................................................... 384 Reserved Characters Encoding ............................................................................................................ 391 Unsafe Characters Encoding ................................................................................................................ 392 36. LANGUAGE ISO CODES .................................................................................................... 394 Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft ................................................................................................... 394 Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh .................................................................................................. 401 37. HTML – CHARACTER ENCODINGS .................................................................................... 409 38. HTML – DEPRECATED TAGS ............................................................................................. 411 HTML Deprecated Attributes............................................................................................................... 411 xv 1. HTML – OVERVIEW HTML HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write Web Pages.   Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext. As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display. Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers. Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML language. Basic HTML Document In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>This is document title</title> </head> <body> <h1>This is a heading</h1> <p>Document content goes here.....</p> </body> </html> Either you can use Try it option available at the top right corner of the code box to check the result of this HTML code, or let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your favorite text editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google Chrome, or Firefox etc. It must show the following output: 1 HTML HTML Tags As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc. Above example of HTML document uses the following tags: Tag Description <!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version. <html> This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags. <head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link> etc. <title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title. <body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc. <h1> This tag represents the heading. <p> This tag represents a paragraph. 2 HTML To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML 4. HTML Document Structure A typical HTML document will have the following structure: Document declaration tag <html> <head> Document header related tags </head> <body> Document body related tags </body> </html> We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see what is document declaration tag. The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following declaration: <!DOCTYPE html> There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on what version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing <!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other HTML tags. 3 2. HTML – BASIC TAGS HTML Heading Tags Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Heading Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>This is heading 1</h1> <h2>This is heading 2</h2> <h3>This is heading 3</h3> <h4>This is heading 4</h4> <h5>This is heading 5</h5> <h6>This is heading 6</h6> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 4 HTML Paragraph Tag The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Paragraph Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p> <p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p> <p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Here is a first paragraph of text. Here is a second paragraph of text. Here is a third paragraph of text. Line Break Tag Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them. The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Line Break Example</title> </head> <body> 5 HTML <p>Hello<br /> You delivered your assignment on time.<br /> Thanks<br /> Mahnaz</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Hello You delivered your assignment on time. Thanks Mahnaz Centering Content You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Centring Content Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This text is not in the center.</p> <center> <p>This text is in the center.</p> </center> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text is not in the center. This text is in the center. Horizontal Lines Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly. 6 HTML For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Horizontal Line Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p> <hr /> <p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is paragraph one and should be on top This is paragraph two and should be at bottom Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them. The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML Preserve Formatting Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>. Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of the source document. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 7 HTML <title>Preserve Formatting Example</title> </head> <body> <pre> function testFunction( strText ){ alert (strText) } </pre> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: function testFunction( strText ){ alert (strText) } Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags Nonbreaking Spaces Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines: An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men." In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title> </head> <body> <p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men."</p> </body> 8 HTML </html> 9 3. HTML – ELEMENTS HTML An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags: Start Tag Content End Tag <p> This is paragraph content. </p> <h1> This is heading content. </h1> <div> This is division content. </div> <br /> So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements. HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document. HTML Tag vs. Element An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag. For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element. Nested HTML Elements It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 10 HTML <title>Nested Elements Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1> <p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p> </body> </html> This will display the following result: This is italic heading This is underlined paragraph 11 4. HTML – ATTRIBUTES HTML We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information. An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:   The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page. The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right. Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Align Attribute Example</title> </head> <body> <p align="left">This is left aligned</p> <p align="center">This is center aligned</p> <p align="right">This is right aligned</p> </body> </html> This will display the following result: This is left aligned This is center aligned This is right aligned 12 HTML Core Attributes The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are:     Id Title Class Style The Id Attribute The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element:   If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that element and its content. If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name. We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below. Example <p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p> <p id="css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p> The title Attribute The title attribute gives a suggested title for the the title attribute is similar as explained for id attribute: element. They syntax for The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>The title Attribute Example</title> </head> <body> <h3 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3> 13 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Titled Heading Tag Example Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor. The class Attribute The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it. The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example: class="className1 className2 className3" The style Attribute The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>The style Attribute</title> </head> <body> <p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Some text... At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while formatting content. Internationalization Attributes There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all) XHTML elements. 14 HTML    dir lang xml:lang The dir Attribute The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows: Value Meaning ltr Left to right (the default value) rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left) Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="rtl"> <head> <title>Display Directions</title> </head> <body> This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text. </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text. When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the content of that tag. The lang Attribute The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents. The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. Check HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes. 15 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>English Language Page</title> </head> <body> This page is using English Language </body> </html> The xml:lang Attribute The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of thexml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section. Generic Attributes Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags. Attribute Options Function align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags valign top, middle, bottom Vertically element. aligns bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB values Places a element background background URL Places a background image behind an element id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets. class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets. tags within color an HTML behind an 16 HTML width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table cells. height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table cells. title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements. We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete list of HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List. 17 5. HTML – FORMATTING HTML If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in HTML and XHTML. Bold Text Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Bold Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a bold typeface. Italic Text Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Italic Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p> 18 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses an italicized typeface. Underlined Text Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Underlined Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses an underlined typeface. Strike Text Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below: displayed with Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Strike Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p> </body> 19 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a strikethrough typeface. Monospaced Font The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Monospaced Font Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a monospaced typeface. Superscript Text The content of a ^... element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other characters. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Superscript Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a ^superscript typeface.</p> 20 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a superscript typeface. Subscript Text The content of a _... element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other characters. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Subscript Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a _subscript typeface.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a subscript typeface. Inserted Text Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Inserted Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p> </body> 21 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: Deleted Text Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Deleted Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Larger Text The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Larger Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p> </body> 22 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a big typeface. Smaller Text The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Smaller Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a small typeface. Grouping Content The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or subsections of a page. For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Div Tag Example</title> </head> 23 HTML <body> <div id="menu" align="middle" > <a href="/index.htm">HOME</a> | <a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> | <a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a> </div> <div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white"> <h5>Content Articles</h5> <p>Actual content goes here.....</p> </div> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT CONTENT ARTICLES Actual content goes here..... The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the <span> element as follows Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Span Tag Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the <span style="color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is the example of span tag and the div tag along with CSS These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page. 24 HTML 25 6. HTML – PHRASE TAGS HTML The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one. Emphasized Text Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Emphasized Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses an emphasized typeface. Marked Text Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with yellow ink. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Marked Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p> 26 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word has been marked with yellow. Strong Text Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Strong Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word uses a strong typeface. Text Abbreviation You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Text Abbreviation</title> </head> <body> <p>My best friend's name is <abbr title="Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p> </body> 27 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: My best friend's name is Abhy. Acronym Element The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and </acronym> tags is an acronym. At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym> element. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Acronym Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML. Text Direction The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the current text direction. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Text Direction Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This text will go left to right.</p> <p><bdo dir="rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p> 28 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text will go left to right. This text will go right to left. Special Terms The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph. Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Special Terms Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following word is a special term. Quoting Text When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in between<blockquote>...</blockquote> tags. Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 29 HTML <title>Blockquote Example</title> </head> <body> <p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p> <blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site: XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0. Short Quotations The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Double Quote Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Amit is in Spain, I think I am wrong. Text Citations If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite>tag and closing </cite> tag As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in italicized text by default. 30 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Citations Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML. Computer Code Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code>tags. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Computer Code Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Regular text. This is code. Regular text. Keyboard Text When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example. 31 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Keyboard Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text. Programming Variables This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate that the content of that element is a variable. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Variable Text Example</title> </head> <body> <p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: document.write("user-name") Program Output The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts. Example <!DOCTYPE html> 32 HTML <html> <head> <title>Program Output Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Result produced by the program is Hello World! Address Text The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Address Example</title> </head> <body> <address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad 33 7. HTML – META TAGS HTML HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc. The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes. You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not. Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the document which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have following attributes in addition to core attributes: Attribute Description Name Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description, author, revised, generator etc. content Specifies the property's value. scheme Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content attribute). httpequiv Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie. Specifying Keywords You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose. Example Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important keywords about the document. 34 HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Hello HTML5! Document Description You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> Document Revision Date You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was updated. This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage. 35 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> <meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> Document Refreshing A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing automatically. Example If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> <meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" /> <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> 36 HTML Page Redirection You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds. Example Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> <meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" /> <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5; url=http://www.tutorialspoint.com" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> Setting Cookies Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between web browser and web server to keep track of various information based on your web application need. You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be used by the Web Server to track a site visitor. Example Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> 37 HTML <meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" /> <meta http-equiv="cookie" content="userid=xyz; expires=Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 23:59:59 GMT;" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and will be deleted when the user exits the browser. Note: You can check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies. Setting Author Name You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> <meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> Specify Character Set You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage. Example By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process Web pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding: <!DOCTYPE html> 38 HTML <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> <meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a <meta> tag to set Big5 encoding: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Meta Tags Example</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." /> <meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Big5" /> </head> <body> <p>Hello HTML5!</p> </body> </html> 39 HTML 40 8. HTML – COMMENTS HTML Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to add comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others understand your code and increases code readability. HTML comments are placed in between <!-- ... --> tags. So, any content placed with-in <!-- ... --> tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <!-- Document Header Starts --> <title>This is document title</title> </head> <!-- Document Header Ends --> <body> <p>Document content goes here.....</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result without displaying the content given as a part of comments: Document content goes here..... Valid vs Invalid Comments Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment. Second the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-ofcomment string. Example Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Valid Comment Example</title> </head> 41 HTML <body> <!-- This is valid comment --> <p>Document content goes here.....</p> </body> </html> But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is because there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Invalid Comment Example</title> </head> <body> < !-- This is not a valid comment --> <p>Document content goes here.....</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: < !-- This is not a valid comment --> Document content goes here..... Multiline Comments So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as well. You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag --> placed before the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below. Example <!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>Multiline Comments</title> </head> <body> <!-This is a multiline comment and it can span through as many as lines you like. 42 HTML --> <p>Document content goes here.....</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Document content goes here..... Conditional Comments Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored by other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them to give conditional instructions to different versions of IE. Example <!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>Conditional Comments</title> <!--[if IE 6]> Special instructions for IE 6 here <![endif]--> </head> <body> <p>Document content goes here.....</p> </body> </html> You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet based on different versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments will be helpful. Using Comment Tag There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code. Example <!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>Using Comment Tag</title> 43 HTML </head> <body> <p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p> </body> </html> If you are using IE, then it will produce following result: This is Internet Explorer. But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result: This is Internet Explorer. Commenting Script Code Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that script code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly. Example <!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>Commenting Script Code</title> <script> <!-document.write("Hello World!") //--> </script> </head> <body> <p>Hello , World!</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Hello World! Hello , World! 44 HTML Commenting Style Sheets Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note that if you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly. Example <!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>Commenting Style Sheets</title> <style> <!-.example { border:1px solid #4a7d49; } //--> </style> </head> <body> <div class="example">Hello , World!</div> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Hello, World! 45 9. HTML – IMAGES HTML Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web pages. Insert Image You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax to use this tag. <img src="Image URL" ... attributes-list/> The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has no closing tag. Example To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same directory: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Using Image in Webpage</title> </head> <body> <p>Simple Image Insert</p> <img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Simple Image Insert You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive. 46 HTML The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed. Set Image Location Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in our home directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we will keep our image test.png. Example Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Using Image in Webpage</title> </head> <body> <p>Simple Image Insert</p> <img src="images/test.png" alt="Test Image" /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Simple Image Insert Set Image Width/Height You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height attributes. You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or percentage of its actual size. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Set Image Width and Height</title> 47 HTML </head> <body> <p>Setting image width and height</p> <img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" width="150" height="100"/> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Setting image width and height Set Image Border By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Set Image Border</title> </head> <body> <p>Setting image Border</p> <img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3"/> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Setting image Border 48 HTML Set Image Alignment By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to set it in the center or right. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Set Image Alignment</title> </head> <body> <p>Setting image Alignment</p> <img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3" align="right"/> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Setting image Alignment Free Web Graphics For Free Web Graphics including patterns you can look into Free Web Graphics 49 10. HTML – TABLES HTML The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows and columns of cells. The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Tables</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <tr> <td>Row 1, Column 1</td> <td>Row 1, Column 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Row 2, Column 1</td> <td>Row 2, Column 2</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2 Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2 Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If you do not need a border, then you can use border="0". 50 HTML Table Heading Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table Header</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Salary</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Ramesh Raman</td> <td>5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shabbir Hussein</td> <td>7000</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Name Salary Ramesh Raman 5000 Shabbir Hussein 7000 51 HTML Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines the width of the border, while cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title> </head> <body> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Salary</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Ramesh Raman</td> <td>5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shabbir Hussein</td> <td>7000</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Name Salary Ramesh Raman 5000 Shabbir Hussein 7000 52 HTML Colspan and Rowspan Attributes You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column. Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Column 1</th> <th>Column 2</th> <th>Column 3</th> </tr> <tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr> <tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3 Row 1 Cell 1 Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3 Row 3 Cell 1 Tables Backgrounds You can set table background using one of the following two ways:  bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell. 53 HTML  background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell. You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table Background</title> </head> <body> <table border="1" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="yellow"> <tr> <th>Column 1</th> <th>Column 2</th> <th>Column 3</th> </tr> <tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr> <tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3 Row 1 Cell 1 Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3 Row 3 Cell 1 Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in /images directory. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table Background</title> 54 HTML </head> <body> <table border="1" bordercolor="green" background="/images/test.png"> <tr> <th>Column 1</th> <th>Column 2</th> <th>Column 3</th> </tr> <tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr> <tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result. Here background image did not apply to table's header. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3 Row 1 Cell 1 Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3 Row 3 Cell 1 Table Height and Width You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table Width/Height</title> </head> <body> <table border="1" width="400" height="150"> 55 HTML <tr> <td>Row 1, Column 1</td> <td>Row 1, Column 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Row 2, Column 1</td> <td>Row 2, Column 2</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2 Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2 Table Caption The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table Caption</title> </head> <body> <table border="1" width="100%"> <caption>This is the caption</caption> <tr> <td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, column 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, column 2</td> </tr> 56 HTML </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is the caption row 1, column 1 row 1, column 2 row 2, column 1 row 2, column 2 Table Header, Body, and Footer Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table. The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are:    <thead> - to create a separate table header. <tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table. <tfoot> - to create a separate table footer. A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody> Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table</title> </head> <body> <table border="1" width="100%"> <thead> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td> 57 HTML </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell 4</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is the head of the table This is the foot of the table Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Nested Tables You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside table data tag <td>. Example Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Table</title> </head> <body> <table border="1" width="100%"> <tr> <td> <table border="1" width="100%"> 58 HTML <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Salary</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Ramesh Raman</td> <td>5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shabbir Hussein</td> <td>7000</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Name Salary Ramesh Raman 5000 Shabbir Hussein 7000 59 11. HTML – LISTS HTML HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain:    <ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets. <ol> - An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items. <dl> - A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a dictionary. HTML Unordered Lists An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Unordered List</title> </head> <body> <ul> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ul> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish 60 HTML The type Attribute You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a disc. Following are the possible options: <ul type="square"> <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> Example Following is an example where we used <ul type="square"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Unordered List</title> </head> <body> <ul type="square"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ul> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish Example Following is an example where we used <ul type="disc">: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Unordered List</title> </head> 61 HTML <body> <ul type="disc"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ul> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish Example Following is an example where we used <ul type="circle">: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Unordered List</title> </head> <body> <ul type="circle"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ul> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish 62 HTML HTML Ordered Lists If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Ordered List</title> </head> <body> <ol> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ol> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish The type Attribute You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is a number. Following are the possible options: <ol type="1"> - Default-Case Numerals. <ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Numerals. <ol type="i"> - Lower-Case Numerals. <ol type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters. <ol type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters. 63 HTML Example Following is an example where we used <ol type="1"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Ordered List</title> </head> <body> <ol type="1"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ol> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish Example Following is an example where we used <ol type="I"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Ordered List</title> </head> <body> <ol type="I"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ol> 64 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish Example Following is an example where we used <ol type="i"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Ordered List</title> </head> <body> <ol type="i"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ol> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish Example Following is an example where we used <ol type="A"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Ordered List</title> </head> 65 HTML <body> <ol type="A"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ol> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish Example Following is an example where we used <ol type="a"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Ordered List</title> </head> <body> <ol type="a"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ol> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish 66 HTML The start Attribute You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need. Following are the possible options: <ol type="1" start="4"> - Numerals starts with 4. <ol type="I" start="4"> - Numerals starts with IV. <ol type="i" start="4"> - Numerals starts with iv. <ol type="a" start="4"> - Letters starts with d. <ol type="A" start="4"> - Letters starts with D. Example Following is an example where we used <ol type="i" start="4" > <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Ordered List</title> </head> <body> <ol type="i" start="4"> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ol> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish HTML Definition Lists HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list. Definition List makes use of following three tags.  <dl> - Defines the start of the list 67 HTML    <dt> - A term <dd> - Term definition </dl> - Defines the end of the list Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Definition List</title> </head> <body> <dl> <dt><b>HTML</b></dt> <dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd> <dt><b>HTTP</b></dt> <dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd> </dl> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: HTML This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTTP This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 68 12. HTML – TEXT LINKS HTML A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks. Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage. Note: I recommend you to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL Linking Documents A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can click that part to reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag. <a href="Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a> Example Let's try following example which links http://www.tutorialspoint.com at your page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hyperlink Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Click following link</p> <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self">Tutorials Point</a> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated to reach to the home page of Tutorials Point (in this example). Click following link Tutorials Point The target Attribute We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the location where linked document is opened. Following are the possible options: 69 HTML Option Description _blank Opens the linked document in a new window or tab. _self Opens the linked document in the same frame. _parent Opens the linked document in the parent frame. _top Opens the linked document in the full body of the window. targetframe Opens the linked document in a named targetframe. Example Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target attribute. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hyperlink Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/"> </head> <body> <p>Click any of the following links</p> <a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">Opens in New</a> | <a href="/html/index.htm" target="_self">Opens in Self</a> | <a href="/html/index.htm" target="_parent">Opens in Parent</a> | <a href="/html/index.htm" target="_top">Opens in Body</a> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, where you can click on different links to understand the difference between various options given for target attribute. Click any of the following links Opens in New | Opens in Self | Opens in Parent | Opens in Body Use of Base Path When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML 70 HTML document header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser will concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL. Example Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use relative path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hyperlink Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/"> </head> <body> <p>Click following link</p> <a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">HTML Tutorial</a> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML Tutorial to reach to the HTML tutorial. Now given URL <a href="/html/index.htm" is being considered as <ahref="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm" Click following link HTML Tutorial Linking to a Page Section You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute. This is a two-step process. First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it using <a...> tag as follows: <h1>HTML Text Links <a name="top"></a></h1> Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to reach: <a href="/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a> This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top to reach to the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial. 71 HTML Go to the Top Setting Link Colors You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink attributes of <body> tag. Example Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see how link, alink and vlink attributes work. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hyperlink Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/"> </head> <body alink="#54A250" link="#040404" vlink="#F40633"> <p>Click following link</p> <a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a> </body> </html> This will produce the following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next check its color when you activate it and when the link has been visited. Click following link HTML Tutorial Download Links You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Hyperlink Example</title> </head> <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF File</a> </body> 72 HTML </html> This will produce following link and will be used to download a file. Download PDF File File Download Dialog Box Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and it will pop up a "File Download" box to the user instead of displaying actual content. This is very easy and can be achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response. For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given link then its syntax will be as follows. #!/usr/bin/perl # Additional HTTP Header print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name=\"FileName\"\r\n"; print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"FileName\"\r\n\n"; # Open the target file and list down its content as follows open( FILE, "<FileName" ); while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){ print("$buffer"); } Note: For more detail on PERL CGI programs, go through tutorial PERL and CGI. 73 13. HTML – IMAGE LINKS HTML We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images in our webpages. Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks. Example It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at the place of text as shown below: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Image Hyperlink Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Click following link</p> <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self"> <img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/> </a> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the home page of Tutorials Point. Click following link This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links. Mouse-Sensitive Images The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed many different links inside a single image. You can create different links on the single image based on different coordinates available on the image. Once different links are attached to different coordinates, we can click different parts of the image to open target documents. Such mouse-sensitive images are known as image maps. 74 HTML There are two ways to create image maps:  Server-side image maps - This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img> tag and requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.  Client-side image maps - This is created with the usemap attribute of the <img> tag, along with corresponding <map> and <area> tags. Server-Side Image Maps Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which makes it special image and when the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the coordinates of the mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the web server. The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document to deliver back to the browser. When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a server application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based on the passed coordinates. The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to the end of the URL. For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the following image: Click following link Which has been generated by the following code snippet: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Click following link</p> <a href="/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target="_self"> <img ismap src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/> </a> </body> </html> 75 HTML Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be processed by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you like to these coordinates: /cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30 This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when those coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn more about ismap attribute, you can check How to use Image ismap? Note: You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can write your script to process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as well. For now, let's concentrate on learning HTML and later you can revisit this section. Client-Side Image Maps Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and defined by special <map> and <area> extension tags. The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag as a normal image, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the value which will be used in a <map> tag to link map and image tags. The <map> along with <area> tags define all the image coordinates and corresponding links. The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the image map: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Search and click the hotspot</p> <img src=/images/html.gif alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/> <!-- Create Mappings --> <map name="html"> <area shape="circle" coords="80,80,20" href="/css/index.htm" alt="CSS Link" target="_self" /> <area shape="rect" coords="5,5,40,40" alt="jQuery Link" href="/jquery/index.htm" target="_self" /> </map> </body> 76 HTML </html> Coordinate System The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to be followed by detailed examples: rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x2 and y2 are the coordinates of the lower right corner. circle = xc , yc , radius xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute coords="200,50,25" poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn from one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20 and 40 pixels across at its widest points would have the attribute coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40". All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related URL. You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions. 77 14. HTML15. – EMAIL LINKS HTML It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary spamming problem for your email account. There are people, who can run programs to harvest these types of emails and later use them for spamming in various ways. You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be to use HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email. A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form and then we are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending us email to the one given email ID. Note: You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in our another tutorial Perl CGI Programming. HTML Email Tag HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While using <a> tag as an email tag, you will use mailto: email address along with href attribute. Following is the syntax of using mailto instead of using http. <a href= "mailto: abc@example.com">Send Email</a> This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email. Send Email Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option to send email because if user do not have email client installed on their computer then it would not be possible to send email. Default Settings You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address. Following is the example to use default subject and body. <a href="mailto:abc@example.com?subject=Feedback&body=Message"> Send Feedback </a> This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email. Send Feedback 78 15. HTML – FRAMES HTML HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into rows and columns. Disadvantages of Frames There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in your webpages:   Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not big enough to be divided up. Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different screen resolution.  The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.  There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology. Creating Frames To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag defines, how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame. Example Following is the example to create three horizontal frames: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Frames</title> </head> <frameset rows="10%,80%,10%"> <frame name="top" src="/html/top_frame.htm" /> <frame name="main" src="/html/main_frame.htm" /> <frame name="bottom" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" /> <noframes> <body> 79 HTML Your browser does not support frames. </body> </noframes> </frameset> </html> This will produce the following result: Example Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and changed their width. This will create all the three frames vertically: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Frames</title> </head> <frameset cols="25%,50%,25%"> <frame name="left" src="/html/top_frame.htm" /> <frame name="center" src="/html/main_frame.htm" /> <frame name="right" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" /> <noframes> <body> Your browser does not support frames. </body> </noframes> </frameset> </html> 80 HTML This will produce the following result: The <frameset> Tag Attributes Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag: Attribute Description Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the four ways: Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols="100, 500,100". A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols="10%, 80%,10%". cols Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols="10%, *,10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the window. As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols="3*,2*,1*". This is an alternative to percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window. Here the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one sixth. rows This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example, to create two horizontal frames, use rows="10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each row in the same way as explained above for columns. border This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For example, border="5". A value of zero means no border. frameborder This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder="0" specifies no border. 81 HTML framespacing This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset. This can take any integer value. For example framespacing="10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing between each frames. The <frame> Tag Attributes Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag: Attribute Description src This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its value can be any URL. For example, src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html directory. name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link. frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10". marginheight This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example marginheight="10". noresize By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the frame. For example noresize="noresize". scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars. 82 HTML longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc="framedescription.htm" Browser Support for Frames If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then <noframes> element should be displayed to the user. So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the <frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not understand <frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the <body> element which is contained in a <noframes> element. You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!! your browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example. Frame's name and target attributes One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load main pages into a separate frame. Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Target Frames</title> </head> <frameset cols="200, *"> <frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" /> <frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" /> <noframes> <body> Your browser does not support frames. </body> </noframes> </frameset> </html> Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels wide and will contain the navigation menu bar implemented by menu.htm file. The second column fills in remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it is implemented by main.htm file. For all the three links available in menu bar, we have 83 HTML mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu bar, available link will open in main page. Following is the content of menu.htm file <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body bgcolor="#4a7d49"> <a href="http://www.google.com" target="main_page">Google</a> <br /><br /> <a href="http://www.microsoft.com" target="main_page">Microsoft</a> <br /><br /> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk" target="main_page">BBC News</a> </body> </html> Following is the content of main.htm file: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body bgcolor="#b5dcb3"> <h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3> <p>So now click any link and see the result.</p> </body> </html> When we load test.htm file, it produces following result: Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The targetattribute can also take one of the following values: Option Description _self Loads the page into the current frame. _blank Loads a page into a new browser window.opening a new window. 84 HTML _parent Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset is the main browser window. _top Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames. targetframe Loads the page into a named targetframe. 85 16. HTML – IFRAMES HTML You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not somehow related to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the document in which the browser can display a separate document, including scrollbars and borders. The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame. Example Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe>: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Iframes</title> </head> <body> <p>Document content goes here...</p> <iframe src="/html/menu.htm" width="555" height="200"> Sorry your browser does not support inline frames. </iframe> <p>Document content also go here...</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Document content goes here... Document content can also go here... The <Iframe> Tag Attributes Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id, longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like the corresponding attributes for the <frame> tag. Attribute src Description This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its value can be any URL. For example, 86 HTML src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html directory. name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link. frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10". marginheight This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example marginheight="10". noresize By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the frame. For example noresize="noresize". scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars. longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc="framedescription.htm" 87 17. HTML – BLOCKS HTML All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level Elements (b)Inline Elements. Block Elements Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them. For example, the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and <address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own new line, and anything that follows them appears on its own new line. Inline Elements Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements. Grouping HTML Elements There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML tags (i) <div> tag and (ii) <span> tag The <div> tag This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other HTML tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to create webpage layout where we define different parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page using <div> tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block but this has more meaning when it is used with CSS. Example Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML div Tag</title> </head> <body> 88 HTML <!-- First group of tags --> <div style="color:red"> <h4>This is first group</h4> <p>Following is a list of vegetables</p> <ul> <li>Beetroot</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Potato</li> <li>Radish</li> </ul> </div> <!-- Second group of tags --> <div style="color:green"> <h4>This is second group</h4> <p>Following is a list of fruits</p> <ul> <li>Apple</li> <li>Banana</li> <li>Mango</li> <li>Strawberry</li> </ul> </div> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: THIS IS FIRST GROUP Following is a list of vegetables     Beetroot Ginger Potato Radish THIS IS SECOND GROUP Following is a list of fruits 89 HTML     Apple Banana Mango Strawberry The <span> tag The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an HTML document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has more meaning when it is used with CSS. The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used with inline elements whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements. Example Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML span Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>This is <span style="color:red">red</span> and this is <span style="color:green">green</span></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is red, and this is green 90 18. HTML – BACKGROUNDS HTML By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries. HTML provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.   Html Background with Colors Html Background with Images Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples. Html Background with Colors The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page body and table backgrounds. Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag. <tagname bgcolor="color_value"...> This color_value can be given in any of the following formats: <!-- Format 1 - Use color name --> <table bgcolor="lime" > <!-- Format 2 - Use hex value --> <table bgcolor="#f1f1f1" > <!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms --> <table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,120)" > Example Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Background Colors</title> </head> <body> <!-- Format 1 - Use color name --> <table bgcolor="yellow" width="100%"> 91 HTML <tr><td> This background is yellow </td></tr> </table> <!-- Format 2 - Use hex value --> <table bgcolor="#6666FF" width="100%"> <tr><td> This background is sky blue </td></tr> </table> <!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms --> <table bgcolor="rgb(255,0,255)" width="100%"> <tr><td> This background is green </td></tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This background is yellow This background is sky blue This background is green Html Background with Images The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of your HTML page or table. Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag. Note: The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for background setting. <tagname background="Image URL"...> The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images. 92 HTML Example Here are the examples to set background images of a table. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Background Images</title> </head> <body> <!-- Set table background --> <table background="/images/html.gif" width="100%" height="100"> <tr><td> This background is filled up with HTML image. </td></tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This background is filled up with HTML image. Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This simply can be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the background. It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the smallest dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading. 93 HTML Example Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Background Images</title> </head> <body> <!-- Set a table background using pattern --> <table background="/images/pattern1.gif" width="100%" height="100"> <tr><td> This background is filled up with a pattern image. </td></tr> </table> <!-- Another example on table background using pattern --> <table background="/images/pattern2.gif" width="100%" height="100"> <tr><td> This background is filled up with a pattern image. </td></tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 94 19. HTML – COLORS HTML Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using bgcolor attribute. The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:  bgcolor - sets a color for the background of the page.  text - sets a color for the body text.  alink - sets a color for active links or selected links.  link - sets a color for linked text.  vlink - sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have already clicked on. HTML Color Coding Methods There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:    Color names - You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red. Hex codes - A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that makes up the color. Color decimal or percentage values - This value is specified using the rgb() property. Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one. HTML Colors - Color Names You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color names supported by major browsers. Note: Check a complete list of HTML Color Name. 95 HTML W3C Standard 16 Colors Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them. Black Gray Silver White Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia Red Green Blue Purple Maroon Olive Navy Teal Example Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Colors by Name</title> </head> <body text="blue" bgcolor="green"> <p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.</p> <table bgcolor="black"> <tr> <td> <font color="white">This text will appear white on black background.</font> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> HTML Colors - Hex Codes A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB). A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Paintshop Pro or MS Paint. 96 HTML Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of few colors using hexadecimal notation. Color Color HEX #000000 #FF0000 #00FF00 #0000FF #FFFF00 #00FFFF #FF00FF #C0C0C0 #FFFFFF Example Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Colors by Hex</title> </head> <body text="#0000FF" bgcolor="#00FF00"> <p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p> <table bgcolor="#000000"> <tr> <td> <font color="#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black background.</font> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> 97 HTML HTML Colors - RGB Values This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage. Note: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it. Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values. Color Color RGB rgb(0,0,0) rgb(255,0,0) rgb(0,255,0) rgb(0,0,255) rgb(255,255,0) rgb(0,255,255) rgb(255,0,255) rgb(192,192,192) rgb(255,255,255) Example Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title> </head> <body text="rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor="rgb(0,255,0)"> <p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p> 98 HTML <table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)"> <tr> <td> <font color="rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black background.</font> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> Browser Safe Colors Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent colors. These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported by all the computers having 256 color palette. 000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF 003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF 006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF 009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF 00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF 00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF 330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF 333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF 336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF 339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF 33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF 99 HTML 33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF 660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF 663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF 666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF 669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF 66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF 66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF 990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF 993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF 996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF 999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF 99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF 99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF 100 HTML CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF 101 20. HTML – FONTS HTML Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face, and color. The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts. To change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the <font> tag. The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change one or all of the font attributes within one <font> tag. Note: The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont tags in detail. Set Font Size You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from 1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Setting Font Size</title> </head> <body> <font size="1">Font size="1"</font><br /> <font size="2">Font size="2"</font><br /> <font size="3">Font size="3"</font><br /> <font size="4">Font size="4"</font><br /> <font size="5">Font size="5"</font><br /> <font size="6">Font size="6"</font><br /> <font size="7">Font size="7"</font> </body> </html> 102 HTML This will produce the following result: Font size="1" Font size="2" Font size="3" Font Font Font Font size="7" size="4" size="5" size="6" Relative Font Size You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size should be. You can specify it like <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n"> Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Relative Font Size</title> </head> <body> <font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font><br /> <font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font><br /> <font size="+2">Font size="+2"</font><br /> <font size="+3">Font size="+3"</font><br /> <font size="+4">Font size="+4"</font> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Font Font Font Font Font size="+4" size="-1" size="+1" size="+2" size="+3" 103 HTML Setting Font Face You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the default font face applicable to the user's computer. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Font Face</title> </head> <body> <font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New Roman</font><br /> <font face="Verdana" size="5">Verdana</font><br /> <font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans MS</font><br /> <font face="WildWest" size="5">WildWest</font><br /> <font face="Bedrock" size="5">Bedrock</font><br /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Times New Roman Verdana Comic Sans MS WildWest Bedrock Specify alternate font faces A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So, it is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names, separated by a comma. <font face="arial,helvetica"> <font face="Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console"> When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none of the given fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face Times New Roman. Note: Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts. 104 HTML Setting Font Color You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color. Note: You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Setting Font Color</title> </head> <body> <font color="#FF00FF">This text is in pink</font><br /> <font color="red">This text is red</font> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text is in pink This text is red The <basefont> Element: The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts of the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can use the <font> elements to override the <basefont> settings. The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative font setting by giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Setting Basefont Color</title> </head> <body> <basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2" color="#ff0000"> <p>This is the page's default font.</p> 105 HTML <h2>Example of the &lt;basefont&gt; Element</h2> <p><font size="+2" color="darkgray"> This is darkgray text with two sizes larger </font></p> <p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000"> It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color. </font></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is the page's default font. Example of the <basefont> Element This is darkgray text with two sizes larger It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color. 106 21. HTML – FORMS HTML HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example, during user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address, credit card, etc. A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application. There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc. The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax: <form action="Script URL" method="GET|POST"> form elements like input, textarea etc. </form> Form Attributes Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form attributes: Attribute Description action Backend script ready to process your passed data. method Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and POST methods. target Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be displayed. It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc. enctype You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the data before it sends it to the server. Possible values are: application/x-www-form-urlencoded - This is the standard method most forms use in simple scenarios. mutlipart/form-data - This is used when you want to upload binary data in the form of files like image, word file etc. Note: You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works. 107 HTML HTML Form Controls There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form:         Text Input Controls Checkboxes Controls Radio Box Controls Select Box Controls File Select boxes Hidden Controls Clickable Buttons Submit and Reset Button Text Input Controls There are three types of text input used on forms:    Single-line text input controls - This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag. Password input controls - This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input> tag. Multi-line text input controls - This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag. Single-line text input controls This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag. Example Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Text Input Control</title> </head> <body> <form > First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" /> <br> 108 HTML Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: First name: Last name: Attributes Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field. Attribute Description type Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set totext. name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value. value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control. size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters. maxlength Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the text box. Password Input controls This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to password. Example Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Password Input Control</title> </head> 109 HTML <body> <form > User ID : <input type="text" name="user_id" /> <br> Password: <input type="password" name="password" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: User ID : Password: Attributes Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field. Attribute Description type Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be set to password. name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value. value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control. size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters. maxlength Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the text box. Multiple-Line Text Input Controls This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag. 110 HTML Example Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title> </head> <body> <form> Description: <br /> <textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description"> Enter description here... </textarea> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Description : Attributes Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag. Attribute Description name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value. rows Indicates the number of rows of text area box. cols Indicates the number of columns of text area box 111 HTML Checkbox Control Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox. Example Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Checkbox Control</title> </head> <body> <form> <input type="checkbox" name="maths" value="on"> Maths <input type="checkbox" name="physics" value="on"> Physics </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Maths Physics Attributes Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag. Attribute Description type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to checkbox. name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value. value The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected. checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default. 112 HTML Radio Button Control Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected. They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio. Example Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Radio Box Control</title> </head> <body> <form> <input type="radio" name="subject" value="maths"> Maths <input type="radio" name="subject" value="physics"> Physics </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Maths Physics Attributes Following is the list of attributes for radio button. Attribute Description type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to radio. name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value. value The value that will be used if the radio box is selected. checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default. 113 HTML Select Box Control A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options in the form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options. Example Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Select Box Control</title> </head> <body> <form> <select name="dropdown"> <option value="Maths" selected>Maths</option> <option value="Physics">Physics</option> </select> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Maths Attributes Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag: Attribute Description name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value. size This can be used to present a scrolling list box. multiple If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the menu. 114 HTML Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag: Attribute Description value The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected. selected Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the page loads. label An alternative way of labeling options File Upload Box If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file upload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element but type attribute is set to file. Example Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>File Upload Box</title> </head> <body> <form> <input type="file" name="fileupload" accept="image/*" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Attributes Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box: Attribute name Description Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value. 115 HTML accept Specifies the types of files that the server accepts. Button Controls There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable button using <input> tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type attribute can take the following values: Type Description submit This creates a button that automatically submits a form. reset This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial values. button This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user clicks that button. image This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the button. Example Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>File Upload Box</title> </head> <body> <form> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /> <input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" /> <input type="button" name="ok" value="OK" /> <input type="image" name="imagebutton" src="/html/images/logo.png" /> </form> </body> </html> 116 HTML This will produce the following result: Submit Reset Hidden Form Controls Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed to the server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page. For example, following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a user will click next page then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server and there it will decide which page will be displayed next based on the passed current page. Example Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>File Upload Box</title> </head> <body> <form> <p>This is page 10</p> <input type="hidden" name="pagename" value="10" /> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /> <input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Top of Form This is page 10 Submit Reset 117 22. HTML – EMBED MULTIMEDIA HTML Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add video or sound to your web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This tag causes the browser itself to include controls for the multimedia automatically provided browser supports <embed> tag and given media type. You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the <embed> tag. You could, for example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice, and <noembed> to display a single JPG image if browser does not support <embed> tag. Example Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML embed Tag</title> </head> <body> <embed src="/html/yourfile.mid" width="100%" height="60" > <noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed> </embed> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: You can put any media file in src attribute. You can try it yourself by giving various types of files. 118 HTML The <embed> Tag Attributes Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed> tag. Attribute Description align Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or right. autostart This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You can set it either true or false. loop Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a certain number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false) playcount Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate option forloop if you are usiong IE. hidden Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A false value means no and true values means yes. width Width of the object in pixels height Height of the object in pixels name A name used to reference the object. src URL of the object to be embedded. volume Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume). Supported Video Types You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov) file types inside embed tag.     .swf files - are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program. .wmv files - are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types. .mov files - are Apple's Quick Time Movie format. .mpeg files - are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 119 HTML <title>HTML embed Tag</title> </head> <body> <embed src="/html/yourfile.swf" width="200" height="200" > <noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed> </embed> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Background Audio You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your webpage. This tag is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers ignore this tag. It downloads and plays an audio file when the host document is first downloaded by the user and displayed. The background sound file also will replay whenever the user refreshes the browser. This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same meaning as explained above. Here is a simple example to play a small midi file: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML embed Tag</title> </head> <body> <bgsound src="/html/yourfile.mid"> <noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" ></noembed> </bgsound> </body> </html> 120 HTML This will produce the blank screen. This tag does not display any component and remains hidden. Internet Explorer can also handle only three different sound format files: wav, the native format for PCs; au, the native format for most Unix workstations; and MIDI, a universal music-encoding scheme. HTML Object tag HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose solution to generic object inclusion. The <object> element allows HTML authors to specify everything required by an object for its presentation by a user agent. Here are a few examples: Example - 1 You can embed an HTML document in an HTML document itself as follows: <object data="data/test.htm" type="text/html" width="300" height="200"> alt : <a href="data/test.htm">test.htm</a> </object> Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not support object tag. Example - 2 You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows: <object data="data/test.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="300" height="200"> alt : <a href="data/test.pdf">test.htm</a> </object> Example - 3 You can specify some parameters related to the document with the <param> tag. Here is an example to embed a wav file: <object data="data/test.wav" type="audio/x-wav" width="200" height="20"> <param name="src" value="data/test.wav"> <param name="autoplay" value="false"> <param name="autoStart" value="0"> alt : <a href="data/test.wav">test.wav</a> </object> Example - 4 121 HTML You can add a flash document as follows: <object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" id="penguin" codebase="someplace/swflash.cab" width="200" height="300"> <param name="movie" value="flash/penguin.swf" /> <param name="quality" value="high" /> <img src="penguin.jpg" width="200" height="300" alt="Penguin" /> </object> Example - 5 You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows: <object classid="clsid:8ad9c840-044e-11d1-b3e9-00805f499d93" width="200" height="200"> <param name="code" value="applet.class"> </object> The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can use the optional codebase attribute to specify if and how to download the JRE. 122 23. HTML – MARQUEES HTML An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or vertically down your webpage depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML <marquees> tag. Note: The HTML <marquee> tag may not be supported by various browsers so it is not recommended to rely on this tag, instead you can use JavaScript and CSS to create such effects. Syntax A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows: <marquee attribute_name="attribute_value"....more attributes> One or more lines or text message or image </marquee> The <marquee> Tag Attributes Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <marquee> tag. Attribute Description width This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc. height This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc. direction This specifies the direction in which marquee should scroll. This can be a value like up, down, left or right. behavior This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. This can have a value like scroll, slide and alternate. scrolldelay This specifies how long to delay between each jump. This will have a value like 10 etc. 123 HTML scrollamount This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can have a value like 10 etc. loop This specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE, which means that the marquee loops endlessly. bgcolor This specifies background color in terms of color name or color hex value. hspace This specifies horizontal space around the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc. vspace This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc. Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag. Examples - 1 <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML marquee Tag</title> </head> <body> <marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Examples - 2 <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML marquee Tag</title> </head> <body> <marquee width="50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee> 124 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Examples - 3 <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML marquee Tag</title> </head> <body> <marquee direction="right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Examples - 4 <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML marquee Tag</title> </head> <body> <marquee direction="up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 125 24. HTML – HEADER HTML We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure: Document declaration tag <html> <head> Document header related tags </head> <body> Document body related tags </body> </html> This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML <head> tag. The <head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>, <meta>, <link>, <base>, <style>, <script>, and <noscript> tags. The HTML <title> Tag The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document. Following is an example to give a title to an HTML document: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Title Tag Example</title> </head> <body> <p>Hello, World!</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Hello, World! 126 HTML The HTML <meta> Tag The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which includes information about page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description etc. Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title> <!-- Provide list of keywords --> <meta name="keywords" content="C, C++, Java, PHP, Perl, Python"> <!-- Provide description of the page --> <meta name="description" content="Simply Easy Learning by Tutorials Point"> <!-- Author information --> <meta name="author" content="Tutorials Point"> <!-- Page content type --> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <!-- Page refreshing delay --> <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30"> <!-- Page expiry --> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 21 June 2006 14:25:27 GMT"> <!-- Tag to tell robots not to index the content of a page --> <meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow"> </head> <body> <p>Hello, World!</p> </body> </html> 127 HTML This will produce the following result: Hello, World! The HTML <base> Tag The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page, which means all the other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the given item. For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given URLs with base URL http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Base Tag Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" /> </head> <body> <img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Logo Image"/> <a href="/html/index.htm" title="HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home then image and other given links will become like http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png and http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/html/index.htm The HTML <link> Tag The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and external resource. Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available in css sub-directory within web root: 128 HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML link Tag Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/style.css"> </head> <body> <p>Hello, World!</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Hello, World! The HTML <style> Tag The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document. Following is an example to define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML style Tag Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" /> <style type="text/css"> .myclass{ background-color: #aaa; padding: 10px; } </style> </head> <body> <p class="myclass">Hello, World!</p> </body> </html> 129 HTML This will produce the following result: Hello, World! Note: To learn about how Cascading Style Sheet works, kindly check a separate tutorial available at http://www.tutorialspoint.com/css The HTML <script> Tag The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal script for the HTML document. Following is an example where we are using JavaScript to define a simple JavaScript function: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML script Tag Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" /> <script type="text/JavaScript"> function Hello(){ alert("Hello, World"); } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="OK" /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button: Note: To learn about how JavaScript works, kindly check a separate tutorial available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/JavaScript 130 25. HTML – STYLE SHEET HTML Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, or perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets on the Web since the consortium was founded in 1994. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various attributes for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for a given HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:). Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;). Example First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and associated attributes to specify text color and font size: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML CSS</title> </head> <body> <p><font color="green" size="5">Hello, World!</font></p> </body> </html> We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML CSS</title> </head> <body> <p style="color:green;font-size:24px;">Hello, World!</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Hello, World! 131 HTML You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document:  External Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then include that file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.  Internal Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.  Inline Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML elements using style attribute. Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples. External Style Sheet If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to define a common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have extension as .css and it will be included in HTML files using <link> tag. Example Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules: .red{ color: red; } .thick{ font-size:20px; } .green{ color:green; } Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes defined for the HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about how these rules are being defined because you will learn them while studying CSS. Now let's make use of the above external CSS file in our following HTML document: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML External CSS</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/html/style.css"> </head> <body> <p class="red">This is red</p> 132 HTML <p class="thick">This is thick</p> <p class="green">This is green</p> <p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is red This is thick This is green This is thick and green Internal Style Sheet If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you can include those rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag. Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file. Example Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the same HTML document using <style> tag: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Internal CSS</title> <style type="text/css"> .red{ color: red; } .thick{ font-size:20px; } .green{ 133 HTML color:green; } </style> </head> <body> <p class="red">This is red</p> <p class="thick">This is thick</p> <p class="green">This is green</p> <p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is red This is thick This is green This is thick and green Inline Style Sheet You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the relevant tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular change in any HTML element only. Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file as well as the rules defined in <style> element. Example Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along with the HTML elements using style attribute of those elements. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Inline CSS</title> </head> 134 HTML <body> <p style="color:red;">This is red</p> <p style="font-size:20px;">This is thick</p> <p style="color:green;">This is green</p> <p style="color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is red This is thick This is green This is thick and green 135 HTML 26. HTML JAVASCRIPT A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For example, a script could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown menu. This script could be written using JavaScript or VBScript. You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the scripting language and then you can trigger those functions using HTML attributes. Now-a-days, only JavaScript and associated frameworks are being used by most of the web developers, VBScript is not even supported by various major browsers. You can keep JavaScript code in a separate file and then include it wherever it's needed, or you can define functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's see both the cases one by one with suitable examples. External JavaScript If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML documents then it's better to keep that functionality in a separate JavaScript file and then include that file in your HTML documents. A JavaScript file will have extension as .js and it will be included in HTML files using <script> tag. Example Consider we define a small function using JavaScript in script.js which has following code: function Hello() { alert("Hello, World"); } Now let's make use of the above external JavaScript file in our following HTML document: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>JavaScript External Script</title> <script src="/html/script.js" type="text/JavaScript"/></script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" /> </body> 136 HTML </html> This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button: Internal Script You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script code in header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and you can put your source code anywhere in the document but inside <script> tag. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>JavaScript Internal Script</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" /> <script type="text/JavaScript"> function Hello(){ alert("Hello, World"); } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button: 137 HTML Event Handlers Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called against any mouse or keyboard event. You can define your business logic inside your event handler which can vary from a single to 1000s of line code. Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one simple functionEventHandler() in the header of the document. We will call this function when any user brings mouse over a paragraph. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Event Handlers Example</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" /> <script type="text/JavaScript"> function EventHandler(){ alert("I'm event handler!!"); } </script> </head> <body> <p onmouseover="EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see an alert</p> </body> </html> Now This will produce the following result. Bring your mouse over this line and see the result: Bring your mouse here to see an alert Hide Scripts from Older Browsers Although most (if not all) browsers these days support JavaScript, but still some older browsers don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it would display the code to the user. To prevent this, you can simply place HTML comments around the script as shown below. 138 HTML JavaScript Example: <script type="text/JavaScript"> <!-document.write("Hello JavaScript!"); //--> </script> VBScript Example: <script type="text/vbscript"> <!-document.write("Hello VBScript!") '--> </script> The <noscript> Element You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't support scripts and for those users who have disabled script option their browsers. You can do this using the<noscript> tag. JavaScript Example: <script type="text/JavaScript"> <!-document.write("Hello JavaScript!"); //--> </script> <noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript> VBScript Example: <script type="text/vbscript"> <!-document.write("Hello VBScript!") '--> </script> <noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript> Default Scripting Language There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and ultimately using multiple <script> tags. You can specify a default scripting language for all your script tags. 139 HTML This saves you from specifying the language every time you use a script tag within the page. Below is the example: <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/JavaScript" /> Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag. 140 27. HTML – LAYOUTS HTML A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes considerable time to design a website's layout with great look and feel. Now- a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based framework to come up with responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using simple HTML tables or division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This chapter will give you few examples on how to create a simple but working layout for your webpage using pure HTML and its attributes. HTML Layout - Using Tables The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These tables are arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in whatever way you like. Example For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and 2 columns but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan attribute: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Layout using Tables</title> </head> <body> <table width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3"> <h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td bgcolor="#aaa" width="50"> <b>Main Menu</b><br /> HTML<br /> PHP<br /> PERL... 141 HTML </td> <td bgcolor="#eee" width="100" height="200"> Technical and Managerial Tutorials </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3"> <center> Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com </center> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is Web Page Main title Main HTML PHP PERL... Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep your content in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right column can be used to put advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very similar to what we have at our website tutorialspoint.com. 142 HTML Example Here is an example to create three column layout: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Three Column HTML Layout</title> </head> <body> <table width="100%" border="0"> <tr valign="top"> <td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%"> <b>Main Menu</b><br /> HTML<br /> PHP<br /> PERL... </td> <td bgcolor="#b5dcb3" height="200" width="60%"> Technical and Managerial Tutorials </td> <td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%"> <b>Right Menu</b><br /> HTML<br /> PHP<br /> PERL... </td> </tr> <table> </body> </html> 143 HTML This will produce the following result: Main Menu HTML PHP PERL... Technical and Managerial Tutorials Right Menu HTML PHP PERL... HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the <div> tag is a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping elements at an inline level. Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data. Note: This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before understanding this example you need to have a better understanding on how CSS works. Example Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you have achieved using <table> tag in previous example. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title> </head> <body> <div style="width:100%"> <div style="background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%"> <h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1> </div> <div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:left;"> <div><b>Main Menu</b></div> HTML<br /> PHP<br /> PERL... 144 28. HTML </div> <div style="background-color:#eee; height:200px;width:350px;float:left;"> <p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p> </div> <div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:right;"> <div><b>Right Menu</b></div> HTML<br /> PHP<br /> PERL... </div> <div style="background-color:#b5dcb3;clear:both"> <center> Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com </center> </div> </div> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: You can create better layout using DIV, SPAN along with CSS. For more information on CSS, please refer to CSS Tutorial. 145 28. HTML – TAG REFERENCE HTML Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are part of HTML-5. Tag Description <!--...--> Specifies a comment <!DOCTYPE> Specifies the document type <a> Specifies an anchor <abbr> Specifies an abbreviation <acronym> Specifies an acronym <address> Specifies an address element <applet> Deprecated. Specifies an applet <area> Specifies an area inside an image map <article> Specifies an article <aside> Specifies some content loosely related to the page content. If it is removed, the remaining content still makes sense <audio> Specifies a sound content <b> Specifies bold text <base> Specifies a base URL for all the links in a page <basefont> Deprecated. Specifies a base font Version 146 HTML <bdo> Specifies the direction of text display <bdi> Represents text that must be isolated from its surrounding for bidirectional text formatting. It allows embedding a span of text with a different, or unknown, directionality <bgsound> Specifies background music <big> Specifies big text <blink> Specifies a text which blinks <blockquote> Specifies a long quotation <body> Specifies the body element <br> Inserts a single line break <button> Specifies a push button <canvas> For making graphics with a script <caption> Specifies a table caption <center> Deprecated. Specifies centered text <cite> Specifies a citation <code> Specifies computer code text <col> Specifies attributes for table columns <colgroup> Specifies groups of table columns <comment> Puts a comment in the document <datalist> A list of options for input values 147 HTML <dd> Specifies a definition description <del> Specifies deleted text <dfn> Specifies a definition term <dialog> Specifies a dialog box or window <dir> Deprecated. Specifies a directory list <div> Specifies a section in a document <dl> Specifies a definition list <dt> Specifies a definition term <em> Specifies emphasized text <embed> Specifies a container for an external (nonHTML) application <fieldset> Specifies a fieldset <figcaption> Specifies a caption for a <figure> element <figure> Specifies self-contained content <font> Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and color <footer> Specifies a footer for a document or section <form> Specifies a form <frame> Specifies a sub window (a frame) <frameset> Specifies a set of frames <h1> to <h6> Specifies header 1 to header 6 148 HTML <head> Specifies information about the document <header> Specifies a header for a document or section <hr> Specifies a horizontal rule <html> Specifies an html document <i> Specifies italic text <iframe> Specifies an inline sub window (frame) <ilayer> Specifies an inline layer <img> Specifies an image <input> Specifies an input field <ins> Specifies inserted text <isindex> Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input field <kbd> Specifies keyboard text <keygen> Generate key information in a form <label> Specifies a label for a form control <layer> Specifies a layer <legend> Specifies a title in a fieldset <li> Specifies a list item <link> Specifies a resource reference 149 HTML <main> Specifies the main or important content in the document. There is only oneelement in the document <map> Specifies an image map <mark> Specifies a text highlighted for reference purposes, that is for its relevance in another context <marquee> Creates a scrolling-text marquee <menu> Deprecated. Specifies a menu list <menuitem> Specifies a command/menu item that the user can invoke from a popup menu <meta> Specifies meta data of an html document which is not displayed on the page <meter> Specifies a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge) <multicol> Specifies a multicolumn text flow <nav> Specifies a section that contains only navigation links <nobr> No breaks allowed in the enclosed text <noembed> Specifies content to be presented by browsers that do not support the <embed> tag <noframes> Specifies a noframe section <noscript> Specifies a noscript section <object> Specifies an embedded object <ol> Specifies an ordered list 150 HTML <optgroup> Specifies an option group <option> Specifies an option in a drop-down list <output> Specifies the result of a calculation <p> Specifies a paragraph <param> Specifies a parameter for an object <plaintext> Deprecated. Render the remainder of the document as preformatted plain text <pre> Specifies preformatted text <progress> Specifies a completion progress of a task <q> Specifies a short quotation <rp> Specifies to show browsers that do not support the ruby element <rt> Specifies an text ruby annotation <ruby> Specifies an ruby annotation <s> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text <samp> Specifies sample computer code <script> Specifies a script <section> Specifies a section in a document <select> Specifies a selectable list <spacer> Specifies a white space <small> Specifies small text 151 HTML <source> Specifies a media resources for media elements, defined inside video or audio elements <span> Specifies a section in a document <strike> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text <strong> Specifies strong text <style> Specifies a style definition <sub> Specifies subscripted text <summary> Specifies a summary, caption, or legend for a given <details> <sup> Specifies superscripted text <table> Specifies a table <tbody> Specifies a table body <td> Specifies a table cell <textarea> Specifies a text area <tfoot> Specifies a table footer <th> Specifies a table heading <thead> Specifies a table header <time> Specifies a date and time <details> <title> Specifies the document title <tr> Specifies a table row 152 HTML <track> Specifies a mediaplayers text tracks used in <tt> Specifies teletype text <u> Deprecated. Specifies underlined text <ul> Specifies an unordered list <var> Specifies a variable <video> Specifies a text tracks used in media players <wbr> Indicates a potential word break point within a <nobr> section <xmp> Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag Description The HTML <comment> tag allows authors to comment their HTML code. This tag is supported by IE only. It is recommended to use <!--....--> to comment your tags. This tag is compatible to all browsers. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML <!--....--> Tag</title> </head> <body> <comment>This is a commented line in IE</comment> <!-- This is a commented line supported by almost every browser. It will not appear in output as its a comment. --> </body> 153 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: Browser Support Browser Support for <comment> tag Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Not Supported Not Supported Yes Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported Browser Support for <!--...--> tag Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <doctype> Tag Description The HTML <doctype> tag is used for specifying which version of HTML the document is using. This is referred to as the document type declaration (DTD). NOTE: The <!DOCTYPE> tag does not have an end tag!. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML doctype Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>doctype declaration <doctype> is mentioned at the starting of every HTML document.</p> </body> 154 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: doctype declaration <doctype> is mentioned at the starting of every HTML document. Declaration HTML 4.01 has 3 possible doctypes: HTML 4 Strict, HTML 4 Transitional, and HTML 4 Frameset. Every HTML document you create should have one of these three DTDs. HTML 4 Strict This document type includes all HTML elements except those that have been deprecated, and those that appear in frameset documents. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> HTML 4 Transitional This document type includes all HTML elements including those that have been deprecated. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">; HTML 4 Frameset This document type includes all HTML elements in the transitional DTD as well as those in framed document. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd"> HTML 5 Declaration In HTML5 there is only one declaration i.e. <!DOCTYPE html> Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 155 HTML HTML <a> Tag Description The HTML <a> tag is used for creating a hyperlink to either another document, or somewhere within the current document. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML a Tag</title> </head> <body> <p> This is a link to <a href="http://www.amrood.com">AMROOD.com</a> </p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is a link to AMROOD.com Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <a> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description charset character_encoding Defines the character encoding of the linked document. coords if shape="rect" coords="left,top,right,bottom" if shape="circ" coords="centerx,centery,radius" shape="poly" coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,..,xn,yn" then then if then Specifies the coordinates appropriate to the shape attribute to define a region of an 156 HTML image maps. for image filename This downloads the target when user clicks on the hyperlink. href URL Specifies the URL of a page or the name of the anchor that the link goes to. hreflang language_code Language code of the destination URL. media media_query It specifies what media the linked document is optimized for name section name Marks an area of the page that a link jumps to. rel alternate designates stylesheet start next prev contents index glossary copyright chapter section subsection appendix help bookmark Describes the relationship between the current document and the destination URI. rev alternate designates stylesheet start next Specifies the relationship between the target URL and the current document. download 157 HTML prev contents index glossary copyright chapter section subsection appendix help bookmark shape target type rect circ circle poly polygon _blank _self _top mime_type rectangle Specifies the shape of the image map _parent Where to open the target URL. _blank - the target URL will open in a new window _self - the target URL will open in the same frame as it was clicked _parent - the target URL will open in the parent frameset _top - the target URL will open in the full body of the window Specifies the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) type of the target URL Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 158 HTML Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <abbr> Tag Description The HTML <abbr> tag is used for indicating an abbreviation like etc., pvt. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML abbr Tag</title> </head> <body> <p> <abbr title="Private">pvt.</abbr><br /> <abbr title="International Cricket Council">ICC.</abbr> promotes the global game.<br /> </p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: pvt. ICC promotes the global game. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 159 HTML Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <acronym> Tag Description The HTML <acronym> tag is used for indicating an acronym. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML acronym Tag</title> </head> <body> <p> <acronym title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</acronym> </p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: HTML Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 160 HTML Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Supported HTML <address> Tag Description The HTML <address> tag is used for indicating an address. The address usually renders in italic. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML address Tag</title> </head> <body> <address> 600 Wisdon Apartments<br /> Filmcity, Kondiura<br /> New Delhi - 50027 </address> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 600 Wisdon Apartments Filmcity, Kondiura New Delhi - 50027 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 161 HTML Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <applet> Tag Description The HTML <applet> tag specifies an applet. It is used for embedding a Java applet within an HTML document. It is not supported in HTML5. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML applet Tag</title> </head> <body> <applet code="newClass.class" width="300" height="200"> </applet> </body> </html> Here is the newClass.java file: import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; public class newClass extends Applet { public void paint (Graphics gh) { g.drawString("Tutorialspoint.com", 300, 150); } } 162 HTML This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align URL Deprecated - Defines the text alignment around the applet alt URL Alternate text to be displayed in case browser does not support applet archive URL Applet path when it is stored in a Java Archive ie. jar file code URL A URL that points to the class of the applet codebase URL Indicates the base URL of the applet if the code attribute is relative height pixels Height to display the applet hspace pixels Deprecated - Defines the left and right spacing around the applet name name Defines a unique name for the applet object name Specifies the resource that contains a serialized representation of the applet's state. 163 HTML title test Additional information to be displayed in tool tip of the mouse vspace pixels Deprecated - Amount of white space to be inserted above and below the object. width pixels Width to display the applet. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android No Yes Yes No Yes No HTML <area> Tag Description The HTML <area> tag is used for defining an area in an image map. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML area Tag</title> </head> <body> <img src=/images/usemap.gif alt="usemap" border="0" usemap="#tutorials"/> <map name="tutorials"> <area shape="poly" coords="74,0,113,29,98,72,52,72,38,27" href="/perl/index.htm" alt="Perl Tutorial" target="_blank" /> 164 HTML <area shape="rect" coords="22,83,126,125" alt="HTML Tutorial" href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank" /> <area shape="circle" coords="73,168,32" alt="PHP Tutorial" href="/php/index.htm" target="_blank" /> </map> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <area> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 165 HTML Attribute Value Description alt text Specifies an alternate text for the area. coords if shape="rect" then coords="left,top,right,bottom" if shape="circ" then coords="centerx,centery,radius" if shape="poly" then coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,..,xn,yn" Specifies the coordinates appropriate to the shape attribute to define a region of an image for image maps. download filename Specifies that the target gets downloaded when hyperlink is clicked by user. href URL Specifies the URL of a page or the name of the anchor that the link goes to. hreflang language_code Specifies the target URL. media media query Specifies media/device the target URL is optimized for. nohref true/false Excludes an area from the image map rel alternate author bookmark help license next nofollow noreferrer prefetch prev search tag Specifies relationship between the current document and the target URL shape rect rectangle circ circle Specifies the shape of the image map language of the 166 HTML poly polygon target _blank _parent _self _top Where to open the target URL. _blank - the target URL will open in a new window _self - the target URL will open in the same frame as it was clicked _parent - the target URL will open in the parent frameset _top - the target URL will open in the full body of the window type mime_type Specifies the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) type of the target URL. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <article> Tag Description The HTML <article> tag is used in a blog post, forum post, newspaper article etc. It specifies self-contained composition in a site, document, page or application. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Article Tag</title> </head> <body> 167 HTML <article> <h2>PHP</h2> <p>PHP is PHP Hypertext Preprocessor</p> </article> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: PHP PHP is PHP Hypertext Preprocessor. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <aside> Tag Description The HTML <aside> tag is used to specify a section of a page aside from the related section. This tag can be used for glossary definitions, author biography, author profile etc. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML aside Tag</title> 168 HTML </head> <body> <aside> <h3>Java History</h3> <p>Java is a programming language developed by James Gosling in 1994.</p> </aside> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Java History Java is a programming language developed by James Gosling in 1994. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <audio> Tag Description The HTML <audio> tag is used to embed audio in web pages. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML audio Tag</title> </head> 169 HTML <body> <p>Click on Play button...</p> <p>(Song: Kalimba which is provided as a Sample Music in Windows)</p> <audio controls> <source src="/html/Kalimba.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> </audio> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Click on Play button... (Song: Kalimba which is provided as a Sample Music in Windows) Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Mobile Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <b> Tag Description The HTML <b> tag specifies bold text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML b Tag</title> </head> <body> This web page gives explanation on <b>bold</b> tag. 170 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This web page gives explanation on bold tag. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <base> Tag Description The HTML <base> tag is used to specify a base URI, or URL, for relative links. For example, you can set the base URL once at the top of your page in header section, then all subsequent relative links will use that URL as a starting point. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML base Tag</title> <base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" /> </head> <body> HTML: <img src="/images/html.gif" /> </body> </html> 171 HTML This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <base> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description href URL Specifies the URL of a page or the name of the anchor that the link goes to. target _blank _parent _self _top Where to open the target URL. _blank - the target URL will open in a new window. _self - the target URL will open in the same frame as it was clicked. _parent - the target URL will open in the parent frameset _top - the target URL will open in the full body of the window Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 172 HTML HTML <basefont> Tag Description The HTML <basefont> tag is used to specify a base font for the document to use. This base font is applied to complete document. This tag is depreciated now. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML basefont Tag</title> </head> <body> <basefont face="cursive,serif" color="#ff9900" size="4"/> <p>The HTML basefont tag is now deprecated. You should use CSS font to set font properties instead.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The HTML basefont tag is now deprecated. You should use CSS font to set font properties instead. This result may vary browser to browser. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <basefont> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description color rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname Deprecated - Specifies the color of the text. face font names separated by comma Deprecated - Specifies the font family of the text. 173 HTML size Deprecated - Specifies the font size of the text. 1 to 7 Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Not Supported Not Supported Yes Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported HTML <bdo> Tag Description The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the default text direction. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML bdo Tag</title> </head> <body> <bdo dir="rtl">Here's some English embedded in text in another language requiring a right-to-left presentation.</bdo> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference 174 HTML Specific Attributes The HTML <bdo> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description dir ltr|rtl Defines the text direction. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <bdi> Tag Description The HTML <bdi> tag is Bi-directional isolation element which is used to embed text with a different direction from another text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML bdi Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>Tutorialspoint list of tutorials:</p> <ul> <li>Web: HTML</li> <li>Programming: Java</li> <li>Scripting: VBScript</li> <li>Mobile: Android</li> </ul> </body> 175 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: Tutorials point list of tutorials:     Web: HTML Programming: Java Scripting: VBScript Mobile: Android Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported HTML <bgsound> Tag Description The HTML <bgsound> tag is used to play a soundtrack in the background. This tag is for Internet Explorer only. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML bgsound Tag</title> </head> <body> <bgsound src="/html/yourfile.mdi"/> <p>This does create any result on the screen but it plays sound file in the background.</p> 176 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This does create any result on the screen but it plays sound file in the background. Specific Attributes The HTML <bgsound> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description loop number Lets you replay a background soundtrack a certain number of times. src URL Specifies the path of the sound file. Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android No No Yes No No No HTML <big> Tag Description The HTML <big> tag increases the font size. This tag is not supported in HTML5. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML big Tag</title> </head> <body> <p><big>Website: complieonline.com</big>(Online Compiler)</p> </body> 177 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: Website: complieonline.com (Online Compiler) Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML blink Tag Description The HTML <blink> tag is used to enclose a text to make it blink. This tag was supported by Netscape and now this is obsolete. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML blink Tag</title> </head> <body> <blink>This text will blink in Netscape Version 5.0</blink> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text will blink in Netscape Version 5.0 Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android 178 HTML Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported HTML <blockquote> Tag Description The HTML <blockquote> tag is used for indicating long quotations (i.e. quotations that span multiple lines). It should contain only block-level elements within it, and not just plain text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML blockquote Tag</title> </head> <body> <blockquote>Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text with quotation marks.</blockquote> <q>Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text with quotation marks.</q> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text with quotation marks. “Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text with quotation marks” Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <blockquote> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 179 HTML Attribute Value Description cite URL URL of the quote, if it is taken from the web. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <body> Tag Description The HTML <body> tag is used for indicating the main content section of the HTML document. The body tag is placed between the and the tags. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML body Tag</title> </head> <body> Body of the document... </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Body of the document... Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference 180 HTML Specific Attributes The HTML <body> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description alink rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname Deprecated - Specifies the color of the active links in the document. background URL Deprecated - Specifies the background image file path. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname Deprecated - Specifies the background color. link rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname Deprecated - Specifies the color of all the links in the document. text rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname Deprecated - Specifies the color of the text in the document. vlink rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname Deprecated - Specifies the color of the visited links in the document. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 181 HTML HTML <br> Tag Description The HTML <br> tag is used to give a line break. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML br Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>This is before the line break<br /> and this after the line break.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is before the line break and this after the line break. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML Button Tag Description The HTML <button> tag is used for creating a button within HTML form. You can also use <input> tag to create similar buttons. 182 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Button Tag</title> </head> <body> <form> <button name="button" value="OK" type="button">Click Me</button> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Top of Form Click Me Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <button> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description autofocus autofocus Specifies that the button should have input focus when the page loads. disabled disabled Specifies the button is disabled. form form_id Specifies the forms to which button belongs. formaction URL Specifies the link where the form submits. formenctype application multipart/form-data text/plain Specifies how the form data is encoded before sending it to server. 183 HTML formmethod get post Specifies how to send form data. formnovalidate formnovalidate Specifies that the form data should not be validated. formtarget _blank _self _parent _top Specifies where the response should be validated. name name Specifies the button name. type button reset submit Specifies the button type. value text Specifies button's initial value. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <canvas> Tag Description The HTML <canvas> tag is for drawing graphics, animations etc using scripting. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Canvas Tag</title> </head> 184 HTML <body> <canvas id="newCanvas">Your browser does not support canvas tag.</canvas> <script> var c=document.getElementById('newCanvas'); var ctx=c.getContext('2d'); ctx.fillStyle='#00FD00'; ctx.fillRect(0,0,200,60); </script> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <canvas> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description height pixels Specifies height of the canvas. width pixels Specifies width of the canvas. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? HTML <caption> Tag Description 185 HTML The HTML <caption> tag is used for creating a caption for a table. There could be only one caption per table. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML caption Tag</title> </head> <body> <h2>Cricketers List</h2> <table width="100%"> <caption>Indian Cricketers</caption> <th>Name</th> <tr><td>Sachin Tendulkar</td></tr> <tr><td>M S Dhoni</td></tr> <tr><td>Suresh Raina</td></tr> <tr><td>Virat Kohli</td></tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Cricketers List Indian Cricketers Name Sachin Tendulkar M S Dhoni Suresh Raina Virat Kohli Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 186 HTML Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <center> Tag Description The HTML <center> tag is used for centering the content enclosed with this tag. This tag is depreciated. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML center Tag</title> </head> <body> <center>This text is centered</center> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text is centered Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? 187 HTML HTML <cite> Tag Description The HTML <cite> tag specifies a citation. It can be defined as title of a work. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML cite Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>The learning content can be referred from <cite>Data Structures & Algorithms in Java</cite><p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The learning content can be referred from Data Structures & Algorithms in Java Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <code> Tag Description The HTML <code> tag specifies computer code text. Example 188 HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML code Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>The header file for C++ Program is :<code>#include<iostream.h></code>.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The header file for C++ Program is :#include<iostream.h>. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <col> Tag Description The HTML <col> tag allows authors to group together attribute specifications for table columns. The does not group columns together structurally -- that is the role of the element. The elements are empty and serve only as a support for attributes. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML col Tag</title> 189 HTML </head> <body> <p>This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths:</p> <table border="1"> <colgroup span="3"> <col width="50"></col> <col width="100"></col> <col width="150"></col> <col width="50"></col> </colgroup> <tr> <td>col 1</td> <td>col 2</td> <td>col 3</td> <td>col 4</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths: col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <col> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align right left center justify char Defines Html5. horizontal alignment, not supported in 190 HTML character Defines a character to use to align text on (use with align="char"), not supported in Html5. charoff pixel Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute, not supported in Html5. span number Defines the number of columns the <col> should span, not supported in Html5. valign bottom middle top baseline Defines vertical alignment, not supported in Html5. width pixels or % Specifies a default width for each column spanned by the current col element, not supported in Html5 . char Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? HTML colgroup Tag Description The HTML <colgroup> tag is used for specifying properties for a group of columns within a table. If you need to apply different properties to a column within a colgroup, you can use the HTML col tag within the colgroup tag.. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> 191 HTML <head> <title>HTML colgroup Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths:</p> <table border="1"> <colgroup span="3"> <col width="50"></col> <col width="100"></col> <col width="200"></col> </colgroup> <tr> <td>col 1</td> <td>col 2</td> <td>col 3</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths: col 1 col 2 col 3 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <colgroup> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align right left center justify char Defines Html5. horizontal alignment, not supported in 192 HTML character Defines a character to use to align text on (use with align="char"), not supported in Html5. charoff pixel Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute, not supported in Html5. span number Defines the number of columns the <col> should span, not supported in Html5. valign bottom middle top baseline Defines vertical alignment, not supported in Html5. width pixels or % Specifies a default width for each column spanned by the current col element, not supported in Html5 . char Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag Description The HTML <comment> tag allows authors to comment their HTML code. This tag is supported by IE only. It is recommended to use <!--....--> to comment your tags. This tag is compatible to all browsers. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 193 HTML <title>HTML <!--....--> Tag</title> </head> <body> <comment>This is a commented line in IE</comment> <!-- This is a commented line supported by almost every browser. It will not appear in output as its a comment. --> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Browser Support Browser Support for <comment> tag Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Not Supported Not Supported Yes Not Supported Not Supported Not Supported Browser Support for <!--...--> tag Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <datalist> Tag Description The HTML <datalist> tag specifies set of options for <input> element. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Datalist Tag</title> </head> <body> <input list="tutorials" /> 194 HTML <datalist id="tutorials"> <option value="Java"> <option value="ASP"> <option value="PHP"> <option value="Ruby"> <option value="jQuery"> </datalist> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Supported Yes HTML <dd> Tag Description The HTML <dd> tag is used for specifying a definition description in a definition list. A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two entries; a term and a description. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML dd Tag</title> 195 HTML </head> <body> <dl> <dt>Definition List</dt> <dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd> <dt>HTML</dt> <dd>An HTML tutorial.</dd> <dt>PHP</dt> <dd>An PHP tutorial.</dd> </dl> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Definition List A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions. HTML An HTML tutorial. PHP An PHP tutorial. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 196 HTML HTML <del> Tag Description The HTML <del> tag is used for markup of deleted text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML del Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>Following text is deleted using <del>HTML del tag </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <del> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description cite URL Defines a URL to another document which explains why the text was deleted. datetime YYYYMMDD HH:MM:SS Defines the date and time the text was deleted. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support 197 HTML Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <dfn> Tag Description The HTML <dfn> tag specifies a definition term. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML dfn Tag</title> </head> <body> <dl> <dt> <dfn> <abbr title="Java Server Pages">JSP</abbr> </dfn> </dt> <dd>JSP is used to create dynamically generated web pages.</dd> </dl> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: JSP JSP is used to create dynamically generated web pages. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 198 HTML Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <dialog> tag <Start here> Description The HTML <dialog> tag is used for defining a dialog box. <!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>HTML dialog Tag</title> </head> <body> <dialog open>this will be shown in a dialog</dialog> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: this will be shown in a dialog Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <dialog> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description open open opens a dialog box and user can interact with it Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support 199 HTML Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes (Canary) No No No 6.0 No HTML <dir> Tag Description The HTML <dir> tag is used for specifying a directory list. This is very similar to <ul> tag but now this is deprecated. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML dir Tag</title> </head> <body> <dir> <li>dir</li> <li>menu</li> <li>ul</li> </dir> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:    dir menu ul Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <dir> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 200 HTML Attribute Value compact Description Deprecated - Specifies a compact rendering. compact Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML div Tag Description The HTML <div> tag is used for defining a section of your document. With the div tag, you can group large sections of HTML elements together and format them with CSS. The difference between the div tag and the span tag is that the div tag is used with blocklevel elements whilst the span tag is used with inline elements. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML div Tag</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="style2.css"> </head> <body> <div id="contentinfo"> <p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p> </div> </body> </html> Here is the css file style2.css 201 HTML #contentinfo p { line-height: 20px; margin: 30px; padding-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify; width: 140px; color: red; } This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <div> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute autofocus Value Description autofocus Specifies Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes 202 HTML HTML <dl> Tag Description The HTML <dl> tag is used for declaring a definition list. This tag is used within <dd> tag. A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two entries; a term and a description. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML dl Tag</title> </head> <body> <dl> <dt>Definition List</dt> <dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd> <dt>HTML</dt> <dd>An HTML tutorial.</dd> <dt>PHP</dt> <dd>An PHP tutorial.</dd> </dl> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Definition List A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions. HTML An HTML tutorial. PHP An PHP tutorial. 203 HTML Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <dt> Tag Description The HTML <dt> tag is used to define the start of a term in a definition list. A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two entries; a term and a description. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML dt Tag</title> </head> <body> <dl> <dt>Definition List</dt> <dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd> <dt>JAVA</dt> <dd>Tutorial on JAVA Programming Language.</dd> <dt>Android</dt> <dd>Tutorial on Android Operating System.</dd> </dl> 204 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Definition List A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions. JAVA Tutorial on JAVA Programming Language. Android Tutorial on Android Operating System. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <em> Tag Description The HTML <em> tag formats the text in a document. It specifies emphasized text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML em Tag</title> </head> <body> 205 HTML <p>Insert an image in a web page using <em>image</em> tag.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Insert an image in a web page using image tag. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <embed> Tag Description The HTML <embed> tag represents a container for external application or interactive content. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Embed Tag</title> </head> <body> <embed src="/html/yourfile.mdi" width="250" height="100" /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 206 HTML Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <video> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description height pixels Specifies the height. src URL Specifies the address of the source file. type MIME_type Specifies the MIME type. width pixels Specifies the width. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <fieldset> Tag Description 207 HTML The HTML <fieldset> tag is used for grouping related form elements. By using the fieldset tag and the legend tag, you can make your forms much easier to understand for your users. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML fieldset Tag</title> </head> <body> <form> <fieldset> <legend>Details</legend> Student Name: <input type="text"><br /> MCA Subjects:<input type="text"><br /> Course Link:<input type="url" name="websitelink"> </fieldset> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: DetailsStudent Name: MCA Subjects: Course Link: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <fieldset> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute align Value left right Description Deprecated - Specifies the content alignment. 208 HTML center top bottom disabled disabled Specifies that a group of related form elements should be disabled. form form_id Specifies forms which belongs to fieldset. name text Specifies a name for fieldset. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML Figcaption Tag Description The HTML <figcaption> tag specifies a caption for an element. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Figcaption Tag</title> </head> <body> <figure><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/scripts/img/logo.png"/> <figcaption>Tutorials Point Logo</figcaption> </figure> </body> </html> 209 HTML This will produce the following result: Tutorials Point Logo Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML Figure Tag Description The HTML <figure> tag specifies self-contained content. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Figure Tag</title> </head> <body> <h2>Tutorials Point Logo<h2> <figure><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/scripts/img/logo.png"/> </figure> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 210 HTML Tutorials Point Logo Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <font> Tag Description The HTML <font> tag is used to specify the font of the text. It is deprecated in HTML as well as in XHTML. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML font Tag</title> </head> <body> <font face="cursive,serif" color="#ff9900" size="4"> The HTML font tag is now deprecated. You should use start using CSS to set font size and family. </font> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 211 HTML The HTML font tag is now deprecated. You should use start using CSS to set font size and family. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <font> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description color rgb(x,x,x) #hexcode colorname Deprecated - Specifies the color of the text. face List of font names Deprecated - Specifies the font families. size number Deprecated - Specifies the font size from 1 to 7. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML Footer Tag Description The HTML <footer> tag specifies a footer for a document or section. Example 212 HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Footer Tag</title> </head> <body> <header> <h1>Simply Easy Learning</h1> <p>You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning.</p> </header> <footer> © Copyright 2014, All Rights Reserved </footer> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Simply Easy Learning You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning. © Copyright 2014, All Rights Reserved Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <form> Tag Description 213 HTML The HTML <form> tag is used for creating a form for user input. A form can contain textfields, checkboxes, radio-buttons and more. Forms are used to pass user-data to a specified URL. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML form Tag</title> </head> <body> <form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get"> First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" value="" maxlength="100" /> <br /> Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" value="" maxlength="100" /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: First Last name: name: Submit Bottom of Form Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <form> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 214 HTML Attribute Value Description accept MIME_type Specifies a comma-separated list of content types that the server accepts. accept-charset charset list Specifies a list of character encodings that the server accepts. The default value is "unknown". action URL Specifies a URI/URL of the back-end script that will process the form autocomplete on off Specifies whether form should have autocomplete on or off enctype mimetypes The mime type used to encode the content of the form. method get post Specifies the HTTP method to use when the form is submitted. Possible values: get (the form data is appended to the URL when submitted) post (the form data is not appended to the URL) name form name Defines a unique name for the form. novalidate novalidate Specifies that the form should not be validated when submitted. _blank _self _parent _top Target to open the given URL. _blank - the target URL will open in a new window _self - the target URL will open in the same frame as it was clicked _parent - the target URL will open in the parent frameset _top - the target URL will open in the full body of the window target Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android 215 HTML Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <frame> Tag Description The HTML <frame> tag is used to specify each frame within a frameset tag. This tag is not supported in HTML5. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML frame Tag</title> </head> <frameset cols="200, *"> <frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" /> <frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" /> <noframes> <body> Your browser does not support frames. </body> </noframes> </frameset> </html> This will produce the following result, refer the image given below. The left frame is menu.htm and the right one is main.htm: 216 HTML Specific Attributes The HTML <frame> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description 0 or 1 Specifies whether or not to display border around the frame. marginheight pixels Allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10". marginwidth pixels Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's contents and it's left and right margins. name frame name Name of the frame. noresize noresize When set to noresize the user cannot resize the frame. scrolling yes no auto Determines scrollbar action. src URL Location of the frame contents file. frameborder Browsers Supported 217 HTML Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <frameset> Tag Description The HTML <frameset> tag is used to divide the window into frames. This tag is not supported in HTML5. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML frameset Tag</title> </head> <body> <frameset cols="200, *"> <frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" /> <frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" /> <noframes> <body> Your browser does not support frames. </body> </noframes> </frameset> </html> This will produce the following result, refer the image given below. The left frame is menu.htm and the right one is main.htm: 218 HTML Specific Attributes The HTML <frameset> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description cols column size Specifies the number of columns and their width in either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths. Default is 100% rows row size Specifies the number of rows and their height in either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths. Default is 100%. Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag Description The HTML <h1> to <h6> tag is used to define headings in an HTML document. <h1> defines largest heading and <h6> defines smallest heading. 219 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag</title> </head> <body> <h1>Around the World</h1> <h2>Asian Countries</h2> <h3>India</h3> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Around the World Asian Countries India Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <h1> to <h6> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute align Value left right center justify Description Deprecated - Specifies the alignment of the content enclosed. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support 220 HTML Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <head> Tag Description The HTML <head> tag is used for indicating the head section of the HTML document. Tags included inside head tags are not displayed on browser window. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML head Tag</title> </head> <body> actual content goes here </body> </html> This will produce the following result: actual content goes here Specific Attributes The HTML <head> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description profile URL Specifies the URI/URL of one or more meta data profiles. It is not supported in HTML5. Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 221 HTML HTML Header Tag Description The HTML <header> tag specifies a header for a document or section. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Header Tag</title> </head> <body> <header> <h1>Simply Easy Learning</h1> <p>You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning.</p> </header> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Simply Easy Learning You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes 222 HTML HTML <hr> Tag Description The HTML <hr> tag is used for creating a horizontal line. This is also called Horizontal Rule in HTML. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML hr Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>This text will be followed by a horizontal line <hr /></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text will be followed by a horizontal line Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <hr> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align left right center Deprecated-Specifies horizontal rule. noshade noshade Deprecated-Removes the usual shading effect that most browsers display. size pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the height of the horizontal rule. the alignment of the 223 HTML width Deprecated-Specifies the width of the horizontal rule. pixels or % Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <html> Tag Description The HTML <html> tag is the container that contains all other HTML elements except for the !doctype tag which is located before the opening <html> tag. All other HTML elements are nested between the <html> and </html> tags. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML html Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>Actual content goes here... </p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Actual content goes here... Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes 224 HTML The HTML <> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description manifest URL It is for offline browsing i.e. the address of the document's cache manifest. xmlns http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml Deprecated-Specifies namespace attribute. the XML Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <i> Tag Description The HTML <i> tag is used to display the content in italic. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML i Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>We liked the movie <i>3 Idiots</i></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: We liked the movie 3 Idiots 225 HTML Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <iframe> Tag Description The HTML <iframe> tag is used to create an inline frame. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML iframe Tag</title> </head> <body> <iframe src ="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm" width="100%"></iframe> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This word is shifted down, while this one is shifted over. With a negative value, words can be moved up and to the left. The result will only work on Netscape 4. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes 226 HTML The HTML <iframe> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align left right top middle bottom Specifies how to align the iframe according to the surrounding text frameborder 1 0 Specifies whether or not to display border around the frame. height pixels Specifies the height of the inline frame. longdesc URL A URL to a long description of the frame contents. marginheight pixels Allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10". marginwidth pixels Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's contents and it's left and right margins. name text Name of the frame sandbox "" allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation Enables a set of extra restrictions for the content in the iframe. scrolling yes no auto Determines scrollbar action seamless seamless Specifies that the iframe should look like it is a part of the containing document src URL Location of the frame contents file 227 HTML srcdoc HTML_code Specifies the HTML content of the page to show in the iframe width pixels Specifies the width of the inline frame. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <ilayer> Tag Description The HTML <ilayer> tag is used to create a layer that occupies space in the containing text flow. Subsequent content is placed after the space occupied by the <ilayer>. This is in contrast to the <layer> tag, which creates a layer above the containing text flow, allowing subsequent content to be placed under the layer just created. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML ilayer Tag</title> </head> <body> This <ilayer top="4">word</ilayer> is shifted down, while this <ilayer left="10">one</ilayer> is shifted over. With a negative value, words can be moved <ilayer top="-4">up</ilayer> and to the <ilayer left="-10">left</ilayer>. </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 228 HTML This word is shifted down, while this one is shifted over. With a negative value, words can be moved up and to the left. The result will only work on Netscape 4. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <ilayer> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description above layer name The name of the inline layer that will be positioned directly above the current layer in the z-order. background URL A filename or URL for an image upon which the inline layer's text and images will appear. below layer name The name of the inline layer that will be positioned directly below the current layer in the z-order. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname The color to use for the inline layer background. clip number The coordinates of the inline layer's viewable area. height pixels The inline layer's height, in pixels. left number The position of the left side of the inline layer. If the current inline layer is part of another layer.called the parent layer-then the position is relative to the parent layer. name layer name The name of the inline layer. pagex number The position of the left side of the inline layer relative to the browser window. pagey number The position of the top of the inline layer relative to the browser window. 229 HTML src URL The URL of a page that will appear inside the inline layer. top number The position of the top of the inline layer. If the current inline layer is part of another layer--called the parent layer--then the position is relative to the parent layer. visibility show hide inherit Determines whether the inline layer is visible. width pixels The inline layer's width, in pixels. z-index number The inline layer's position within the z-order. Inline layers with higher Z-INDEX values are positioned above inline layers with lower Z-INDEX values. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android No No No No No No HTML <img> Tagx Description The HTML <img> tag is used to put an image in an HTML document. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Tag</title> </head> 230 HTML <body> <img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Tutorial" height="150" width="140" /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <img> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align top bottom middle left right Deprecated-Specifies the alignment for the image. alt text Specifies alternate text border pixels Deprecated - Specifies the width of the image border. crossorigin anonymous use-credentials It allows images from third-party sites that allow cross-origin access to be reused with canvas. height pixels or % Specifies the height of the image. 231 HTML hspace pixels Deprecated - Amount of white space to be inserted to the left and right of the object. ismap URL Defines the image as a server-side image map. longdesc text Deprecated-Specifies a URI/URL of a long description - this can elaborate on a shorter description specified with the alt attribute. src URL the url of an image #mapname Defines the image as a client-side image map and used alongwith <map> and <area> tags. vspace pixels Deprecated - Amount of white space to be inserted to the top and bottom of the object. width pixels or % Sets the width of an image in pixels or in %. usemap Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <input> Tag Description 232 HTML The HTML <input> tag is used within a form to declare an input element - a control that allows the user to input data. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML input Tag</title> </head> <body> <form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get"> First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" value="" maxlength="100" /> <br /> Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" value="" maxlength="100" /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: First name: Last name: Submit Bottom of Form Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <input> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description 233 HTML accept content types Specifies a commaseparated list of content types that the server accepts. align left right top middle bottom Deprecated-Defines the alignment of content alt text This specifies text to be used in case the browser/user agent can't render the input control. autocomplete on off Specifies for enabling or disabling of autocomplete in <input> element autofocus pecifies that <input> element should automatically get focus when the page loads checked If type="radio" or type="checkbox" it will already be selected when the page loads. disabled disabled Disables the input control. The button won't accept changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus and will be skipped when tabbing. form form_id Specifies one or more forms URL Specifies the URL of the file that will process the input control when the form is submitted autofocus checked formaction 234 HTML formenctype application/x-www-form-urlencoded multipart/form-data text/plain Specifies how the form-data should be encoded when submitting it to the serve formmethod post get Defines the HTTP method for sending data to the action URL formnovalidate formnovalidate Defines that form elements should not be validated when submitted formtarget _blank _self _parent _top Specifies the target where the response will be display that is received after submitting the form height pixels Specifies the height list datalist_id Specifies the <datalist> element that contains predefined options for an <input> element max autofocus Specifies the maximum value. maxlength number Defines the maximum number of characters allowed in a text field min number Specifies the minimum value. multiple multiple Specifies that a user can enter multiple values name text Assigns a name to the input control. regexp Specifies a regular expression that an <input> element's value is checked against pattern 235 HTML text Specifies a short hint that describes the expected value. readonly readonly Sets the input control to read-only. It won't allow the user to change the value. The control however, can receive focus and are included when tabbing through the form controls. required required Specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form number Specifies the width of the control. If type="text" or type="password" this refers to the width in characters. Otherwise it's in pixels. src URL Defines the URL of the image to display. Used only for type="image". step number Specifies the legal number intervals for an input field type button checkboxcolor date datetime datetime-local email file hidden image month number password radio range reset search submit tel text Specifies the type of control. placeholder size 236 HTML time url week value text Specifies the intial value for the control.If type="checkbox" or type="radio" this attribute is required. width pixels Specifies the width Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <ins> Tag Description The HTML <ins> tag is used to indicate newly inserted text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML ins Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>Following text is inserted newly <ins>HTML ins tag</ins> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 237 HTML Following text is inserted newly HTML ins tag Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <ins> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description cite URL Defines a URL to another document which explains why the text was deleted. datetime YYYYMMDD HH:MM:SS Defines the date and time the text was deleted. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <isindex> tag Description The HTML <isindex> tag is used for querying a document through a text field. The tag can be used anywhere but head tag is preferable. It is a deprecated tag and should not be used. <!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>HTML isindex Tag</title> <isindex prompt = "Search" /> 238 HTML </head> </html> Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <isindex> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description prompt string Label for the text field action URL used when a query needs to be sent to a different URL Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Yes (partial) Yes (partial) Yes (partial) Yes (partial) Yes (partial) Android No HTML <kbd> Tag Description The HTML <kbd> tag defines keyboard input. It is a phrase tag. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML kbd Tag</title> </head> <body> 239 HTML <p>Open previously closed tab using <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>Shift</kbd>+<kbd>T</kbd> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Open previously closed tab using Ctrl+Shift+T Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML keygen Tag Description The HTML <keygen> tag is used to process Web forms with certificate management systems. The element generates a secure key and submits the public key. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML keygen Tag</title> </head> <body> <form> <keygen name="random_key" challenge="0987654321"> <input name="firstname" value="first name"> </form> </body> 240 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: first name Bottom of Form Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <keygen> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description autofocus autofocus Specifies that when the page loads the <keygen> element automatically gets focus. challenge challenge Specifies the challenge string to be packaged with the public key in the PublicKeyAndChallenge for use in verification of the form submission. If no challenge string is provided, then it is encoded as an IA5STRING of length zero./td> disabled disabled Specifies disabled. form form_id Specifies one or more forms. keytype rsa dsa ec Specifies the secret algorithm which is for the key. name autofocus Specifies a name. that <keygen> element should be Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android 241 HTML Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes HTML <label> Tag Description The HTML <label> tag is used to add a label to a form control like text, textarea etc. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML label Tag</title> </head> <body> <label for="email">EMAIL-ID:<br /> <input type="email" value="" name="emailid" size="30" placeholder="Enter a valid email address"><br /><br /> <label for="phone">PHONE NO:<br /> <input type="text" value="" name="phno" size="30" maxlength="10" placeholder="Enter a valid phone number" pattern="[09]{10}"><br /><br /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: EMAIL-ID: PHONE NO: Bottom of Form Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <label> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 242 HTML Attribute Value Description form form_id It specifies one or more forms the label belongs to for control id Specifies the input control that this label is for. This value must be the same as the value in the input control's "id" attribute. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <layer> Tag Description The HTML <layer> tag is used to position and animate (through scripting) elements in a page. A layer can be thought of as a separate document that resides on top of the main one, all existing within one window. This tag has support in Netscape 4 and higher versions of it. Example This example creates three overlapping layers. The back one is red, the middle one is blue, and the front one is green. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML layer Tag</title> </head> <body> <layer id="layer1" top="250" left="50" width="200" height="200" bgcolor="red"> <p>layer 1</p> </layer> 243 HTML <layer id="layer2" top="350" left="150" width="200" height="200" bgcolor="blue"> <p>layer 2</p> </layer> <layer id="layer3" top="450" left="250" width="200" height="200" bgcolor="green"> <p>layer 3</p> </layer> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, it will work in Netscape 4 and higher versions. layer 1 layer 2 layer 3 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <layer> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description above layer name The name of the inline layer that will be positioned directly above the current layer in the z-order. background URL A filename or URL for an image upon which the inline layer's text and images will appear. below layer name The name of the inline layer that will be positioned directly below the current layer in the z-order. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname The color to use for the inline layer background. clip number The coordinates of the inline layer's viewable area. 244 HTML height pixels The inline layer's height, in pixels. left number The position of the left side of the inline layer. If the current inline layer is part of another layer.called the parent layer-then the position is relative to the parent layer. name layer name The name of the inline layer. pagex number The position of the left side of the inline layer relative to the browser window. pagey number The position of the top of the inline layer relative to the browser window. src URL The URL of a page that will appear inside the inline layer. top number The position of the top of the inline layer. If the current inline layer is part of another layer--called the parent layer--then the position is relative to the parent layer. visibility show hide inherit Determines whether the inline layer is visible. width pixels The inline layer's width, in pixels. z-index number The inline layer's position within the z-order. Inline layers with higher Z-INDEX values are positioned above inline layers with lower Z-INDEX values. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome No Firefox No IE No Opera No Safari No Android No 245 HTML HTML <legend> Tag Description The HTML <legend> tag s used to define a caption for <fieldset> tag. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML legend Tag</title> </head> <body> <form> <fieldset> <legend>Details</legend> Student Name: <input type="text"><br /> MCA Subjects:<input type="text"><br /> Course Link:<input type="url" name="websitelink"> </fieldset> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: DetailsStudent MCA Name: Subjects: Course Link: Bottom of Form Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <legend> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 246 HTML Attribute Value align Description Deprecated- Specifies the content alignment. top bottom left right Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <li>Tag Description The HTML <li> tag is used for specifying a list item in ordered, unordered, directory, and menu lists. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML li Tag</title> </head> <body> <ul> <li>ol - ordered list</li> <li>ul - unordered list</li> <li>dir - directory list</li> <li>menu - menu list</li> </ul> </body> </html> 247 HTML This will produce the following result:     ol - ordered list ul - unordered list dir - directory list menu - menu list Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <li> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description type A a I i 1 disc square circle Deprecated - Specifies the type of the list. value number Specifies the value of a list item. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <link> Tag Description The HTML <link> tag is used for defining a link to an external document. It is placed in the <head> section of the document. Example 248 HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML link Tag</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="stylenew.css"> </head> <body> <div id="contentinfo"> <p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p> </div> </body> </html> Here is the css file stylenew.css #contentinfo p { line-height: 20px; margin: 30px; padding-bottom: 20px; text-align: justify; width: 140px; color: red; } This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes 249 HTML The HTML <link> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description charset charset Defines the character encoding of the linked document. href URL Specifies the URL of the resource document. hreflang language Language code of the destination URL media screen tty tv projection handheld print braille aural all Specifies the device the document will be displayed on rel alternate appendix bookmark chapter contents copyright glossary help home index next prev section start stylesheet subsection Describes the relationship between the current document and the destination URL. rev alternate appendix bookmark chapter contents copyright glossary help home index Describes a reverse between the destination URI and the current document. 250 HTML next prev section start stylesheet subsection sizes HeightxWidth Specifies the size of the linked resource. target blank _self _top _parent Specifies the target frame to load the page into. type mimetype The MIMEtype of content at the link destination Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML Main Tag Description The HTML <main> tag specifies main or important content in the document. It can be used only once per page and can't be used as a descendent of <article>, <aside>, <footer>, <header>, <nav> element. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <main> <h1>Learning</h1> <p>Learn to gain experience and try to share your knowledge with others.</p> <article> 251 HTML <h3>Web Development Tutorials</h3> <p>Consist of CSS, HTML, and PHP tutorials for 2nd Semester exams.</p> </article> <article> <h3>Academic Tutorials</h3> <p>Consist of Computer Fundamental, Computer Network tutorials for 1st Semester exams.</p> </article> </main> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Learning Learn to gain experience and try to share your knowledge with others. Web Development Tutorials Consist of CSS, HTML, and PHP tutorials for 2nd Semester exams. Academic Tutorials Consist of Computer Fundamental, Computer Network tutorials for 1st Semester exams. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE No Opera Yes Safari Yes Android No HTML <map> Tag Description The HTML <map> tag is used for defining an image map along with <img> tag. 252 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML map Tag</title> </head> <body> <img src="/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/> <!-- Create Mappings --> <map name="html"> <area shape="circle" coords="154,150,59" href="about/about_team.htm" alt="Team" target="_self" /> </map> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, find the image map on bottom right: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <map> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 253 HTML Attribute Value name Description unique_name Defines a unique name for the map tag. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML Mark Tag Description The HTML <mark> tag specifies a text highlighted for reference purposes, that is for its relevance in another context. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Mark Tag</title> </head> <body> <h2>Cricketers in India</h2> <p>Sachin Tendulkar is <mark>god</mark> of cricket.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Cricketers in India Sachin Tendulkar is god of cricket. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference 254 HTML Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <marquee> Tag Description The HTML <marquee> tag is used for scrolling piece of text or image displayed either horizontally across or vertically down your web site page depending on the settings. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML marquee Tag</title> </head> <body> <marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee> <marquee direction="up">The direction of text will be from bottom to top.</marquee> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <marquee> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 255 HTML Attribute Value Description behavior scroll slide alternate Defines the type of scrolling. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #xxxxxx colorname Deprecated-Defines the direction of scrolling the content. direction up down left right Defines the direction of scrolling the content. height pixels or % Defines the height of marquee. hspace pixels Specifies horizontal space around the marquee. loop number Specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE, which means that the marquee loops endlessly. scrolldelay seconds Defines how long to delay between each jump. scrollamount number Defines how how far to jump. width pixels or % Defines the width of marquee. vspace pixels Specifies vertical space around the marquee. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? 256 HTML HTML <menu> Tag Description The HTML <menu> tag is used for creating a menu list. This tag has been deprecated in HTML and redefined in HTML5. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML menu Tag</title> </head> <body> <menu> <li>ol - ordered list</li> <li>ul - unordered list</li> <li>dir - directory list</li> <li>menu - menu list</li> </menu> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     ol - ordered list ul - unordered list dir - directory list menu - menu list Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <menu> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute label Value text Description Specifies a visible label. 257 HTML popup toolbar context type Specifies the type of menu to be displayed. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome No Firefox IE Yes No Opera No Safari No Android No HTML <menuitem> tag Description The HTML <menuitem> tag is used for defining a menu item for a menu. <!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>HTML menuitem Tag</title> </head> <body> <div style="border:1px solid #000;padding:20px;" <p>Right click inside contextmenu="clickmenu"> here....</p> <menu type="context" id="clickmenu"> <menuitem label="Tutorialspoint" onclick=""> </menuitem> </menu> </div> </body> </html> 258 HTML This will produce the following result in Firefox browser only: Right-click inside here.... Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <menuitem> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description checked defines that a menuitem should be checked default default a menuitem is marked as a default command disabled disabled disables a menuitem and cannot be clicked icon url defines an icon for a menuitem label text defines a name for a menuitem which is displayed to the user radiogroup groupname defiens a group of commands out of which only one can be selected checked command checkbox type defines type of command for a menuitem default is command command radio Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android No Yes No No No No 259 HTML HTML <meta> tag Function The HTML <meta> tag is used for declaring metadata for the HTML document. Difference between HTML and XHTML In HTML the <meta> tag has no end tag. In XHTML the <meta> tag must be properly closed. Example <html> <head> <title>HTML meta tag</title> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, meta tag, metadata" /> <meta name="description" content="Brief description of the document" /> <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10" /> </head> <body style="background-color:orange"> Document content goes here </body> </html> For more detail on Meta Tag please go through Meta Tag Attributes Attribute Value Description Name author description keywords generator revised others Name for the property. content text Defines meta information to be associated with http-equiv or name. httpequiv contenttype expires Connects the content attribute to an HTTP header. 260 HTML refresh set-cookie scheme text Defines a format to be used to interpret the value of the content attribute. Standard Attributes Attribute Description dir Specifies the direction of the text lang Sets the language code. xml:lang Sets the language code. HTML <meter> Tag Description The HTML <meter> tag specifies a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge). Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML meter Tag</title> </head> <body> <meter value="7" min="0" max="10">2 out of 10</meter><br /> <p>gauge value can be seen here</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: gauge value can be seen here Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference 261 HTML Specific Attributes The HTML <meter> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description form form_id Specifies one or more forms. high number Specifies high value range. low number Specifies low value range. max number Specifies the maximum value of the range min number Specifies the minimum value of the range optimum number Specifies the optimal value. value number Specifies current value of the gauge - Required. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE No Opera Yes Safari Yes Android No HTML <multicol> tag Function The HTML <multicol> tag is used to create multiple columns of text and lets you control the size and number of the columns. The <multicol> tag can contain any other HTML content, much like the <div> tag. All of the content within the <multicol> tag is displayed just like conventional content, except that Netscape 4 places the contents into multiple columns instead of just one. This tag is supported by Netscape 3 and higher versions only. 262 HTML Difference between HTML and XHTML NONE Example Following example will create a three columns layout in Netscape 4. <h1>Breaking News</h1> <multicol cols=3> <p>State media said more than 2,000 soldiers, police and miners closed the breach in the dike in Shandong province early Sunday and installed pipes and five high-speed pumps, but gave no indication if there were any signs of life.<p> <p>The Huayuan Mining Co. mine flooded on Friday afternoon when the Wen river burst a dike, sending water pouring into a shaft and trapping 172 miners, Xinhua and state television said.<p> </multicol> Attributes Attribute Value Description cols specifies the number of text columns for the text display. The browser attempts to flow elements evenly across the columns to number make each column be about the same height. Unless the WIDTH attribute is present, column width is adjusted to fill the available width. gutter number specifies the distance between each column in pixels. width specifies the width of each column in pixels. All columns are the number same width. If this attribute is not present, its value is calculated from the gutter width and the number of columns. Standard Attributes Attribute Description class Document wide identifier dir Specifies the direction of the text id Document wide identifier style Helps to include inline casecadubf style sheet. 263 HTML lang Sets the language code. xml:lang Sets the language code. HTML <nav> Tag Description The HTML <nav> tag specifies a section that contains only navigation links. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Nav Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>Database Tutorials:</p> <nav> <a href="dbms/index.htm">DBMS</a> | <a href="mongodb/index.htm">MongoDB</a> | <a href="mysql/index.htm">MySQL</a> | <a href="plsql/index.htm">PL/SQL</a> | <a href="sql/index.htm">SQL</a> </nav> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Database Tutorials: DBMS | MongoDB | MySQL | PL/SQL | SQL Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 264 HTML Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <nobr> Tag Description The HTML <nobr> tag is used to instruct the browser not to break the specified text (such as the usual line wrap that occurs at the right edge of the browser window). This is used with the <wbr> tag, <wbr> advises the extended browser when it may insert a line break in an otherwise nonbreakable sequence of text. Unlike the <br> tag, which always causes a line break, even within a <nobr>- tagged segment, the <wbr> tag works only when placed inside a <nobr>- tagged content segment and causes a line break only if the current line has already extended beyond the browser's display window margins. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML nobr Tag</title> </head> <body> <nobr> This is a very long sequence of text that is forced to be on a single line, even if doing so causes <wbr /> the browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane and the poor user must scroll right <wbr /> to read the entire line. </nobr> </body> </html> This is a very long sequence of text that is forced to be on a single line, even if doing so causes the browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane and the poor user must scroll right to read the entire line. 265 HTML Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Browser Support This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only. Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android No No No No No No HTML <noembed> Tag Description The HTML <noembed> tag is used to handle browsers which do not support the <embed> tag. The <noembed> tag makes it easy to supply alternative content that tells users what they are missing. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML noembed Tag</title> </head> <body> <embed src="/html/yourfile.swf" width="200" height="200" > <noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed> </embed> </body> </html> The message inside <noembed> tag will appear only when your browser does not support <embed> tag. So based on your browser it will display following result: Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 266 HTML HTML <noframes> Tag Description The HTML <noframes> tag is used to handle the browsers which do not support <frame> tag. This tag is used to display alternate text message. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML noframes Tag</title> </head> <body> <frameset cols="200, *"> <frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" /> <frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" /> <noframes> <body> Your browser does not support frames. </body> </noframes> </frameset> </body> </html> This will produce the following result,refer the image given below. The left frame is menu.htm and the right one is main.htm. If the browser doesn't support frames, it will display the message "Your browser does not support frames." 267 HTML Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <noscript> Tag Description The HTML <noscript> tag is used to handle the browsers which do recognize <script> tag but do not support scripting. This tag is used to display alternate text message. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML noscript Tag</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/JavaScript"> <!-document.write("Hello JavaScript!") --> </script> <noscript> Your browser does not support JavaScript! </noscript> </body> </html> This will produce the following result, browser that doesn't support will show the text under <noscript> tag as output ie. "Your browser does not support JavaScript!". Hello JavaScript! 268 HTML Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <object> Tag Description The HTML <object> tag is used to embed multimedia in an HTML document. The <param> tag is also used along with this tag to define various parameters. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML object Tag</title> </head> <body> <object data="data/test.htm" type="text/html" width="300" height="200"> alt : <a href="data/test.htm">test.htm</a> </object> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: alt : test.htm Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <object> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description 269 HTML align left right top bottom Defines visual alignment of the object archive URL A space separated list of URL's to archives. border pixels Specifies border width around the object classid Class ID Defines a class ID value as set in the Windows Registry or a URL. codebase URL Specifies the path where object code is located. codetype mime type The internet media type of the code referred to by the classid attribute. data URL Specifies the URL for Object data. declare declare Defines that the object should only be declared, not created or instantiated until needed. height pixels Specifies the hight of the object. hspace pixels Specifies the horizontal space around the object. name object name Specifies a unique name for the object standby text Defines a text to display while the object is loading. type mime type Defines the MIME type of data specified in the data attribute. usemap URL Specifies a URL of a client-side image map to be used with the object vspace pixels Specifies the vertical space around the object. width pixels Specifies the width of the object. Event Attributes 270 HTML This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <ol> Tag Description The HTML <ol> tag is used for creating an ordered list. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML ol Tag</title> </head> <body> <ol> <li>ol - ordered list</li> <li>ul - unordered list</li> <li>dir - directory list</li> <li>menu - menu list</li> </ol> </body> </html> This will produce the following result:     ol - ordered list ul - unordered list dir - directory list menu - menu list Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference 271 HTML Specific Attributes The HTML <ol> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description compact autofocus Defines if compact rendering is required. reversed reversed Specifies the order of the list (descending). start number Specifies the initial number to start the list. type A a I i 1 Specifies the style of the list. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <optgroup> Tag Description The HTML <optgroup> tag is used for grouping related options within your select list. This makes it easier for users to comprehend their choices when looking at a large list. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML optgroup Tag</title> </head> <body> 272 HTML <select> <optgroup label="India"> <option value ="mumbai">Mumbai</option> <option value ="delhi">Delhi</option> </optgroup> <optgroup label="USA"> <option value ="florida">Florida</option> <option value ="newyork">New York</option> </optgroup> </select> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <optgroup> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description disabled disabled Disables the input control. The button won't accept changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus and will be skipped when tabbing. label text Defines a label to use when using <optgroup>. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 273 HTML HTML <option> Tag Description The HTML <option> tag is used within a form for defining options in the drop-down list. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML option Tag</title> </head> <body> <form action="/cgi-bin/dropdown.cgi" method="post"> <select name="dropdown"> <option value="Java" selected>Maths</option> <option value="Ruby">Physics</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Java Submit Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <option> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute disabled Value disabled Description Disables the input control. The button won't accept changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus and will be skipped when tabbing. 274 HTML label text Defines a label to use when using <optgroup>. selected selected Defines the default option to be selected when page loads. value text Specifies the value of the option to be sent to the server. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <output> Tag Description The HTML <output> tag specifies the result of a calculation. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Output Tag</title> </head> <body> <form oninput="sumresult.value=parseInt(z1.value)+parseInt(z2.value)+parseInt(z3.valu e)"> <input type="range" name="z1" value="0" /> + <input type="number" name="z2" value="20" /> + <input type="number" name="z3" value="40" /><br /> The output is: <output name="sumresult"></output> 275 HTML </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <output> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description for for List of IDs of other elements, i.e it indicates the elements who have contributed input value to the calculation. form form Enables to place output elements anywhere within a document. name name It is the name of the element. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes No Yes Yes No HTML <p> Tag Description 276 HTML The HTML <p> tag defines a paragraph of text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML p Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>This paragraph is defined using the HTML p tag</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This paragraph is defined using the HTML p tag Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <p> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute align Value Description left right center justify Specifies text alignment within a paragraph. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes 277 HTML HTML <param> Tag Description The HTML <param> tag is used for passing parameters to an embedded object using <object> tag. Example You can specify some parameters related to the document with the tag. Here is an example to embed a wav file: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML param Tag</title> </head> <body> <object title="Test Object." classid="java.class"> <param name="audio" value="music.wav" /> <param name="width" value="600" /> <param name="height" value="400" /> </object> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <param> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute name Value parameter type Description Defines a unique name for the parameter. 278 HTML type MIME type Specifies the internet media type for the parameter. value value Specifies the value of the parameter. valuetype data ref object Specifies the MIME type of the value. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <plaintext> Tag Description The HTML <plaintext> tag is used to render all text in the document exactly as it was typed in, including all tags and even the document tags. This tag ignores all formatting for the rest of the document, displaying all text exactly as is. It cannot be stopped, it cannot be turned off. It is deprecated because it messes up the balance of the document tags. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML plaintext Tag</title> </head> <body> </body> 279 HTML </html> Browser Support This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only. Chrome No Firefox No IE No Opera No Safari No Android No HTML <pre> Tag Description The HTML <pre> tag is used for indicating preformatted text. The code tag surrounds the code being marked up. Browsers normally render pre text in a fixed-pitched font, with whitespace in tact, and without word wrap. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML pre Tag</title> </head> <body> <pre> This text is in a fixed-pitch font, and it preserves both spaces and line breaks </pre> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text is in a fixed-pitch 280 HTML font, and it preserves both spaces and line breaks Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <pre> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value width Description Deprecated: It specifies the desired width of the pre-formatted text. number Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML Progress Tag Description The HTML <progress> tag specifies a completion progress of a task. It is displayed as a progress bar. The value of progressbar can be manipulated by JavaScript. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Progress Tag</title> </head> <body> <h1>Student's Intelligence level</h1> 281 HTML <progress value="20" max="100"/> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Student's Intelligence Level Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <progress> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description max max It should have a value greater than zero and a valid floating point number. value value Specifies how much of the task that has been completed. It should be a floating point number between 0 and max or 0 and 1 if max is omitted. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <q> Tag Description The HTML <q> tag is used for indicating short quotations (i.e. quotations that span multiple lines). 282 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML q Tag</title> </head> <body> Here comes a short quotation: <q> here is a short quotation </q> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Here comes a short quotation: here is a short quotation Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <q> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value cite Description URL URL of the quote, if it is taken from the web. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML Rp Tag Description The HTML <rp> tag specifies to show browsers that do not support the ruby annotations. Ruby Annotations are used in East Asian typography. 283 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Rp Tag</title> </head> <body> <ruby> 漢 <rp>(</rp><rt>Kan</rt><rp>)</rp> 字 <rp>(</rp><rt>ji</rt><rp>)</rp> </ruby> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Kanji 漢字 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Not Supported IE Yes Opera Not Supported Safari Yes Android Yes HTML Rt Tag Description The HTML <rt> tag is used for pronunciation of character in ruby annotations. These are for showing pronunciation of East Asian characters. Example <!DOCTYPE html> 284 HTML <html> <head> <title>HTML Rt Tag</title> </head> <body> <ruby> 漢 <rp>(</rp><rt>Kan</rt><rp>)</rp> 字 <rp>(</rp><rt>ji</rt><rp>)</rp> </ruby> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Kanji 漢字 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Not Supported IE Yes Opera Not Supported Safari Yes Android Yes HTML Ruby Tag Description The HTML <ruby> tag specifies ruby annotations which are for East Asian characters’ pronunciation. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> 285 HTML <head> <title>HTML Ruby Tag</title> </head> <body> <ruby> 明日 <rp>(</rp><rt>This is it</rt><rp>)</rp> </ruby> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is it 明日 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Not Supported IE Yes Opera Not Supported Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <strike> Tag Description The HTML <strike> tag specifies strikethrough text. This tag is deprecated now, <del> should be used instead. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML strike Tag</title> </head> <body> 286 HTML The HTML strike tag renders a <strike>strike</strike> through the middle of the text . </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The HTML strike tag renders a strike through the middle of the text. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference HTML Phrase Elements Function Phrase elements add structural information to text fragments. The usual meanings of phrase elements are following: <abbr> Indicates an abbreviated form like pvt. inc. etc. <acronym> Indicates an acronym (e.g., WAC, radar, etc.). <em> Indicates emphasis. <strong> Indicates stronger emphasis. <cite> Contains a citation or a reference to other sources. <dfn> Indicates that this is the defining instance of the enclosed term. <code> Designates a fragment of computer code. <samp> Designates sample output from programs, scripts, etc. <kbd> Indicates text to be entered by the user. <var> Indicates an instance of a variable or program argument. Difference between HTML and XHTML NONE Example <abbr>pvt. or inc.</abbr><br /> 287 HTML <acronym>HTML</acronym><br /> <cite>Citation</cite><br /> <em>Emphasized text</em><br /> <strong>Strong text</strong><br /> <dfn>Definition term</dfn><br /> <code>Computer code text</code><br /> <samp>Sample computer code text</samp><br /> <kbd>Keyboard text</kbd><br /> <var>Variable</var><br /> This will produce following result: pvt. HTML Citation Emphasized Strong Definition or inc. text text term Computer code Sample computer text code Keyboard text text Variable Online Practice To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice Standard Attributes Attribute Description class Document wide identifier dir Specifies the direction of the text id Document wide identifier title Specifies a title to associate with the element. 288 HTML style Helps to include inline casecadubf style sheet. lang Sets the language code. Event Attributes Attribute Description onclick Script runs when a mouse click ondblclick Script runs when a mouse double-click onmousedown Script runs when mouse button is pressed onmouseup Script runs when mouse button is released onmouseover Script runs when mouse pointer moves over an element onmousemove Script runs when mouse pointer moves onmouseout Script runs when mouse pointer moves out of an element onkeypress Script runs when key is pressed and released onkeydown Script runs when key is pressed onkeyup Script runs when key is released Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <script> Tag Description 289 HTML The HTML <script> tag is used for declaring a script (such as JavaScript) within your HTML document. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML script Tag</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/JavaScript"> document.write("You're visiting tutorialspoint!") </script> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: You're visiting tutorialspoint! For more detail on <script> tag please check HTML Scripts chapter. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <script> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description async sync Specifies that the script is executed asynchronously. charset charset Defines the character encoding that the script uses. 290 HTML defer defer Declares that the script will not generate any content. Therefore, the browser/user agent can continue parsing and rendering the rest of the page. src URL Specifies a URI/URL of an external script. type text/JavaScript application/ecmascript application/JavaScript text/vbscript Specifies the scripting language as a content-type (MIME type). preserve Deprecatedwhitespace in preserved xml:space Whether the code should be Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML Section Tag Description The HTML <section> tag specifies a section in a document. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Section Tag</title> </head> <body> <section> 291 HTML <h1>Java</h1> <h3>Inheritance</h3> <p>Inheritance defines the relationship between superclass and subclass.</p> </section> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Java Inheritance Inheritance defines the relationship between superclass and subclass. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <select> Tag Description The HTML <select> tag is used within a form for defining a select list. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 292 HTML <title>HTML select Tag</title> </head> <body> <form action="/cgi-bin/dropdown.cgi" method="post"> <select name="dropdown"> <option value="Data Structures" selected>Data Structures</option> <option value="Data Mining">Data Mining</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Submit Data Structures Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <select> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description autofocus Specifies that on page load the drop-down list should automatically get focus. disabled disabled Disables the input control. The button won't accept changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus and will be skipped when tabbing. form form_id Specifies one or more forms. multiple multiple When set, it specifies that multiple items can be selected at a time name name Assigns a name to the input control. autofocus 293 HTML required required Before submitting the form the user is required to select a value, else it won't proceed ahead. size number Defines the number of visible items in the dropdown list Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <spacer> Tag Description The HTML <spacer> tag specifies a whitespace. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML spacer Tag</title> </head> <body> Create some space <spacer type="block" width="50" /> here. </body> </html> <spacer> tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only. This will produce the following result: Create some space here. Global Attributes 294 HTML This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <object> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description vertical horizontal block The type attribute is used to specify whether the spacer will be horizontal, vertical, or block. number Specifies the number of pixels tall or wide the spacer will be This attribute is only used if the spacer type is "horizontal" or "vertical." If the spacer type is "block," then the width attribute is used. width number The width attribute is used when the spacer type="block". Between the quotes specify a pixel value for the width of the block. height number The height attribute is used when the spacer type="block". Between the quotes specify a pixel value for the height of the block. align left right center The align tag is used to specify the alignment of the block of white space. Valid alignments are left, right, and center. type size Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only. Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android No No No No No No 295 HTML HTML <small> Tag Description The HTML <small> tag makes the font size one size smaller. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML small Tag</title> </head> <body> <h2>www.tutorialspoint.com</h2> <p><small> Simply Easy Learning</small></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: www.tutorialspoint.com Simply Easy Learning Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <dialog> tag Description 296 HTML The HTML <source> tag is used for defining multimedia resources for <audio> and <video> elements. The browser can make a choice from the source based on media type and codec support. <!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>HTML source Tag</title> </head> <body> <audio controls> <source src = "yourfile.mp3"> <p>The browser doesnot support the file</p> </audio> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <source> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description media media_query defines the type of media resource src URL URL of the media file type media_type media type of media resource Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 297 HTML Browser Support Chrome Yes (4.0) Firefox Yes (3.5) IE Yes (9) Opera Yes (10.5) Safari Yes (4.0) Android No HTML <span> Tag Description The HTML <span> tag is used for grouping and applying styles to inline elements. There is a difference between the span tag and the div tag. The span tag is used with inline elements whilst the div tag is used with block-level content. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML span Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>This is a paragraph <span style="color:#FF0000;"> This is a paragraph</span> This is a paragraph</p> <p><span style="color:#8866ff;"> This is another paragraph</span></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is a paragraph This is a paragraph This is a paragraph This is another paragraph Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes 298 HTML This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <strike> Tag Description The HTML <strike> tag specifies strikethrough text. This tag is deprecated now, <del> should be used instead. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML strike Tag</title> </head> <body> The HTML strike tag renders a <strike>strike</strike> through the middle of the text . </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The HTML strike tag renders a strike through the middle of the text. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support 299 HTML Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <strong> tag Description The HTML <strong> tag is used for emphasizing an important text. <!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>HTML strong Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>This is a <strong>strong</strong> text</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This is a strong text Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <style> tag Function 300 HTML The HTML <style> tag is used for declaring style sheets within the head of your HTML document. Difference between HTML and XHTML: NONE Example <head> <style type="text/css"> h1 { color:#F1F1F1 } </style> </head> For more detail on <style> tag please check HTML Styles chapter. Online Practice To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice Attributes Attribute Value Description type text/css Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME type). media Specifies the device the document will be displayed on. screen tty tv projection handheld print braille aural all Standard Attributes Attribute Description dir Specifies the direction of the text id Document wide identifier lang Sets the language code. 301 HTML xml:space Sets the language code. HTML <sub> Tag Description The HTML <sub> tag is used for defining subscript text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML sub Tag</title> </head> <body> Value of y₁ - y₃ = 17 </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Value of y1 - y3 = 17 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML Summary Tag Description The HTML <summary> tag specifies a summary, caption or legend for a given details. 302 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Summary Tag</title> </head> <body> <details> <summary>Some details</summary> <p>Provide more info about the details here.</p> </details> </section> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Some details Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Not Supported IE Not Supported Opera Safari Not Supported Not Supported Android Yes HTML <sup> Tag Description The HTML <sup> tag is used for defining superscript text. Example 303 HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML sup Tag</title> </head> <body> Value of 5² + 3³ = 52 </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Value of 52 + 33 = 52 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <table> Tag Description The HTML <table> tag is used for defining a table. The table tag contains other tags that define the structure of the table. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 304 HTML <title>HTML table Tag</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Team</th> <th>Ranking</th> </tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>3</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Team Ranking India 1 South Africa 2 Australia 3 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <table> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 305 HTML Attribute Value Description abbr abbreviated_text Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of the content in a cell. align right left center justify char Deprecated-Visual alignment. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #hexcode colorname Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the table. border pixels Deprecated-Specifies the border width. A value of "0" means no border. cellpadding pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the space between the cell borders and their contents. cellspacing pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the space between cells. frame void above below hsides lhs rhs vsides box border Deprecated-Used in conjunction with the border attribute, specifies which side of the frame that makes up the border surrounding the table is displayed. rules none groups rows cols all Deprecated-Used in conjunction with the border attribute, specifies which rules appear between the cells of the table. summary text Deprecated-Specifies the summary of the content. width pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the width of the table. Event Attributes 306 HTML This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <tbody> Tag Description The HTML <tbody> tag is used in adding a body to a table. The tbody tag is used in conjunction with the thead tag and the tfoot tag in determining each part of the table (header, footer, body). Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML tbody Tag</title> </head> <body> <table style="width:100%" border="1"> <thead> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> 307 HTML <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell 4</td> </tr> <tr> ...more rows here containing four cells... </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell 4</td> </tr> <tr> ...more rows here containing four cells... </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: ...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells... This is the head of the table This is the foot of the table Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference 308 HTML Specific Attributes The HTML <tbody> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align right left center justify char Deprecated-Visual alignment. char character Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text on. Used when align="char" charoff pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute. Used when align="char" valign top middle bottom baseline Deprecated-Vertical alignment. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <td> Tag Description The HTML <td> tag is used for specifying a cell or table data within a table. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> 309 HTML <head> <title>HTML td Tag</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Subject</th> <th>Topic</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Java</td> <td>Threading</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C++</td> <td>Virtual Functions</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Linux</td> <td>File Systems</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Subject Topic Java Threading C++ Virtual Functions Linux File Systems Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <td> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 310 HTML Attribute Value Description abbr abbreviated_text Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of the content in a cell. align right left center justify char Deprecated-Visual alignment. axis name Deprecated-Specifies a category for this td. This can potentially be used to perform queries against the table data and can be beneficial in the context of a speech browser. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #hexcode colorname Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the table cell. char character Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text on. Used when align="char" charoff pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute. Used when align="char" colspan number Specifies the number of columns the current cell spans across. header id Specifies a space-separated list of header cells that contain information about this cell. The value needs to correspond with the id of the header cell (which is set using the id attribute). This attribute is useful for non-visual browsers. height pixels Deprecated-Specifies the height of the table cell. nowrap nowrap Deprecated-Prevents wrapping. rowspan numbers Specifies the number of rows the current cell spans across. text from automatically 311 HTML scope col colgroup< row rowgroup Deprecated-This attribute is used on header cells and specifies the cells that will use this header's information. valign top middle bottom baseline Deprecated-Vertical alignment. width pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the width of the table cell Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML textarea Tag Description The HTML <textarea> tag is used within a form to declare a textarea element - a control that allows the user to input text over multiple rows. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML textarea Tag</title> </head> <body> <form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get"> Fill the Detail: <br /> <textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description"> Enter your name 312 HTML </textarea> <input type="submit" value="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Fill the Detail: submit Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <textarea> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description autofocus autofocus Specifies that on page load the text area should automatically get focus. cols number Specifies the width of the textarea based on the number of visible character widths. disabled disabled Specifies the width of the textarea based on the number of visible character widths. form form_id Specifies one or more forms. maxlength number Specifies the maximum number of characters in textarea. name text Assigns a name to the input control. 313 HTML text Specifies a short hint of the value in textarea. readonly readonly Sets the input control to read-only. It won't allow the user to change the value. The control however, can receive focus and are included when tabbing through the form controls. required required Specifies that a textarea is required rows number Specifies the height of the textarea based on the number of visible lines of text. If there's more text than this allows, users can scroll using the textarea's scrollbars. wrap hard soft Specifies the text to be wrapped in textarea. placeholder Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <tfoot> Tag Description The HTML <tfoot> tag is used in adding a footer to a table. The tfoot tag is used in conjunction with the tbody tag and the thead tag in determining each part of the table (header, footer, body). Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML tfoot Tag</title> </head> 314 HTML <body> <table style="width:100%" border="1"> <thead> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell 4</td> </tr> <tr> ...more rows here containing four cells... </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell 4</td> </tr> <tr> ...more rows here containing four cells... </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> 315 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: ...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells... This is the head of the table This is the foot of the table Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <tfoot> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align right left center justify char Deprecated-Visual alignment. char character Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text on. Used when align="char" charoff pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute. Used when align="char" valign top middle bottom baseline Deprecated-Vertical alignment. Event Attributes 316 HTML This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <th> Tag Description The HTML <th> tag is used for specifying a header cell or table header within a table. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML th Tag</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>ID</th> <th>Product Details</th> </tr> <tr> <td>00L1</td> <td>i3, 500gb laptop</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: ID Product Details 317 HTML 00L1 i3, 500gb laptop Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <th> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description abbr abbreviated_text Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of the content in a header cell. align right left center justify char Deprecated-Content alignment in header cell. axis name Deprecated-Specifies a category for this th. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #hexcode colorname Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the header cell. char character Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text on. Used when align="char" charoff pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute. Used when align="char" colspan number Specifies the number of columns the header cell spans across. headers id Specifies one or more header cells a cell is related to. height pixels Deprecated-Specifies the height of the header cell. 318 HTML text from automatically nowrap nowrap Deprecated-Prevents wrapping. rowspan numbers Specifies the number of rows the header cell spans across. scope col colgroup row rowgroup This attribute is used on header cells and specifies the cells that will use this header's information. valign top middle bottom baseline Deprecated-Vertical alignment. width pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies the width of the header cell Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <thead> Tag Description The HTML <thead> tag is used in adding a header to a table. The thead tag is used in conjunction with the tbody tag and the tfoot tag in determining each part of the table (header, footer, body). Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML thead Tag</title> </head> 319 HTML <body> <table style="width:100%" border="1"> <thead> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell 4</td> </tr> <tr> ...more rows here containing four cells... </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell 4</td> </tr> <tr> ...more rows here containing four cells... </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> 320 HTML </html> This will produce the following result: ...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells... This is the head of the table This is the foot of the table Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <thead> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align right left center justify char Deprecated-Visual alignment. char character Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text on. Used when align="char" charoff pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute. Used when align="char" valign top middle bottom baseline Deprecated-Vertical alignment. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 321 HTML Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <time> tag Description The HTML <time> tag is used for displaying the human readable date and time. <!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>HTML time Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>The time is <time>12:51 pm</time></p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: <p& style="box-sizing: border-box;">The time is 12:51 pm </p&> Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <time> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute datetime Value datetime Description it is machine readable date time Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference 322 HTML Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes (6.0) Yes (4.0) Yes (9.0) Yes (11.1) Yes (5.0) No HTML <title> Tag Description The HTML <title> tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. The body title is placed between the and the tags. HTML document title is visible via browser’s title bar. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Title comes here</title> </head> <body> <p>title tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. HTML document title is visible via browser’s title bar.</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: title tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. HTML document title is visible via browser’s title bar. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 323 HTML HTML <tr> Tag Description The HTML <tr> tag is used for specifying a table row within a table. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML tr Tag</title> </head> <body> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Cricketers</th> <th>Ranking</th> </tr> <tr> <td>M.S Dhoni</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yuvraj Singh</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Virat Kohli</td> <td>3</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Cricketers Ranking M.S Dhoni 1 324 HTML Yuvraj Singh 2 Virat Kohli 3 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <tr> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description align right left center justify char Deprecated-Visual alignment. bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) #hexcode colorname Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the table cell. char character Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text on. Used when align="char". charoff pixels or % Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or percentage value) against the first character as specified with the char attribute. Used when align="char". valign top middle bottom baseline Deprecated-Vertical alignment. Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android 325 HTML Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <track> tag Description The HTML <track> tag is used for defining captions, subtitles, and other content for <audio> and <video> tags <!Doctype html> <html> <head> <title>HTML source Tag</title> </head> <body> <audio controls> <source src = "yourfile.mp3"> <track src = "subtitles.vtt" kind="subtitles" srclang="en" label="English"> <p>:The browser doesnot support the file</p> </audio> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <track> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute default Value default Description uses the default track captions kind chapters kind of track to be used descriptions 326 HTML metadata subtitles label text displays title of text track src URL URL of track file srclang class="inline" language_code specifies language of the text Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <tt> Tag Description The HTML <tt> tag specifies teletype text. This is not supported in HTML5. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML tt Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>tutorialspoint</p> <tt>learning website</tt> </body> </html> 327 HTML This will produce the following result: tutorialspoint learning website Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <u> Tag Description The HTML <u> tag is used to underline a text. This tag is deprecated now and should not be used. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML u Tag</title> </head> <body> <u>tutorialspoint.com</u> was started by <b>Mr. Mohammad Mohtashim,</b> in the year 2006. </body> </html> This will produce the following result: 328 HTML tutorialspoint.com was started by Mr. Mohammad Mohtashim, in the year 2006. Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <ul> Tag Description The HTML <ul> tag is used for creating an unordered list. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML ul Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>Sports Club Games</p> <ul> <li>Cricket</li> <li>Football</li> <li>Hockey</li> <li>Badminton</li> 329 HTML <li>Squash</li> </ul> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Sports Club Games      Cricket Football Hockey Badminton Squash Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <ul> tag also supports the following additional attributes: Attribute Value Description type disc circle square Deprecated-Specifies the style of the bullet. compact compact Deprecated-Defines required. if compact rendering is Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes 330 HTML HTML <var> Tag Description The HTML <var> tag is used to format text in a document. It can include a variable in a mathematical expression. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML var Tag</title> </head> <body> <p> The equations: <var>3x</var> - <var>7z</var> = <var>8y</var> + 2 <var>x</var> + <var>3z</var> = <var>4y</var> + 9 </p> and </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The equations: 3x - 7z = 8y + 2 and x + 3z = 4y + 9 Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Android Yes HTML <video> Tag Description The HTML <video> tag is used to embed video into your web page, it has several video sources. 331 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML video Tag</title> </head> <body> <p>Run your first program using an Online Compiler (compileonline.com)</p><br /> <video width="500" height="300" controls> <source src="/html/compileonline.mp4" type="video/mp4"> This browser doesn't support video tag. </video> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Specific Attributes The HTML <video> tag also supports the following additional attributes: 332 HTML Attribute Value Description autoplay autoplay Specifies that the video will play automatically. controls controls Specifies that the video controls gets displayed. height pixels Specifies the height loop loop Specifies that the video will start again every time after finish muted muted Specifies that the audio should be muted poster URL Specifies the image to be shown while the video is downloading. preload auto metadata none Specifies what author thinks will lead to user experience at its best. src URL Specifies the URL width pixels Specifies the width Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Yes Firefox Yes IE Yes Opera Yes Safari Yes Mobile Yes HTML <wbr> Tag Description The HTML <wbr> tag defines a potential line break point if needed. This stands for Word Break Opportunity. 333 HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML wbr Tag</title> </head> <body> <wbr /> the browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane and the poor user must scroll right <wbr /> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: The browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane and the poor user must scroll right Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Event Attributes This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HTML <xmp> Tag Description The HTML <xmp> tag specifies preformatted text. Example <!DOCTYPE html> 334 HTML <html> <head> <title>HTML xmp Tag</title> </head> <body> HTML tags include <b> for bold text, <i> for italic text. </body> </html> This will produce the following result: HTML tags include <b> for bold text</b>, <i> for italic text.</i> Global Attributes This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference Browser Support Chrome Firefox IE Opera Safari Android Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 335 29. HTML – ATTRIBUTE REFERENCE HTML There are few HTML attributes which are standard and associated to all the HTML tags. These attributes are listed here with a brief description. Global Attributes Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Attribute HTML-5 Description accesskey Specifies a shortcut key for an element to be used in place of keyboard. class The class of the element contenteditable Yes Boolean attribute to specify whether the element is editable or not. contextmenu Yes Specifies a context menu for an element. data-* Yes Used to store custom data associated with the element. draggable Yes Boolean attribute to specify whether the element can be dragged or not. dropzone Yes Specifies whether the dragged data is copied, moved, or linked, when dropped. hidden Yes Specifies whether element should be visible or not. id spellcheck A unique id for the element Yes Specifies if the element must have it's spelling or grammar checked. style An inline style definition tabindex Specifies the tab order of an element. 336 HTML title translate A text to display in a tool tip Yes Boolean attribute specifies whether the content of an element should be translated or not Language Attributes The lang attribute indicates the language being used for the enclosed content. The language is identified using the ISO standard language abbreviations, such as fr for French,en for English, and so on. RFC 1766 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt) describes these codes and their formats. Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements. Attribute Value Description dir ltr | rtl Sets the text direction lang language_code Sets the language code 337 30. HTML EVENTS REFERENCE HTML When users visit your website, they do things like click various links, bring mouse over text and images etc. These are examples of what we call events in JavaScript and VBScript terminologies. We can write our event handlers using JavaScript or VBScript and can specify some actions to be taken against these events. Though these are the events but they will be specified as attributes for the HTML tags. The HTML 4.01 specification had defined 19 events but later HTML-5 has added many other events which we have listed down here: Window Events Attributes Following events have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are part of HTML-5. Events HTML-5 Description onafterprint Triggers after a document is printed onbeforeprint Triggers before a document is printed onbeforeonload Triggers before a document loads onerror Triggers when an error occurs onhaschange Triggers when a document has changed onload Triggers when a document loads onmessage Triggers when a message is triggered onoffline Triggers when a document goes offline ononline Triggers when a document comes online onpagehide Triggers when a window is hidden 338 HTML onpageshow Triggers when a window becomes visible onpopstate Triggers when a window's history changes onredo Triggers when a document performs a redo onresize Triggers when a window is resized onstorage Triggers when a document loads onundo Triggers when a document performs an undo onunload Triggers when a user leaves the document Form Events Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are part of HTML-5. Events HTML-5 Description onblur Triggers when a window loses focus onchange Triggers when an element changes oncontextmenu Triggers when a context menu is triggered onfocus Triggers when a window gets focus onformchange Triggers when a form changes onforminput Triggers when a form gets user input oninput Triggers when an element gets user input oninvalid Triggers when an element is invalid onreset Triggers when a form is reset 339 HTML onselect Triggers when an element is selected onsubmit Triggers when a form is submitted Keyboard Events Events HTML-5 Description onkeydown Triggers when a key is pressed onkeypress Triggers when a key is pressed and released onkeyup Triggers when a key is released Mouse Events Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are part of HTML-5. Events HTML-5 Description onclick Triggers on a mouse click ondblclick Triggers on a mouse double-click ondrag Triggers when an element is dragged ondragend Triggers at the end of a drag operation ondragenter Triggers when an element has been dragged to a valid drop target ondragleave Triggers when an element leaves a valid drop target ondragover Triggers when an element is being dragged over a valid drop target 340 HTML ondragstart Triggers at the start of a drag operation ondrop Triggers when a dragged element is being dropped onmousedown Triggers when a mouse button is pressed onmousemove Triggers when the mouse pointer moves onmouseout Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of an element onmouseover Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over an element onmouseup Triggers when a mouse button is released onmousewheel Triggers when the mouse wheel is being rotated onscroll Triggers when an element's scrollbar is being scrolled Media Events Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are part of HTML-5. Events HTML-5 Description onabort Triggers on an abort event oncanplay Triggers when a media can start play, but might has to stop for buffering oncanplaythrough Triggers when a media can be played to the end, without stopping for buffering ondurationchange Triggers when the length of a media is changed onemptied Triggers when a media resource element suddenly becomes empty. onended Triggers when a media has reached the end 341 HTML onerror Triggers when an error occurs onloadeddata Triggers when media data is loaded onloadedmetadata Triggers when the duration and other media data of a media element is loaded onloadstart Triggers when the browser starts loading the media data onpause Triggers when media data is paused onplay Triggers when media data is going to start playing onplaying Triggers when media data has started playing onprogress Triggers when the browser is fetching the media data onratechange Triggers when the playing rate of media data has changed onreadystatechange Triggers when the ready-state changes onseeked Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media element is no longer true, and the seeking has ended onseeking Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media element is true, and the seeking has begun onstalled Triggers when there is an error in fetching media data onsuspend Triggers when the browser has been fetching media data, but stopped before the entire media file was fetched ontimeupdate Triggers when media changes its playing position onvolumechange Triggers when a media changes the volume, also when volume is set to "mute" 342 HTML onwaiting Triggers when media has stopped playing, but is expected to resume 343 31. HTML – FONTS REFERENCE HTML Fonts are specific to platform. You will have different look and feel of a web page on different machines running different operating systems like Windows, Linux or Mac iOS. Here we are giving a list of fonts which are available in various operating systems. HTML <font> tag is deprecated in version 4.0 onwards and now all fonts are set by using CSS. Here is the simple syntax of setting font of a body of web page. body { font-family: "new century schoolbook"; } or <body style="font-family:new century schoolbook;"> Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Font Setting Using CSS</title> </head> <body> <p>Change any of the style and try it.</p> <div style="font-family:verdana;">This is demo for font family</div> <br /> <div style="font-size:120%;">This is demo for font size</div> <br /> <div style="font-size:14pt;">This is demo for font size</div> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Change any of the style and try it. This is demo for font family 344 HTML This is demo for font size This is demo for font size Fonts for Microsoft Systems Font Font Font Andale Mono Arial Arial Bold Arial Italic Arial Bold Italic Arial Black Comic Sans MS Comic Sans MS Bold Courier New Courier New Bold Courier New Italic Courier New Bold Italic Georgia Georgia Bold Georgia Italic Georgia Bold Italic Impact Lucida Console Lucida Sans Unicode Marlett Minion Web Symbol Times New Roman Times New Roman Bold Times New Roman Italic Times Italic Trebuchet MS Trebuchet MS Bold Trebuchet MS Italic Trebuchet MS Bold Italic Verdana Verdana Bold Verdana Italic Verdana Bold Italic Webdings New Roman Bold Tahoma You can check example fonts here: Microsoft Fonts Examples. You can also have more information on Microsoft Fonts at http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts. 345 HTML Fonts for Macintosh Systems Following is the list of fonts supported by Macintosh System 7 and higher versions Font Font Font American Typewriter Andale Mono Apple Chancery Arial Arial Black Brush Script Baskerville Big Caslon Comic Sans MS Copperplate Courier New Gill Sans Futura Herculanum Impact Lucida Grande Marker Felt Optima Trebuchet MS Verdana Webdings Palatino Symbol Times Osaka Papyrus Times New Roman Textile Zapf Dingbats Zapfino Techno Hoefler Text Skia Hoefler Text Ornaments Capitals Charcoal Gadget Sand You can check example fonts here: Mac Fonts Examples 346 HTML Fonts for Unix Systems Following is the list of fonts supported by most Unix System variants Font Font Font Charter Clean Courier Fixed Helvetica Lucida Lucida bright Lucida Typewriter New Century Schoolbook Symbol Terminal Times Utopia You can check example fonts here: Unix Fonts Examples HTML ASCII Codes There are 27 = 128 printable characters which can be represented by different 7-BIT ASCII codes. Another set of characters are not for HTML representation but they are devised to control hardware. Following tables list down all the 7-BIT ASCII codes and their equivalent HTML Entity Codes. If you want to see equivalent HEX, OCT and extended set of ASCII codes then check next chapter. 7-BIT Printable ASCII Characters ASCII Characters Description HTML Entity Codes space &#32; ! exclamation mark &#33; " quotation mark &#34; # number sign &#35; $ dollar sign &#36; % percent sign &#37; & ampersand &#38; 347 HTML ' apostrophe &#39; ( left parenthesis &#40; ) right parenthesis &#41; * asterisk &#42; + plus sign &#43; , comma &#44; - hyphen &#45; . period &#46; / slash &#47; 0 digit 0 &#48; 1 digit 1 &#49; 2 digit 2 &#50; 3 digit 3 &#51; 4 digit 4 &#52; 5 digit 5 &#53; 6 digit 6 &#54; 7 digit 7 &#55; 8 digit 8 &#56; 9 digit 9 &#57; : colon &#58; ; semicolon &#59; < less-than &#60; = equals-to &#61; 348 HTML > greater-than &#62; ? question mark &#63; @ at sign &#64; A uppercase A &#65; B uppercase B &#66; C uppercase C &#67; D uppercase D &#68; E uppercase E &#69; F uppercase F &#70; G uppercase G &#71; H uppercase H &#72; I uppercase I &#73; J uppercase J &#74; K uppercase K &#75; L uppercase L &#76; M uppercase M &#77; N uppercase N &#78; O uppercase O &#79; P uppercase P &#80; Q uppercase Q &#81; R uppercase R &#82; S uppercase S &#83; T uppercase T &#84; 349 HTML U uppercase U &#85; V uppercase V &#86; W uppercase W &#87; X uppercase X &#88; Y uppercase Y &#89; Z uppercase Z &#90; [ left square bracket &#91; \ backslash &#92; ] right square bracket &#93; ^ caret &#94; _ underscore &#95; ` grave accent &#96; a lowercase a &#97; b lowercase b &#98; c lowercase c &#99; d lowercase d &#100; e lowercase e &#101; f lowercase f &#102; g lowercase g &#103; h lowercase h &#104; i lowercase i &#105; j lowercase j &#106; k lowercase k &#107; 350 HTML l lowercase l &#108; m lowercase m &#109; n lowercase n &#110; o lowercase o &#111; p lowercase p &#112; q lowercase q &#113; r lowercase r &#114; s lowercase s &#115; t lowercase t &#116; u lowercase u &#117; v lowercase v &#118; w lowercase w &#119; x lowercase x &#120; y lowercase y &#121; z lowercase z &#122; { left curly brace &#123; | vertical bar &#124; } right curly brace &#125; ~ tilde &#126; 7-BIT ASCII Device Control Characters ASCII Characters Description HTML Entity Codes NUL null character &#00; 351 HTML SOH start of header &#01; STX start of text &#02; ETX end of text &#03; EOT end of transmission &#04; ENQ enquiry &#05; ACK acknowledge &#06; BEL bell (ring) &#07; BS backspace &#08; HT horizontal tab &#09; LF line feed &#10; VT vertical tab &#11; FF form feed &#12; CR carriage return &#13; SO shift out &#14; SI shift in &#15; DLE data link escape &#16; DC1 device control 1 &#17; DC2 device control 2 &#18; 352 HTML DC3 device control 3 &#19; DC4 device control 4 &#20; NAK negative acknowledge &#21; SYN synchronize &#22; ETB end transmission block &#23; CAN cancel &#24; EM end of medium &#25; SUB substitute &#26; ESC escape &#27; FS file separator &#28; GS group separator &#29; RS record separator &#30; US unit separator &#31; DEL delete (rubout) &#127; 353 32. ASCII TABLE LOOKUP HTML ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. There are 128 standard ASCII codes, each of which can be represented by a 7-digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111. Extended ASCII adds an additional 128 characters that vary between computers, programs and fonts. 7 Bit ASCII Codes DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Code Description 0 000 00 00000000 NUL &#000; Null char 1 001 01 00000001 SOH &#001; Start of Heading 2 002 02 00000010 STX &#002; Start of Text 3 003 03 00000011 ETX &#003; End of Text 4 004 04 00000100 EOT &#004; End of Transmission 5 005 05 00000101 ENQ &#005; Enquiry 6 006 06 00000110 ACK &#006; Acknowledgment 7 007 07 00000111 BEL &#007; Bell 8 010 08 00001000 BS &#008; Back Space 9 011 09 00001001 HT &#009; Horizontal Tab 10 012 0A 00001010 LF &#010; Line Feed 11 013 0B 00001011 VT &#011; Vertical Tab 12 014 0C 00001100 FF &#012; Form Feed 13 015 0D 00001101 CR &#013; Carriage Return 14 016 0E 00001110 SO &#014; Shift Out / X-On 15 017 0F 00001111 SI &#015; Shift In / X-Off 354 HTML 16 020 10 00010000 DLE &#016; Data Line Escape 17 021 11 00010001 DC1 &#017; Device Control 1 (oft. XON) 18 022 12 00010010 DC2 &#018; Device Control 2 19 023 13 00010011 DC3 &#019; Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF) 20 024 14 00010100 DC4 &#020; Device Control 4 21 025 15 00010101 NAK &#021; Negative Acknowledgement 22 026 16 00010110 SYN &#022; Synchronous Idle 23 027 17 00010111 ETB &#023; End of Transmit Block 24 030 18 00011000 CAN &#024; Cancel 25 031 19 00011001 EM &#025; End of Medium 26 032 1A 00011010 SUB &#026; Substitute 27 033 1B 00011011 ESC &#027; Escape 28 034 1C 00011100 FS &#028; File Separator 29 035 1D 00011101 GS &#029; Group Separator 30 036 1E 00011110 RS &#030; Record Separator 31 037 1F 00011111 US &#031; Unit Separator 32 040 20 00100000 &#32; Space 33 041 21 00100001 ! &#33; Exclamation mark 34 042 22 00100010 " &#34; Double quotes 35 043 23 00100011 # &#35; Number 36 044 24 00100100 $ &#36; Dollar 37 045 25 00100101 % &#37; Procenttecken 38 046 26 00100110 & &#38; Ampersand 355 HTML 39 047 27 00100111 ' &#39; Single quote 40 050 28 00101000 ( &#40; Open parenthesis 41 051 29 00101001 ) &#41; Close parenthesis 42 052 2A 00101010 * &#42; Asterisk 43 053 2B 00101011 + &#43; Plus 44 054 2C 00101100 , &#44; Comma 45 055 2D 00101101 - &#45; Hyphen 46 056 2E 00101110 . &#46; Period, dot or full stop 47 057 2F 00101111 / &#47; Slash or divide 48 060 30 00110000 0 &#48; Zero 49 061 31 00110001 1 &#49; One 50 062 32 00110010 2 &#50; Two 51 063 33 00110011 3 &#51; Three 52 064 34 00110100 4 &#52; Four 53 065 35 00110101 5 &#53; Five 54 066 36 00110110 6 &#54; Six 55 067 37 00110111 7 &#55; Seven 56 070 38 00111000 8 &#56; Eight 57 071 39 00111001 9 &#57; Nine 58 072 3A 00111010 : &#58; Colon 59 073 3B 00111011 ; &#59; Semicolon 60 074 3C 00111100 < &#60; Less than 61 075 3D 00111101 = &#61; Equals 356 HTML 62 076 3E 00111110 > &#62; Greater than 63 077 3F 00111111 ? &#63; Question mark 64 100 40 01000000 @ &#64; At symbol 65 101 41 01000001 A &#65; Uppercase A 66 102 42 01000010 B &#66; Uppercase B 67 103 43 01000011 C &#67; Uppercase C 68 104 44 01000100 D &#68; Uppercase D 69 105 45 01000101 E &#69; Uppercase E 70 106 46 01000110 F &#70; Uppercase F 71 107 47 01000111 G &#71; Uppercase G 72 110 48 01001000 H &#72; Uppercase H 73 111 49 01001001 I &#73; Uppercase I 74 112 4A 01001010 J &#74; Uppercase J 75 113 4B 01001011 K &#75; Uppercase K 76 114 4C 01001100 L &#76; Uppercase L 77 115 4D 01001101 M &#77; Uppercase M 78 116 4E 01001110 N &#78; Uppercase N 79 117 4F 01001111 O &#79; Uppercase O 80 120 50 01010000 P &#80; Uppercase P 81 121 51 01010001 Q &#81; Uppercase Q 82 122 52 01010010 R &#82; Uppercase R 83 123 53 01010011 S &#83; Uppercase S 84 124 54 01010100 T &#84; Uppercase T 357 HTML 85 125 55 01010101 U &#85; Uppercase U 86 126 56 01010110 V &#86; Uppercase V 87 127 57 01010111 W &#87; Uppercase W 88 130 58 01011000 X &#88; Uppercase X 89 131 59 01011001 Y &#89; Uppercase Y 90 132 5A 01011010 Z &#90; Uppercase Z 91 133 5B 01011011 [ &#91; Opening bracket 92 134 5C 01011100 \ &#92; Backslash 93 135 5D 01011101 ] &#93; Closing bracket 94 136 5E 01011110 ^ &#94; Caret - circumflex 95 137 5F 01011111 _ &#95; Underscore 96 140 60 01100000 ` &#96; Grave accent 97 141 61 01100001 a &#97; Lowercase a 98 142 62 01100010 b &#98; Lowercase b 99 143 63 01100011 c &#99; Lowercase c 100 144 64 01100100 d &#100; Lowercase d 101 145 65 01100101 e &#101; Lowercase e 102 146 66 01100110 f &#102; Lowercase f 103 147 67 01100111 g &#103; Lowercase g 104 150 68 01101000 h &#104; Lowercase h 105 151 69 01101001 i &#105; Lowercase i 106 152 6A 01101010 j &#106; Lowercase j 107 153 6B 01101011 k &#107; Lowercase k 358 HTML 108 154 6C 01101100 l &#108; Lowercase l 109 155 6D 01101101 m &#109; Lowercase m 110 156 6E 01101110 n &#110; Lowercase n 111 157 6F 01101111 o &#111; Lowercase o 112 160 70 01110000 p &#112; Lowercase p 113 161 71 01110001 q &#113; Lowercase q 114 162 72 01110010 r &#114; Lowercase r 115 163 73 01110011 s &#115; Lowercase s 116 164 74 01110100 t &#116; Lowercase t 117 165 75 01110101 u &#117; Lowercase u 118 166 76 01110110 v &#118; Lowercase v 119 167 77 01110111 w &#119; Lowercase w 120 170 78 01111000 x &#120; Lowercase x 121 171 79 01111001 y &#121; Lowercase y 122 172 7A 01111010 z &#122; Lowercase z 123 173 7B 01111011 { &#123; Opening brace 124 174 7C 01111100 | &#124; Vertical bar 125 175 7D 01111101 } &#125; Closing brace 126 176 7E 01111110 ~ &#126; Equivalency sign (tilde) 127 177 7F 01111111 &#127; Delete Extended ASCII Codes Below is set of additional 128 Extended ASCII Codes according to ISO 8859-1, also called ISO Latin-1. 359 HTML DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTMLCode 128 200 80 10000000 € 129 201 81 10000001 130 202 82 131 203 132 Description &#128; Euro sign 10000010 ‚ &#130; Single low-9 quotation mark 83 10000011 ƒ &#131; Latin small letter f with hook 204 84 10000100 „ &#132; Double low-9 quotation mark 133 205 85 10000101 … &#133; Horizontal ellipsis 134 206 86 10000110 † &#134; Dagger 135 207 87 10000111 ‡ &#135; Double dagger 136 210 88 10001000 ˆ &#136; Modifier letter circumflex accent 137 211 89 10001001 ‰ &#137; Per mille sign 138 212 8A 10001010 Š &#138; Latin capital letter S with caron 139 213 8B 10001011 ‹ &#139; Single left-pointing angle quotation 140 214 8C 10001100 Œ &#140; Latin capital ligature OE 141 215 8D 10001101 142 216 8E 10001110 Ž &#142; Latin capital letter Z with caron 143 217 8F 10001111 144 220 90 10010000 145 221 91 10010001 ‘ &#145; Left single quotation mark 146 222 92 10010010 ’ &#146; Right single quotation mark 147 223 93 10010011 “ &#147; Left double quotation mark 148 224 94 10010100 ” &#148; Right double quotation mark 149 225 95 10010101 • &#149; Bullet 360 HTML 150 226 96 10010110 – &#150; En dash 151 227 97 10010111 — &#151; Em dash 152 230 98 10011000 ˜ &#152; Small tilde 153 231 99 10011001 ™ &#153; Trade mark sign 154 232 9A 10011010 š &#154; Latin small letter S with caron 155 233 9B 10011011 › &#155; Single right-pointing quotation mark 156 234 9C 10011100 œ &#156; Latin small ligature oe 157 235 9D 10011101 158 236 9E 10011110 ž &#158; Latin small letter z with caron 159 237 9F 10011111 Ÿ &#159; Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis 160 240 A0 10100000 &#160; Non-breaking space 161 241 A1 10100001 ¡ &#161; Inverted exclamation mark 162 242 A2 10100010 ¢ &#162; Cent sign 163 243 A3 10100011 £ &#163; Pound sign 164 244 A4 10100100 ¤ &#164; Currency sign 165 245 A5 10100101 ¥ &#165; Yen sign 166 246 A6 10100110 ¦ &#166; Pipe, Broken vertical bar 167 247 A7 10100111 § &#167; Section sign 168 250 A8 10101000 ¨ &#168; Spacing diaeresis - umlaut 169 251 A9 10101001 © &#169; Copyright sign 170 252 AA 10101010 ª &#170; Feminine ordinal indicator 171 253 AB 10101011 « &#171; Left double angle quotes 172 254 AC 10101100 ¬ &#172; Not sign angle 361 HTML 173 255 AD 10101101 &#173; Soft hyphen 174 256 AE 10101110 ® &#174; Registered trade mark sign 175 257 AF 10101111 ¯ &#175; Spacing macron - overline 176 260 B0 10110000 ° &#176; Degree sign 177 261 B1 10110001 ± &#177; Plus-or-minus sign 178 262 B2 10110010 ² &#178; Superscript two - squared 179 263 B3 10110011 ³ &#179; Superscript three - cubed 180 264 B4 10110100 ´ &#180; Acute accent - spacing acute 181 265 B5 10110101 µ &#181; Micro sign 182 266 B6 10110110 ¶ &#182; Pilcrow sign - paragraph sign 183 267 B7 10110111 · &#183; Middle dot - Georgian comma 184 270 B8 10111000 ¸ &#184; Spacing cedilla 185 271 B9 10111001 ¹ &#185; Superscript one 186 272 BA 10111010 º &#186; Masculine ordinal indicator 187 273 BB 10111011 » &#187; Right double angle quotes 188 274 BC 10111100 ¼ &#188; Fraction one quarter 189 275 BD 10111101 ½ &#189; Fraction one half 190 276 BE 10111110 ¾ &#190; Fraction three quarters 191 277 BF 10111111 ¿ &#191; Inverted question mark 192 300 C0 11000000 À &#192; Latin capital letter A with grave 193 301 C1 11000001 Á &#193; Latin capital letter A with acute 194 302 C2 11000010  &#194; Latin capital letter A with circumflex 195 303 C3 11000011 à &#195; Latin capital letter A with tilde 362 HTML 196 304 C4 11000100 Ä &#196; Latin capital letter A with diaeresis 197 305 C5 11000101 Å &#197; Latin capital letter A with ring above 198 306 C6 11000110 Æ &#198; Latin capital letter AE 199 307 C7 11000111 Ç &#199; Latin capital letter C with cedilla 200 310 C8 11001000 È &#200; Latin capital letter E with grave 201 311 C9 11001001 É &#201; Latin capital letter E with acute 202 312 CA 11001010 Ê &#202; Latin capital letter E with circumflex 203 313 CB 11001011 Ë &#203; Latin capital letter E with diaeresis 204 314 CC 11001100 Ì &#204; Latin capital letter I with grave 205 315 CD 11001101 Í &#205; Latin capital letter I with acute 206 316 CE 11001110 Î &#206; Latin capital letter I with circumflex 207 317 CF 11001111 Ï &#207; Latin capital letter I with diaeresis 208 320 D0 11010000 Ð &#208; Latin capital letter ETH 209 321 D1 11010001 Ñ &#209; Latin capital letter N with tilde 210 322 D2 11010010 Ò &#210; Latin capital letter O with grave 211 323 D3 11010011 Ó &#211; Latin capital letter O with acute 212 324 D4 11010100 Ô &#212; Latin capital letter O with circumflex 213 325 D5 11010101 Õ &#213; Latin capital letter O with tilde 214 326 D6 11010110 Ö &#214; Latin capital letter O with diaeresis 215 327 D7 11010111 × &#215; Multiplication sign 216 330 D8 11011000 Ø &#216; Latin capital letter O with slash 217 331 D9 11011001 Ù &#217; Latin capital letter U with grave 218 332 DA 11011010 Ú &#218; Latin capital letter U with acute 363 HTML 219 333 DB 11011011 Û &#219; Latin capital letter U with circumflex 220 334 DC 11011100 Ü &#220; Latin capital letter U with diaeresis 221 335 DD 11011101 Ý &#221; Latin capital letter Y with acute 222 336 DE 11011110 Þ &#222; Latin capital letter THORN 223 337 DF 11011111 ß &#223; Latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed 224 340 E0 11100000 à &#224; Latin small letter a with grave 225 341 E1 11100001 á &#225; Latin small letter a with acute 226 342 E2 11100010 â &#226; Latin small letter a with circumflex 227 343 E3 11100011 ã &#227; Latin small letter a with tilde 228 344 E4 11100100 ä &#228; Latin small letter a with diaeresis 229 345 E5 11100101 å &#229; Latin small letter a with ring above 230 346 E6 11100110 æ &#230; Latin small letter ae 231 347 E7 11100111 ç &#231; Latin small letter c with cedilla 232 350 E8 11101000 è &#232; Latin small letter e with grave 233 351 E9 11101001 é &#233; Latin small letter e with acute 234 352 EA 11101010 ê &#234; Latin small letter e with circumflex 235 353 EB 11101011 ë &#235; Latin small letter e with diaeresis 236 354 EC 11101100 ì &#236; Latin small letter i with grave 237 355 ED 11101101 í &#237; Latin small letter i with acute 238 356 EE 11101110 î &#238; Latin small letter i with circumflex 239 357 EF 11101111 ï &#239; Latin small letter i with diaeresis 240 360 F0 11110000 ð &#240; Latin small letter eth 241 361 F1 11110001 ñ &#241; Latin small letter n with tilde 364 HTML 242 362 F2 11110010 ò &#242; Latin small letter o with grave 243 363 F3 11110011 ó &#243; Latin small letter o with acute 244 364 F4 11110100 ô &#244; Latin small letter o with circumflex 245 365 F5 11110101 õ &#245; Latin small letter o with tilde 246 366 F6 11110110 ö &#246; Latin small letter o with diaeresis 247 367 F7 11110111 ÷ &#247; Division sign 248 370 F8 11111000 ø &#248; Latin small letter o with slash 249 371 F9 11111001 ù &#249; Latin small letter u with grave 250 372 FA 11111010 ú &#250; Latin small letter u with acute 251 373 FB 11111011 û &#251; Latin small letter u with circumflex 252 374 FC 11111100 ü &#252; Latin small letter u with diaeresis 253 375 FD 11111101 ý &#253; Latin small letter y with acute 254 376 FE 11111110 þ &#254; Latin small letter thorn 255 377 FF 11111111 ÿ &#255; Latin small letter y with diaeresis 365 33. HTML – COLOR NAMES HTML The following table shows the 16 color names that were introduced in HTML 3.2: Color Name Hex Value Color Show aqua #00ffff Demo black #000000 Demo blue #0000ff Demo fuchsia #ff00ff Demo green #008000 Demo gray #808080 Demo lime #00ff00 Demo maroon #800000 Demo navy #000080 Demo olive #808000 Demo purple #800080 Demo red #ff0000 Demo silver #c0c0c0 Demo teal #008080 Demo white #ffffff Demo yellow #ffff00 Demo There are other colors which are not part of HTML or XHTML but they are supported by most of the versions of major browsers. 366 HTML Color Name Hex Value Color Show aliceblue #f0f8ff Demo antiquewhite #faebd7 Demo aquamarine #7fffd4 Demo azure #f0ffff Demo beige #f5f5dc Demo bisque #ffe4c4 Demo blanchedalmond #ffebcd Demo blueviolet #8a2be2 Demo brown #a52a2a Demo burlywood #deb887 Demo cadetblue #5f9ea0 Demo chartreuse #7fff00 Demo chocolate #d2691e Demo coral #ff7f50 Demo cornflowerblue #6495ed Demo cornsilk #fff8dc Demo crimson #dc143c Demo cyan #00ffff Demo darkblue #00008b Demo 367 HTML darkcyan #008b8b Demo darkgoldenrod #b8860b Demo darkgray #a9a9a9 Demo darkgreen #006400 Demo darkkhaki #bdb76b Demo darkmagenta #8b008b Demo darkolivegreen #556b2f Demo darkorange #ff8c00 Demo darkorchid #9932cc Demo darkred #8b0000 Demo darksalmon #e9967a Demo darkseagreen #8fbc8f Demo darkslateblue #483d8b Demo darkslategray #2f4f4f Demo darkturquoise #00ced1 Demo darkviolet #9400d3 Demo deeppink #ff1493 Demo deepskyblue #00bfff Demo dimgray #696969 Demo dodgerblue #1e90ff Demo 368 HTML firebrick #b22222 Demo floralwhite #fffaf0 Demo forestgreen #228b22 Demo gainsboro #dcdcdc Demo ghostwhite #f8f8ff Demo gold #ffd700 Demo goldenrod #daa520 Demo gray #808080 Demo greenyellow #adff2f Demo honeydew #f0fff0 Demo hotpink #ff69b4 Demo indianred #cd5c5c Demo indigo #4b0082 Demo ivory #fffff0 Demo khaki #f0e68c Demo lavender #e6e6fa Demo lavenderblush #fff0f5 Demo lawngreen #7cfc00 Demo lemonchiffon #fffacd Demo lightblue #add8e6 Demo 369 HTML lightcoral #f08080 Demo lightcyan #e0ffff Demo lightgoldenrodyellow #fafad2 Demo lightgreen #90ee90 Demo lightgrey #d3d3d3 Demo lightpink #ffb6c1 Demo lightsalmon #ffa07a Demo lightseagreen #20b2aa Demo lightskyblue #87cefa Demo lightslategray #778899 Demo lightsteelblue #b0c4de Demo lightyellow #ffffe0 Demo limegreen #32cd32 Demo linen #faf0e6 Demo magenta #ff00ff Demo mediumblue #0000cd Demo mediumorchid #ba55d3 Demo mediumpurple #9370db Demo midnightblue #191970 Demo mistyrose #ffe4e1 Demo 370 HTML moccasin #ffe4b5 Demo oldlace #fdf5e6 Demo orange #ffa500 Demo orchid #da70d6 Demo peachpuff #ffdab9 Demo peru #cd853f Demo pink #ffc0cb Demo plum #dda0dd Demo purple #800080 Demo rosybrown #bc8f8f Demo royalblue #4169e1 Demo salmon #fa8072 Demo sandybrown #f4a460 Demo seagreen #2e8b57 Demo sienna #a0522d Demo skyblue #87ceeb Demo slateblue #6a5acd Demo steelblue #4682b4 Demo tan #d2b48c Demo thistle #d8bfd8 Demo 371 HTML tomato #ff6347 Demo violet #ee82ee Demo wheat #f5deb3 Demo whitesmoke #f5f5f5 Demo yellow #ffff00 Demo yellowgreen #9acd32 Demo HTML Entities Some characters are reserved in HTML and they have special meaning when used in HTML document. For example, you cannot use the greater than and less than signs or angle brackets within your HTML text because the browser will treat them differently and will try to draw a meaning related to HTML tag. HTML processors must support following five special characters listed in the table that follows. Symbol Description Entity Name Number Code " quotation mark &quot; &#34; ' apostrophe &apos; &#39; & ampersand &amp; &#38; < less-than &lt; &#60; > greater-than &gt; &#62; Example If you want to write <div id="character"> as a code, then you will have to write as follows: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Entities</title> </head> 372 HTML <body> &lt;div id=&quot;character&quot;&gt; </body> </html> This will produce the following result: <div id="character"> There is also a long list of special characters in HTML 4.0. In order for these to appear in your document, you can use either the numerical codes or the entity names. For example, to insert a copyright symbol you can use either of the following: &copy; 2007 or &#169; 2007 ISO 8859-1 Symbol Entities Result Description Entity Name Number Code non-breaking space &nbsp; &#160; ¡ inverted exclamation mark &iexcl; &#161; ¤ currency &curren; &#164; ¢ cent &cent; &#162; £ pound &pound; &#163; ¥ yen &yen; &#165; ¦ broken vertical bar &brvbar; &#166; § section &sect; &#167; ¨ spacing diaeresis &uml; &#168; © copyright &copy; &#169; ª feminine ordinal indicator &ordf; &#170; « angle quotation mark (left) &laquo; &#171; 373 HTML ¬ negation &not; &#172; soft hyphen &shy; &#173; ® registered trademark &reg; &#174; ™ trademark &trade; &#8482; ¯ spacing macron &macr; &#175; ° degree &deg; &#176; ± plus-or-minus &plusmn; &#177; ² superscript 2 &sup2; &#178; ³ superscript 3 &sup3; &#179; ´ spacing acute &acute; &#180; µ micro &micro; &#181; ¶ paragraph &para; &#182; · middle dot &middot; &#183; ¸ spacing cedilla &cedil; &#184; ¹ superscript 1 &sup1; &#185; º masculine ordinal indicator &ordm; &#186; » angle quotation mark (right) &raquo; &#187; ¼ fraction 1/4 &frac14; &#188; ½ fraction 1/2 &frac12; &#189; ¾ fraction 3/4 &frac34; &#190; ¿ inverted question mark &iquest; &#191; × multiplication &times; &#215; ÷ division &divide; &#247; 374 HTML ISO 8859-1 Character Entities Result Description Entity Name Number Code À capital a, grave accent &Agrave; &#192; Á capital a, acute accent &Aacute; &#193;  capital a, circumflex accent &Acirc; &#194; à capital a, tilde &Atilde; &#195; Ä capital a, umlaut mark &Auml; &#196; Å capital a, ring &Aring; &#197; Æ capital ae &AElig; &#198; Ç capital c, cedilla &Ccedil; &#199; È capital e, grave accent &Egrave; &#200; É capital e, acute accent &Eacute; &#201; Ê capital e, circumflex accent &Ecirc; &#202; Ë capital e, umlaut mark &Euml; &#203; Ì capital i, grave accent &Igrave; &#204; Í capital i, acute accent &Iacute; &#205; Î capital i, circumflex accent &Icirc; &#206; Ï capital i, umlaut mark &Iuml; &#207; Ð capital eth, Icelandic &ETH; &#208; Ñ capital n, tilde &Ntilde; &#209; Ò capital o, grave accent &Ograve; &#210; Ó capital o, acute accent &Oacute; &#211; Ô capital o, circumflex accent &Ocirc; &#212; 375 HTML Õ capital o, tilde &Otilde; &#213; Ö capital o, umlaut mark &Ouml; &#214; Ø capital o, slash &Oslash; &#216; Ù capital u, grave accent &Ugrave; &#217; Ú capital u, acute accent &Uacute; &#218; Û capital u, circumflex accent &Ucirc; &#219; Ü capital u, umlaut mark &Uuml; &#220; Ý capital y, acute accent &Yacute; &#221; Þ capital THORN, Icelandic &THORN; &#222; ß small sharp s, German &szlig; &#223; à small a, grave accent &agrave; &#224; á small a, acute accent &aacute; &#225; â small a, circumflex accent &acirc; &#226; ã small a, tilde &atilde; &#227; ä small a, umlaut mark &auml; &#228; å small a, ring &aring; &#229; æ small ae &aelig; &#230; ç small c, cedilla &ccedil; &#231; è small e, grave accent &egrave; &#232; é small e, acute accent &eacute; &#233; ê small e, circumflex accent &ecirc; &#234; ë small e, umlaut mark &euml; &#235; ì small i, grave accent &igrave; &#236; 376 HTML í small i, acute accent &iacute; &#237; î small i, circumflex accent &icirc; &#238; ï small i, umlaut mark &iuml; &#239; ð small eth, Icelandic &eth; &#240; ñ small n, tilde &ntilde; &#241; ò small o, grave accent &ograve; &#242; ó small o, acute accent &oacute; &#243; ô small o, circumflex accent &ocirc; &#244; õ small o, tilde &otilde; &#245; ö small o, umlaut mark &ouml; &#246; ø small o, slash &oslash; &#248; ù small u, grave accent &ugrave; &#249; ú small u, acute accent &uacute; &#250; û small u, circumflex accent &ucirc; &#251; ü small u, umlaut mark &uuml; &#252; ý small y, acute accent &yacute; &#253; þ small thorn, Icelandic &thorn; &#254; ÿ small y, umlaut mark &yuml; &#255; Other Entities Supported by HTML Browsers Result Description Entity Name Number Code Œ capital ligature OE &OElig; &#338; œ small ligature oe &oelig; &#339; Š capital S with caron &Scaron; &#352; 377 HTML š small S with caron &scaron; &#353; Ÿ capital Y with diaeres &Yuml; &#376; ˆ modifier letter circumflex accent &circ; &#710; ˜ small tilde &tilde; &#732; en space &ensp; &#8194; em space &emsp; &#8195; thin space &thinsp; &#8201; zero width non-joiner &zwnj; &#8204; zero width joiner &zwj; &#8205; left-to-right mark &lrm; &#8206; right-to-left mark &rlm; &#8207; – en dash &ndash; &#8211; — em dash &mdash; &#8212; ‘ left single quotation mark &lsquo; &#8216; ’ right single quotation mark &rsquo; &#8217; ‚ single low-9 quotation mark &sbquo; &#8218; “ left double quotation mark &ldquo; &#8220; ” right double quotation mark &rdquo; &#8221; „ double low-9 quotation mark &bdquo; &#8222; † dagger &dagger; &#8224; ‡ double dagger &Dagger; &#8225; … horizontal ellipsis &hellip; &#8230; ‰ per mille &permil; &#8240; 378 HTML ‹ single left-pointing angle quotation &lsaquo; &#8249; › single right-pointing angle quotation &rsaquo; &#8250; € euro &euro; &#8364; 379 34. MIME MEDIA TYPES HTML MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) media types were originally devised so that e-mails could include information other than plain text. MIME media types indicate the following things:    How different parts of a message, such as text and attachments, are combined into the message. The way in which each part of the message is specified. The way different items are encoded for transmission so that even software that was designed to work only with ASCII text can process the message. Now MIME types are not just for use with e-mail; they have been adopted by Web servers as a way to tell Web browsers what type of material was being sent to them so that they can cope with that kind of messages correctly. MIME content types consist of two parts:   A main type A sub-type The main type is separated from the subtype by a forward slash character. For example, text/html for HTML. This chapter is organized for the main types:         text image multipart audio video message model application For example, the text main type contains types of plain text files, such as:    text/plain for plain text files text/html for HTML files text/rtf for text files using rich text formatting MIME types are officially supposed to be assigned and listed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Many of the popular MIME types in this list (all those begin with "x-") are not assigned by the IANA and do not have official status. You can see the list of official MIME types at http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/. Those preceded with .vnd are vendorspecific. 380 HTML When specifying the MIME type of a content-type field you can also indicate the character set for the text being used. If you do not specify a character set, the default is US-ASCII. For example: content-type:text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 381 35. HTML – URL ENCODING HTML URL encoding is the practice of translating unprintable characters or characters with special meaning within URLs to a representation that is unambiguous and universally accepted by web browsers and servers. These characters include:     ASCII control characters: Unprintable characters typically used for output control. Character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal). A complete encoding table is given below. Non-ASCII control characters: These are characters beyond the ASCII character set of 128 characters. This range is part of the ISO-Latin character set and includes the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128-255 decimal). A complete encoding table is given below. Reserved characters: These are special characters such as the dollar sign, ampersand, plus, common, forward slash, colon, semi-colon, equals sign, question mark, and "at" symbol. All of these can have different meanings inside a URL so need to be encoded. A complete encoding table is given below. Unsafe characters: These are space, quotation marks, less than symbol, greater than symbol, pound character, percent character, Left Curly Brace, Right Curly Brace, Pipe, Backslash, Caret, Tilde, Left Square Bracket, Right Square Bracket, Grave Accent. These character present the possibility of being misunderstood within URLs for various reasons. These characters should also always be encoded. A complete encoding table is given below. The encoding notation replaces the desired character with three characters: a percent sign and two hexadecimal digits that correspond to the position of the character in the ASCII character set. Example One of the most common special characters is a white space. You can't type a space in a URL directly. A space position in the character set is 20 hexadecimals. So you can use %20 in place of a space when passing your request to the server. http://www.example.com/new%20pricing.htm This URL actually www.example.com retrieves a document named "new pricing.htm" from the 382 HTML ASCII Control Characters Encoding This includes the encoding for character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal) Decimal Hex Value Character URL Encode 0 00 %00 1 01 %01 2 02 %02 3 03 %03 4 04 %04 5 05 %05 6 06 %06 7 07 %07 8 08 backspace %08 9 09 tab %09 10 0a linefeed %0a 11 0b %0b 12 0c %0c 13 0d 14 0e %0e 15 0f %0f 16 10 %10 17 11 %11 18 12 %12 19 13 %13 carriage return %0d 383 HTML 20 14 %14 21 15 %15 22 16 %16 23 17 %17 24 18 %18 25 19 %19 26 1a %1a 27 1b %1b 28 1c %1c 29 1d %1d 30 1e %1e 31 1f %1f 127 7f %7f Non-ASCII control characters encoding This includes the encoding for the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128255 decimal.) Decimal Hex Value Character URL Encode 128 80 € %80 129 81 • %81 130 82 ‚ %82 131 83 ƒ %83 132 84 „ %84 384 HTML 133 85 … %85 134 86 † %86 135 87 ‡ %87 136 88 ˆ %88 137 89 ‰ %89 138 8a Š %8a 139 8b ‹ %8b 140 8c Œ %8c 141 8d • %8d 142 8e Ž %8e 143 8f • %8f 144 90 • %90 145 91 ‘ %91 146 92 ’ %92 147 93 “ %93 148 94 ” %94 149 95 • %95 150 96 – %96 385 HTML 151 97 — %97 152 98 ˜ %98 153 99 ™ %99 154 9a š %9a 155 9b › %9b 156 9c œ %9c 157 9d • %9d 158 9e ž %9e 159 9f Ÿ %9f 160 a0 161 a1 ¡ %a1 162 a2 ¢ %a2 163 a3 £ %a3 164 a4 ¤ %a4 165 a5 ¥ %a5 166 a6 ¦ %a6 167 a7 § %a7 168 a8 ¨ %a8 %a0 386 HTML 169 a9 © %a9 170 aa ª %aa 171 ab « %ab 172 ac ¬ %ac 173 ad 174 ae ® %ae 175 af ¯ %af 176 b0 ° %b0 177 b1 ± %b1 178 b2 ² %b2 179 b3 ³ %b3 180 b4 ´ %b4 181 b5 µ %b5 182 b6 ¶ %b6 183 b7 · %b7 184 b8 ¸ %b8 185 b9 ¹ %b9 186 ba º %ba %ad 387 HTML 187 bb » %bb 188 bc ¼ %bc 189 bd ½ %bd 190 be ¾ %be 191 bf ¿ %bf 192 c0 À %c0 193 c1 Á %c1 194 c2  %c2 195 c3 à %c3 196 c4 Ä %c4 197 c5 Å %c5 198 c6 Æ %v6 199 c7 Ç %c7 200 c8 È %c8 201 c9 É %c9 202 ca Ê %ca 203 cb Ë %cb 204 cc Ì %cc 388 HTML 205 cd Í %cd 206 ce Î %ce 207 cf Ï %cf 208 d0 Ð %d0 209 d1 Ñ %d1 210 d2 Ò %d2 211 d3 Ó %d3 212 d4 Ô %d4 213 d5 Õ %d5 214 d6 Ö %d6 215 d7 × %d7 216 d8 Ø %d8 217 d9 Ù %d9 218 da Ú %da 219 db Û %db 220 dc Ü %dc 221 dd Ý %dd 222 de Þ %de 389 HTML 223 df ß %df 224 e0 à %e0 225 e1 á %e1 226 e2 â %e2 227 e3 ã %e3 228 e4 ä %e4 229 e5 å %e5 230 e6 æ %e6 231 e7 ç %e7 232 e8 è %e8 233 e9 é %e9 234 ea ê %ea 235 eb ë %eb 236 ec ì %ec 237 ed í %ed 238 ee î %ee 239 ef ï %ef 240 f0 ð %f0 390 HTML 241 f1 ñ %f1 242 f2 ò %f2 243 f3 ó %f3 244 f4 ô %f4 245 f5 õ %f5 246 f6 ö %f6 247 f7 ÷ %f7 248 f8 ø %f8 249 f9 ù %f9 250 fa ú %fa 251 fb û %fb 252 fc ü %fc 253 fd ý %fd 254 fe þ %fe 255 ff ÿ %ff Reserved Characters Encoding Following is the table to be used to encode reserved characters. Decimal Hex Value Char URL Encode 36 24 $ %24 391 HTML 38 26 & %26 43 2b + %2b 44 2c , %2c 47 2f / %2f 58 3a : %3a 59 3b ; %3b 61 3d = %3d 63 3f ? %3f 64 40 @ %40 Unsafe Characters Encoding Following is the table to be used to encode unsafe characters. Decimal Hex Value Char URL Encode 32 20 space %20 34 22 " %22 60 3c < %3c 62 3e > %3e 35 23 # %23 37 25 % %25 123 7b { %7b 125 7d } %7d 124 7c | %7c 92 5c \ %5c 94 5e ^ %5e 392 HTML 126 7e ~ %7e 91 5b [ %5b 93 5d ] %5d 96 60 ` %60 393 HTML 36. LANGUAGE ISO CODES The following is a draft list of language code correspondences between ISO codes, Microsoft codes, and Macintosh codes. Source of this information is Unicode Consortium. Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft Language ISO Code Windows Name Win Code Abkhazian ab Afar aa Afrikaans af LANG_AFRIKAANS 0x36 Albanian sq LANG_ALBANIAN 0x1c Amharic am (no constant defined) 0x5e Arabic ar LANG_ARABIC 0x01 Armenian hy LANG_ARMENIAN 0x2b Assamese as LANG_ASSAMESE 0x4d Aymara ay Azerbaijani az LANG_AZERI 0x2c Bashkir ba Basque eu LANG_BASQUE 0x2d Bengali (Bangla) bn LANG_BENGALI 0x45 Bhutani dz Bihari bh Bislama bi 394 HTML Breton br Bulgarian bg LANG_BULGARIAN 0x02 Burmese my (no constant defined) 0x55 Byelorussian (Belarusian) be LANG_BELARUSIAN 0x23 Cambodian km (no constant defined) 0x53 Catalan ca LANG_CATALAN 0x03 (no constant defined) 0x5c Cherokee Chewa Chinese (Simplified) zh LANG_CHINESE (SUBLANG_CHINESE_SIMPLIFIED) 0x04 (0x0804) Chinese (Traditional) zh LANG_CHINESE (SUBLANG_CHINESE_TRADITIONAL) 0x04 (0x0404) Corsican co Croatian hr LANG_CROATIAN 0x1a Czech cs LANG_CZECH 0x05 Danish da LANG_DANISH 0x06 LANG_DIVEHI 0x65 LANG_DUTCH 0x13 (no constant defined) 0x66 LANG_ENGLISH 0x09 Divehi Dutch nl Edo English en Esperanto eo Estonian et LANG_ESTONIAN 0x25 Faeroese fo LANG_FAEROESE 0x38 Farsi fa LANG_FARSI 0x29 395 HTML Fiji fj Finnish fi Flemish LANG_FINNISH 0x0b LANG_DUTCH (SUBLANG_DUTCH_BELGIAN) 0x13 (0x0813) French fr LANG_FRENCH 0x0c Frisian fy (no constant defined) 0x62 (no constant defined) 0x67 Fulfulde Galician gl LANG_GALICIAN 0x56 Gaelic (Scottish) gd (no constant defined) 0x3c (0x043c) Gaelic (Manx) gv Georgian ka LANG_GEORGIAN 0x37 German de LANG_GERMAN 0x07 Greek el LANG_GREEK 0x08 Greenlandic kl Guarani gn (no constant defined) 0x74 Gujarati gu LANG_GUJARATI 0x47 Hausa ha (no constant defined) 0x68 (no constant defined) 0x75 Hawaiian Hebrew he, iw* LANG_HEBREW 0x0d Hindi hi LANG_HINDI 0x39 Hungarian hu LANG_HUNGARIAN 0x0e (no constant defined) 0x69 LANG_ICELANDIC 0x0f Ibibio Icelandic is 396 HTML Igbo (no constant defined) Indonesian id, in* LANG_INDONESIAN Interlingua ia Interlingue ie Inuktitut iu Inupiak ik Irish 0x70 0x21 (no constant defined) 0x5d ga (no constant defined) 0x3c (0x083c) Italian it LANG_ITALIAN 0x10 Japanese ja LANG_JAPANESE 0x11 Javanese jv Kannada kn LANG_KANNADA 0x4b (no constant defined) 0x71 Kanuri Kashmiri ks LANG_KASHMIRI 0x60 Kazakh kk LANG_KAZAK 0x3f Kinyarwanda (Ruanda) rw Kirghiz ky LANG_KYRGYZ 0x40 Kirundi (Rundi) rn LANG_KONKANI 0x57 LANG_KOREAN 0x12 Konkani Korean ko Kurdish ku Laothian lo (no constant defined) 0x54 Latin la (no constant defined) 0x76 397 HTML Latvian (Lettish) lv Limburgish Limburger) ( LANG_LATVIAN 0x26 li Lingala ln Lithuanian lt LANG_LITHUANIAN 0x27 Macedonian mk LANG_MACEDONIAN 0x2f Malagasy mg Malay ms LANG_MALAY 0x3e Malayalam ml LANG_MALAYALAM 0x4c LANG_MANIPURI 0x58 (no constant defined) 0x3a LANG_MARATHI 0x4e LANG_MONGOLIAN 0x50 Maltese mt Maori mi Marathi mr Moldavian mo Mongolian mn Nauru na Nepali ne LANG_NEPALI 0x61 Norwegian no LANG_NORWEGIAN 0x14 Occitan oc Oriya or LANG_ORIYA 0x48 om (no constant defined) 0x72 Papiamentu (no constant defined) 0x79 Pashto (Pushto) ps (no constant defined) 0x63 Oromo Galla) (Afan, 398 HTML Polish pl LANG_POLISH 0x15 Portuguese pt LANG_PORTUGUESE 0x16 Punjabi pa LANG_PUNJABI 0x46 Quechua qu RhaetoRomance rm (no constant defined) 0x17 Romanian ro LANG_ROMANIAN 0x18 Russian ru LANG_RUSSIAN 0x19 (no constant defined) 0x3b 0x4f Sami (Lappish) Samoan sm Sangro sg Sanskrit sa LANG_SANSKRIT Serbian sr 0x1a LANG_SERBIAN (SUBLANG_SERBIAN_LATIN or (0x081a SUBLANG_SERBIAN_CYRILLIC) 0x0c1a) Serbo-Croatian sh Sesotho st Setswana tn Shona sn Sindhi sd LANG_SINDHI 0x59 Sinhalese si (no constant defined) 0x5b Siswati ss Slovak sk LANG_SLOVAK 0x1b Slovenian sl LANG_SLOVENIAN 0x24 Somali so (no constant defined) 0x77 or 399 HTML Spanish es LANG_SPANISH 0x0a Sundanese su Swahili (Kiswahili) sw LANG_SWAHILI 0x41 Swedish sv LANG_SWEDISH 0x1d LANG_SYRIAC 0x5a Syriac Tagalog tl (no constant defined) 0x64 Tajik tg (no constant defined) 0x28 (no constant defined) 0x5f Tamazight Tamil ta LANG_TAMIL 0x49 Tatar tt LANG_TATAR 0x44 Telugu te LANG_TELUGU 0x4a Thai th LANG_THAI 0x1e Tibetan bo (no constant defined) 0x51 Tigrinya ti (no constant defined) 0x73 Tonga to Tsonga ts (no constant defined) 0x31 Turkish tr LANG_TURKISH 0x1f Turkmen tk (no constant defined) 0x42 Twi tw Uighur ug Ukrainian uk LANG_UKRAINIAN 0x22 Urdu ur LANG_URDU 0x20 Uzbek uz LANG_UZBEK 0x43 400 HTML Venda Vietnamese vi Volap?k vo Welsh cy Wolof wo Xhosa xh Yi (no constant defined) 0x33 LANG_VIETNAMESE 0x2a (no constant defined) 0x52 (no constant defined) 0x34 (no constant defined) 0x78 Yiddish yi, ji* (no constant defined) 0x3d Yoruba yo (no constant defined) 0x6a Zulu zu (no constant defined) 0x35 Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh Language ISO Code Abkhazian ab Afar aa Afrikaans Mac Name Mac Code af langAfricaans 141 Albanian sq langAlbanian 36 Amharic am langAmharic 85 Arabic ar langArabic 12 Armenian hy langArmenian 51 Assamese as langAssamese 68 Aymara ay langAymara 134 Azerbaijani az langAzerbaijani(Cyrllic), langAzerbaijanAr(Arabic) 49(C), 50(A) 401 HTML Bashkir ba Basque eu langBasque 129 Bengali (Bangla) bn langBengali 67 Bhutani dz langDzongkha 137 Bihari bh Bislama bi Breton br langBreton 142 Bulgarian bg langBulgarian 44 Burmese my langBurmese 77 Byelorussian (Belarusian) be langByelorussian 46 Cambodian km langKhmer 78 Catalan ca langCatalan 130 Chewa langChewa 92 Chinese (Simplified) zh langSimpChinese 33 Chinese (Traditional) zh langTradChinese 19 Corsican co Croatian hr langCroatian 18 Czech cs langCzech 38 Danish da langDanish 7 nl langDutch 4 Cherokee Divehi Dutch 402 HTML Edo English en langEnglish 0 Esperanto eo langEsperanto 94 Estonian et langEstonian 27 Faeroese fo langFaeroese 30 Farsi fa langFarsi, langPersian 31 Fiji fj Finnish fi langFinnish 13 langFlemish 34 langFrench 1 Flemish French fr Frisian fy Fulfulde Galician gl langGalician 140 Gaelic (Scottish) gd langScottishGaelic 144 Gaelic (Manx) gv langManxGaelic 145 Georgian ka langGeorgian 52 German de langGerman 2 Greek el langGreek (monotonic), langGreekPoly (polytonic) 14(m), 148(p) Greenlandic kl Guarani gn langGuarani 133 Gujarati gu langGujarati 69 Hausa ha Hawaiian 403 HTML Hebrew he, iw* langHebrew 10 Hindi hi langHindi 21 Hungarian hu langHungarian 26 is langIcelandic 15 Indonesian id, in* langIndonesian 81 Interlingua ia Interlingue ie Inuktitut iu langInuktitut 143 Inupiak ik Irish ga langIrishGaelic (normal), langIrishGaelicScr 35, 146 (dots above) Italian it langItalian 3 Japanese ja langJapanese 11 Javanese jv langJavaneseRom 138 Kannada kn langKannada 73 Kashmiri ks langKashmiri 61 Kazakh kk langKazakh 48 Kinyarwanda (Ruanda) rw langKiryarwanda (langRuanda) 90 Kirghiz ky langKirghiz 54 Kirundi (Rundi) rn langRundi 91 Ibibio Icelandic Igbo Kanuri 404 HTML Konkani Korean ko langKorean 23 Kurdish ku langKurdish 60 Laothian lo langLao 79 Latin la langLatin 131 Latvian (Lettish) lv langLatvian 28 Limburgish ( Limburger) li Lingala ln Lithuanian lt langLithuanian 24 Macedonian mk langMacedonian 43 Malagasy mg langMalagasy 93 Malay ms langMalayRoman(Latin), langMalayArabic(Arabic) 83(L), 84(A) Malayalam ml langMalayalam 72 Maltese mt langMaltese 16 Maori mi Marathi mr langMarathi 66 Moldavian mo langMoldavian 53 Mongolian mn langMongolian(Mongolian), langMongolianCyr(Cyrillic) 57(M), 58(C) Nauru na Nepali ne langNepali 64 Norwegian no langNorwegian 9 405 HTML Occitan oc Oriya or Oromo (Afan, Galla) om langOriya 71 langOromo (langGalla) 87 Papiamentu Pashto (Pushto) ps langPashto 59 Polish pl langPolish 25 Portuguese pt langPortuguese 8 Punjabi pa langPunjabi 70 Quechua qu langQuechua 132 Rhaeto-Romance rm Romanian ro langRomanian 37 Russian ru langRussian 32 langSami (langLappish) 29 Sami (Lappish) Samoan sm Sangro sg Sanskrit sa langSanskrit 65 Serbian sr langSerbian 42 Serbo-Croatian sh Sesotho st Setswana tn Shona sn Sindhi sd langSindhi 62 Sinhalese si langSinhalese 76 406 HTML Siswati ss Slovak sk langSlovak 39 Slovenian sl langSlovenian 40 Somali so langSomali 88 Spanish es langSpanish 6 Sundanese su langSundaneseRom 139 Swahili (Kiswahili) sw langSwahili 89 Swedish sv langSwedish 5 Tagalog tl langTagalog 82 Tajik tg langTajiki 55 Tamil ta langTamil 74 Tatar tt langTatar 135 Telugu te langTelugu 75 Thai th langThai 22 Tibetan bo langTibetan 63 Tigrinya ti langTigrinya 86 Tonga to langTongan 147 Tsonga ts Turkish tr langTurkish 17 Turkmen tk langTurkmen 56 Twi tw Syriac Tamazight 407 HTML Uighur ug langUighur 136 Ukrainian uk langUkrainian 45 Urdu ur langUrdu 20 Uzbek uz langUzbek 47 Vietnamese vi langVietnamese 80 Volap?k vo Welsh cy langWelsh 128 Wolof wo Xhosa xh langYiddish 41 Venda Yi Yiddish yi, ji* Yoruba yo Zulu zu 408 37. HTML – CHARACTER ENCODINGS HTML Character encoding is a method of converting bytes into characters. To validate or display an HTML document properly, a program must choose a proper character encoding. The most common character set or character encoding in use on computers is ASCII - The American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and this is probably the most widely used character set for encoding text electronically. ASCII encoding supports only the upper- and lowercase Latin alphabet, the numbers 0-9, and some extra characters which make a total of 128 characters in all. You can have a look at complete set of Printable ASCII Characters However, many languages use either accented Latin characters or completely different alphabets. ASCII does not address these characters; therefore, you need to learn about character encodings if you want to use any non-ASCII characters. The International Standards Organization created a range of character sets to deal with different national characters. For the documents in English and most other Western European languages, the widely supported encoding ISO-8859-1 is used. Here is the list of Character Set being used around the world along with their description. Character Set Description ISO-8859-1 Latin alphabet part 1 Covering North America,Western Europe, Latin America, theCaribbean, Canada, Africa ISO-8859-2 Latin alphabet part 2 Covering Eastern Europe ISO-8859-3 Latin alphabet part 3 Covering SE Europe, Esperanto, miscellaneous others ISO-8859-4 Latin alphabet part 4 Covering Scandinavia/Baltics (and others not in ISO-8859-1) ISO-8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic alphabet part 5 ISO-8859-6 Latin/Arabic alphabet part 6 ISO-8859-7 Latin/Greek alphabet part 7 ISO-8859-8 Latin/Hebrew alphabet part 8 409 HTML ISO-8859-9 Latin 5 alphabet part 9 Same as ISO-8859-1 except Turkish characters replace Icelandic ones ISO-8859-10 Latin 6 Latin 6 Lappish, Nordic, and Eskimo ISO-8859-15 The same as ISO-8859-1 but with more characters added ISO-2022-JP Latin/Japanese alphabet part 1 ISO-2022-JP-2 Latin/Japanese alphabet part 2 ISO-2022-KR Latin/Korean alphabet part 1 The Unicode Consortium was then set up to devise a way to show all characters of different languages, rather than have these different incompatible character codes for different languages. Therefore, if you want to create documents that use characters from multiple character sets, you will be able to do so using the single Unicode character encodings. Unicode therefore specifies encodings that can deal with a string in special ways so as to make enough space for the huge character set it encompasses. These are known as UTF8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. Character Set Description UTF-8 A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 8-bit units that is, it comes in bytes. A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long, making UTF8 variable width. UTF-16 A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 16-bit units that is, it comes in shorts. It can be 1 or 2 shorts long, making UTF16 variable width. UTF-32 A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 32-bit units that is, it comes in longs. It is a fixed-width format and is always 1 "long" in length. The first 256 characters of Unicode character sets correspond to the 256 characters of ISO-8859-1. By default, HTML 4 processors should support UTF-8, and XML processors are supposed to support UTF-8 and UTF-16; therefore all XHTML-compliant processors should also support UTF-16. 410 38. HTML – DEPRECATED TAGS HTML A complete list of deprecated HTML tags and attributes are given here. All the tags have been ordered alphabetically along with their equivalent tag or alternate CSS option. Tag Description Alternate <applet> Deprecated. Specifies an applet <basefont> Deprecated. Specifies a base font <center> Deprecated. Specifies centered text <dir> Deprecated. Specifies a directory list <embed> Deprecated. Embeds an application in a document <object> <font> Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and color font-family, font-size <isindex> Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input field <listing> Deprecated. Specifies listing of items <menu> Deprecated. Specifies a menu list <object> text-align <pre> <plaintext> Deprecated. Specifies plaintext <pre> <s> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text text-decoration <strike> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text text-decoration <u> Deprecated. Specifies underlined text text-decoration <xmp> Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text <pre> HTML Deprecated Attributes Following is the list of deprecated HTML attributes and alternative CSS options available. Attribute align Description Specifies positioning of an element Alternate text-align, float vertical-align & 411 HTML alink Specifies the color of an active link or selected link active background Specifies background image background-image bgcolor Specifies background color background-color border Specifies a border width of any element border-width clear Indicates how the browser should display the line clear after the <br /> element height Specifies height of body and other elements hspace Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that padding should appear left or right an element language Specifies scripting language being used link Specifies the default color of all links in the link document nowrap Prevents the text from wrapping within that table white-space cell start Indicates the number at which a browser should counter-reset start numbering a list text Specifies color of body text color type Specifies the type of list in <li> tag list-style-type vlink Specifies the color of visited links visited vspace Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that padding should appear above or below an element width Specifies width of body and other elements height type width 412