The response of deep foundations to axial loading can be evaluated from the profiles of four independent readings provided by the seismic piezocone test (SCPTu): qt, fs, u2, and Vs. The multiple penetrometer readings are used for direct capacity evaluations and the Vs measurements enable the evaluation of the fundamental soil stiffness (Gmax). Together, this permits the derivation of the load-settlement response by integrating Randolph elastic solutions with G/Gmax reduction schemes. Back-analyses of pile load tests applied within the framework of elastic solutions and SCPTu data also enable generation of site-specific stiffness reduction trends that can be applied with care for predictions for similar soil and pile conditions. A review of selected direct capacity methods is presented along with case studies of driven piles in clayey soils in Ireland, Scotland, Quebec, and Utah.
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