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Ginseng is a slow-growing, deciduous perennial plant that belongs to the Araliaceae family and the Panax genus. There are a variety of species but the two main types are Panax ginseng C.A Meyer (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng). Asian ginseng is further subdivided by drying method of the root into either red or white ginseng. Traditionally, both Asian and American ginsengs have been used for a wide array of preventive and therapeutic purposes. Ginsenosides or dammarane triterpenoids are plant secondary metabolites and are thought to be the major active constituents of the Panax species. Ginsenosides are primarily classified into two groups, which are the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PD) and the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT), which is based on their chemical structural differences. Differences in ginsenosides chemical structure are due to the type, position, and the number of sugar moieties attached by glycosidic bonds. Both Asian and American ginsengs generally contain a similar ginsenosides profile but vary in terms of amount of individual compounds. Rare ginsenosides which may not naturally be present in ginseng extracts can be obtained via processing methods such as steaming, microbial or enzymatic transformation. The detection and generation of rare ginsenosides can produce ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rh2, IH-901 (K), 25-OH-PD, 25-OCH3-PD among others and this has increased the interest into the biological activity of ginseng. This review focuses on the recent developments in ginseng research.
2018 •
Ginsenoside Rh1 is one of major bioactive compounds extracted from red ginseng, which has been increasingly used for enhancing cognition and physical health worldwide. The objective of this study was to review the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh1 in a systematic manner. We performed searches on eight electronic databases including MEDLINE (Pubmed), Scopus, Google Scholar, POPLINE, Global Health Library, Virtual Health Library, the System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe, and the New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report to select the original research publications reporting the biological and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh1 from in vitro and in vivo studies regardless of publication language and study design. Upon applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included a total of 57 studies for our systemic review. Ginsenoside Rh1 exhibited the potent characteristics of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory effects, and positive effects on the nervous system. The cytotoxic effects of ginsenoside Rh1 were dependent on different types of cell lines. Other pharmacological effects including estrogenic, enzymatic, anti-microorganism activities, and cardiovascular effects have been mentioned, but the results were considerably diverged. A higher quality of evidence on clinical trial studies is highly recommended to confirm the consistent efficacy of ginsenoside Rh1.
Journal of ginseng research
A comparative study on immune-stimulatory and antioxidant activities of various types of ginseng extracts in murine and rodent models2018 •
Ginseng () is a widely used traditional herbal supplement that possesses various health-enhancing efficacies. Various ginseng products are available in market, especially in the Korean peninsula, in the form of drinks, tablets, and capsules. The different ginseng types include the traditional red ginseng extract (RGE), white ginseng, and black red ginseng extract (BRGE). Their fermented and enzyme-treated products are also available. Different treatment regimens alter the bioavailability of certain compounds present in the respective ginseng extracts. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of RGE, BRGE, and fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). We used an acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress model for investigating the reduction of oxidative stress by RGE, BRGE, and FRGE in Sprague Dawley rats. A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model was used to evaluate the immune-stimulating activities of these ginseng extracts ...
Ginseng, a traditional herb medicine, has gained increasing popularity in the world market due to various medicinal properties, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, enhancing immune response and cognition, hepatoprotective effects and protection against neurological disorders. These effects are closely related to the presence of various bioactive compounds in which ginsenosides are the major components. There are more than 30 ginsenosides which can be classified into at least 4 types of ginsenosides in Ginseng. Among these, Ginsenoside Rh1, a protopanaxatriol derivative, has been found to have stimulating effects on the central nervous system such as anti-fatigue and antihypertensive effects, anabolic stimulation, enhance mental acuity and intellectual performance (8). In addition, many studies have shown that ginsenoside Rh1 has neuroprotective effects, potential antineoplastic effects and acts as an adjuvant therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases to dexamethasone. We aim to systematically review the pharmacological effects of bioactive ginsenoside Rh1 on both human and animal subjects from the literature.
In the newly established immunostaining method, Eastern blotting, we developed a new way to separate the ginsenoside molecule into two functional parts using a simple and well-known chemical reaction. The sugar parts were oxidized by NaIO 4 to give dialdehydes, which reacted with amino groups of the protein and covalently bound to the adsorbent PVDF membrane. The MAb bound to the aglycon part of the ginsenoside molecule for immunostaining. Eastern blotting indicated the specific staining of ginsenoside (G)-Rb1 together with other ginsenosides, G-Rc and-Rd of which cross-reactivities were 0.02% compared with H 2 SO 4. When the mixture of anti-G-Rg1 and-Rb1 MAbs and the pair of substrates were tested for staining of ginsenosides, all ginsenosides, G-Rg1,-Re,-Rd,-Rc and-Rb1 were stained as a blue and a purple color, respectively. As an application we analyzed several Alariacean plants by Eastern blotting using anti-G-Rb1 MAb resulting in the isolation of G-Rb1 from Kalopanax pictus. We succeeded one-step isolation of G-Rb1 from the crude ginseng extract using immunoaffinity column combined with anti-G-Rb1 MAb. It became evident that the washing fraction contained all of components except antigen, G-Rb1 giving a knockout extract named by us. As other application we purified and identified two known ginsenosides from the crude extract of P. japonicus using Eastern blotting and immunoaffinity column combined with anti-G-Rb1 MAb.
In traditional Chinese medicine, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG) invigorates " qi " of kidney, spleen and lung, promotes body fluids production, calms the mind to promote intelligence, while P. quinquefolium L. (PQ) supplies " qi " , nourishes " Yin " , clears fire and promotes body fluid production, both are classified as " restoratives ". P. notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (PN) removes blood stasis, stops bleeding, promotes blood circulation with analgesic effect, and is classified as " hemostatics ". The major bioactive principles of Panax species, ginseng saponins, are classified into dammarane, oleanane, and ocotillol types. PQ contains all three types of ginseng saponins. PG contains dammarane and oleanane types. PN contains only dammarane type, and a peptide like substance dencichine is the major active component to stop bleeding. PN contains the highest level of ginseng saponins (6.24-10.32%), followed by PQ (4.50-6.45%) and PG (3.50-4.84%). Besides ginseng saponin in which the chemistry and biological effects have been studied in detail, the polysaccharides, polypeptides and fatty acids are also investigated by many scholars. In this paper, the separation and identification of ginseng saccharides, immuno-modifier, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-ulcer or antiadhesive, anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of such saccharides are reviewed, while the causes of succession cropping obstacle and future ways for the development of Panax species are discussed and suggested.
British Journal of Pharmacology
Selected ginsenosides of the protopanaxdiol series are novel positive allosteric modulators of P2X7 receptors2015 •
Nova et Vetera 97 (2022) 221-267
La Trinité divinisatrice. Le salut comme divinisation trinitaire chez Thomas d’Aquin et Charles Journet2022 •
La dimension trinitaire est essentielle à la compréhension du salut comme “divinisation” ou “déification”. Dans une première partie, cette étude présente la doctrine trinitaire de la divinisation chez saint Thomas d’Aquin: l’accomplissement eschatologique de la divinisation, l’Esprit Saint comme Don, les missions trinitaires, l’image de la Trinité et la participation à la communion trinitaire. La seconde partie est consacrée à Charles Journet, qui a prêté une remarquable attention aux aspects trinitaires de la divinisation. Journet reprend la pensée de saint Thomas de manière plus étendue et avec des accents propres. L’exposé se concentre sur les aspects nouveaux développés par Journet, témoignant d’une pensée très riche et profonde sur le salut comme divinisation trinitaire.
Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal
Language Maintenance Against All Odds Among Ata-Manobo Natives in Talaingod: A Multiple Case Study2022 •
Environmental Research Letters
Evidence for the effectiveness of nature-based solutions to water issues in Africa2021 •
Computational methods in applied sciences
Application of General Boundary Element Method for Numerical Solution of Bioheat Transfer Equation2010 •
2017 •
2013 •
British Journal of Neurosurgery
Endovascular treatment for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis – a single center studyIJASS JOURNAL
Implementation of Sustainable Tourism Attraction Promotion Strategy in North Halmahera Regency2024 •
Call Girls In Jawahar Nagar
98731°11406 Call Girls In Jawahar Nagar — (Delhi) Escorts Service2025 •