SDENTJ 203
5 May 2015
The Saudi Dental Journal (2015) xxx, xxx–xxx
No. of Pages 5
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King Saud University
The Saudi Dental Journal
www.ksu.edu.sa
www.sciencedirect.com
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of dental
students towards obesity
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K.H. Awan
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a
b
c
a,*
, S. Khan b, Z. Abadeen c, T. Khalid
b
Department of Oral Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Received 13 October 2014; revised 23 November 2014; accepted 26 January 2015
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KEYWORDS
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Obesity;
Dental students;
Knowledge;
Questionnaire study
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Abstract Aims: Obesity is a chronic medical condition associated with various oral health problems. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of dental students towards obesity.
Material and methods: Second-, third-, and fourth-year dental students completed a self-administered questionnaire. An ethics committee approved the study. Participants were asked questions
focused on three areas: (i) knowledge, (ii) perceptions, and (iii) attitudes about obesity. Data analyses were carried out using SPSS version 20.
Results: Among the dental students, 78.9% received 0–1 h of formal education about obesity.
The mean score of the total time allocated for obesity-related education was 1.31 ± 0.23 h.
Eighty-nine percent of the dental students agreed that obesity is a chronic medical condition,
46.2% agreed that they would modify their equipment and office furniture to accommodate obese
patients, and 46.8% were interested in learning more about obesity in dental school.
Conclusion: Obesity-related education should be implemented as a formal component of dental
student training. Oral health practitioners should also provide their patients with information about
how weight loss is beneficial to both general and oral health.
ª 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
* Corresponding author at: Department of Oral Medicine &
Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 1 467 7422;
fax: +966 1 467 9018.
E-mail address: kamranhabibawan@gmail.com (K.H. Awan).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
1. Introduction
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Obesity is a global health problem that is spreading at an
alarming rate across the world, particularly in the Asia–
Pacific Region. The worldwide prevalence of obesity is
27.8% (WHO, 2008). According to the Global Burden of
Disease Study, Pakistan is ranked as the ninth most obese population in the world (Ng et al., 2014). Since obesity has a high
prevalence worldwide, it is considered and prioritized as a
major issue with regard to the economics of developed nations
(Cecchini et al., 2010).
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2015.01.005
1013-9052 ª 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Awan, K.H. et al., Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of dental students towards obesity. The Saudi Dental Journal (2015),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2015.01.005
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Obesity is a disease with multiple aetiological factors, with
genetics and specific obesity-related genes playing key roles
(Stunkard et al., 1986). However, there are also some environmental links to obesity (von Deneen et al., 2011). Due to the
recent trends associated with urbanization, including increased
refined food product consumption, unhealthy dietary habits,
and a lack of physical activity, obesity is spreading fast
(Lamb et al., 2010). Obesity has been identified as a risk factor
for various systemic diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases, osteoarthritis, respiratory
difficulties, and some oral diseases, such as periodontal disease
(Eckel et al., 2005; Haslam and James, 2005; Stumvoll et al.,
2005; Wilson et al., 2002). In addition, obesity is associated
with an increasing burden of oral diseases and adverse effects
on oral health-related quality of life (Ritchie and Connell,
2007; Saito et al., 2005, 2001). As a result, medical and dental
professionals are facing challenges associated with identifying
patients with obesity and prioritizing their general and oral
health care needs (Basdevant and Ziegler, 2002).
Health care professionals are responsible for preventing and
identifying weight issues and for providing advice to the patients
(Basdevant and Ziegler, 2002; Jackson et al., 2013). Studies
focused on patient beliefs have reported that health professionals are the primary group capable of helping patients identify
obesity and its associated health risks (Bocquier et al., 2012).
However, physicians were found to be hesitant to carry out obesity prevention and management counselling to their patients
(Kristeller and Hoerr, 1997). The reasons for this are unknown,
but may be due to a lack of knowledge and negative attitudes of
health care professionals towards obesity management (Foster
et al., 2012; Harvey and Hill, 2001a,b; Hebl et al., 2003).
As obesity is one of the major predisposing factors for oral
diseases, there is a need to counsel patients visiting dental hospitals and clinics in order to identify the underlying causes of
obesity and carry out obesity management and prevention procedures. There is a lack of data about the understanding of
dental professionals with regard to obesity management
(Ritchie and Connell, 2007). Studies have reported that more
than one-third of dental students and dental hygiene students
had one hour or less of obesity education as part of their dental school curriculum (Magliocca et al., 2005). These findings
suggest that there is an urgent need for additional training
about obesity-related health risks as part of the dental school
curriculum. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand and identify the underlying reasons for why dental professionals are often neglectful, reluctant, and hesitant when
treating obese patients, and to determine the current state of
knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of dental students with
regard to obesity and its management.
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2. Material and methods
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2.1. Study population and design
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This was an anonymous, cross-sectional study conducted
among second-, third-, and fourth-year dental students of the
Faculty of Dentistry, Riphah International University,
Islamabad, Pakistan, over a three-month period from
January through March 2014. Students were given the self-administered questionnaire along with detailed instructions for
completing the questionnaire individually. The questionnaires
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K.H. Awan et al.
were distributed to the students during breaks from lectures
or work. The students were required to complete the questionnaires on site and to return them immediately to the research
team. Approval of the study was obtained from institutional
research and ethics committees. Social demographic factors
of age (mean ± SD), sex, year of education, and geographic
locations were assessed.
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2.2. Instrument and data collection
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Our study used a modified version of the self-administered questionnaire developed by Foster et al. (2003) to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of dental students towards
obesity. The questionnaire was peer-reviewed, piloted, and
determined to be comprehensive. The questionnaire consisted
of 16 items, with three sections: (i) knowledge, (ii) perceptions,
and (iii) attitudes. Participant responses were based on the
Likert scale, which included five responses ranging from
strongly agree to strongly disagree. All participants completed
the questionnaire during a single meeting using indelible pencil.
Knowledge-based questions were focused on the total number of
credit hours allocated to obesity education in dental school and
the ability of the participant to define, diagnose, and understand
obesity as a health problem. Perception-based questions were
focused on the ability of participants to describe their motivation towards making accommodations for obese individuals in
the dental setting and towards assessing patient dietary habits.
Attitude-based questions were focused primarily on the behaviour and feelings of the dental students towards obese patients.
Negative responses graded under strongly disagree and disagree were categorized as disagree, whereas positive responses
graded under strongly agree and agree were categorized as
agree. The neutral response was input with the mean value
of response for each question.
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2.3. Data analysis
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Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (Released 2009. PASW Statistics for Windows,
Version 18.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc.). The frequency distribution
was used to analyse each participant’s characteristics and the
number of hours allocated for obesity-related education
among dental students. Participant responses were assessed
based on the frequency and percentage of participants who
agreed or disagreed with the questions.
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3. Results
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A total of 218 dental students participated in this study. The response
rate of participants was 99.09%. Among the participants, 63.3% were
female and 36.7% were male, with a mean age of 24.0 ± 1.3 years.
Table 1 shows the distribution of demographic characteristics of the
participants. Seventy-nine percent of the participants reported having
0–1 h of obesity-related education as part of their dental curriculum.
However, the mean score of the total time allocated for obesity-related
education was 1.3 ± 0.2 h. Fig. 1 summarizes the total number of
hours allocated for obesity-related education, as perceived by the dental students. The responses of participants to knowledge-, attitude-,
and perception-based questions are shown in Table 2.
When participants were asked whether they had attended any prior
courses that helped increase their professional acumen in relation to
obesity, 70.6% participants responded positively. While the majority
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Please cite this article in press as: Awan, K.H. et al., Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of dental students towards obesity. The Saudi Dental Journal (2015),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2015.01.005
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Attitudes of dental students towards obesity
Table
1 Socio-demographic
participants.
characteristics
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of
the
Characteristic
(N = 218)
%
Age
621
22–23
P24
31
103
84
14.2
47.2
38.5
Gender
Male
Female
80
138
36.7
63.3
Year of study
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
66
80
72
30.3
36.7
33.0
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of participants (89%) reported that obesity is a chronic medical disease, only 12.8% thought that small weight loss could have beneficial
effects. More than half of the participants (59.6%) perceived obesity as
a serious medical condition, but only a small proportion was able to
define obesity (22%) or provide a differential diagnosis for obesity
(35.8%). Knowledge-based questions and their responses are provided
in Table 2.
Participants responded about their professional impressions of
obesity in sequenced questions. Around 30% of participants agreed
that they would make special accommodations in their dental offices
for obese patients with their equipment and office furniture.
Although the majority of participants reported that the assessment
of the dietary habits of their patients is important, only 47% of participants stated their interest in obesity-related courses in dental school.
When asked questions about their attitudes towards obese patients,
more than half of the participants reported that they feel uncomfortable examining obese patients and asking them about their dietary
habits and history of appetite suppressants. Around 63% of participants thought that obese individuals are lazier than normal weight
patients, and 35% of participants thought that obese patients lack will
power and motivation for health.
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4. Discussion
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The principle objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of dental students about obesity. The results of this study provide insights into the lack of
curriculum and its overall impact on obesity-related attitudes
among dental students. More than two-thirds of the dental
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Figure 1 Total number of hours allocated for obesity as
perceived by the dental students.
students reported having between 0 and 1 h of formal obesity-related education as part of their dental school curriculum.
Other studies have also identified a similar lack of dedicated
obesity-related education in the dental school curriculum
(Fogelman et al., 2002; Magliocca et al., 2005). One study
reported that 40% of dental students had 0–1 h of formal obesity-focused education as part of their dental school curriculum (Magliocca et al., 2005). Another study reported that
72% of primary care physicians believed that they lack proper
training for providing obesity-related education to their
patients (Fogelman et al., 2002). These findings are disappointing and may be a result of a lack of interest and priority-setting
by institutions and health authorities with regard to obesity-related education. Since Pakistan is ranked as the ninth most
obese country worldwide (Ng et al., 2014), both dental and
medical school curriculums should be revitalized to include
courses providing obesity education.
Table 2
Details of the responses given by the participants.
Reponses
Knowledge score
a. I have taken other courses prior to
dental school that educated me about
obesity
b. Obesity is a chronic medical disease
c. Small weight losses (5–10% of body
weight) can produce important medical
benefits for obese patients
d. Obesity is associated with serious
medical conditions
e. I can correctly identify the WHO
definitions of overweight, obese, and
morbidly obese patients
Perception score
a. Treating obese patients in dentistry
means I will need to make
accommodations in equipment and office
furniture
b. In my discipline, it is important to
assess a patient’s dietary habits
c. I would be interested in learning about
obesity in dental school
Attitude Score
a. I have negative reactions towards the
appearance of obese patients
b. It is difficult for me to feel empathy for
an obese patient
c. I feel uncomfortable when examining
an obese patient
d. Overweight people tend to be lazier
than the normal weight people
e. Overweight people lack will power and
lack motivation in comparison to normal
weight people
f. I would feel uncomfortable asking an
obese patient about his or her dietary
habits
g. I would feel uncomfortable asking an
obese patient about his or her past use of
appetite suppressants or current and past
anti-obesity medications
Agree
Disagree
N
%
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70.6
64
29.4
194
28
89.0
12.8
24
190
11.0
87.2
130
59.6
88
40.4
48
22.0
170
78.0
64
29.4
154
70.6
170
78.0
48
22.0
102
46.8
116
53.2
144
66.1
74
33.9
110
50.5
108
49.5
130
59.6
88
40.4
138
63.3
80
36.7
76
34.9
142
65.1
100
45.9
118
54.1
108
49.5
110
50.5
N
%
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2015.01.005
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The majority of the participants in our study were unable to
define obesity. In addition, most of the participants failed to
identify obesity and to recognize potential health benefits associated with weight loss. Similar findings were observed in previous studies of dental students who had a limited
understanding of obesity (Magliocca et al., 2005). This lack
of knowledge in identifying obesity and its related health risks
poses a significant challenge to dental professionals and raises
serious questions about their clinical training. Encouragingly,
more than 70% of the participants recognized obesity as a
chronic medical condition. This finding was consistent with
other studies, where 92% of primary care physicians and
56.3% of dental students were reported to recognize obesity
as a chronic medical condition (Foster et al., 2003; Kumar
et al., 2012).
In our study, only around 30% of participants reported
feeling a need to make special accommodations with their
dental office equipment and furniture for obese individuals.
A similar finding was reported by Kumar et al. (2012), where
54.4% of the dental students responded negatively towards
making special accommodations for obese patients in their
dental offices. This may be due to a fear that the prerequisite
to make special accommodations for obese patients may
affect the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of their dental
set-up. The majority of the participants in our study believed
in the importance of dietary assessments for their patients.
This finding is very important, as it may help establish
obesity-related risk factor assessments and facilitate the
implementation of prevention protocols, such as dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and exercise programs.
Notably, almost half of the participants in our study were
in favour of having more obesity-related courses during their
dental school training. These findings were consistent with
Kumar et al. (2012), where 60.6% of dental students were
interested in learning more about obesity. This suggests that
dental students are motivated to learn about obesity, and that
the proper implementation of a curriculum focused on obesity prevention and rehabilitation may play a key role in controlling obesity.
Our assessment of the attitudes of dental students towards
obesity yielded some worrisome findings. It revealed that dental students considered obesity to be related to personality and
aesthetics. It showed that the dental students attributed personality characteristics, such as appearance, laziness, feeling
uncomfortable, lack of self-control, and low motivation, to
obesity. Around 64% of the dental students considered obese
people to be lazier than normal weight people. Over 50% of
the dental students reported that they feel uncomfortable asking obese patients about their dietary habits and diet control
medications. Similarly, more than half of the participants
reported a negative reaction to the appearance of obese
patients and were uncomfortable with examining obese
patients. Several other studies have reported similar obesity-related attitudes among health care providers (Blumberg and
Mellis, 1985; Cecchini et al., 2010; Harvey and Hill, 2001a,b;
Lamb et al., 2010; Lois and Kumar, 2009; Maroney and
Golub, 1992; Najman et al., 1982). On the contrary, our findings were inconsistent with those of a study by NeumarkSztainer et al. (1999), conducted among health care providers,
where the majority of respondents did not associate obesity
with personality characteristics.
K.H. Awan et al.
5. Conclusion
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Dental education reforms lack the basic and specialized concepts of obesity-related education as a core component of
the dental curriculum. Since obesity is a potential modifying
factor for a variety of dental conditions, it should be an integral part of the dental curriculum, with a focus on the need
for implementing proper obesity-related education in response
to dental treatment needs. Oral health physicians should also
educate their patients about the benefits of weight loss with
regard to both their general and oral health.
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Conflict of interest
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The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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