ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY
OF THESSALONIKI
GREECE
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
SDGEE
Research Unit of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
contents
Contact Information
02
Introduction
03
Laboratory equipment and testing
04
Field testing equipment, seismic and geophysical surveys
08
Site characterization
12
Large scale facilities I: Euroseistest
14
Large scale facilities II: Europroteas
16
Strong ground motion and site effects
18
Liquefaction
20
Hazard assessment and analysis
22
Microzonation studies
24
Monitoring of structures and system identification
26
Seismic analysis and design of structures
28
Soil-foundation-structure interaction
30
Seismic design and performance of tunnels and underground structures
32
Innovative techniques for ground improvement
34
Early warning systems and real time damage assessment
36
Vulnerability analysis and risk assessment I: Buildings
38
Vulnerability analysis and risk assessment II: Infrastructures and utility systems
40
Seismic analysis, vulnerability assessment and strengthening of monuments
42
Computing and software
44
Projects
45
Major events
48
Academic teaching
49
People
50
Selected publications
53
INTRODUCTION - MISSION
The Research Unit of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (SDGEE) of
the Department of Civil Engineering of Aristotle
University in Thessaloniki, Greece, has a long and
worldwide-recognized expertise and know-how in
many topics of earthquake engineering, soil dynamics, engineering seismology, microzonation
studies, site effects, vulnerability and risk assessment of built environment, infrastructures, lifelines
and cultural heritage.
Since 1985 it has participated in many European
research projects including EUROSEISTEST, EUROSEISMOD, EUROSEISRISK and SYNER-G as
coordinator, and LESSLOSS, RISK-UE, NEMISREF,
CORSEIS, 3HAZ, MERP, SERIES, SHARE, SAFELAND, PERPETUATE, NERA, REAKT, STREST and
SIBYL as major partner. Its experience is equally
important in other national and international research activities and engineering projects.
The Research Unit of SDGEE is operating a unique,
in European and International level, large experimental facility for earthquake engineering and engineering seismology studies, namely the EUROSEISTEST
(http://euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr), in the area of Thessaloniki.
The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in
seismic design of important engineering projects, like
the Metro of Thessaloniki. Equipped with excellent laboratory and in-situ measuring devices, as well as computing facilities, it is capable of performing full-spectrum studies ranging from in-situ geophysical surveys,
laboratory tests and structural monitoring to seismic
design, vulnerability and risk assessment of structures,
infrastructures and lifelines.
The Research Unit of SDGEE has established solid cooperation links with numerous research institutes all
over the world and the construction sector in Greece
and abroad. Among the most prestigious collaboration
is with the French Commission of Atomic Energy (CEAFrance).
Research Unit of SDGEE at a glance:
CONTACT INFORMATION
Prof. Kyriazis Pitilakis
Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering | Geotechnical Engineering Division
e-mail
pitilakis@civil.auth.gr
address
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
P.O.Box 424
GR-54124 Thessaloniki – GREECE
telephone
+30.2310. 995693/ 995813
fax
+30.2310. 995619/ 995813
webpage
sdgee.civil.auth.gr
2
• Staff (2015):
Permanent employees: 7
Temporary employees, researchers, PhD students and Post-doc researchers: 17
• Completed PhDs (< 2015): 26
• Publications (2000-2015): > 450
• Major Research Projects (2000-2015): >20
• Facilities:
> 1500 sq. m of laboratories with equipment and testing facilities for all kind of laboratory and in-situ testing
in geotechnics, soil dynamics, geophysics, site and structural monitoring.
Large scale experimental facilities; EUROSEISTEST, EUROPROTEAS
• Collaborations/Funding agencies:
European Commission; French Commission of Atomic Energy; General Secretariat of Research & Technology, Greece (GGET); Public Power Corporation, Greece (DEI); Ministry of Public Works, Greece (YPEXODE);
Prefectures, Communities, Municipalities of Greece; Ministry of Culture, Greece (YPPO); Organization of
Aseismic Protection, Greece (OASP); Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources & Environment, Cyprus; Private consulting companies and contractors in Greece and abroad.
3
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND TESTING
The Research Unit of SDGEE has long and internationally recognized experience in all kind of laboratory
testing under static and dynamic conditions. It is equipped with state-of-the-art laboratory apparatuses to
perform both routine determination of physical, mechanical and dynamic soil properties, as well as highquality research in soils, soil mixtures with recycled material (rubbers, pumice etc) and rock. We provide the
following services:
• Soil classification and evaluation of physical properties
• Testing of soil samples (intact and remolded) of different dimensions under various strain/stress conditions for all kind of geotechnical projects
• Evaluation of dynamic soil properties (stiffness and damping) at a wide range of strains
• Evaluation of liquefaction potential
• Small-scale shaking table testing (new)
Cyclic triaxial ELDYN-GDS 5kN device (CU, CD, UU)
Resonant column device – Drnevich type,
longitudinal and torsion oscillation
Triaxial CD tests
on sand rubber mixtures
Triaxial device – SoilTest 25tons
FEM analysis verification
on triaxial loading on sand
rubber mixture specimen
Resonant column and torsion shear device – Hardin type
Borehole: G-1
Sample:S-03
Depth(m):8.45-11.00
Borehole: G-1
Stage 1: ó´ï =50 kPa
70
Sample:S-03
Depth(m):8.45-11.00
Stage 1: ó´ ï =50 kPa
Post loading after High Amplitude Test 1
Post loading after High Amplitude Test 1
Stage 2: ó´ï =98 kPa
Stage 2: ó´ ï =98 kPa
Post loading after High Amplitude Test 2
Post loading after High Amplitude Test 2
Stage 3: ó´ï =197 kPa
Stage 3: ó´ ï =197 kPa
Post loading after High Amplitude Test 3
16
Post loading after High Amplitude Test 3
Damping Ratio: DT (%)
60
Gmax :(MPa)
50
40
30
20
12
8
4
10
Direct shear, ring shear and consolidometers
4
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
Shear Strain: ã(%)
0.1
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
Shear Strain: ã(%)
0.1
Determination of shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (DT)
from high amplitude resonant
column tests
5
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND TESTING
ΑΝΑΔΟΧΟΣ-CONTRACTOR:
Ολοκληρωμένη Γεωτεχνική/Γεωφυσική Ερευνα στη Θέση 'Καραμαούνα' - Ταμπάκικα Χίου
ΚΟΚΚΟΜΕΤΡΙΚΗ
ΑΝ ΑΛ Υ Σ Η
-
Sample:S-03
1.00
Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου-ΕΛΕ
Stage
1:
2:
3:
G R AI N S I Z E AN AL Y S I S
( E105/86-7, E105/86-9, ASTM D2487 )
(P A S SI NG)
%
Δ Ι ΕΡ Χ ΟΜΕ ΝΟ
Φυσ. Υγρασία
Κατάταξη
Depth
ATTERBERG Limits
Water Content
Classification
Γεώτρ.
Borehole
Αρ.Δειγμ.
Sample N.
WP
PI
w (%)
κατά U.S.C.S.
BH-01
BH-01
BH-01
BH-01
28Φ
11.35-11.50
NP
NP
NP
36.7
SM
29Φ
11.55-11.80
40.6
36.2
4.4
55.3
ML
30Φ
12.00-12.10
27.7
21.0
6.7
18.5
SM
24.6
ML
31Φ
(m)
3'' 2.5' 2'' 1.5'
1''
WL
12.10-12.40
ΑΜΕΡΙ.ΚΟΣΚΙΝΑ ΣΕ ΙΝΤΣΕΣ - U.S. SIEVE OPENING IN INCHES
100
Όρια ATTERBERG
3/4''
1/2'' 3/8'
NP
1/4'' #4
NP
NP
No.ΑΜΕΡ. ΚΟΣΚΙΝΑ Νο. U.S. SIEVES
#8 #10
#16
#20
#30
#40 #50 #60 #80
#100
#200
0.80
Post loading after
High Amplitude Test
ΑΡΑΙΟΜΕΤΡΟ - HYDROMETER
90
30
DT(%)
,
*
/
25
20
0.60
0.40
80
G/Gmax
+
'
.
CTX Strain Tests
Resonant Column Tests
G/Gmax
Σύμβολο
Symbol
Βάθος
Depth(m):8.50-11.00
ó´ ï (kPa)
50
98
197
15
Vucetic & Dobry (1991), PI=15%
Vucetic & Dobry (1991), PI=30%
Darendeli (2001), ó´ ï =1.0 atm, PI=15%
Darendeli (2001), ó´ ï =1.0 atm, PI=30%
Darendeli (2001), ó´ ï =4.0 atm, PI=15%
10
Darendeli (2001), ó´ ï =4.0 atm, PI=30%
70
60
0.20
50
Damping Ratio: DT (%)
Borehole: G-1
ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΕΔΑΦΟΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ, ΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΣΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΤΕΧΝΙΚΗΣ ΣΕΙΣΜΙΚΗΣ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ ΑΠΘ
Ερευνητική Μονάδα Εδαφοδυναμικής και Γεωτεχνικής Σεισμικής Μηχανικής
ΕΡΓΟ-PROJECT:
5
CTX Strain Tests
40
30
0.00
0.0001
20
10.000
1.000
ΛΙΘΟΙ
ΧΟΝΤΡΑ - COARSE
ΧΟΝΤΡΑ - COARSE
Διάμετρος - Diameter
ΑΜΜΟΣ
ΧΑΛΙΚΙΑ - GRAVELS
ΛΙΘΟΙ
BS5930
0.01
0.1
1
0
Shear Strain: γã(%)
10
0
100.000
USCS
0.001
ΧΑΛΙΚΙΑ - GRAVELS
ΧΟΝΔΡA-COARSE
- SAND
ΜΕΣΗ - MEDIUM
ΧΟΝΔΡΗ-COARSE
ΛΕΠΤA - FINE
ΧΟΝΔΡΗ-COARSE
ΛΕΠΤA - FINE
0.100
(mm)
ΛΕΠΤΗ - FINE
ΑΜΜΟΣ
- SAND
ΜΕΣΗ - MEDIUM
0.010
ΙΛΥΣ -
ΛΕΠΤΟΚΟΚΚΑ
SILT
ΙΛΥΣ ΛΕΠΤΗ - FINE
ΧΟΝΔΡΗ-COARSE
SILT
ΜΕΣΗ - MEDIUM
0.001
- FINES
ΛΕΠΤΗ - FINE
ΑΡΓΙΛΟΣ
The Research Unit of SDGEE has recently installed and operates a small (max 100kg) shaking table (ANCO
R-201) for earthquake engineering, vibration, system dynamics, control systems, and data acquisition and
processing studies and demonstrations:
ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΕΔΑΦΟΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ, ΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΣΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΤΕΧΝΙΚΗΣ ΣΕΙΣΜΙΚΗΣ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗΣ ΑΠΘ
Ερευνητική Μονάδα Eδαφοδυναμικής και Γεωτεχνικής Σεισμικής Μηχανικής
ΔΟΚΙΜΗ ΜΟΝΟΔΙΑΣΤΑΤΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ - UNIAXIAL CONSOLIDATION TEST
(ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ Ε105/86-13 , ASTM D2435-80)
•
•
•
•
ΕΡΓΟ - PROJECT : Ολοκληρωμένη Γεωτεχνική/Γεωφυσική Ερευνα στη Θέση 'Καραμαούνα' - Ταμπάκικα Χίου
γ ο (kN/m3)= 17.31
e o = 1.31
Ho (mm)= 24.95
Γεώτρηση - Borehole : BH-01 Δείγμα - Sample : 8
Βάθος - Depth (m) : 4.10-4.40
D (mm)= 62.75
γdo (kN/m3)= 11.69
Sro (%)= 99
Κατάταξη - USCS Classification : SM
W o (%)= 48.03
Δείκτες Συμπιεστότητας :
Compressibility Indexes :
Cc= 0.314
Cg= 0.019
Cr= 0.044
Ενεργός Τάση Προφ όρτισης :
Effective Preconsol. Pressure:
p'c= 53 kPa
OCR= 1.47 Overconsolidated Soil
σ' 1
(kPa)
12.5
25
50
100
200
400
800
400
200
100
S0%
1.50
5.37
6.86
8.70
S=ΔΗ/Η0 (%)
S50%
3.24
5.72
7.48
9.76
S100%
4.98
6.06
8.10
10.81
13.96
17.82
22.14
22.32
22.10
21.84
t 50%
(sec)
e=e 100%
Es
(kPa)
8
19
27
63
1.194
1.169
1.122
1.060
0.987
0.898
0.798
0.794
0.799
0.805
340
1190
1473
2334
Cv
K
(cm 2/sec) (cm /sec)
1.45E-02
9.64E-03
3.99E-03
Effect of shear strain on shear modulus and damping ratio from resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests
ΑΡΓΙΛΟΣ
1.22E-06
6.54E-07
1.71E-07
4533
-710017
70084
38984
1.5g acceleration with 80kg payload
Peak displacement of +/- 12 cm
Peak velocity of 50 cm/s
Frequency range of operation 0 to greater than 20 Hz
1.40
Cc
Cg
1.30
Cr
eo
Δείκτης κενών - Void ratio e
1.20
Pc - Horizontal Line
Representative results of classification, consolidation and shear strength tests
Pc - Tangent Line
1.10
Bisector Line
Pc - Point
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
10
100
1,000
10,000
Ενεργός ορθή τάση στερεοποίησης - Effective normal consolidation stress σ'1 (kPa)
Selected projects:
NEMISREF • REAKT • SERIES • EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEISMOD • X-SOILS • CORSEIS • LESSLOSS • RISKU-E • SRM-LIFE
• Consulting projects
Selected publications:
• Anastasiadis A, Senetakis K, Pitilakis K, 2012. Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand/rubber and gravel/rubber
mixtures, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 30(2): 363-382.
• Senetakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis K, 2012. The small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of quartz and volcanic sands, Geotechnical Testing Journal, 35(6), doi:10.1520/GTJ20120073.
6
7
FIELD MONITORING AND SURVEYS
The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in field testing and is fully equipped to perform high
quality seismic, geotechnical and geophysical surveys and tests, such as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Refraction, Reflection
Spectral analysis of surface Waves (SASW)
Surface Wave Inversion (SWI)
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)
Cross-hole (CH) measurements
Down-hole (DH) measurements
Array Microtremor measurements (Spatial Autocorellation Coefficient -SPAC, linear and arbitrary configurations)
Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio-HVSR
Classical Spectral Ratio-SSR
Generalized Inversion method-GIS
Strong ground motion monitoring
Structure health monitoring and system identification
Equipment for field surveys:
Surface surveys (Refraction, reflection, SASW, MASW, microtremor measurements, site response estimates, structural monitoring of critical buildings, bridges, monuments, etc.)
Strong ground motion monitoring (Recording of seismic activity, earthquake early warning, etc.)
Digital 3-axis portable
accelerometer
CMG-5TCDE (Guralp)
Digital 3-axis
portable accelerometer CMG-5TD
(Guralp)
Digital 3-axis
portable accelerometer CMG-5T
(Guralp)
3-axis ETNA & K2 accelerometers with 24-bit
digitizer (Kinemetrics)
Surface 3-axis
accelerometer
EpiSensor FBA
ES-T (Kinemetrics)
Digital 3-axis
borehole accelerometer CMG-5TB
(Guralp)
High-quality 3 or 6 channel digitizer DM24
with 24-bit resolution (Guralp)
Borehole 3-axis
accelerometer
HypoSensor FBA
ES-DH (Kinemetrics)
18-channel Central Recording
System Mt. Whitney (Kinemetrics)
Field surveys/examples:
Elevation (m)
geo
pho
nes
Time (sec)
Refraction survey
Source (explosions)
Broad-band
velocimeter
CMG-40T
(Guralp)
24-bit AD seismic recorder
DAS-130 (Reftek)
24-channel seismograph
StrataView with 24-bit AD
recorder (Geometrics)
Horizontal and vertical geophones of 4.5, 14, 50Hz natural
frequencies (Mark Products)
Distance (m)
P-wave arrivals
Survey deployement
Borehole surveys (Down-hole and Cross-hole)
Dromochromic diagrams and 2D soil
stratigraphy
2D & 3D geological-geophysical models. The case of EUROSEISTEST
Profitis
Stivos
N
Stivos
Profitis
Wall-lock borehole triaxial geophones
of 10Hz natural frequency (Geostuff)
8
Wall-lock borehole hammer with oil pump
(Bison)
2D cross-section along Profitis-Stivos
Euroseistest
3D soil model of EUROSEISTEST
9
FIELD MONITORING AND SURVEYS
Microtremor measurements
Site response surveys (HVSR, SSR, GIS)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Promygdonian system
160m
225m
260m
287m
GPS
370m
sensor
Phase velocity dispersion curve of
Rayleigh waves
1
1
10
SSR on earthquake/NS & EW components
10
Bedrock
408m
Survey deployment (circular array)
10
Frequency (Hz)
Amplification
recorder
HVSR ambient noise /NS component
Vs (m/sec)
Amplification
Mygdonian system
0m
35m
S-wave velocity profile with
comparison to stratigraphy of the
site
Down-hole and Cross-hole surveys
Resonant frequency (Hz)
1
0.1
1
Frequency (Hz)
Survey deployement
0.30 - 0.39 Hz
0.40 - 0.50 Hz
S-part / EW component
Coda part / EW component
S-part / NS component
Coda part / NS component
0.51 - 0.59 Hz
0.60 - 0.75 Hz
0.76 - 0.90 Hz
0.91 - 1.20 Hz
1.21 - 1.75 Hz
> 1.75 Hz
10
Spatial variation of the resonant frequency in Euroseistest
Site response surveys (HVSR, SSR, GIS)
Profitis
Stivos
P-w
s
Survey deployment
ave
Source (hammer)
Recordings and dromochromic diagram of P- and S-waves, and Vp and Vs velocities
Vs velocity (km/sec)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1.0
0.02
0.9
0.04
0.8
0.06
0.7
0.08
Depth (km)
Phase velocity (km/sec)
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.16
0.2
Survey deployment
10
0.12
0.14
0.3
10-1
0.10
Period (sec)
100
Phase velocity dispersion curve of
Rayleigh waves
0.18
S-wave velocity profile
Selected projects:
EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEISMOD • EUROSEISRISK • MERP • SRM-DGC • XSOILS
Selected publications:
• Raptakis D, Chávez-García FJ, Makra K, Pitilakis K, 2000. Site effects at Euroseistest Part I. Determination of the valley structure and
confrontation of observations with 1D analysis, Soil Dyn. & Earthq. Eng., 19:1-22.
• Manakou M, Raptakis D, Chavez-Garcia FJ, Apostolidis P, Pitilakis K, 2010. 3D soil structure of the Mygdonian basin for site response
analysis. Soil Dyn. & Earthq. Eng., 30: 1198-1211.
11
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
Seismic design of structures is based on accurate soil and site characterization. The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in site characterization, including:
• Geotechnical and geophysical surveys and geotechnical mapping of urban areas at different scales
• Site-specific ground response and site-amplification studies including liquefaction assessment. 1D, 2D,
3D, linear, equivalent linear and non-linear analyses
• Proposal of improved soil amplification factors for the soil classes of Eurocode 8
• Proposal of a more detailed and elaborate soil classification system (new CS) and corresponding elastic
response spectra for Eurocode 8 (EC8)
Type 1 elastic acceleration response
spectra for the new soil classification
system by Pitilakis et al. (2013)
Geotechnical mapping of Thessaloniki. Spatial distribution and iso-depths of the three main soil formations:
(a) archaelogical and man-made debris, (b) hard clay, (c) seismic bedrock (SRMLIFE)
Soil categorization of Thessaloniki according to Eurocode 8 (left) and the new soil classification system by Pitilakis et al. (2013) (right)
Proposal of improved soil amplification factors
for Eurocode 8 (Pitilakis et al. 2012)
Type 2 (Ms≤5.5)
Type 1 (Ms>5.5)
Proposed
EC8
Proposed
EC8
B
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.20
C
2.10
1.50
1.70
1.15
D
1.80*
1.80
1.35*
1.35
E
1.60*
1.60
1.40*
1.40
Soil Class
Type 1 period-dependent soil amplification factors: improved factors for the soil classes of Eurocode 8 (left) and proposed factors for
the soil classes of the new soil classification system by Pitilakis et al. (2013)
Selected projects:
SHARE • NERA
Selected publications:
• Pitilakis K, Riga E, Anastasiadis A, 2013. New code site classification, amplification factors and normalized response spectra based on
a worldwide ground-motion database. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11(4):925-966
• Pitilakis K, Riga E, Anastasiadis A, 2012. Design spectra and amplification factors for Eurocode 8. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
10(5):1377-1400
*site-specific ground response analysis required
12
13
LARGE SCALE FACILITIES I: EUROSEISTEST
EUROSEISTEST is a multidisciplinary European experimental site for integrated studies in Earthquake Engineering, Engineering Seismology, Seismology and Soil Dynamics. It is the longest running valley-instrumentation project worldwide (for 20 years), and is located in Mygdonia valley (epicenter area of the 1978, M6.4
earthquake), about 30km to the NE of the city of Thessaloniki, in northern Greece. EUROSEISTEST comprises a permanent accelerometric network of 21 high-resolution, three-component accelerographs, fourteen
of which are installed at the ground surface or within small structures and the remaining six in boreholes, at
various depths down to the bedrock.
EUROSEISTEST is an excellent site for testing and validating numerical and analytical methodologies. The
facility has already generated more than 200 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. Its facilities
and unique database of accelerometric records (http://euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr) are widely used in seismic
risk mitigation.
An instrumented site to perform
multidisciplinary studies in soil dynamics,
earthquake engineering, seismology,
engineering seismology and geophysics
Facilities for studying
soil-foundationstructure interaction
and wave
propagation
EUROSEISTEST
provides
Unique data base of high
quality seismic records
from surface and
downhole stations with
well known soil
properties
Map view of the EUROSEISTEST area. Triangles: locations of
the permanent strong-motion stations; triangles with black
core: locations of the downhole arrays; dotted line: boundaries of the Mygdonia graben. To the right, current deployment
of the permanent accelerometric stations. Borehole stations
are also presented (underneath TST and PRO stations) in an
exaggerated vertical scale.
S
N
STC
PRO
GRΑ
GRB
TST
-197m
Basic input for research
towards seismic risk
assessment and mitigation
EUROSEISTEST web portal:
http://euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr
Selected projects:
STE
EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEIS-RISK • EUROSEIS-MOD
Selected publications:
FRM
-40m
-136m
14
A valley with perfectly known
stratigraphy and soil conditions for
studying ground motion and site effects
Time histories of the May 13 1995 earthquake (Ms 6.6, R
130km) recorded in N-S direction stations of the EUROSEISTEST network.
• Pitilakis K, Roumelioti Z, Raptakis D, Manakou M, Liakakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis D, 2013, The EUROSEISTEST strong ground motion database and web portal, Seism. Res. Lett. 84(5): 796-804.
• Manakou M, Raptakis D, Chávez-García F, Apostolidis P, Pitilakis K, 2010, 3D soil structure of the Mygdonian basin for site response
analysis, Soil Dyn. and Earthq. Eng. 30(11): 1198-1211.
15
LARGE SCALE FACILITIES II: EUROPROTEAS
A large-scale prototype soil-foundation-structure system has been built in Euroseistest, named “EuroProteas”, a symbolic name from the derivatives “Euro” and “Proteas” – for the first of its kind large-scale model
structure in Europe. EuroProteas is dedicated to studying soil - foundation - structure interaction (SFSI) and
wave propagation in the soil and the structure.
EuroProteas is ideal for experimental SFSI investigation due to its unique configuration:
• Excellent knowledge of the physical, mechanical and dynamic properties of the soil
• Stiff structural system founded on soft soil to promote SFSI
• Steel moment frame for flexibility and ease of construction
• Reconfigurable bracing system for stiffness and damping modification
• Two distinct reinforced concrete roof slabs for structural mass modification, as well as for shaker and wire
rope mounting
• Resonant frequency varying between 2.9Hz and 11.8Hz, depending on configuration
• Three-dimensional instrumentation with more than 80 instruments (accelerometers, seismometers, MEM
sensors), on the structure and in the soil, covering a volume of 21x21x12m
• Two boreholes (30m and 12m), in the center of the foundation and 0.5m from the foundation, for placement of recording instruments and geophysical testing
• Appropriate size for small-scale models in shaking tables and centrifuge apparatuses
• Reconfigurable for forced-vibration, free-vibration and ambient noise measurements
EuroProteas during forced-vibration experiments
3D finite element modeling
of EuroProteas in Opensees
Numerical simulation of recorded acceleration in the soil
ANCO eccentric mass vibrator MK-500U (provided by EPPOITSAK) and GURALP CMG-5 accelerometers
30m borehole at the center of the foundation slab with a downhole
recorder
Selected projects:
SERIES • NERA
Selected publications:
• Pitilakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis D, Rovithis E, 2013. Full-scale testing of a model structure in Euroseistest to study soil-foundationstructure interaction. Proc. 4th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering. Kos, Greece • Pitilakis D, Lamprou D, Manakou M, Rovithis E, 2014. System identification of soil-foundation structure
systems by means of ambient noise records: the case of EuroProteas model structure in Euroseistest, Proc. 2ECEES, Istanbul, Turkey
16
17
STRONG GROUND MOTION AND SITE EFFECTS
The Research Unit of SDGEE is a world leader in experimental and numerical studies of strong ground motion and site effects. Among its diversified activities, it operates since 1995, with the collaboration of several
European institutes and ITSAK, a unique experimental site (EUROSEISTEST) dedicated to the in-depth study
of site-effects and strong ground motion. In particular, we perform:
• 1D empirical site response characterization (HVSR, SSR, GIS methods)
• 1D, 2D and 3D numerical modeling of site response
• 2D/1D aggravation factor
x
H
i
Vs, soil=250, 400m/s
Vs
Elastic bedrock
w=5000m, a1=a2=20o, Vs=250m/s
2
1.8
max AGF
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
h=60m
h=120m
h=250m
h=500m
0.6
0.4
0.1
0
0.2
x/W
0.3
0.4
0.5
h=120m, a1=a2=45o, Vs=250m/s
2
1.8
max AGF
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
w=2500m
w=5000m
w=10000m
0.6
0.4
0
0.1
0.2
x/W
0.3
0.4
0.5
Parametric analyses of site response of 2D trapezoidal homogeneous sedimentary basins with finite-difference code (2DFDDVS): Maximum 2D/1D aggravation factor AGF (2D /1D acceleration response spectra ratio) along the surface of the basin.
Dominant frequency map (in Hz) of the Euroseistest basin.
Seismic section computed at the surface of the 2D cross-section
Profitis-Stivos for vertical incidence of SH-waves. Traces have
been low-pass filtered with a 3.5 Hz frequency cutoff. Anelastic
attenuation was included in the computations. 2D/1D aggravation factor is shown along the same cross-section.
18
Dominant frequency map (in Hz) of the Euroseistest basin.
Seismic section computed at the surface of the 2D cross-section
Profitis-Stivos for vertical incidence of SH-waves. Traces have
been low-pass filtered with a 3.5 Hz frequency cutoff. Anelastic
attenuation was included in the computations. 2D/1D aggravation factor is shown along the same cross-section.
Topographic Aggravation Factor as a function of the normalized distance and period from the crest of step-like slopes for
relatively stiff (top) and stiff (bottom) soil formations.
Selected projects:
EUROSEISRISK
SERIES • NERA • EUROSEISTEST • EUROSEISMOD • CASHIMA • SHARE • NERA
Selected
Selected publications:
publications:
•• Pitilakis
Chávez-García
FJ, Raptakis
D, Makra
K, Pitilakis
K, 2000.
Site effects
Results
from 2D numerical
modeling and
K, Anastasiadis
A, Pitilakis
D, Rovithis
E, 2013.
Full-scale
testingatofEuroseistest—II.
a model structure
in Euroseistest
to study soil-foundationcomparison
with observations.
Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake
Engineering
19: 23–39.
structure interaction.
Proc. 4th ECCOMAS
Thematic
Conference
on Computational
Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake
•Engineering.
Pitilakis K, Riga
Anastasiadis A, Makra K, 2015. New elastic spectra, site amplification factors and aggravation factors for complex
Kos,E,
Greece
subsurface
the improvement
EC8,System
Invitedidentification
Lecture, 6th International
Conference
onsystems
Earthquake
Geotechnical
En• Pitilakis D,geometry
Lamprou towards
D, Manakou
M, Rovithis E, of
2014.
of soil-foundation
structure
by means
of ambient
gineering
(6ICEGE)
Christchurch,
New Zealand,
1-4 November.
noise records:
the case
of EuroProteas
model structure
in Euroseistest, Proc. 2ECEES, Istanbul, Turkey
19
40
40
The Research Unit of SDGEE provides the whole spectrum of studies and expertise related to liquefaction
risk assessment:
20
20
•
•
•
•
•
•
Deviatoric Stress (kPa)
Deviatoric Stress (kPa)
LIQUEFACTION
0
-20
0
-20
-40
-4
Axial Strain (%)
0
-40
4
0
Pore Water Pressure (kPa)
-8
In-situ testing and surveys
Laboratory testing (cyclic triaxial tests)
Numerical analysis under total and effective stresses
Evaluation of the liquefaction susceptibility
Liquefaction risk assessment including evaluation of permanent displacements and lateral spreading
Recommendation and design of mitigation measures
1
20
40
Effective Confining Stress (kPa)
60
80
CTX Stress Controlled Results
AXIOS SAND Dr=55%
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (s)
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (s)
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time (s)
120
140
160
180
Axial Strain (%)
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Rubber
Determination of liquefaction characteristics of liquefiable soils or soil mixtures with recycled rubber
materials: Axios River sand with 20% granulated
recycled rubber. Results of stress controlled cyclic
triaxial tests.
Deviatoric Stress (kPa)
-8
40
20
0
-20
-40
Example of liquefaction risk assessment applying different methodologies using in-situ testing parameters (SPT, Vs), numerical modeling (1D analysis) and relevant code prescriptions (NCEER98). Determination of factor of safety against liquefaction
potential (right) with depth at a specific site for earthquake scenario of 500 years return period.
Selected projects:
EUROSEISTEST
SERIES • NERA • EUROSEISMOD • STREST • SYNER-G • RISK-UE • LESSLOSS • Microzonation studies: Thessaloniki, Larissa, Volos,
Lemesos • Consulting projects
Selected publications:
•Selected
Pitilakis K,publications:
Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis D, Rovithis E, 2013. Full-scale testing of a model structure in Euroseistest to study soil-foundationThessaloniki M6.4, 1978 earthquake: Sand boil of 50cm in depth and 1.5m in diameter at Scholari (left); Liquefaction susceptibility
map (middle); Computed vertical displacements (in cm) due to liquefaction for a scenario of an earthquake with 500 years return
period (right).
20
• Papathanassiou
structure
interaction.
G, Pavlides
Proc. 4thS,
ECCOMAS
ChristarasThematic
B, PitilakisConference
K. 2005. Liquefaction
on Computational
case histories
Methods
andinempirical
Structural
relations
Dynamics
of earthquake
and Earthquake
magEngineering.
nitude
versusKos,
distance
Greece
from the broader Aegean region. Journal of Geodynamics, 40, 2-3: 257–278
• Pitilakis
Anastasiadis
D, Lamprou
A, Raptakis
D, Manakou
D, Pitilakis
M, K,
Rovithis
2001. Thessaloniki’s
E, 2014. System
detailed
identification
microzoning:
of soil-foundation
Subsurfacestructure
as basissystems
of site response
by means
analysis,
of ambient
PAnoise records:
GEOPH,
158, 11the case of EuroProteas model structure in Euroseistest, Proc. 2ECEES, Istanbul, Turkey
21
HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS
Seismicity of
Thessaloniki region
(M ≥ 4.0)
Hazard curve
for Thessaloniki
(SHARE)
Realistic seismic hazard assessment is a fundamental prerequisite for to effectively mitigating mitigate risk
from earthquakes. The Research Unit of SDGEE has a multi-year experience in both probabilistic and deterministic seismic hazard assessment, methodologies and has been a key partner in most pertinent European
projects, including the most recent SHARE (http://www.share-eu.org) project that produced the new seismic hazard map of Europe. Our specialization covers the fields of:
•
•
•
•
•
Historical (<1911)
Instrumented (>1911)
20 Jun 1978, M6.4
Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment
Site response analyses (1D, 2D, 3D, linear, non-linear, equivalent-linear)
Development of Ground Motion Prediction Equations
Studying the Variability of Strong Ground Motion (Single Station Sigma)
Our tools include a variety of broadly adopted codes, e.g. EERA, DEEPSOIL, Cyclic1D, Strata, ABAQUS,
FLAC, OpenSees, 2DFD_DVS for site response analyses and EQRM, CRISIS2007, OPENQUAKE, EQRISK,
FRISK, SMSIM, FINSIM, EXSIM, COMPSYN for seismic hazard computations.
Computation of Uniform Hazard Spectrum for mean
return period of 475 years at rock, soil conditions type C
according to EC8 and improved EC8 (Pitilakis et al. 2012,
SHARE), and C1 according to the new soil Classification
Scheme (Pitilakis et al. 2013, SHARE).
Computed PGA on ground surface with EC8 S factors
Shake maps of PGA on rock in Thessaloniki greater area for different seismic events
(left: M= 6.5, R=15km East, right: M=5.5, R=24km North of city center) based on ‘‘shakefields’ method (SYNER-G project):
i) generation of seismic events through a Monte Carlo simulation,
ii) median ground motion field is attenuated across the spatial grid using a GMPE, iii) spatial correlation model is applied to account
for the ground motion uncertainty.
Selected projects:
Selected projects:
SHARE • STREST • SYNER-G
SERIES • NERA
Selected publications:
Selected
• Pitilakis K,publications:
Franchin P, Khazai B, Wenzel H (eds), 2014, SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of complex ur-
Computed PGA on ground surface applying the improved
S factors for EC8 (Pitilakis et al.,2012)
22
Computed PGA on ground surface applying the new soil
Classification Scheme and the associated S factors
(Pitilakis et al. 2013)
•ban,
Pitilakis
Anastasiadis
Pitilakis
D, facilities.
Rovithis E,
2013. Full-scale
testing of a model
structureGeological
in Euroseistest
to study soil-foundationutility,K,lifeline
systemsA,and
critical
Methodology
and Applications.
Geotechnical,
and Earthquake
Engineering,
structure
interaction.
Proc.
4th
ECCOMAS
Thematic
Conference
on
Computational
Methods
in
Structural
Dynamics
and Earthquake
31, ISBN 978-94-017-8834-2, Springer Netherlands.
Engineering.
Kos,E,Greece
• Pitilakis K, Riga
Anastasiadis A, 2015, New design spectra in Eurocode 8 and preliminary application to the seismic risk of Thessa•loniki,
Pitilakis
D,
Lamprou
D,A,Manakou
M, Rovithis
E, 2014.on
System
identification
of soil-foundation
structure
by means
of ambient
Greece, In: Ansal
Sakr M (eds),
Perspectives
Earthquake
Geotechnical
Engineering,
Series: systems
Geotechnical,
Geological
and
noise
records:
the case of37,
EuroProteas
model structure in Euroseistest, Proc. 2ECEES, Istanbul, Turkey
Earthquake
Engineering,
Springer Netherlands.
23
MICROZONATION STUDIES
Microzonation is a detailed and multidisciplinary study that aims at dividing the area of study into zones with
respect to geological, geotechnical, geophysical and geometrical characteristics, and to provide reliable
maps of seismic ground shaking parameters considering local site effects, as well as induced hazards like
liquefaction and landslides. A detailed microzonation study provides the basis for an advanced seismic risk
assessment of urban areas, and for earthquake design of new engineering projects. The Research Unit of
SDGEE is recognized as a world expert on conducting detailed microzonation and site-effect studies. In
particular, we provide the following services:
PGA (g)
0.15 0.2
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
PGV (m/s)
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
5
10
15
20
PGD (cm)
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Thessaloniki (Greece): Spatial distribution of ground shaking parameters (PGA, PGV) and settlements due to liquefaction (PGD) for a
seismic scenario with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years
Normalized Mean Response Spectra Acceleration (ξ = 5%)
Calculated AVERAGE ± 1STDEV - South Part of Duzce
3,5
AVERAGE
3,0
AVER+STDEV
AVER-STDEV
2,5
Turkish Seismic Code (Z3)
Sa / PHGA
EC8 C - Type 1 (CEN 2004)
2,0
• Geological and geophysical investigations and surveys
• Geotechnical investigations (in-situ and laboratory testing, dynamic soil properties and strength characteristics, soil classification, geophysical and seismic surveys)
• Study of site-effects and strong ground motion using state-of-the-art methods and numerical tools (1D
linear and nonlinear, 2D linear, equivalent-linear and non-linear, and 3D linear software)
• Experimental and numerical study of complex site-effects, including basin and topographic effects
• Seismic hazard analyses (probabilistic, deterministic)
• Microzonation mapping of ground motion characteristics: Detailed maps with maximum acceleration,
velocity and displacements, both transient and permanent (PHGA, PGVA, PHGV and PGD); Acceleration,
velocity and displacement response spectra (PHSA, PHSV, SD); Transient soil shear strains and seismic
stresses at different depths; Amplification coefficients; Predominant period of the soil deposits
• Studies and thematic maps of liquefaction, subsidence, land sliding zones and the associated permanent ground displacements
• Seismic Code-oriented site-effects studies
2-W
1,5
3-W
1,0
1-W
1-W
4-W
W
0,5
R*
3-W
1-C
3-C 2-C
C
0,0
0,0
1,0
T (sec) 2,0
3,0
1-C
2-E
4,0
E 4-E 3-E
Düzce (Turkey): Seismic zonation (left). Calculated normalized response spectra acceleration for the two zones of the city in
comparison with the Turkish Seismic Code and EC8 (right)
?
?
1-E
2-E
KAL
?
4-E
Thessaloniki (Greece):
Seismic zonation of the central part of the city
Lemesos (Cyprus): Seismic zonation of the central part of the city
Selected projects:
Microzonation studies of: Thessaloniki, Grevena, Kozani, Larisa, Volos (Greece) • Lemesos, Paphos (Cyprus) • Duzce (Turkey) • SHARE
• SRM-LIFE
Selected publications:
Grevena (NW Greece): Seismic zonation of the city
into five regions of “uniform” seismic response
24
• Pitilakis K, Anastasiadis A, Kakderi K, Manakou M, Manou D, Alexoudi M, Fotopoulou S, Argyroudis S, Senetakis K, 2011. Development
of comprehensive earthquake loss scenarios for a Greek and a Turkish city: seismic hazard, geotechnical and lifeline aspects. Earthquakes and Structures, 2(3)
• Anastasiadis A, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K, 2001. Thessaloniki’s detailed microzoning: Subsurface as basis of site response analysis,
PAGEOPH, 158, 11
25
MONITORING OF STRUCTURES
AND SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
Rapid development of data acquisition and processing capabilities has given rise to major advances in the
experimental operational studies, particularly in the field of structural health monitoring. Monitoring of civil
engineering structures becomes increasingly popular, as it offers the opportunity to better understand the
dynamic behavior of structures under seismic loading, to measure structural response, as well as to detect
damages and monitor their evolution. Therefore, it is a significant tool for seismic protection and risk mitigation ensuring integrity and improving resilience, performance and reliability of structures.
The Research Unit of SDGEE specializes in monitoring of ordinary structures and infrastructures (e.g. hospitals, bridges and industrial facilities) as well as cultural heritage assets. In particular, our expertise covers
the following:
• Development of temporary and permanent monitoring networks
• Identification of structural dynamic properties (frequencies, mode shapes, damping ratios)
• Finite element model updating procedures to yield more reliable numerical models with respect to the
real condition of structures
• Vulnerability and risk analysis using field monitoring data
• Structural health monitoring and evaluation of strengthening interventions
• Real-time monitoring of critical structures and infrastructures
Real-time monitoring of a hospital building in Thessaloniki. Temporary array: 39 triaxial Mark products short-period seismometers
coupled to Earthdata recorders EDL and 7 triaxial broadband Guralp seismometers coupled to Reftek recorders.
Permanent array: 13 triaxial accelerometric sensors SOSEWIN
(in cooperation with the Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam- German Research Centre for Geosciences laboratory).
Amplification
MIN-1
10
10
1
1
0.1
on soil / site-1
0.1
Singular values for the selection of modes based on the Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD) method for the hospital
building
Amplification
f1=1.65Hz, f2=1.90Hz, f3=2.29Hz, f4=3.58Hz, f5=5.18Hz
1
Frequency (Hz)
0.1
1st floor
0.1
10
10
10
1
1
1
Frequency (Hz)
10
Average HVSR ratios at Suleiman mosque, Medieval city of Rhodes recorded on the ground soil and on first floor of the minaret.
on soil / site-2
0.1
Selected projects:
1
NERA • SIBYL • REAKT 0.1
• PEPRETUATE
Frequency (Hz)
Selected publications:
Mode shapes of the hospital buildings based on noise measurements
26
0.1
10
2nd floor
0.1
1
Frequency (Hz)
10
• Bindi D, Petrovic B, Karapetrou S, Manakou M, Boxberger T, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K and Parolai S (2014) Seismic response of an 8-story
RC-building from ambient vibration analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9713-y.
• Karatzetzou A., Negulescu C, Manakou M, François B, Seyedi D, Pitilakis D, Pitilakis K (2015) Ambient vibration measurements on
monuments in the Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13:331-345, doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9649-2.
27
SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience in analysis and design of structures in highly seismic
regions, accounting for realistic soil conditions. Using advanced numerical tools, we perform state-of-the-art
earthquake assessment of existing buildings, bridges, monuments and infrastructures, as well as state-ofpractice design of new structures.
•
•
•
•
•
•
3D finite element model of Arsenal De Milly in Rhodes,
Greece
Analysis of new and existing structures
Performance-based design of structures and infrastructures
2D-3D soil-foundation-structure interaction and topography effects
Seismic assessment and retrofitting of structures
Seismic assessment and mitigation design of monumental buildings
Earthquake resistant design of foundations
3D finite element model of the Neoclassical School in
Rhodes, Greece
b
3D finite element model of AHEPA hospital building
in Thessaloniki, Greece
Typical floor plan and sections along the longitudinal (Section A-A’)
and transverse (B-B’) directions of the hospital building
Numerical simulation of an 8-storey building with 3-storey basement founded on piles in Thessaloniki, Greece– Contour of the
horizontal displacement of the soil-structure system
Selected projects:
SERIES • NEMISREF • Consulting projects in Greece
Selected publications:
Seismic analysis and design of residential building
accounting for topographic and soil-structure
interaction effects
28
3D finite element model of De Bosset historical bridge
in Cephalonia, Greece
• Karatzetzou A, Pitilakis D, Kržan M, Bosiljkov V (2015). Soil–foundation–structure interaction and vulnerability assessment of the Neoclassical School in Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13(1): 411-428.
• Karapetrou S, Fotopoulou S, Pitilakis K (2015). Seismic vulnerability assessment of high-rise non-ductile RC buildings considering soilstructure interaction effects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 73: 42-57.
29
SOIL-FOUNDATION-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
The response of structures when subjected to dynamic loading is affecting the underlying soil response
and vice-versa. The, so-called, dynamic soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI) could be beneficial or
detrimental for the structures. The Research Unit of SDGEE has long experience in modeling complex soilfoundation-structure interaction problems. Our expertise focuses on:
3D finite element modeling of EuroProteas soil-foundationstructure system in ABAQUS, and 3D finite element modeling
of EuroProteas structure in SAP2000
Effects of tunneling on surface structures accounting for
soil-tunnel-structure interaction
• Experimental and theoretical soil-foundation-structure interaction investigation, using the full-scale facility of EuroProteas in EuroSeistest
• 3D numerical modeling of coupled soil-foundation-structure systems
• Numerical modeling of surface and deep foundation systems
• Analysis and design of bridge foundations and piers
• Linear, equivalent-linear and non-linear numerical modeling of SFSI
• Vulnerability of structures considering SFSI effects
• Soil-tunnel-structure interaction modeling
• Structure-soil-structure interaction modeling
• Performance-based design of soil-foundation-structure systems
• Analysis and mitigation of monumental soil-foundation systems
• Dynamic foundation impedance functions
Soil-pile-basement interaction in buildings
Soil-foundation-structure interaction and topographic effects
Selected projects:
SERIES • NERA • PERPETUATE • NEMISREF • INDES-MUSA
Selected publications:
Investigation of “city effects” – Contour of the horizontal
acceleration around the structures
30
Analytical and numerical simulation of soil-caisson-pierdeck interaction of a typical bridge
• Pitilakis D, Clouteau D, 2010. Equivalent linear substructure approximation of soil-foundation-structure interaction: model presentation
and validation. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8(2): 257-282
• Rovithis E, Pitilakis K, Mylonakis G, 2009. Seismic analysis of coupled soil-pile-structure systems leading to the definition of a pseudonatural SSI frequency. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(6): 1005-1015
31
SEISMIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF TUNNELS
AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES
Although recent earthquake events (e.g. Kobe 1995, Duzce 1999, Chi-Chi 1999, Wenchuan 2008) have demonstrated that underground structures and tunnels may undergo extensive deformations or even collapse,
their seismic response has not been adequately explored compared to aboveground structures, due to lack
of well-documented experimental data and field evidence. In this regard, design specifications in modern
seismic codes are based primarily on simplified methods, the implementation of which may lead to substantially different seismic design for underground structures.
Along these lines, the Research Unit of SDGEE expertise regarding tunnels and underground structures covers the following areas:
3D numerical analysis of a tunnel crossing a fault and an adjacent station. Settlements 3D contour.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Investigation of the seismic behaviour of circular tunnels and box-type structures
Experimental and numerical modelling of the seismic behaviour of embedded structures
Seismic design of pipelines (gas, water, waste water), tunnels and metro stations
Vulnerability assessment of tunnels and underground structures
Evaluation of seismic design methods
Site and structure specific studies for pipelines, metro lines and underground structures
g
Design of immersed tunnels
Numerical model – plastic strains
Numerical predictions vs.
Experimental data
(bending moments)
Above structure - ground and tunnel dynamic interactions
Seismic analysis and design of metro stations
Collapse of a flexible tunnel-model under seismic shaking during a centrifuge test at the centrifuge facility of the University of Cambridge, UK (Tsinidis et al. 2014)
Selected projects:
RRTT • SERIES • Consulting: Thessaloniki METRO, Thermaiki ODOS
Selected publications:
Numerical analysis of circular tunnels in dynamic centrifuge tests: Contour diagrams of soil shear
stress and deformed tunnel shapes
32
• Pitilakis K, Tsinidis G (2014) Performance and seismic design of underground structures. In: Maugeri M and Soccodato C (eds) Earthquake geotechnical engineering design. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 28: 279–340, Springer.
• Tsinidis G, Pitilakis K, Madabhushi SPG, Heron C (2014) Dynamic response of flexible square tunnels: Centrifuge testing and validation
of existing design methodologies. Geotechnique, DOI: 10.1680/geot./SIP 15-P-004.
33
INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES
FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT
Rubber or/and pumice and soil
mixtures can be used as foundation
soil or backfill material to improve
the structure’s behavior under static
and dynamic or earthquake loading
conditions.
The use of recycled car tires aims
towards “green and smart infrastructures”
Ground improvement methods to ensure structure’s safety under static conditions, and to mitigate seismic
risk of structures and infrastructures, became during the last years a challenging research topic with substantial economic interest in global scale. Soil mixtures (essentially sand and gravels) with lightweight geomaterials (such as volcanic pumice or other industrial materials, as recycled car tires after special processing) are commercially available in the form of grains in a variety of sizes, and present an attractive solution to
improve structural safety and to reduce the seismic risk. At the same time, such mixtures offer an interesting
solution to the eco-friendly use of recycled materials. Our research activities focus on:
• Laboratory testing of the mechanic and dynamic properties of soil mixtures with volcanic coarse materials and granulated rubber derived from recycled used tires
• Investigation of factors influencing the dynamic properties of the mixtures (i.e. percentage of rubber, size
of the granules, ratio of the mean diameter between the soil and the synthetic material)
• Proposal of analytical expressions for the dynamic properties of lightweight mixture materials and of the
best practices for specific applications in a wide range of cyclic strains and compositions
• Numerical analysis of the seismic response of different structures (i.e. buildings, tanks, bridge piers and
abutments) and geo-structures (i.e. retaining walls and embankments) using the rubber/pumice soil mixtures as foundation or backfill material, in order to evaluate the improved earthquake behavior and the
most influencing parameters
1
25
0,9
0,8
20
0,7
G/Go
0,6
0,5
0,4
Foundation improvement with soil-rubber mixture layer
sand
15
sand (80%) - rubber (20%)
D/Do
soil-rubber mixture layer
sand (40%) - rubber (60%)
10
0,3
0,2
5
0,1
0
0,0001
0,001
0,01
0,1
γ [%]
1
0
G/G0 - γ- D/D0 curves for sand and sand-rubber mixtures proposed by SDGEE after resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests
Selected projects:
NEMISREF • Consulting projects
Selected publications:
Using lightweight backfill material in the seismic response of a quay wall results in a considerable
reduction of peak ground acceleration on the quay wall
34
• Kirtas E, Rovithis E, Pitilakis K, 2009. Subsoil interventions effect on structural seismic response. Part I: Validation of numerical simulations, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 13(2):155-169
• Senetakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis K., 2011. Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (RSM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a
wide range of shearing strain amplitude”. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 33(1): 38-53
35
EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
AND REAL TIME DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
During the past few years, in the framework of a pilot project the Research Unit of SDGEE has installed and
operates in real-time a strong motion network of more than 30 instruments in and around Thessaloniki, aiming at contributing to the cutting-edge research effort of seismic risk mitigation in real and near-real time at
European level. This network is the backbone of the under-development Earthquake Early Warning (EEW)
system in Thessaloniki, the first of such systems to be deployed in Greece. EEW system is combined with
results from the dense instrumentation of selected buildings, concerning the building-specific behaviour
and vulnerability assessment during earthquakes as well as its alteration with time (time-dependent vulnerability).
The objective is to develop a rigorous end-user oriented methodology with appropriate instrumentation setup to provide in real, or almost real, time (e.g. in a few seconds from the generation of the earthquake event
and before the seismic waves reach the structure) accurate prediction of the expected seismic damages.
The structures that are envisaged for potential installation of the network are public buildings, critical facilities, schools, hospitals, transportation infrastructures (roads, railways, harbour and airport facilities), utility
systems (gas, water, waste water networks) and industrial facilities.
Instrumented sites and buildings in Thessaloniki, Greece, with different types of sensors
Playback of rapid risk assessment for one hospital building. Input data correspond to the recorded waveforms of the 1978,
M6.5 earthquake of Thessaloniki, Greece
Selected projects:
REAKT • SIBYL
Selected publications:
Snapshot from PRESTo software (PRobabilistic and Evolutionary early warning SysTem, http://www.prestoews.org; e.g., Satriano et
al. 2010; Zollo et al. 2010). Playback application for the October 10, 2013, M4.2 earthquake, which was felt in Thessaloniki. A warning
was available 9 seconds before the arrival of the strongest seismic waves at the port of Thessaloniki
36
• Bindi D, Petrovic B, Karapetrou S, Manakou M, Boxberger T, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K and Parolai S, 2014. Seismic response of an 8-story
RC-building from ambient vibration analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering • Roumelioti Z, Sokos E, Manakou M, Paraskevopoulos
P, Liakakis K, Raptakis D, Pitilakis K, 2014. Toward real-time earthquake damage assessment in Thessaloniki: implementation of earthquake early warning, 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, August 25-29
37
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
AND RISK ASSESSMENT I: BUILDINGS
Probability of damage
Earthquakes, tsunami and landslides represent a major threat to urban environment in many regions around
the world, due to both direct physical damages and socio-economic losses and impacts. Hence, vulnerability of buildings is of high importance for the risk assessment of critical facilities (e.g. hospitals, transportation
terminals etc) as well as urban systems and populations. The Research Unit of SDGEE has long experience
in vulnerability and risk analysis of structures in complex urban systems, including:
High rise / low code MRF - t= 50 years
1,0
IO
0,8
CP
0,6
•
•
•
•
0,4
0,2
0,0
IO: immediate occupancy
CP: collapse prevention
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
PGA (g)
Fixed base,
rock curves Fixed
rock
Time-dependent
fragility
for abase,
high
rise, low code RC building when considering fixed base and SSI structural configurations
SSI linear, coupled
SSI under
linear, coupled
linear and nonlinear soil behaviour (Pitilakis et al 2014).
SSI nonlinear, coupled
Development of fragility curves for different hazards (earthquakes, landslides, liquefaction, tsunami)
Consideration of aging effects (e.g., corrosion) and soil-structure interaction
Real-time vulnerability assessment
Vulnerability and risk assessment based on detailed hazard analyses, considering site effects and induced phenomena at local (i.e. building, infrastructure), city or regional scale
• Damage and loss assessment (physical, casualties, economic), GIS mapping with damage distribution
SSI nonlinear, coupled
Low rise / low code MRF buildings
Probability of damage
1,0
Vulnerability of buildings in
Thessaloniki for specific seismic
scenario with mean return
period of 500 years. Damaged
buildings (left). Displaced people
considering building damages,
water and electric power supply
(right) (SYNER-G project).
0,8
0,6
0,4
minor damage
moderate
extensive
complete
0,2
0,0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Inundation depth (m)
Fragility curves for RC buildings exposed to forces due to tsunami (Fi: debris impact, Fd: hydrodynamic, Fs: impulsive; FEMA P646)
Vulnerability of buildings in Thessaloniki for the Uniform Hazard Spectrum of
SHARE project for a mean return period of
475 years in terms of percentage of
damaged floor area per damage state.
0.9
Probability of damage
1
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
0
80
0.2
60
Time (years)
40
4
20
2
0
0
PGD (m)
0.1
0
Time-dependent fragility surfaces for RC buildings due to seismically triggered landslide displacements
(Fotopoulou and Pitilakis 2013).
38
Selected projects:
STREST • SIBYL • SYNER-G • SHARE • NERA • SAFELAND • REAKT • LESSLOSS • SRM-DGC • MERP • SRM-LIFE • RISK-UE
Selected publications:
• Pitilakis K, Karapetrou S, Fotopoulou S, 2014, Consideration of aging and SSI effects on seismic vulnerability assessment of RC buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12(4):1755-1776.
• Fotopoulou S, Pitilakis K, 2013, Fragility curves for reinforced concrete buildings to seismically triggered slow-moving slides. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 48:143–161.
39
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT II:
INFRASTRUCTURES AND UTILITY SYSTEMS
Modern societies and economies become more complex and sophisticated and, at the same time, more
vulnerable to multiple hazards. Taking into consideration the rapid climate change, anthropogenic activities,
growing urbanization, uncontrolled land-use and increased vulnerability of population and infrastructure, as
well as interactions between different components of the urban system, the total risk is even higher. Therefore, the need to estimate the associated vulnerability and risk is of high importance towards the increase
of society resilience and robustness to natural hazards. The Research Unit of SDGEE has a long experience
in vulnerability and risk assessment projects as coordinator (SYNER-G) or major partner. Our expertise focuses on:
Numerical modeling and development of fragility curves for shallow tunnels in alluvial deposits according to EC8 ground types
(Argyroudis and Pitilakis 2012)
Gravity quaywalls
minor
damage
0,8
H<=10m, Vs=250 m/s
H<=10m, Vs=500 m/s
H>10m, Vs=250 m/s
moderate
H>10m, Vs=500 m/s
0,6
H<=10m, Vs=250 m/s
0,4
H<=10m, Vs=500 m/s
extensive
Interaction with EPN
H>10m, Vs=500 m/s
0,2
0,0
0.1
H>10m, Vs=250 m/s
PGA (g)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
No interaction with EPN
H<=10m, Vs=250 m/s
0.01
H>10m, Vs=250 m/s
Mean Annual Frequenc
y
of exceedance
( )
Probability of damage
1,0
• Classification and inventorying of all elements at risk (buildings, lifelines, utility systems, transportation
networks and infrastructures)
• Development of fragility curves for different hazards (earthquakes, landslides, liquefaction, tsunami)
• Vulnerability and risk assessment based on detailed hazard analyses, considering site effects and induced phenomena at infrastructure, city or regional scale
• Systemic and network analysis considering interaction between elements and systems
• Assessment of expected damages and losses, GIS mapping with damage distribution
• Socioeconomic losses. Damage restoration priorities and mitigation measures
1,2
Numerical modeling and development of fragility curves for waterfront structures of different geometry and soil conditions
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Water Connectivity Loss )% (WCL
Systemic analysis of water supply system (WSS) in Thessaloniki considering interactions with electric power network (EPN). Correlation of damaged pipes and broken electric power transmission stations to network
connectivity (left). Effect of interaction with electric power network to the
mean annual loss of water supply connectivity (right) (SYNER-G project)
Numerical modeling and development of fragility curves for cantilever retaining walls of different geometry and ground types (EC8)
Vulnerability and risk assessment of electric power facilities
in Thessaloniki (SYNER-G project)
Selected projects:
STREST • SYNER-G • SAFELAND • REAKT • LESSLOSS • SRM-DGC • MERP • SRM-LIFE • RISK-UE
Port of Thessaloniki: Components’
functionality for specific seismic
scenario with mean return period
of 500 years (SYNER-G project).
40
Selected publications:
• Pitilakis K, Crowley E, Kaynia A (eds), 2014, SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk.
Series: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 27, ISBN 978-94-007-7871-9, Springer Netherlands.
• Argyroudis S, Selva J, Gehl P, Pitilakis K, 2015, Systemic seismic risk assessment of road networks considering interactions with the
built environment. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, doi: 10.1111/mice.12136
41
SEISMIC ANALYSIS, VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
AND STRENGTHENING OF MONUMENTS
Preventive actions must be adopted in order to perpetuate life of monuments and historical aggregates in
seismic areas, in due time. One of the main specificities regarding the protection of cultural heritage assets
is to consider both safety and conservation that guarantees their capacity of lasting over time against decay,
natural hazards and extreme events, without losing their authenticity and usability. The Research Unit of
SDGEE provides advanced assessment of cultural heritage assets including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Investigation of the seismic behaviour of ancient
multi-drum column at Lindos, Rhodes
Seismic hazard analysis and estimation of design strong motions
Soil-foundation-structure interaction analysis
Ambient noise measur e ments and strong ground motion instrumentation
Structural health monitoring and pathology assessment
Dynamic analysis and design of strengthening interventions
Vulnerability assessment and risk analysis
Investigation of the seismic behaviour of ancient multi-drum columns
and portals
Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece: Numerical modeling of Suleiman Mosque (a) a single cantilever column and (b) modeling of the
whole structure. Sensors configuration is also shown
Medieval city of Rhodes, Greece: Location of studied single monuments (as-built information, creation of a database with all available information, modal analyses, static and dynamic nonlinear and elastic analyses, rehabilitation decisions), building aggregates
(Kisthiniou and Street of the Knights), in-situ microtremor measurements (SPAC and HVSR measurements), and locations of works
for fortresses’ restoration.
Selected projects:
PERPETUATE • Consulting: KB Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
Selected publications:
Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece: Numerical modeling of Arsenal De Milly
42
• Karatzetzou A, Pitilakis D, Kržan M, Bosiljkov V, 2015, Soil–foundation–structure interaction and vulnerability assessment of the Neoclassical School in Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13:411-428.
• Pitilakis D, Karatzetzou A, 2015, Dynamic stiffness of monumental flexible masonry foundations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,
13:67-82.
43
COMPUTING
AND SOFTWARE
PROJECTS
Title
• FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
ABAQUS
OPENSEES
ANSYS
PLAXIS (2D, 3D)
SAP2000
SEISMOSTRUCT
TREMURI
• FINITE DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
FLAC2D
FLAC3D
2DFD_DVS
• 1D WAVE PROPAGATION
SHAKE
CYBERQUAKE
EERA
STRATA
CYCLIC 1D
DEEPSOIL
• STRONG MOTION DATA PROCESS
SAC
SEISMOSIGNAL
Role
Harmonized approach to stress tests for critical infrastructures against natural hazards
www.strest-eu.org
European Commission,
ENV.2013.6.4-4-603389
P
Seismic monitoring and vulnerability framework for civil protection
European Commission,
ECHO.SUB.2014.695550
P
RARESYNERGASIA
Development of earthquake rapid response
system for metropolitan motorways
General Secretariat for Research and Technology, 20122015
P
THALIS
Contemporary evaluation methodology of
seismic vulnerability and upgrade of port
facilities
Ministry of Culture, Education
and Religious Affairs, 20122015
P
Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk analysis for buildings, lifeline networks and infrastructures safety gain
www.syner-g.eu
European Commission,
ENV.2009.1-244061
C
Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assessment, effects of global change and risk management strategies
www.safeland-fp7.eu
European Commission,
ENV.2008.1-226479
P
Seismic hazard harmonization in Europe
www.share-eu.org
European Commission,
ENV.2008.1.3.1.1-226967
P
Seismic engineering research infrastructures
for European synergies
www.series.upatras.gr
European Commission, INFRA.2008.1.1.2- 227887
P
Performance-based approach to earthquake
protection of cultural heritage in European
and Mediterranean countries
www.perpetuate.eu
European Commission,
ENV.2009.3.2.1.1-244229
P
• SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS
CRISIS2007
EQRM
EQRISK
OPENQUAKE
• TECHNICAL COMPUTING
MATLAB
MATHCAD
• GIS & CAD
ArcGIS
AutoCAD
44
Funding
Network of European research infrastructures European Commission, INfor earthquake risk assessment and mitigaFRA.2010.1.1.27- 262330
tion
www.nera-eu.org
P
Strategies and tools for real time earthquake
risk reduction
www.reaktproject.eu
European Commission,
ENV.2011.1.3.1-1- 282862
P
CASHIMA
Synthesis of EUROSEISTEST and theoretical
modeling
CEA/CADARACHENo4000311888 & No
4000422704
P
E2VP CASHIMA
Detailed geological and geotechnical description of the EUROSEISTEST experimental
facility and preparation of earthquake data
and recordings from the permanent strong
motion array for the validation of numerical
models and codes for site effect and engineering seismology studies
CEA/CADARACHE-No
4000535543
P
45
PROJECTS
Title
Funding
Role
Seismic hazard assessment, site effects and
soil structure interaction studies in an instrumented basin
euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr
European Commission, EVG1CT-2001-00040
EUROSEIS-MOD Development and experimental validation of
advanced modeling techniques in eng. seismology and earthquake engineering
euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr
European Commission, ENV4CT96-0255 (DG12-DTEE)
C
Volvi-Thessaloniki: A European test-site for
engineering, seismology, earthquake engineering and seismology
euroseisdb.civil.auth.gr
European Commission,
ENV4960255
C
An advanced approach to earthquake risk
scenarios with applications to different European towns
European Commission, EVK4CT-2000-00014
P
Risk mitigation for earthquake and landslide
www.lessloss.org
European Commission,
SUSTDEV.2002.3.IV.2.a-GOCECT-2003-505448
P
New methods for mitigation of seismic risk of
existing foundations
European Commission, G1RDCT-2002-00702
P
Cooperation agreement in the field of seismology in Greece
Institute de Radioprotection
et de Surete Nucleaire (IRSN)
RCS Nanterre No440 546 018,
2003
P
European Commission,
SUSTDEV.2002.3.IV.2.a-4043
P
3HAZ-CORINTH
Earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides in the
Corinth Rift, Greece. A multidisciplinary approach for measuring, modeling
and predicting their triggering modes and
their effects
Title
Role
Structural assessment monitoring and control European Commission, G1RTwww.samco.org
CT-2001-05040
P
ISMOD
Towards an integrated strong motion modeling: Comparison of source path and site effects on the example of EUROSEISTEST data
European Union, Copernicus ,
1997-2000
P
MERP
Marmara Earthquake Rehabilitation Project
Turkish GovernmentEuropean Commission,
PIU-ID-MERP-2002-2004
P
X-SOILS
Foundation design in seismically “problematic” soils under strong ground shaking
General Secretariat for Research and Technology,
Greece_DP23
P
Dynamic soil testing of geophysical survey
for the seismic design of Thessaloniki Metro
Infrastructure
Bouygues T.P, 1999
C
Microzoning study of Thessaloniki
General Secretary of Central
Macedonia, Greece, 20002004
C
Microzoning study of Volos urban area – N.
Ionia
Prefecture of Magnesia,
Greece, 1995-2002
C
Microzoning study of Kozani urban area
Municipality of Kozani, Greece,
1997-2003
C
Microzoning study of Lemesos urban area
Ministry of Agriculture and
Environment, Cyprus. Department of Geological Prospecting, Cyprus, 1998-2001
C
Microzoning study of Larisa urban area
Municipality of Larisa, Greece,
1998
C
Analytical and experimental study of the effect Earthquake Planning and Proof local soil conditions for the evaluation an
tection Organization (OASP),
review of the EAK design forces
Greece, 2000-2005
C
Stability study for the Lindos Acropolis
Ministry of Culture, Greece,
1999
C
Retrofitting studies in the Rhodes Medieval
City Fortress and monuments
Ministry of Culture, Greece,
1999-2005
C
Microzonation study of Paphos
Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of
Agriculture, Natural Resources
and Environment, Geological
Survey Department, 2002-2008
C
C
SDGEE
SDGEE
SDGEE
SDGEE
SDGEE
SDGEE
CORSEIS
An integrated study of seismic hazard assess- European Commission, EVG1ment in the area of Aegion Gulf of Corinth,
CT-1999-00002
Greece
P
SDGEE
SRM-LIFE
Development of a global methodology for the
vulnerability assessment and risk management of lifelines, infrastructures and critical
facilities. Application to the metropolitan area
of Thessaloniki
General Secretariat for Research and Technology,
Greece_DP19
C
SDGEE
Development and proposition for implementation of an efficient methodology and appropriate local instruments for the management,
prevention and reduction of seismic risk in
Duzce-Turkey, Grevena-Greece and CataniaItaly
European Commission, Ministry of Economy and Finance,
INTERREG III B Archimed
P
46
Funding
SDGEE
SDGEE
C: Coordinator, P: Partner
47
SCIENTIFIC
EVENTS
ACADEMIC
TEACHING
Graduate Studies Program “Seismic Design of Structures”
16th European Conference
on Earthquake Engineering
Thessaloniki, 18-22 June 2018
Chairman: Prof. K. Pitilakis
• ASTE01 - Soil Dynamics and Engineering Seismology
• ASTE05 - Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: Seismic Design of
Foundations, Retaining Walls, Underground and Earth Structures.
Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction.
4th International Conference
on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering
Thessaloniki, 26-28 June 2007
Chairman: Prof. K. Pitilakis
Undergraduate Studies Program
• TG0600 - Laboratory and In-Situ Tests in Geomechanics (*)
• TG1100 - Foundations, Retaining Structures and Geotechnical Works (*)
• TG1300 - Soil Improvement and Strengthening of Foundations (*)
• TG2500 – Introduction in Soil Dynamics and Engineering Seismology
• TG2600 - Environmental Geotechnical Engineering (*)
• TG3100 - Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering I: Seismic Ground Response, Design Ground Motions and Liquefaction Risk Assessment
Workshop: SYNER-G FP7 project
Thessaloniki, 1 March 2013
• TG2800 - Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering II: Seismic Design of Foundations and Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction
(*) Courses given jointly with other members of the academic staff in the
Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Workshop: LESS-LOSS FP6 project
Thessaloniki, 20 April 2007
Workshop: SRM-LIFE project
Thessaloniki, 29 May 2008
Workshops: Microzonation Study of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki, 14 April 2003 & 4 June 2004
48
49
research group Research staff
research group permanent staff
Kyriazis Pitilakis
Dimitrios Raptakis
Dr Civil Engineer
Professor, Director of the Research Unit
Geotechnical earthquake engineering;
Engineering seismology; Numerical
and stochastic methods; Soil dynamics; Microzoning studies; Protection of
monuments and historical structures
against natural hazards; Soil-foundation
-structure interaction; Seismic design of
technical projects
Tel +30 2310995693 | Fax +30 2310995619
kpitilak@civil.auth.gr | users.auth.gr/kpitilak
Anastasios Anastasiadis
Dr Civil Engineer
Assistant Professor
Laboratory and in-Situ Testing;
Soil and site characterization in geotechnical and earthquake engineering;
Site effects and microzoning studies;
Soil dynamics; Soil mechanics; Seismic
performance and design of geotechnical structures and infrastructures
Tel +30 2310995806 | anas@civil.auth.gr
mendeley.com/profiles/anastasios-anastasiadis
Maria Manakou
Dr Geologist
Laboratory & Teaching Staff
Application of geophysical methods for
soil and site characterization (CH, DH,
microtremors, SWI, SASW, refraction);
Experimental studies of site effects;
Microzonation studies
Tel +30 2310995810
manakou@civil.auth.gr
Dr Seismologist
Laboratory & Teaching Staff
Kinematic modeling of earthquake
sources; Simulation of strong ground
motion; Near-fault effects on strong
ground motion; Variability of strong
ground motion due to source and site
effects; Moment tensor determination;
Study of non-linear site response; Seismicity studies; Real-time seismological
applications
Tel +30 2310995810
zroum@auth.gr | users.auth.gr/zroum
50
Tel +30 2310995808
raptakis@civil.auth.gr
Dimitris Pitilakis
Anna Karatzetzou
Dr Civil Engineer,
Researcher
Dr Civil Engineer,
Researcher
Seismic analysis and design of underground structures – tunnels; Physical
and numerical studies of SSI systems;
Finite element modeling; Sesmic behavior of structures
Numerical studies of soil-structure interaction; Earthquake engineering; Seismic
response of structures
Tel +30 2310994209
akaratze@civil.auth.gr
Sotiria Karapetrou
Achileas G. Pistolas
Civil Engineer, MSc
Researcher, PhD Candidate
Dr Civil Engineer
Laboratory & Teaching Staff
Civil Engineer, MSc
Researcher, PhD Candidate
Time-dependent vulnerability assessement of RC buildings; Soil-foundationstructure-interaction; Aging effects;
Vulnerability assessment based on field
measurements; System identification
Lifeline earthquake engineering; Vulnerability assessment of infrastructures;
Risk analysis; Numerical modeling of
geostructures; Earthquake risk scenarios; GIS applications
Secretariat
Administrative and financial management of projects
Soil and site classification; Soil amplification factors; Design response spectra;
2D numerical analyses of valleys; Aggravation factors; Applications for seismic
code provisions
Tel +30 2310995842
eviriga@civil.auth.gr
Tel +30 2310994208
gtsinidi@civil.auth.gr
Sotiris Argyroudis
Anastasia Argyroudi
Civil Engineer, MSc
Researcher, PhD Candidate
Grigoris Tsinidis
Dr Civil Engineer
Assistant Professor
Geotechnical earthquake engineering;
Soil-foundation-structure interaction;
Performance based design; Structural
dynamics; Numerical analysis; Foundation design and analysis; Seismic
behavior and rehabilitation of historical
buildings and monuments; Soil dynamics; Soil mechanics
Tel +30 2310994357
dpitilak@civil.auth.gr | users.auth.gr/dpitilak
Evi Riga
Dr Civil Engineer
Researcher
Vulnerability assessment of buildings
and infrastructures due to seismically
induced landslides; Finite Element/
Difference modeling; Time-dependent
seismic vulnerability assessment;
Lifeline earthquake engineering; GIS
applications
Tel +30 2310994208
sfotopou@civil.auth.gr
Tel +30 2310994341
sarg@civil.auth.gr | linkedin.com/in/sargyroudis
Zafeiria Roumelioti
Stavroula Fotopoulou
Dr Physicist
Associate Professor
Engineering seismology; Seismic
ground motion; Site effects; Geophysical
methods for soil and site characterization; Microzonation studies
Tel +30 2310994208
gkarapet@civil.auth.gr
Experimental soil dynamics; Mechanics
and dynamics of granular soil/ volcanic
geo-materials/granulated tire rubber
mixtures
Tel +30 2310995648
gpistola@civil.auth.gr
Aggelos Tsinaris
Stella Karafagka
Experimental soil dynamics; Laboratory
Vulnerability assessment of buildings
and infrastructures due to natural hazards; Numerical analyses; Seismic behavior and rehabilitation of monuments
Civil Engineer, MSc
Researcher, PhD Candidate
Civil Engineer, MSc
Researcher, PhD Candidate
investigation of the mechanical and
dynamical properties of typical granural/
volcanic coarse materials with granulated rubber derived from recycled used
tires; Seismic analysis and design of
retaining structures - walls
Tel +30 2310995813 | Fax +30 2310995842
anastarg@civil.auth.gr
Tel +30 2310995648, +30 2310994347
tsinaris@civil.auth.gr
Tel +30 2310994209
stellak@civil.auth.gr
51
RESEARCH GROUP EXTERNAL COLLABORATORS
Konstantia Makra
Manolis Rovithis
Dr Civil Engineer
Researcher, EPPO/ITSAK
Dr Civil Engineer
Head of Soil Dynamic Division,
EPPO/ITSAK
Soil dynamics; Strong motion site
characterization and soil categorization; Empirical and theoretical studies
on strong ground motion; Site effects;
Microzonation studies; Soil structure
interaction; Seismic behavior and design
of geotechnical structures; Numerical
and analytical methodsand analytical
methods
makra@itsak.gr
Soil dynamics; Aseismic design of foundations and structures; Soil-structure
interaction with emphasis to pile foundations; Numerical and analytical studies
of soil seismic response; Numerical
simulation of physical SSI experiments;
Subsoil interventions; Rehabilitation of
historical monuments and structures
More than 450 scientific publications since 1990 in:
• scientific journals
• peer-reviewed conference proceedings
• special issues
• books
• book chapters
rovithis@itsak.gr
Kalliopi Kakderi
Dr Civil Engineer
Technical Service,
Hospital “G. Papanikolaou”
Lifeline earthquake engineering; Numerical modeling of utility and transportation infrastructures; Interconnectiveness
between lifelines; Vulnerability; Liquefaction phenomena; GIS applications
Jacopo Selva
Dr Physicist
Researcher, INGV Italy
Uncertainty treatment in hazard and
risk assessments; Multi-hazard and
multi-risk; Bayesian Volcanic, Tsunami
and Seismic hazard; Bayesian inferece
on fragility analyses; Statistical analysis
of earthquakes and eruption spatiotemporal distribution; Serviceability of
systems; Precursory patterns of volcanic
eruptions
jacopo.selva@ingv.it | jacoposelva.altervista.org
kkakderi@gmail.com
Manolis Kirtas
Dr Civil Engineer
Assistant Professor, T.E.I of Serres
Structural seismic behavior and dynamic soil-foundation-structure interaction;
Dynamic behavior of soil deposits under
seismic loading; Contemporary methods
of seismic design of structures; Structural analysis using the finite element
method; Inelastic analysis of structures
kirtas@teiser.gr | kirtas-eng.weebly.com
Kostas Senetakis
Dr Civil Engineer
Lecturer, University of New South Wales,
Australia
Experimental micromechanics of soils;
Compression behavior of gap-graded
and clayey soils; Transitional behavior in
soils and particle breakage; Mechanics
and dynamics of granular soil/ volcanic
geo-materials/granulated tire rubber
mixtures; Reinforced soils; Structures
seismic response; Liquefaction of soils
k.senetakis@unsw.edu.au | senetakis.weebly.com
Olga-Joan Ktenidou
Chiara Smerzini
Engineering seismology; Seismic and
noise record processing; Downhole arrays; Local (topographic & basin edge)
site effects; 2D site response simulations; High-frequency attenuation effects
(kappa); Ground motion uncertainty
(sigma) and variability
3D numerical simulation of seismic
wave propagation in complex earth
media; Spectral Element Method (SEM);
High Performance Computing; Variability
of earthquake-induced ground shaking
due to source and site effects; Seismic
hazard analysis; Seismic response of
underground structures; Strong ground
motion selection and scaling
Dr Civil Engineer
Researcher, GFZ Potsdam, Germany
olga.ktenidou@gmail.com
52
PUBLICATIONS
Dr Environmental Engineer
Researcher, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
chiara.smerzini@gmail.com
53
PUBLICATIONS
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS (2000-2015)
International Journals
Argyroudis S., Kaynia A.M. (2015). Analytical seismic fragility functions for highway and railway embankments and cuts. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, doi: 10.1002/eqe.2563.
Argyroudis S., Selva J., Gehl P., Pitilakis K. (2015). Systemic seismic risk assessment of road networks
considering interactions with the built environment. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering
doi: 10.1111/mice.12136.
Cattari S., Lagomarsino S., Karatzetzou A., Pitilakis D. (2015). Vulnerability assessment of Hassan Bey’s
Mansion in Rhodes. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1): 347-368.
Cauzzi C., Gasparini P., Sousa Oliveira C., Amaral Ferreira M., Iervolino I., Colombelli S., Emolo A., Picozzi
M., Zollo A., Erdik M., Şafak E., Zülfikar C., Pitilakis K., Karapetrou S., Vogfjord K., Jonsdottir K., Bindi D., Lai
C., Zuccolo E., Sokos E., Clinton J., Behr Y., Wiemer S., Zschau J. and the WP7 working group (2015). Towards Real-time Risk Reduction for Strategic Facilities through Earthquake Early Warning: summary of
the REAKT experience. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (submitted).
Chávez-García F.J., Raptakis D. (2015). Local Amplification and Subsoil Structure at a Difficult Site: Understanding Site Effects from Different Measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
(submitted).
Douglas J., Seyedi D., Ulrich T., Modaressi H., Foerster E., Pitilakis K., Pitilakis D., Karatzetzou A., Gazetas
G., Garini E. and Loli M. (2015). Evaluation of seismic hazard for the assessment of historical elements at
risk: description of input and selection of intensity measures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1):
49-65.
Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2015). Predictive relationships for seismically induced slope displacements
using numerical analysis results. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, doi: 10.1007/s10518-015-9768-4.
Hemeda S., Pitilakis K., Bandis S. (2015). Geotechnical, geophysical investigation and seismic response
analysis of the underground tombs in Mustafa Kamil Necropolis, Alexandria, Egypt. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15 (1): 191-207.
Karapetrou S., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2015). Seismic vulnerability assessment of high-rise non-ductile
RC buildings considering soil-structure interaction effects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
73: 42-57.
Karapetrou S., Manakou M., Bindi D., Petrovic B., Pitilakis K. (2015). “Time-building specific” seismic vulnerability assessment of a high rise RC building using field monitoring data. Engineering Structures (submitted).
Karatzetzou A., Negulescu C., Manakou M., François B., Seyedi D., Pitilakis D., Pitilakis K. (2015). Ambient
vibration measurements on monuments in the Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake
Engineering 13(1): 331-345.
54
Karatzetzou A., Pitilakis D., Kržan M., Bosiljkov V. (2015). Soil–foundation–structure interaction and vulnerability assessment of the Neoclassical School in Rhodes, Greece. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13(1):
411-428.
Ktenidou O.-J. , Roumelioti Z., Abrahamson N., Cotton F., Pitilakis K., Hollender F. (2015). Site effects and
ground motion variability: traditional spectral ratios vs. GMPE residuals. Bulletin of the Seismological Society
of America (submitted).
Maufroy E., Chaljub E., Hollender F., Kristek J., Moczo P., Klin P., Priolo E., Iwaki A., Iwata T., Etienne V., De Martin F., Theodoulidis N., Manakou M., Guyonnet-Benaize C., Pitilakis K., Bard P.-Y. (2015). Earthquake ground
motion in the Mygdonian basin, Greece: the E2VP verification and validation of 3D numerical simulation up
to 4 Hz. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, doi: 10.1785/0120140228.
Pitilakis D., Karatzetzou A. (2015). Dynamic stiffness of monumental flexible masonry foundations. Bulletin of
Earthquake Engineering 13(1): 67-82.
Raptakis D., Makra K. (2015). Multiple estimates of soil structure at a vertical strong motion array: Understanding uncertainties from different shear wave velocity profiles. Engineering Geology 192: 1-18.
Tsinidis G., Pitilakis K., Madabhushi G., Heron C. (2015). Dynamic response of flexible square tunnels: Centrifuge testing and validation of existing design methodologies. Geotechnique 65(5): 401-417.
Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2015). A comparison of material damping measurements in resonant column using the steady-state and free-vibration decay methods, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 74: 10–13.
Bindi D., Petrovic B., Karapetrou S., Manakou M., Boxberger T., Raptakis D., Pitilakis K., Parolai S. (2014). Seismic response of a 8-story RC-building from ambient vibration analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,
doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9713-y.
Chávez-García F.J., Manakou M., Raptakis D. (2014). Subsoil structure and site effects: A comparison between results from SPAC and HVSR in sites of complex geology. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 57: 133–142.
Corominas J., Van Westen C., Frattini P., Cascini L., Malet J.-P., Fotopoulou S., Catani F., Van Den Eeckhaut
M., Mavrouli O., Agliardi F., Pitilakis K., Winter M. G., Pastor M., Ferlisi S., Tofani V., Hervás J., Smith J. T. (2014).
Recommendations for the quantitative assessment of landslide risk. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and
the Environment 73(2):209-263.
Eidsvig U., McLean A., Vangelsten B.V., Kalsnes B., Ciurean L., Argyroudis S., Winter M., Mavrouli O.C., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K., Bails A. , Malet J.P., Kaiser G. (2014). Assessment of socio-economic vulnerability to
landslides using an indicator-based approach. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 73(2):
307-324.
55
PUBLICATIONS
Manos G. C. , Pitilakis K.D., Sextos A.G., Kourtides V., Soulis V. , Thauampteh J. (2014). Field experiments for
monitoring the dynamic soil-structure-foundation response of a bridge-pier model structure at a Test Site.
Journal of Structural Engineering 141, SPECIAL ISSUE: Field Testing of Bridges and Buildings, D4014012.
Mavrouli O., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K., Zuccaro G., Corominas J., Santo A., Cacace F., De Gregorio D., Di
Crescenzo G., Foerster E., Thomas U. (2014). Vulnerability assessment for reinforced concrete buildings exposed to landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 73(2): 265-289.
Pitilakis K., Karapetrou S., Fotopoulou S. (2014). Consideration of aging and SSI effects on seismic vulnerability assessment of RC buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12(4): 1755-1776.
Pitilakis K., Tsinidis G., Leanza A., Maugeri M. (2014). Seismic behaviour of circular tunnels accounting for
above ground structures interaction effects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 67: 1-15.
Tsinidis G., Pitilakis K., Trikalioti A.D. (2014). Numerical simulation of round robin numerical test on tunnels
using a simplified kinematic hardening model. Acta Geotechnica 9(4): 641-659.
Winter M.G., Smith J.T., Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K., Mavrouli O-C., Corominas J., Agryroudis S. (2014). An
expert judgment approach to determining the physical vulnerability of roads to debris flow. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 73(2): 291-305.
Argyroudis S., Kaynia A.M., Pitilakis K. (2013). Development of fragility functions for geotechnical constructions: Application to cantilever retaining walls. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 50: 106–116.
Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2013). Vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to
seismically triggered slow-moving earth slides. Landslides 10(5): 563-582.
Fotopoulou S., Pitilakis K. (2013). Fragility curves for reinforced concrete buildings to seismically triggered
slow-moving slides. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 48: 143–161.
Pitilakis D., Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi A., Clouteau, D (2013). Equivalent-Linear Dynamic Impedance
Functions of Surface Foundations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139(7):
1130–1139.
Pitilakis K., Riga E., Anastasiadis A. (2013) New code site classification, amplification factors and normalized
response spectra based on a worldwide ground-motion database, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11(4):
925-966.
Pitilakis K., Roumelioti Z., Raptakis D., Manakou M., Liakakis K., Anastasiadis A. and Pitilakis D. (2013). The
EUROSEISTEST strong ground motion database and web portal. Seismological Research Letters 84(5):
796–804.
Raptakis D. (2013). Pre-loading effect on site response: Site amplification and soil properties mismatch. Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 53: 1–10.
56
Rovithis E., Mylonakis G., Pitilakis K. (2013). Dynamic stiffness and kinematic response of single piles in inhomogeneous soil. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11(6): 1949–1972.
Selva J., Argyroudis S., Pitilakis K. (2013). Impact on loss/risk assessments of inter-model variability in vulnerability analysis. Natural Hazards 67(2): 723-746.
Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A. and Pitilakis K. (2013). Normalized shear modulus reduction and damping ratio
curves of quartz sand and rhyolitic crushed rock. Soils and Foundations 53(6): 879-893.
Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K., Coop M. (2013). The dynamics of a pumice granular soil in dry state
under isotropic resonant column testing. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 45: 70-79.
Anastasiadis A., Senetakis K. and Pitilakis K. (2012). Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand/
rubber and gravel/rubber mixtures. Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering 30(2): 363-382.
Anastasiadis A., Senetakis K., Pitilakis K., Gargala C., Karakasi I. (2012). Dynamic behavior of sand/rubber
mixtures, Part I: Effect of rubber content and duration of confinement on small-strain shear modulus and
damping ratio. Journal of ASTM International 9(2), Paper ID JAI103680, doi: 10.1520/STP154020120011.
Argyroudis S., Pitilakis K. (2012). Seismic fragility curves of shallow tunnels in alluvial deposits. Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake Engineering 35: 1–12.
Pitilakis K., Riga E., Anastasiadis A. (2012). Design spectra and amplification factors for Eurocode 8. Bulletin
of Earthquake Engineering 10(5): 1377-1400.
Raptakis D. (2012). Pre-loading effect on dynamic soil properties: Seismic methods and their efficiency in
geotechnical aspects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 34(1): 69-77.
Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2012). The small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of quartz
and volcanic sands. ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal 35(6), doi: 10.1520/GTJ20120073
Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A. and Pitilakis K. (2012). Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (RSM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitudes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering 33: 38-53.
Senetakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K., Souli A. (2012). Dynamic behavior of sand/rubber mixtures, Part II:
Effect of rubber content on G/Go-γ-DT curves and volumetric threshold strain. Journal of ASTM International
9(2), Paper ID JAI103711, doi: 10.1520/JAI103711.
Ktenidou O.-J., Chávez-García F.J., Pitilakis K. (2011). Variance reduction and signal-to-noise ratio: Reducing
uncertainty in spectral ratios. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101(2): 619-634.
Pitilakis K., Anastasiadis A., Kakderi K., Manakou M., Manou D., Alexoudi M., Fotopoulou S., Argyroudis S.,
Senetakis K. (2011). Development of comprehensive earthquake loss scenarios for a Greek and a Turkish
city: seismic hazard, geotechnical and lifeline aspects. Earthquakes and Structures 2(3): 207-232.
57
PUBLICATIONS
Rovithis E., Pitilakis K., Mylonakis G. (2011). A note on a pseudo-natural SSI frequency of coupled soil-pilestructure systems. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31(7): 873-878.
Hemeda S, Pitilakis K. (2010). Serapeum temple and the ancient annex daughter library in Alexandria, Egypt:
Geotechnical–geophysical investigations and stability analysis under static and seismic conditions. Engineering Geology 113(1–4): 33-43.
Chávez-García F.J., Luzón F., Raptakis D., Fernández J. (2007). Shear-wave velocity structure around Teide
volcano: Results using microtremors with the SPAC method and implications for interpretation of geodetic
results. Pure and Applied Geophysics 164(4): 697-720.
Pitilakis K., Alexoudi M., Argyroudis S., Monge O., Martin C. (2006). Earthquake risk assessment of lifelines,
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 4(4): 365-390.
Lagomarsino S., Modaressi H., Pitilakis K., Bosiljkov V., Calderini Ch., D’ Ayala D., Benouar D., Cattari S. (2010).
PERPETUATE project: the Proposal of a Performance-based Approach to Earthquake Protection of Cultural
Heritage. Advanced Materials Research 133-134: 1119-1124.
Apostolidis P., Raptakis D., Pandi K., Manakou M., Pitilakis K. (2005). Definition of subsoil structure and preliminary ground response in Aigion city (Greece) using microtremor and earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering 26(10): 922 – 940.
Manakou M., Raptakis D., Apostolidis P., Chávez-García F. J., Pitilakis K. (2010). 3D soil structure of the Mygdonian basin for site response analysis. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 30: 1198-1211.
Comodromos, E., Pitilakis, K. (2005). Response evaluation of horizontally loaded fixed-head pile groups using
3-D nonlinear analysis. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical methods in Geomechanics 29(6):
597-625.
Pitilakis D., Clouteau D. (2010). Equivalent linear substructure approximation of soil–foundation–structure
interaction: model presentation and validation. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 8(2): 257–282.
Pitilakis D., Makris N. (2010). A study on the effects of the foundation compliance on the response of yielding
structures using dimensional analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 8(6): 1497–1514.
Raptakis D., Makra K. (2010). Shear wave velocity structure in western Thessaloniki (Greece) using mainly
alternative SPAC method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 30(4): 202–214
Kallioglou P., Tika Th., Koninis G., Papadopoulos St., Pitilakis K. (2009). Shear modulus and damping ratio of
organic soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 27(2). 217-235.
Kirtas E., Rovithis E., Pitilakis K. (2009). Subsoil interventions effect on structural seismic response. Part I: Validation of numerical simulations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 13(2): 155-169.
Kirtas E., Pitilakis K. (2009). Subsoil interventions effect on structural seismic response. Part II: Parametric
investigation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 13(3): 328-344.
Rovithis E., Kirtas E., Pitilakis K. (2009). Experimental P-y loops for estimating seismic soil-pile interaction. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 7(3): 719-736.
Rovithis E., Pitilakis K., Mylonakis G. (2009). Seismic analysis of coupled soil-pile-structure systems leading to
the definition of a pseudo-natural SSI frequency. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 29: 1005-1015.
Kallioglou P., Tika Th., Pitilakis K. (2008). Shear modulus and damping ratio of cohesive soils. Journal of
Earthquake Engineering 12(6): 879-913.
Pitilakis D., Dietz M., Muir Wood D., Clouteau D., & Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi A. (2008). Numerical simulation of dynamic soil–structure interaction in shaking table testing. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 28(6): 453–467.
58
Papathanassiou G., Pavlides S., Christaras B., Pitilakis K. (2005). Liquefaction case histories and empirical
relations of earthquake magnitude versus distance from the broader Aegean region. Journal of Geodynamics 40(2-3): 257–278.
Raptakis D., Manakou M., Chavez-Garcia F., Makra K., Pitilakis K. (2005). 3D configuration of Mygdonian basin and preliminary estimate of its site response. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25: 871-887.
Semblat J.F., Kham M., Parara E., Bard P.Y., Pitilakis K., Makra K., Raptakis D. (2005) Seismic wave amplification: Basin geometry vs soil layering. Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25(7-10): 529538.
Apostolidis P., Raptakis D., Roumelioti Z., Pitilakis K. (2004). Determination of S-Wave velocity structure using
microtremors and SPAC method applied in Thessaloniki (Greece). Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 24(1): 49-67.
Raptakis D., Makra K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2004). Complex site effects in Thessaloniki (Greece) – I:
Soil structure and confrontation of observations with 1D analysis. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2(3):
271-290.
Raptakis D., Makra K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis K. (2004). Complex site effects in Thessaloniki (Greece) – II: 2D
SH modeling and engineering insights. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2(3): 301-327.
Pitilakis K., Makropoulos K., Bernard P., Lemeille Fr., Lyon-Caen H., Berge-Thierry C., Tika Th., Manakou M.,
Diagourtas D., Raptakis D., Kallioglou P., Makra K., Pitilakis D., Bonilla F. (2004). The Corinth Gulf Soft Soil Array (CORSSA) to study site effects. Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 336(4-5): 353-365.
Sextos A., Kappos A., Pitilakis K. (2003). Inelastic dynamic analysis of RC bridges accounting for spatial variability of ground motion, site effects and soil-structure interaction phenomena – Part 2: Parametric analysis.
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32(4): 629-652.
59
PUBLICATIONS
Sextos A., Pitilakis K., Kappos A. (2003). Inelastic dynamic analysis of RC bridges accounting for spatial variability of ground motion, site effects and soil-structure interaction phenomena – Part 1: Methodology and
Analytical tools. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32(4): 607-627.
Anastasiadis A., Raptakis D., Pitilakis K. (2001). Thessaloniki’s detailed microzoning: Subsurface as basis of
site response analysis. Pure and Applied Geophysics 158(12): 2597-2633.
Makra K., Raptakis D., Chavez-Garcia F., Pitilakis K. (2001). Site effects and design provisions: The case of
Euroseistest. Pure and Applied Geophysics 158(12) 2349-2367.
Raptakis D., Chavez-Garcia F., Makra K., Pitilakis K. (2000). Site effects at EURO-SEISTEST – I: 2D determination of the valley structure and confrontation of the observations with 1D analysis. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 19(1): 1-22.
Chavez-Garcia F., Raptakis D., Makra K., Pitilakis K. (2000). Site effects at EURO-SEISTEST – II: Results from
2D numerical modeling and comparison with observations. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,
19(1): 23-39.
Books
Pitilakis K., Crowley H., Kaynia, A. (eds.) (2014). SYNER-G: Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for
Physical Elements at Seismic Risk, Buildings, Lifelines, Transportation Networks and Critical Facilities, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 27, ISBN: 978-94-007-7871-9, Springer Netherlands.
Pitilakis K., Franchin P., Khazai B., Wenzel H. (eds.) (2014). SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk
assessment of complex urban, utility, lifeline systems and critical facilities. Methodology and applications,
Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 31, ISBN 978-94-017-8834-2, Springer Netherlands.
Pitilakis K. (2010). Geotechnical earthquake engineering. ISBN 978-960-456-226-8, Ziti (in Greek).
Pitilakis K. (ed.) (2007). Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering: 4th International Conference on Earthquake
Geotechnical Engineering - Invited Lectures, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Springer Netherlands.
Chapters
Cattari S., Karatzetzou A., Degli Abbati S., Pitilakis D., Negulescu C., Gkoktsi K. (2015). Seismic performance
based assessment of the Arsenal de Milly of the medieval city of Rhodes. Seismic Assessment, In: Psycharis
I., Pantazopoulou V., Papadrakakis M. (eds.), Seismic Assessment, Behavior and Retrofit of Heritage Buildings and Monuments, Series: Computational Methods in Applied Sciences, Vol. 37, pp. 365-392, Springer
International Publishing.
Pitilakis K. (2015). Earthquake risk assessment: Certitudes, fallacies, uncertainties and the quest for soundness. In: Ansal A. (ed), Perspectives on European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Springer International Publishing (in press).
Pitilakis K., Argyroudis S. (2015) Earthquake risk mitigation of lifelines and critical facilities. In: Beer M., Kougioumtzoglou I., Patelli E., Au I. S.-K. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_395-1
Pitilakis K., Riga E., Anastasiadis A. (2015). New design spectra in Eurocode 8 and preliminary application to
the seismic risk of Thessaloniki, Greece, In: Ansal A., Sakr M. (eds.), Perspectives on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 37, pp. 45-91, Springer International Publishing.
Tsinidis G., Rovithis E., Pitilakis K., Chazelas J.-L. (2015). Dynamic response of shallow rectangular tunnels
in sand by centrifuge testing. In: Taucer F., Apostolska R. (eds.) Experimental Research in Earthquake Engineering, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 35, pp. 493-507, Springer International Publishing.
Pitilakis K., Argyroudis S. (2014) Seismic vulnerability assessment: lifelines. In: Beer M., Kougioumtzoglou
I., Patelli E., Au I. S-K., (eds) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, doi:
10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_255-1
Anastasiadis A., Riga, E. (2014). Site classification and spectral amplification for seismic code provisions, In:
Maugeri M, Soccodato C. (eds.), Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Design, Series: Geotech., Geol., &
Earthq. Eng., Vol. 28, pp 23-72, Springer International Publishing.
Argyroudis S., Selva J., Kakderi K., Pitilakis K. (2014) Application to the city of Thessaloniki. In: Pitilakis K.,
Franchin P., Khazai B., Wenzel H. (eds.) SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of
complex urban, utility, lifeline systems and critical facilities. Methodology and applications. Geotech., Geol.,
& Earthq. Eng., Vol. 31, pp. 199-240, Springer Netherlands.
Argyroudis S., Kaynia A.M. (2014) Fragility functions of highway and railway infrastructure In: Pitilakis K.,
Crowley H., Kaynia A.M. (eds.), SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at
seismic risk. Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 27, pp. 299-326, Springer Netherlands.
60
61
PUBLICATIONS
Kakderi K., Argyroudis S. (2014) Fragility functions of water and waste-water systems. In: Pitilakis K, Crowley
H, Kaynia AM (eds.), SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic
risk, Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 221-258, Springer Netherlands.
Pitilakis K., Raptakis D., Makra K., Manakou M., Chavez-Garcia F.J. (2011). Euroseistest 3D Array for the Study
of Complex Site Effects. In: Akkar A., Gülkan P., van Eck T. (eds.) Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology,
Series: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, pp. 145-166, Springer Netherlands.
Kakderi K., Selva J., Pitilakis K. (2014) Application in the harbor of Thessaloniki. In: Pitilakis K., Franchin P.,
Khazai B., Wenzel H. (eds.), SYNER-G: Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of complex urban,
utility, lifeline systems and critical facilities. Methodology and applications. Geotechnical, Geological and
Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 347-368, Springer Netherlands.
Pitilakis K., Anastasiadis A., Pitilakis D., Trevlopoulos K. and Senetakis K., (2010). Elastic demand spectra.
In: Fardis M. N. (ed.), Advances in performance-based earthquake engineering, Series: Geotech., Geol., &
Earthq. Eng., Vol. 13, pp. 89-99, Springer Netherlands.
Kakderi K., Pitilakis K. (2014) Fragility functions of harbor elements. In: Pitilakis K, Crowley H, Kaynia AM (eds.),
SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk, Geotechnical,
Geological and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 327-356, Springer Netherlands.
volcano: Results using microtremors with the SPAC method and implications for interpretation of geodetic
results. In: Wolf D., Fernández J, (eds.), Deformation and Gravity Change: Indicators of Isostasy, Tectonics,
Volcanism, and Climate Change, Pageoph Topical Volumes, Birkhäuser Basel.
Tsinidis G., Heron C., Pitilakis K., Madabhushi G. (2014). Centrifuge modelling of the dynamic behavior of
square tunnels in sand. In: Taucer F., Apostolska R. (eds.) Experimental Research in Earthquake Engineering,
Series: Geotechnical, Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 35, pp. 509-523, Springer International Publishing.
Elgamal A., Pitilakis K., Raptakis D., Garnier J., Madabhushi SP, Pinto A., Steidl J., Stewart H., Stokoe K., Taucer F., Tokimatsu K. and Wallace J. (2007). A review of large-scale testing facilities in geotechnical earthquake engineering. In: Pitilakis K. (ed.), Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering: 4th International Conference
on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering - Invited Lectures, Series: Geotech., Geol., & Earthq. Eng., Vol. 6,
pp: 93-129, Springer Netherlands.
Pitilakis K., Argyroudis S. (2014). Systemic seismic vulnerability and risk analysis of urban systems, lifelines
and infrastructures. In: Klinkel S., Butenweg C., Lin G., Holtschoppen B. (eds.), Seismic Design of Industrial
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sdgee.civil.auth.gr
Thessaloniki, Greece
2015