JWPR
2023, Scienceline Publication
J. World Poult. Res. 13(4): 426-439, December 25, 2023
Journal of World’s
Research Paper, PII: S2322455X2300045-13
License: CC BY 4.0
Poultry Research
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.45
Quail Farming in Villages of Mogoditshane-Thamaga
and Tlokweng Districts, Botswana
Shame Bhawa1*
, John Cassius Moreki 1
, and Freddy Manyeula2
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
Private Bag 0027, Content Farm, Sebele, Gaborone, Botswana
2
Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710,
South Africa
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: shame.bhawa@yahoo.com
Received: 10 October 2023
Accepted: 28 November 2023
ABSTRACT
The interest in quail farming has been increasing over the years due to the quail’s many productive and
financial benefits over other poultry species. Quail farming is still in its infancy in Botswana. This study
investigated the current status, challenges, and prospects of Japanese quail farming in Mogoditshane, Gabane,
and Tlokweng districts, Botswana. A total of 64 quail farmers were interviewed using a structured
questionnaire from June 2022 to April 2023. Data were collected on the respondents’ demographic
characteristics (age, educational status, and sex), quail management aspects (feeding, housing, and health),
ownership of quail, challenges in quail farming, and the use of quail products in the study area. Results
showed that 67% of male respondents were involved in quail rearing. The youth (≤35 years) dominated the
rearing of quails, followed by respondents aged 41-50 years (22%), 36-40 years (16%), and above 50 years
(9%). In addition, 48% of the respondents reared ≤100 quails, followed by 39% and 13% who reared 101-500
and 500 quails, respectively. Furthermore, 81% of respondents reared quails in cages, 17% in conventional
structures, and 2% in residential houses. Bobwhite, Jumbo, and Japanese quail were the three quail varieties
reared in the study area. It was found that 55% of the respondents had less than one year of experience in quail
farming. Moreover, 86% of the respondents used crushed maize or sorghum to feed quails, while 14% used
commercial chicken diets. Finally, 92% of the respondents mentioned that quail eggs were used to treat
various human diseases. Effective challenges in quail farming included external parasites (36%), diseases
(30%), predation (13%), lack of commercial quail diets (12%), escaping (6%), and theft (3%). Quail farming
should be considered for inclusion in government support programs as it has the potential to contribute to
income generation and food and nutrition security.
Keywords: Food security, Job creation, Nutrition, Quail farming, Therapeutic properties
Galliformes order that are widely distributed throughout
the Palaearctic (Khaleel et al., 2021). Japanese quails have
a strong genetic capacity for productivity; they may
produce 310 eggs annually, with 12.5 g as the average egg
weight (Katerynych and Pankova, 2020), and the bird’s
life expectancy is 2-2½ years (Bakoji et al., 2013).
Despite their small size, quails are not inferior to
chickens when it comes to vitamin content and other
beneficial components, including calcium, iron, zinc, and
protein. Quails generally represent a distinctive proteinvitamin-mineral complex (Priti and Satish, 2014; Ali and
Abd El-Aziz, 2019). For example, one gram of quail egg
contains 2.5 times as much vitamin A, 2.8 times as much
vitamin B1, and 2.2 times as much vitamin B2 as a
INTRODUCTION
The Japanese quail (Coturnix cortunis japonica) was
domesticated over 700 years ago and is now the most
frequently farmed species for its egg production and meat
(Mondry, 2016). Recently, quail production has gained
relevance due to its usage as a laboratory bird for poultry
and biomedical research, as well as its commercial use in
the production of meat and eggs (Berterchini, 2012). As
quails have many productive and financial benefits over
other bird species, quail breeding has recently been
effectively developed in many African countries, including
Botswana, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zimbabwe
(Minvielle, 2009). Japanese quails are tiny birds of the
To cite this paper: Bhawa S, Moreki JC, and Manyeula F (2023). Quail Farming in Villages of Mogoditshane-Thamaga and Tlokweng Districts, Botswana. J. World Poult. Res.,
13(4): 426-439. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.45
426
J. World Poult. Res., 13(4): 426-439, 2023
chicken egg. Five quail eggs, weighing the same as one
chicken egg, have five times the amount of phosphorus
and potassium and 4½ times the amount of iron
(Nepomuceno et al., 2014). Quail eggs are extremely
beneficial not just as foodstuffs but also as a wonderful
therapeutic agent due to the high amount of vital nutrients
such as protein, calcium, and vitamins A, B, K, and D
(Mnisi et al., 2021), that medical professionals across the
world strongly advise using (Arthur and Bejaei, 2017). In
addition, quail eggs are richer than chicken eggs in
essential amino acids such as tyrosine, threonine, lysine,
glycine, and histidine (Genchev, 2012). These essential
amino acids give the quail egg its antibacterial, immunemodulating, anticancer, and normalizing effects on the
cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and other systems. In
Japan, the egg is known to eliminate radionuclides from
the body (Katerynych and Pankova, 2020).
Quail meat outperforms all other types of farm fowl
in terms of nutritional value and flavor. It is also
succulent, savory, and tender (Mnisi et al., 2021). Along
with treating chronic conditions and disorders of the heart,
stomach, liver, lungs, and kidneys, quail meat also
strengthens bones and enhances tone (Costăchescu et al.,
2018). Quail meat has a hypotensive effect due to the large
amount of potassium, which is necessary for the brain’s
function (Katerynych and Pankova, 2020). Additionally,
quail meat is a great way to prevent gout because it
contains vitamin PP (nicotinamide), which helps to
improve blood microcirculation, as well as being a source
of sulfur and phosphorus that are essential for restoring
normal metabolism (Katerynych and Pankova, 2020).
Quail meat also contains significantly more vitamins A,
B1, and B2 than chicken, along with vitamin D, making it
an effective way to prevent rickets (Santhi and
Kalaikannan, 2017).
As Africans consume the least protein daily per
person compared to other continents (Illgner and Nel,
2000), the use of quail meat as an alternative protein
source will undoubtedly increase in the near future,
especially for those in the developing World (Mnisi et al.,
2021). Considering the numerous uses of quail as food and
medicine, the quail industry’s global expansion is likely to
be determined by these uses. In Botswana, quail farming is
a relatively uncommon form of agricultural activity, but
those who have adopted it are not only benefiting
financially from it but are also reaping its nutritional and
health benefits. Data on quail farming in Botswana is
limited. Therefore, this study endeavors to investigate the
status, challenges, and prospects of Japanese quail farming
in the selected villages of Mogoditshane-Thamaga, and
Tlokweng Districts of Botswana.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was conducted in three villages (Gabane,
Mogoditshane, and Tlokweng) of Mogoditshane-Thamaga
and Tlokweng districts of Botswana (Figure 1). The
geographical positions of the study sites are Gabane
(24.6641o S, 25.7836o E), Mogoditshane (24.6072o S,
25.8540o E), and Tlokweng (24.6680o S, 25.9764o E). The
human populations of Gabane, Tlokweng, and
Mogoditshane are estimated to be 20010, 55508, and
88006, respectively (Statistics Botswana, 2022). Gabane
and Mogoditshane are located west of Gaborone, and
Tlokweng is in the eastern part of Gaborone (the capital
city of Botswana). Mogoditshane and Tlokweng share a
boundary with Gaborone, while Gabane is approximately
15 km away from Gaborone.
Figure 1. A map of Botswana showing MogoditshaneThamaga and Tlokweng districts of Botswana among
others. Source: Ministry of Local Government and Rural
Development (2023)
427
Bhawa et al., 2023
Fifty-three percent of the respondents in the present
study were under the age of 35 years, 16% were between
the ages of 36 and 40 years, 22% were between the ages of
41 and 50 years, and 9% were adults between the ages of
51 and 60 years (Table 1). The results showed no
significant difference (p > 0.05) in age of respondents.
Results show no significant differences in the age of the
respondents, as reported by Muthoni (2014) and Ekpo et
al. (2020) in Kenya and Benin, respectively. The results of
the current study indicated that the respondents aged 40
years and below were more active in quail farming than
other age groups. This might be attributable to the fact that
young and middle-aged people are more likely to take
risks in investing in a new venture such as quail farming
than the elderly, who are risk averse. Additionally, this age
group is active and better able to handle the physical strain
associated with quail production.
Only 8% of the respondents were illiterate, 17%
dropped out at the primary level, 44% completed their
secondary education, and 31% attended tertiary education.
This finding indicates that the majority of the respondents
were likely to understand extension messages and try new
technologies. The results revealed that there was no
significant difference in the educational level of
respondents (P > 0.05). The respondents who never
attended school were above 60 years old. The current
results supported the findings of Aliyu (2016) and
Muhammad-Lawal et al. (2017) but differed with those of
Oksana (2016), who reported that 59% of small-scale quail
farmers in the Kaduna State of Nigeria lacked formal
education. The scenario in Botswana is encouraging since
education is essential for adopting novel ideas,
experiencing new things, and managing some of the
difficulties that may occur from quail production to
marketing. Heads of households were mostly females
(47%).
Fifty-two percent of the respondents relied on
livestock sales, 16% operated family tuck shops, 13%
depended on proceeds from vegetable and crop sales, 11%
depended on children who were working, and 2%
depended on pension (Table 2). The present study revealed
that 23.4% of respondents were formally employed
compared to 34.4% who were informally employed.
Setlalekgomo (2012) found that 90.7% of women who
reared chickens in Lentsweletau village in the Kweneng
District of Botswana were unemployed.
Selection of the study sites and sampling
techniques
In this study, the sample size was determined by the
human population in the villages and the availability of
rearers. A total of 64 quail rearers were identified in the
Mogoditshane-Thamaga and Tlokweng districts utilizing a
cluster random selection technique described by
Gabanakgosi et al. (2014). A total of 24 respondents were
identified in Mogoditshane, followed by 21 respondents in
Tlokweng, and 19 respondents were from Gabane village.
Data collection
Data on management techniques, consumption, and
contribution of quail towards income and nutrition in the
selected villages were acquired through a structured
questionnaire and direct observation from June 2022 to
April 2023. Data were collected on socio-economic
characteristics (sex, age, and education level of the
respondents), the economic value of quail, management
practices, production systems, and production challenges.
Participants were asked, among others, to give reasons for
keeping quails. Secondary sources of data were also
reviewed. Only one member of the household was
interviewed by reading and interpreting the questions in
the local language, while responses were recorded in
English.
Statistical analysis
Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed
using IBM SPSS version 25. The means were separated
using the Chi-square (X2) mean separation test was used to
determine the statistically significant differences and the
significance was declared at P < 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Socio-economic characteristics
Males operated 67% of farms, and quail farming was
the primary occupation for 42.2% of farm holders. The
results revealed that there was no significant difference (p
> 0.05) in respondents’ sex (Table 1). Similarly, Nasar et
al. (2016) and Ekpo et al. (2020) reported that the quail
farming business was mainly operated by males in
Bangladesh and Benin, respectively. About seven percent
of women in this study were involved in quail rearing
compared to 55.6% for Uganda (Nasaka et al., 2017) and
68% for Zimbabwe (Majoni et al., 2018).
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J. World Poult. Res., 13(4): 426-439, 2023
Table 1. Socio-economic characteristics of respondents in Gabane, Mogoditshane, and Tlokweng of Botswana from 2022 to
2023
Respondent number (%)
Variable (n = 64)
Gender
Age (years)
Educational level
Marital status
Head of household
Position in household
Household size by sex
Occupation
Category
Male
Female
≤ 40
41-50
51-60
≥ 60
Illiterate
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Married
Single
Widowed
Husband
Single father
Single mother
Father
Mother
Son
Daughter
Male
Female
Formal
Informal
Unemployed
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Overall
X2
P value
13(62)
8(38)
18(82)
2(10)
1(8)
0
1(5)
3(14)
8(38)
9(43)
7(33)
9(43)
5(24)
3(17)
7(33)
11(50)
3(14)
8(38)
6(29)
4(19)
26
30
4(19)
8(38)
9(43)
16(73)
6(27)
11(50)
7(32)
4(18)
0
3(14)
3(14)
10(45)
6(27)
4(14)
16(73)
2(13)
7(32)
6(27)
9(41)
7(32)
6(27)
5(23)
4(18)
52
68
7(32)
4(18)
11(50)
14(67)
7(33)
15(71)
5(24)
1(5)
0
1(5)
5(24)
10(48)
5(24)
2(10)
12(57)
7(33)
2(9)
9(43)
10(48)
8(38)
6(29)
4(19)
3(14)
25
55
5(24)
9(43)
7(33)
43(67)
21(33)
44(69)
14(22)
6(9)
0
5(8)
11(17)
28(44)
20(31)
12(19)
37(58)
14(22)
12(19)
22(34)
30(47)
18(28)
20(31)
15(24)
11(17)
103
153
15(23.4)
21(34.4)
27(42.2)
0.959
0.619
11.734
0.068
3.828
0.700
9.402
0.052
4.257
0.372
9.669
0.139
5.544
0.244
Table 2. The sources of income in selected villages without considering the quail farming in Botswana from 2022 to 2023
Respondent number (%)
Source of income
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Overall
10(48)
3(14)
0
1(5)
3(14)
2(10)
2(9)
12(55)
2(9)
1(5)
0
2(9)
4(18)
1(5)
11(52)
2(10)
0
0
3(14)
4(19)
1(5)
33(52)
7(11)
0
1(2)
8(13)
24(16)
4(6)
Livestock sales
Children working
Relative working
Pension
Vegetable and crop sales
Tuck shop
Renting a house in Gaborone
Training and record-keeping
Eighty-three percent of the respondents across the
villages did not have poultry management training or
experience in quail farming. Gabane had 90% of quail
farmers who were not trained in quail farming, followed
by Tlokweng (86%) and Mogoditshane (73%, Table 3).
The results revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in
poultry training. The current results are in line with Nasar
et al. (2016), who found that 67.3% of farmholders did not
receive any training in poultry farming. All respondents in
the current study agreed that training is critical for the
long-term viability of quail production. This information
might explain why farmers in Botswana are not actively
involved in quail farming. The current results point to the
inadequacy of technical support from the government
extension services in supporting farmers who are involved
in small-scale quail farming. Similarly, Siddique and
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Bhawa et al., 2023
Mandal (1996) reported that quail farmers in Dhaka lack
training in quail husbandry.
Eighty-six percent of the respondents did not keep
quail business records (Table 3). Ninety-five percent of the
respondents in Gabane mentioned that they did not keep
records, followed by Tlokweng (86%) and Mogoditshane
(77%). The results showed no significant difference (p >
0.05) in record keeping among respondents, indicating that
most respondents did not keep records. A minority of the
respondents who kept records were those who had tertiary
education. This finding indicates that extension support to
quail rearers is lacking. The majority of farmers who kept
farm records had tertiary education. On the contrary,
Akarikiya (2021) reported that more than half of
respondents retained records in Ghana. The present study
revealed that 41% of the respondents considered
monitoring production as a reason for keeping records,
implying that many farmers need training in record
keeping. Thirty-six percent of the respondents mentioned
that they monitored profit and loss using financial records
that they keep, 17% mentioned that they used records to
check the flock’s health status, whereas 4% did not see
any usefulness in keeping records. The results revealed no
significant difference (p > 0.05) in the reasons for record
keeping.
sheep (12.6%), pigs (2.5%), and others (donkeys, ducks,
and guinea fowl) that accounted for 11.8% (Table 4). A
previous study by Gabanakgosi et al. (2013) in four areas
of Botswana (Lobatse, Mokubelo, Khudumelapye, and
Serowe) reported that the main livestock species reared
were indigenous chickens (42%), followed by goats
(32%), and cattle (16%). Furthermore, Simainga et al.
(2011) in Zambia reported that chickens (50.7%) were the
most reared livestock species, followed by cattle (35.4%),
pigs (7.76%), and goats (6.08%).
About 45% of the respondents had ≤1 year of
experience in quail farming, 31.3% had two years, 11%
had three years, and 13% had ≥4 years of experience.
Mogoditshane had a greater percentage of new farmers
(55%) who had ≤1 year of experience in quail business,
followed by Gabane (43%) and Tlokweng (38%). This
means that quail farming is gaining recognition among
poultry farmers in the surveyed villages. A minority of
farmers with more than four years of experience in the
quail business were found to be 14% in Mogoditshane,
10% in Tlokweng, and 5% in Gabane. This finding
validates the past study that indicated quail farming is new
in Africa (Akarikiya, 2021). Respondents in the present
study stated the main reasons for starting quail farming
were lower production costs, the nutritional benefits of
quail eggs and meat, and the quails’ tolerance to diseases.
In another study, Ojo et al. (2014) in Nigeria reported that
farmers enter the quail business due to the bird’s
hardiness, short generation intervals, and lower production
costs of the quail enterprise.
Livestock species reared in the study area
Livestock species reared in the study area are
summarised in Table 4. The main livestock species reared
include goats (35.3%), indigenous chickens (also referred
to as traditional or family chickens, 21.8%), cattle (16%),
Table 3. Training and record keeping of quail production in Gabane, Mogoditshane, and Tlokweng of Botswana from 2022 to
2023.
Respondents number (%)
Variable n = 64
Poultry training
Training useful
Do you keep records
Reasons for recordkeeping
Overall
X2
P-value
3(14)
11(17)
4.664
0.097
16(73)
18(86)
53(83)
21(100)
22(100)
21(100)
64(100)
0
1(5)
0
5(23)
0
3(14)
0
9(14)
3.399
0.183
No
20(95)
17(77)
18(86)
55(86)
Monitor profit and loss
Monitor production
Identify health status
2(10)
2(10)
3(14)
6(27)
12(55)
12(55)
15(71)
12(57)
13(62)
23(36)
26(41)
11(17)
0.774
0.889
1.588
0.679
0.641
0.452
Not useful
3(14)
1(5)
0
4(6)
2.087
0.352
Category
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Trained
2(10)
6(27)
Not trained
19(90)
Useful
Not useful
Yes
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J. World Poult. Res., 13(4): 426-439, 2023
Table 4. Ownership of livestock by respondents in three selected villages of Mogoditshane-Thamaga and Tlokweng districts
Botswana from 2022 to 2023
Number of respondents
Variable
Species of livestock
Animal
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Overall
Cattle
8
5
6
19
Goats
10
19
15
44
Chickens
8
8
9
25
Sheep
7
5
3
15
Pigs
1
0
2
3
Others
11
1
0
12
Table 5. Status of quail farming in selected villages of Botswana from 2022 to 2023
Variable n=64
Farm type
Farm size
Number of breeds
Reared with other poultry
Breed
Layer
Broiler or meat type
Mixed type
<100
101-500
>500
One variety
Two varieties
Three varieties
Yes
No
Gabane
2(10)
1(5)
18(85)
12(57)
7(33)
2(10)
1(5)
11(52)
9(43)
1(5)
20(95)
Respondents number (%)
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
3(14)
1(5)
4(18)
2(10)
15(68)
18(85)
11(50)
8(38)
9(41)
9(43)
2(9)
4(19)
2(9)
3(14)
7(32)
8(38)
13(59)
10(48)
4(18)
0
18(82)
21(100)
Overall
6(9)
7(11)
51(80)
31(48)
25(39)
8(13)
6(9)
26(41)
32(50)
5(8)
59(92)
Approximately 92% of quail farmers in this study
rear quail alone. Most of the farmers (48%) had ≤100
birds, 39% reared between 101-500 quails, while only
13% reared over 500 quails with 2-3 quail varieties reared
in cages separately from other poultry species (Table 5).
El-Sheikh et al. (2016) found that egg production for
quails raised in battery cages was higher than that for
quails reared in deep litter. However, Arumugam et al.
(2014) observed that the fertility level of Japanese quails
was unaffected by the rearing techniques.
Status of quail farming
Eighty percent of the respondents were involved in
mixed-type quail farming (eggs and meat), 11% reared
quails for meat only, while 9% reared quails for egg
production only. In Gabane, 85% of respondents were
involved in mixed-type quail farming, laying quail (eggs)
production (10%), and quail broiler production (5%). In
Tlokweng, 85% of the respondents participated in mixedtype quail farming, 10% in broiler quail production, and
5% in layer quail production. Similarly, the majority of
farmers in Mogoditshane (85%) were involved in mixedtype quail farming, followed by quail broiler farming
(10%), and layer quail farming (5%, Table 5). The current
results are consistent with Nasar et al. (2016), who found
that 63.4% of the respondents in Bangladesh practiced
mixed-type quail farming. Egbeyale et al. (2013)
mentioned that Japanese quails are well suited for
commercial egg and meat production under intensive
management and that mixed-type quail farming is used
globally. This is due to their resilience and capacity to live
in small cages (Odunsi et al., 2007); the relatively short
generation interval, and lower production costs (Ojo et al.,
2014).
Housing and management
All respondents in the study area provided shelter to
quails during the day and at night. Eighty-one percent of
the respondents kept quails in cages as they indicated that
quails can easily fly away, followed by 17% that used
open-sided houses, and one percent used the owner’s
house (Table 6). Monika et al. (2018) argued that as quails
are small birds, they may readily be kept in restricted
spaces inside multitier colony cages. Eighty-four percent
of the respondents in this study said they cleaned quail
shelters weekly, followed by 14% that cleaned monthly,
while 2% only cleaned the shelters when there was too
much feces (Table 6). The results revealed no significant
431
Bhawa et al., 2023
difference (p > 0.05) in the type of housing and the
frequency of cleaning quail shelters. The quail shelters
were swept by family members using locally purchased
brooms, and no disinfectants were used, indicating lack of
biosecurity. Similarly, Gabanakgosi et al. (2014) reported
that family chicken houses were cleaned using locallymade brooms without applying disinfectants. All the
respondents mentioned that they used quail droppings to
fertilize vegetable gardens. In agreement with the current
results, Dikinya and Mufwanzala (2010) reported that
quail manure was used to fertilize the gardens, as it is a
potential source of plant nutrients and chemical
conditioner.
grains, and commercial chicken feed. Eighty-six percent of
the respondents in this study used crushed maize or
sorghum to feed quails, while 14% used commercial
chicken diets predominantly laying chicken mash as there
are no quail feeds locally. The results revealed no
significant difference (p > 0.05) in feed type (Table 7).
Sixty-three percent of the respondents provided feed and
water to quail at ad libitum. The results showed a
significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of water
and feed provision among the villages. About 28% of the
respondents provided feed and water only in the morning
(once a day), followed by 9% that provided feed twice a
day (before going to work in the morning and upon return
from work in the evening).
Fifty-five percent of the respondents stated they
provided quail feed ad libitum, while 34% mentioned they
gave limited feed for survival only, 6% of the respondents
had no idea of how much feed they offered to quail daily
while 5% provided kitchen wastes (bread crumbs, rice,
and maize meal (Table 7). Similarly, Gabanakgosi et al.
(2014) in Botswana and Akarikiya (2021) in Ghana
reported that respondents provided poultry with kitchen
leftovers. The results revealed a significant difference (P <
0.05) in the feed type used by quail farmers.
Nutrition and water provision
Feeds such as crushed yellow maize and drinking
water were provided mainly by family members. Quails in
the current study were given portable water. The
respondents also mentioned that field crops were the major
sources of feed for quail. Similarly, Gabanakgosi et al.
(2014) reported field crops as the major feed resources
available to poultry. Akarikiya (2021) asserted that in
backyard quail farming, the birds could be fed any
available agro-by-products, household leftover food
Table 6. Quail housing by the respondents in three selected villages of Mogoditshane-Thamaga and Tlokweng districts of
Botswana from 2022 to 2023
Respondents number (%)
Variable (n=64)
Type of housing
Frequency of cleaning
Category
Owner’s house
Cage
Conventional structure
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
When droppings
accumulate
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Overall
X2
P-value
1(5)
16(76)
4(19)
0
19(90)
2(10)
0
18(82)
4(18)
0
15(68)
6(27)
0
18(86)
3(14)
0
20(95)
1(5)
1(2)
52(81)
11(17)
0
54(84)
9(14)
2.324
0.676
2.871
0.238
0
1(5)
0
4(2)
Table 7. Feed and water provision of quail by respondents in the selected villages of Botswana (2022 to 2023)
Respondents number (%)
Category
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Overall
X2
P
value
19(90)
2(10)
0
0
0
4(19)
17(81)
3(14)
1(5)
17(81)
19(86)
3(14)
0
1(4)
2(9)
12(55)
7(32)
6(27)
4(18)
12(55)
17(81)
4(9)
0
3(14)
1(5)
6(29)
11(52)
9(43)
1(5)
11(52)
55(86)
9(14)
0
4(6)
3(5)
22(34)
35(55)
18(28)
6(9)
40(63)
0.793
0.693
7.074
0.314
11.901
0.018
Variable n=64
Feed type
Quantity
Frequency of feeding water
provision
Crushed maize/sorghum
Commercial feeds
Others
Do not know
Just a little
Just on average
Ad libitum
Morning
Morning and afternoon
Ad libitum
432
J. World Poult. Res., 13(4): 426-439, 2023
Quail eggs provide essential nutrients for
maintaining human health (Jeke et al., 2018). The present
results revealed that 94% of respondents consumed quail
eggs and that 92% of respondents in this study agreed that
quail eggs have nutritional benefits. The present results
appear to support Akarikiya (2021), who reported that less
than half of the survey participants stated that their
primary motivation for quail breeding was to take
advantage of the alleged nutritional and therapeutic
benefits of quail meat and eggs.
It has been proven that quail meat and eggs contain
high-quality protein of high biological importance, little
fat content, and less low-density lipoprotein (Tolik et al.,
2014). To supplement their diets, many of the respondents
in this study acknowledged that they shared part of the
quail meat and eggs with their family members and
friends. Mnisi et al. (2021) posited that regular consumption of quail eggs aids in the prevention of numerous
diseases and acts as a natural remedy for conditions of the
digestive tract, such as stomach ulcers. According to
Tunsaringkarn et al. (2013), quail eggs boost the immune
system, support healthy memory, stimulate the brain, and
calm the nervous system by boosting the body’s
hemoglobin levels and eliminating toxins and heavy
metals. Quail eggs also aid in the treatment of anemia.
Meat and eggs
Quail eggs were used mainly for hatching,
consumption, and sale (61%); hatching only (58%),
consumption (53%); and hatching and sales (31%, Figure
2). Respondents who did not consume quail eggs (6%)
stated that they wanted to allow their flocks to increase as
consuming eggs would affect their flock sizes. Egg
consumption happens when egg production is very high or
in summer when low hatchability is experienced due to
heat stress. The respondents also mentioned they did not
consume eggs because they wanted to make a living out of
the sale of quail eggs, which are claimed to have health
benefits. In contrast to the current findings, Ogunwole et
al. (2015) in Oyo state, Nigeria, reported that the majority
of respondents (55%) suggested eating more quail eggs
because they thought the eggs were a very healthy and rich
source of protein.
Seventy-seven percent of the respondents mentioned
that they slaughtered quail for family consumption and to
honor guests (23%). This finding agrees with Moreki
(2006), who reported that family chickens were usually
slaughtered to honor guests. Quail meat is recommended
as a low-fat meat as it contains low fat and cholesterol
contents due to its thin skin and low-fat accumulation
between its tissues (Faraq et al., 2021). Quails are valuable
for the high nutritional content of their eggs and meat
(Wen et al., 2017).
Hatching
20
Hatching and sale
Consumption
Hatching, Consumption and sale
18
Respondents %
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Villages
Tlokweng
Figure 2. Uses of quail eggs in Mogoditshane-Thamaga and Tlokweng districts of Botswana, from 2022 to 2023
of the respondents marketed quail at 28-35 days of age
followed by 17% (above 35 days old), 14% (14-28 days),
10% (7-14 days), and 3% (below 7 days of age). The
average price for a quail chick at 2 weeks and 5 weeks of
age was P20.00 (USD 1.49) and P40.00 (USD 2.90),
Marketing
Ninety-five percent of respondents mentioned that
they sell quails to meet immediate family needs, while the
remainder stated that they did not sell quail as they were
still building their flock sizes (Table 8). Fifty-six percent
433
Bhawa et al., 2023
respectively. Quail meat was sold at P150.00 (USD
10.90)/pack of 5 carcasses. According to Nasar et al.
(2016), domestic quail grows quickly and reaches sexual
maturity at 5-6 weeks of age. Modern meat-type (broiler)
quail strains undergo slaughter at 5 weeks of age and
weigh 160–250 g (Ophir et al., 2005; Jatoi et al., 2013).
Seventy percent of respondents in the current study stated
that they sell quail often, 16% rarely sold quail, whereas
14% sold quail only when the need arose to meet their
immediate family needs. Ninety-seven percent of the
respondents mentioned that they sell quail when they need
money while only 3% sold quails to avoid overcrowding.
All the respondents in Gabane village indicated that they
sold quail eggs when they needed money to cover
household expenses.
Seventy-five percent of the respondents mentioned
that the market for quails was satisfactory as quails could
be sold throughout the year, while the remainder stated it
was unsatisfactory. The main buyers of quails were
individuals (95%), followed by retailers (3%) and some
organizations such as schools (2%). The average price of
an egg was P3.00 (USD 0.23). Eggs were sold as fresh
eggs and some as pickled eggs. The pickled eggs were
sold at P70.00 (USD 5.09) per bottle. In addition,
respondents stated eggs were sold as per customer
preferences, as some wanted them cooked and others
uncooked.
Table 8. Quail marketing in selected villages of the two districts Mogoditshane –Thamaga and Tlokweng districts of
Botswana from 2022 to 2023
Variable n=64
Do you sell quail?
Marketing age (days)
Frequency of selling quail
Reason for selling
Quail market satisfactory
Main buyers
Category
Yes
No
<7
7-14
14-28
28-35
>35
Rarely
Often
At times
Limited housing
Money
Yes
No
Individuals
Retailers
Organisations
Respondents number (%)
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
21(100)
20(91)
20(95)
0
1(9)
2(5)
1(5)
1(4)
0
3(14)
2(9)
2(10)
1(5)
4(18)
3(14)
13(62)
12(55)
11(48)
3(14)
3(14)
5(24)
2(10)
3(14)
5(24)
18(86)
15(68)
12(57)
1(4)
4(18)
4(19)
0
1(5)
2(10)
21(100)
21(95)
19(90)
14(67)
19(86)
15(71)
7(33)
3(14)
6(29)
21(100)
21(95)
19(90)
0
1(5)
1(5)0
0
0
1(5)
Overall
X2
P - value
61(95)
3(5)
2(3)
7(10)
8(14)
36(56)
11(17)
10(16)
44(70)
10(14)
2(3)
62(97)
39(75)
16(25)
61(95)
2(3)
1(2)
2.133
0.344
4.625
0.328
3.256
0.516
1.600
0.449
2.087
0.352
Figure 4 shows the common diseases of quail in the
study area. In order of prevalence, the three major diseases
that affected the productivity of quail were sudden death,
fowl pox, and bumble foot. Across the villages, predation
ranked second after diseases. The respondents stated that
predation occurred in the first week of age and that they
suspected rodents could be responsible for killing quail
chicks. In addition, the respondents claim that high chick
mortalities occurred during the brooding phase due to
inadequacy of heat. The study by El-Demerdash et al.
(2013) found that respiratory diseases may be to blame for
the high mortality rate among day-old quail chicks during
the first week of age. However, this problem may be
resolved after the first week with adequate management
techniques.
Challenges in quail farming
Figure 3 illustrates that parasites were a major
challenge (36%), followed by diseases (31%), predation
(13%), lack of quail diets (11%), escaping (6%), and theft
(3%). Parasites were the major cause of losses in Tlokweng,
followed by Mogoditshane and Gabane, respectively. This
could be attributable to the failure of farmers to clean and
disinfect the cages. Figure 3 also shows that Tlokweng,
Mogoditshane, and Gabane had the highest disease
incidences, indicating a lack of health management by the
rearers. Siddique and Mandal (1996) reported that high feed
expense, inadequate institutional credit, lack of veterinary
services and medicine, lack of training on quail husbandry,
and inadequate product marketing facilities are major
challenges in quail farming in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
434
J. World Poult. Res., 13(4): 426-439, 2023
Diseases
50
Theft
Parasites
Predation
Lack of quail diets
Escaping
45
40
Respondents %
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Villages
Figure 3. Challenges in quail production faced by respondents in the selected villages of Botswana, from 2022 to 2023
Newcastle
Coccdiosis
Fowlpox
Salmonelllosis
Avian mycoplsma
Sudden death
Bumble foot
12
Respondents %
10
8
6
4
2
0
Gabane
-2
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Villages
Figure 4. Disease prevalence in the selected villages of Botswana from 2022 to 2023.
Table 9. Veterinary or extension service used by respondents in three villages of Botswana from 2022 to 2023
Respondents number (%)
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Variable
Rarely
5(24)
6(27)
5(24)
Overall
16(25)
Often
6(29)
10(45)
5(24)
21(33)
At times
10(47)
6(28)
11(52)
27(42)
0
0
0
0
No access
435
Bhawa et al., 2023
None of the farmers in this study recorded any
diseases of economic importance. This finding is in line
with Nasar et al. (2016) and Akarikiya (2021), who
reported that most of the farmers did not experience any
form of disease or parasite on their farms. Across the
villages, sudden death (30%) was a major problem,
especially during brooding, followed by fowl pox (8%),
and bumble foot condition (5%, Figure 4). This study
supported the claims made by Chakrabarti et al. (2014)
that quails are less susceptible to most poultry diseases and
parasites. Contrary to a study by Nasar et al. (2016) in
Bangladesh, diarrhea (21.4%) was found to be the most
common problem, followed by pneumonia (19.4%),
infectious coryza (16.5%), Newcastle disease (15.5%),
dysentery (5.8%), and avian influenza (4.9%). Most
respondents in the present study were concerned about the
inadequacy of biosecurity measures which could easily
expose their flocks to diseases. Forty-two percent of the
respondents received advice from animal health experts,
33% visited the veterinary office to seek help, while 25%
rarely engaged veterinary technicians (Table 9). Similarly,
Nasar et al. (2016) reported that 52% of the respondents
received veterinary advice when needed. Forty-two
percent of the respondents in this study obtained
veterinary knowledge online, explaining a high percentage
of the respondents engaged in self-medication for the
treatment of diseases and parasites. The present results
support Akarikiya (2021), who found that respondents
sourced veterinary information from the Internet to
medicate their quails without the assistance of trained
animal health experts.
Across the villages, the respondents used modern
and traditional medicines to control ectoparasites. On
average, 28% of the respondents used traditional medicine
alone to control diseases and parasites, 20% used modern
medicine alone, whereas 52% used a combination of
modern medicine and traditional medicine. The use of
modern medicine was high in Mogoditshane (22%)
compared to Gabane (19%) and Tlokweng (19%).
Tlokweng had the highest percentage of respondents who
used traditional medicine (33%), followed by Gabane and
Mogoditshane, with 29% and 22%, respectively. On the
other hand, Mogoditshane had the highest percentage of
respondents (56%) who used modern and traditional
medicines, followed by Gabane (52%) and Tlokweng
(48%). Similarly, Gabanakgosi et al. (2014) reported that
65% of rearers of family poultry used modern medicines,
10% used traditional medicines, and 25% used traditional
medicine and modern medicine. The high use of modern
and traditional medicine is attributable to the fact that
farmers are using internet solutions to poultry problems in
places close to the city, such as Mogoditshane and
Tlokweng. In Namibia, Petrus et al. (2011) observed that
ethnoveterinary medicine was culturally acceptable and
economically viable. In another study, Sadr et al. (2022) in
Iran reported that a mixture of three herbal plants
(Quercus infectoria, Allium sativum, and Artemisia annua)
was useful in the reduction of the pathogenic effects of
Trichomonas spp. The authors concluded that the mixture
can be used as an alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs in
trichomoniasis treatment.
External parasites
One of the main factors that might cause the poultry
business to suffer significant economic losses is parasitism
(Hassan et al., 2020). Twenty-eight percent of the
respondents in the present study cited mosquitoes as a
major problem, followed by fleas, mites, and fowl ticks
(22%), fleas and fowl ticks (19%), mites (16%), fleas and
mites (8%), and fowl ticks (7%). In another study,
Ranwedzi (2002) found that mites (77%) and fleas (9.3%)
were the major parasites in family chicken production in
South Africa. Similarly, Moreki and Radikara (2013)
found that the most problematic parasites in chickens in
Botswana were tampans, mites, fowl lice, and ticks. Since
family chickens and quail are kept in the backyards and
usually in the same shelter, it is possible that chicken mites
and lice can easily migrate to quails. As indicated earlier,
mosquitoes were the most prevalent parasites in this study,
perhaps explaining the high incidences of fowl pox in
Gabane and Tlokweng. The study by Mazyad et al. (1999)
showed that 31 species of mites were recovered from
quail. Studies by Monte et al. (2018) and Yu et al. (2022)
showed that quails that suffer from parasitism experience
stunted growth, poor productivity, increased susceptibility
to various infections, and eventually high mortalities.
Thirty-eight percent of the respondents used Karba
dust (Carbaryl) and Blue death powder (Permethrin and
Carbaryl), 17% Blue death powder (Permethrin and
Carbaryl), 14% Jeyes fluid (Tar Acids), 13% wood ash,
and 13% wood ash and Karba dust, whereas only 5% used
paraffin to control external parasites (Table 10). Similarly,
Ranwedzi (2002) in Port Elizabeth (South Africa) reported
that respondents used wood ashes (19.4%), Jeyes fluid
(0.9%), Blue death powder (0.9%), hot water (6.5%) and
paraffin (6.5%) to control external parasites. Moyo (2009)
in the Eastern Cape of South Africa also reported that
wood ash (28%), Jeyes fluid (10%), paraffin (8.4%), used
436
J. World Poult. Res., 13(4): 426-439, 2023
engine oil (2.8%) and Karba dust (4.2%) were used to
control ectoparasites. According to the respondents, these
chemicals and remedies are cheap to buy or access, and do
not need any prescription; hence their wide use.
Table 10. Control of external parasites of quails by respondents in the selected villages of Botswana from 2022 to 2023
Control method
Wood ash
Karba dust and wood ash
Jeyes fluid
Blue death
Karba dust and blue death
Use of paraffin
Gabane
Mogoditshane
Tlokweng
Overall
3
2
1
3
8
0
4
4
3
6
7
1
1
2
5
2
9
2
13
13
14
17
38
5
the study, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. Freddy
Manyeula reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors
have reviewed and agreed with the final version of the
manuscript for publishing in the Journal of World’s
Poultry Research.
CONCLUSION
Quail farming in the study area is practiced only at a
small-scale level, with 55% of farmers having less than
one year of experience in the business. Most of the farmers
(48%) reared ≤100 quails and 39% reared between 101500 quails. External parasites were a major challenge
(36%), followed by diseases (30%), predation (13%),
escaping (6%), and theft (3%). Twenty-eight percent of
the respondents used traditional medicine alone to control
diseases and parasites, 20% used modern medicine alone,
whereas 52% used a combination of modern medicine and
traditional medicine. Forty-two percent of the respondents
received advice from animal health experts, indicating that
technical support for quail rearers was lacking. Quail
farming has the potential to contribute to job creation and
additional revenue. It is recommended that quail farmers
establish active farmers’ associations to enable them to
support one another in marketing, advertising, and raising
awareness of their products. The Government should
consider incorporating quail production in support
programs such as Livestock Management and
Infrastructure Development since quails are highly prolific
and can contribute to food and nutrition security.
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflicting interests.
Ethical consideration
Each author has reviewed this work for ethical
problems, such as plagiarism, consent for publication,
misconduct, data manipulation and/or deceit, and
duplication of work.
Availability of data and materials
Data will be available upon request to the
corresponding author.
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