TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. I Conference Co-Chairs……………..……………………………………………………………………………………….. II Organizing Committee……………………………………………………………………………………………………… II Rewards Assessment Committee……………………………………………………………………………………… II Secretariat……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. II Scientific Committee………………………………………………………………………………………………………… III Digital Technologies …………….…………………………………………………………………… 1 PAPER ID: 4 The Role and Model of Building Inspection Systems in BIM Transformation Processes 1-8 Z. M. Ünlü and M. Anaç PAPER ID: 7 BIM Supported Management of MEP Processes and Cost Impacts in Early 9 - 17 Design Phase B. Barlas, M. B. Arısoy and S. Başdoğan PAPER ID: 9 Identifying the Obstacles and Prioritizing the Significance Levels for the 18 - 28 Adoption of BIM in Turkey M. K. Yiğit and M. Anaç PAPER ID: 15 Use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the Design Phase in Rail System Applications in Turkey 29 - 42 P. Coşkun and E. F. Taş PAPER ID: 19 Calculation of the Productivity of Construction Gypsum Plaster Worker Using Support Vector Machine Algorithm 43 - 52 I. Karatas and A. Budak PAPER ID: 28 Digital Twin in Construction Industry: A Bibliometric Review 53 - 62 I. Komar, H. M. Gunaydin and C. Yalcin PAPER ID: 35 Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Interpretable Predictions of House 63 - 78 Prices and Variable Features N. Sönmez and H. M. Günaydın PAPER ID: 40 Crack Detection of Roads in Karadeniz Technical University Campus with 79 - 87 Image Segmentation Method İ. N. Semercioğlu, H. B. Başağa, K. Hacıefendioğlu and B. A. Temel PAPER ID: 59 Strategies for Digital Transformation in Construction Industry 88 - 97 K. Çimen and E. F. Taş PAPER ID: 80 Exploring the Role of Common Data Environment in BIM 98 - 107 B. Aktürk, M. B. Arısoy and P. Irlayıcı Çakmak PAPER ID: 105 Real-Virtual Synchronization Through BIM and Digital Twin: Current 108 - 116 Status and Future Prospects N. Kasul and F. H. Halicioglu PAPER ID: 111 Building Information Modeling (BIM)-Based On-Site 3D Printer Position 117 - 125 Optimization and Path Planning for Digital Fabrication S. Baş, O. E. Aydın, Z. B. Bundur and G. Guven PAPER ID: 112 Horizons of 5IR in AEC: A Focus on Digital Twins and Circular Economy 126 - 133 L. Najjar and S. Ergönül PAPER ID: 113 A Blockchain Based Construction Material Tracing Framework 134 - 141 M. Sayın, R. Sönmez and S. Ahmadisheykhsarmast PAPER ID: 114 Targets in Augmented and Virtual Reality Technology Applications in the 142 - 150 Construction Industry A. Kazaz and H. Esendal PAPER ID: 118 Exploring Digital Twin Applications in the Construction Industry: Opportunities and Limitations 151 - 159 C. Bedur and İ. Erbaş PAPER ID: 135 How to Train Your AI for Construction Project Management Research 160 - 171 A. T. İlter PAPER ID: 141 A Literature Review on Digital Twin Acceptance and Adoption in the 172 - 179 Construction Industry: A Roadmap for Devising an Information Technology Acceptance Model G. Vara and G. Atasoy PAPER ID: 148 Digital Twins for Knowledge Management During Earthquake 180 - 185 Emergency G. B. Ozturk, I. Brilakis, B. Ozen and O. Celenk PAPER ID: 149 Ontology Research Fields in the Cultural Heritage Domain 186 - 193 G.B. Ozturk, I. Brilakis, B. Ozen and F. Soygazi PAPER ID: 150 Maturity of Digital Twins from an Artificial Intelligence Perspective 194 - 201 G. B. Ozturk, I. Brilakis and O. Celenk PAPER ID: 158 Demystifying the Potential of ChatGPT-4 Vision for Construction Progress 202 - 211 Monitoring A. B. Ersoz PAPER ID: 159 A Review of BIM-Based Sustainability Applications in the Construction 212 - 223 Industry A. Kazaz and G. Arslan PAPER ID: 161 Generative AI Research Fields in the AEC-FM Industry G. B. Ozturk, I. Brilakis, and S. Kookalani 224 - 232 Disaster, Risks, and Resilience………….………………….……………………………….… 233 PAPER ID: 54 A Grey Model for Evaluating the Resilience of Construction Project Teams 233 - 246 M. Aslan and S. Kale PAPER ID: 68 Exploring Urban Resilience: A Socio-spatial Perspective of the Adaptive 247 - 255 Reuse Projects in İstanbul, Turkey Z. Birgönül PAPER ID: 78 Role of Spontaneous Volunteers for Community Resilience: Lessons 256 - 265 Learned from the Southeastern Anatolia Earthquake Temporary Structures Project A. Şanlı and P. Irlayıcı Çakmak PAPER ID: 83 Evaluation of Possible Post-Earthquake Resilience of Balıkesir-Gömeç 266 - 274 District K. Peker, A. Tüysüz, M. R. Akbulut PAPER ID: 84 Preparation City Resilience Rating after Earthquakes with Target 275 - 282 Performance Parameters A. Tüysüz, K. Peker and S. Ergönül PAPER ID: 88 Impacts of COVID-19 on the Construction Sector 283 - 290 Ö. Alboğa, B. Ün, G. Tantekin Çelik, S. Aydınlı, and E. Erdiş PAPER ID: 95 The Effects of Building Interventions in Utilization Phase on Earthquake Resistance 291 - 299 C. Ertug and E. Bostancioglu PAPER ID: 138 Identification and Assessment of Risk Factors Affecting Post-Disaster 300 - 311 Reconstruction Projects F. S. Demirci, O. Okudan and Z. Işık PAPER ID: 139 Identifying Community Expectations in Post-Disaster Reconstruction 312 - 321 Projects F. S. Demirci, O. Okudan and Z. Işık Organization, Leadership and Strategy ……………….………………………………..…… 322 PAPER ID: 26 Corporate Universities in Construction Companies in Turkiye 322 - 328 Y. O. Dogan, D. Arditi, and P. Irlayici Cakmak PAPER ID: 33 Agile Methodologies in Construction Management: A Review Study on 329 - 336 Scrum and Kanban K. Tosun and P. Irlayıcı Çakmak PAPER ID: 42 Factors Affecting Decision Making in Purchasing a House 337 - 345 M. K. Bahat and S. Ergönül PAPER ID: 43 A Survey of Barriers and Enablers of the Successful Transition of Military 346 - 354 Veterans into the Construction Industry M. N. Sakib, T. Chaspari, W. Arthur Jr., and A. H. Behzadan PAPER ID: 52 Evolutionary Dynamics of Strategic Alliances in the Turkish Construction 355 - 364 Industry: A Longitudinal Study C. Ozcekici Olcar and S. Kale PAPER ID: 66 Motivation in Design Offices with Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory 365-372 M. Özkan and E. Kasapoğlu PAPER ID: 100 Motivation in Design Offices with Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory 373-378 Ş. Atabay, H. Tekin, M. Köksal, and Ö. Bilir PAPER ID: 106 Social Life Cycle Assessment in the Turkish Construction Industry: A 379-387 Survey Study T. Altınkaynak Akıncı, G. Zeybek and Ö. Giran Construction Methods and Technology………………………….……………………..…… 388 PAPER ID: 6 Re-evaluating Modular Construction through the Lens of Circularity Ş. Atabay, H. Ş. Atabay, H. Tekin, M. Köksal, and Ö. Bilir D. İlipınar and M. K. Pekeriçli 388 - 395 PAPER ID: 8 Comparative Analysis of Wooden Building Systems in Terms of Cost and Energy Efficiency 396 - 409 Ö. Özbey, H. B. Başağa and İ. N. Semercioğlu PAPER ID: 17 A New Proposal for Management of Rebar Works: The Re-Rebar Method 410 - 418 Y. Uğurlu and Ş. T. Güvel PAPER ID: 20 Use of Mass Timber in the Construction and Design 419 - 426 N. Şahin and Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer and O. Düğenci PAPER ID: 27 Sustainable Advancements in Construction: Exploring the Impact of Self- 427 - 439 Healing Concrete Technology Utilizing Bacteria A. S. Kabadzha and A. P. Balkis PAPER ID: 91 Evaluation of the Lean Construction System in Terms of Ecological 440 - 449 Architecture E. Karakoyun Yaşar and Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer PAPER ID: 126 Integration of Lean Project Delivery and Industry 4.0 in Construction 450 - 458 Sector K. Toprak and İ. Erbaş PAPER ID: 160 Machine Learning-Driven Structural Analysis of Lifting Self-Forming 459 - 467 GFRP Elastic Gridshells S. Kookalani, I. Brilakis, G. B. Ozturk and K. Oti-Sarpong Construcion Management and Dispute Resolution…..……………..………………… 468 PAPER ID: 47 Blockchain Integrated Supply Chain Management in Construction 468 - 479 Industry: Literature Review M. Polat and E. F. Taş PAPER ID: 94 Bibliometric Analysis of Relational Contracting in Collaborative 480 - 489 Construction Projects M. Y. Erpay and H. M. Günaydın PAPER ID: 121 From People to Projects: A Perspective on Social Factors Impacting BIM 490 - 498 Adoption S. Mohammadi, A. A. Aibinu, M. Oraee PAPER ID: 123 A Review of Contract Management Maturity Models in the Construction 499 - 506 Sector N. Ozden and D. Artan PAPER ID: 143 Construction-Related Disputes: A Comprehensive Bibliometric 507 - 518 Investigation M. Sari, S. Bayram, and E. Aydemir Economical and Financial Management.………………….…….………………..………… 519 PAPER ID: 3 The Impact of Diversification Strategy on Economic Growth: Evidence from 519 - 525 the Construction Industry V. Arslan and S. Ulubeyli PAPER ID: 18 Unlocking the Potential of Business Intelligence in the Construction Industry 526 - 535 M. Çakır and P. Irlayıcı Çakmak PAPER ID: 69 Financial Resilience: Challenges for SME’s During the Crisis 536 - 545 N. Döngez and A. Köksal PAPER ID: 103 Micro-Sized AEC Firms’ Economic Strategies for Firm Survival in Uncertain 546 - 552 Economic Conditions B. N. Toprak, Y. Arıcı Üstüner, B. Balaban Ökten and H. C. Özkan PAPER ID: 129 Letter of Credit Usage in Liquefied Natural Gas Trade with Blockchain and Smart Contracts 553 - 559 F. Uysal, A. Cetinkaya, R. Sonmez, S. Ahmadisheykhsarmast and H. Karabacak Professional Issues in Education and Practice..…………………………….………..…… 560 PAPER ID: 2 Defining Critical Criteria for Successful Implementation of Distance 560 - 572 Architectural Education Y. B. Metinal and G. Gumusburun Ayalp PAPER ID: 30 A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Curriculum Development 573 - 580 in Project and Construction Management E. Tezel and P. Irlayıcı Çakmak PAPER ID: 49 BIM Education in Undergraduate Architecture Programs: A Systematic 581 - 589 Literature Review G. Simsir PAPER ID: 58 Teaching the Basic Principles of Lean Approach through Simulation Games: A Systematic Literature Review 590 - 603 R. Abuelaish, Ü. Bahadır and V. Toğan PAPER ID: 60 Investigating Scenarios and Programs Utilized in Serious Game Based 604 - 615 Applications for Engineering Education E. Boz and V. Toğan PAPER ID: 62 A Systematic Literature Review on Project and Construction Management 616 - 622 Education S. Öztürk Ustaoğlu and Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer PAPER ID: 153 Practical/Experimental Work in Natural Sciences Subjects During 623 - 629 Distance Learning E. Avdiu and T. Dedi PAPER ID: 155 Gen Z and the Era of Education 4.0 – Reinterpreting Education 630 - 637 E. Bekteshi and M. Aliu PAPER ID: 157 Challenges in Developing Virtual Reality Education for Addressing 638 - 644 Climate Change I. B. Alkan and H. B. Basaga Clean Energy and Sustainability….…………………………………..………………………… 645 PAPER ID: 5 Determining Critical Barriers to Waste Management in Turkey 645 - 652 Cansu M. Anaç, G. Gumusburun Ayalp and Mujdeci Alalı PAPER ID: 10 Retrofitting Conventional Residential Buildings Towards Nearly Zero 653 - 661 Energy Buildings S. Hajizadeh and S. Seyis PAPER ID: 13 Corporate Sustainability Report Trends in Construction Companies 662 - 673 S. Dağılgan and T. Ercan PAPER ID: 31 Factors Affecting the Cost Analysis of Rooftop Solar Energy Constructive 674 - 679 Systems and Connection Elements E. E. Biçak and H. Aladağ PAPER ID: 39 Potentials of Circular Economy Principles in Building Life Cycle 680 - 689 B. Kısmet PAPER ID: 41 An Evaluation of Ecological Design and Construction Strategies for 690 - 703 Enhancing the Resilience of the Built Environment B. Aldemir PAPER ID: 45 Construction Waste Management and Standardization Relation: A Case 704 - 713 Study G. Can and E. F. Tas PAPER ID: 48 Investigation of the Effects of Indoor Thermal Comfort Conditions on 714 - 722 Employees in Architectural Design Offices: Balikesir Case M. S. Unluturk, I. Ugurlu and T. Civici PAPER ID: 51 Climate Change and Construction: Exploring the Intersection of Challenges 723 - 734 and Solutions A. A. Al Mamari, B. L. B. Layon and C. A. N. Al Sharji PAPER ID: 64 Green City Practices for Sustainable and Healthy Urban Spaces in Turkey: 735 - 743 Examples of Sakarya Botanical Valley and Peynircioğlu Stream B. Ece Kaya and İ. Erbaş PAPER ID: 90 Barriers Encountered in Sustainable Building Projects and Their 744 - 751 Relationships with Stakeholders S. H. Yegebaş and İ. Erbaş PAPER ID: 93 Structural Rating System for Reliable Cities 752 - 760 C. U. Demir, K. Peker and B. Taskin PAPER ID: 98 A Research on Improving the Energy Performance of Residential Buildings 761 - 769 A. Kazaz and E. Yetim PAPER ID: 134 Unveiling Climate Complexity: TS825,2013 and Koppen Geiger Influences 770 - 779 on Building Envelope and Energy Consumption in Turkish Cities M. Azima, N. Ganic Saglam and S. Seyis PAPER ID: 144 Upcycling Practices in Construction: The Case of Sustainable Art House 780 - 790 B. Ozorhon, A. Karacigan and D. Sagdic PAPER ID: 145 Life Cycle and Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Solid vs. Hollow Concrete 791 - 800 Masonry Blocks F. Arif, M. Gul, A. J. Sangi, and M. Nasir PAPER ID: 146 Conceptual Design of Energy Efficient Housing Unit in Hot & Humid 801 - 808 Urban Areas N. Azhar, F. Arif and F. Saeed PAPER ID: 147 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) vs. National 809 - 817 Green Certification System (YES – TR) in Building Materials Category Comparison E. Deniz and R. Kömürlü PAPER ID: 151 Off-site Construction Industry Through the Lens of Circular Economy 818 - 827 A. T. Demirbağ, H. Aladağ and Z. Işık PAPER ID: 162 Climate Resilience in Smart City Strategies: The case of Türkiye 828 - 837 H. Tekin and I. Dikmen Project Management.………………………………………………….……………….…………… 838 PAPER ID: 21 Organizational Resilience and Agility: the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic 838 - 847 on the Construction Industry O. O. Olubajo, O. K. Akande and E. I. Daniel PAPER ID: 24 Circular Economy Risks in Construction Projects and Digital Technologies 848 - 857 C. Coskun, D. Besiktepe and M. E. Ozbek PAPER ID: 29 The Effect of Artificial Neural Networks on Cost Estimation in Construction 858 - 864 Projects: A Literature Review B. Şerbetcioğlu and P. Irlayıcı Çakmak PAPER ID: 36 Classification of Delay Factors in the Construction Industry According to Stakeholders and Project Types 865 - 875 Miray Karabaş and Almula Köksal PAPER ID: 37 Critical Success Factors for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects: A 876 - 884 Bibliometric Analysis E. Can, G. Bilgin and E. C. Akcay PAPER ID: 38 Identifying Factors Affecting Productivity in Architectural Design Offices 885 - 893 M. Özgenç, H. M. Günaydın and C. Yalçın PAPER ID: 44 An Investigation into Sustainable Construction Project Management in 894 - 902 the Built Environment A. Tuz and D. Kurt PAPER ID: 46 Time Management in the Construction Industry G. L. Şahin and Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer 903 - 909 PAPER ID: 50 Cost Control of Residential Buildings through Design Management 910 - 917 A. A. K. A. Alamri, B. Wrenwick, E. Manahan and C. R. L. Garcia PAPER ID: 57 Identification of Stakeholder-Based Delay Risks for BOT Infrastructure 918 - 929 Projects in the Turkish Construction Industry R. Ubeidat and H. Aladağ PAPER ID: 63 Design and Construction Considerations for Multi-Storey Buildings with 930 - 937 Prefabricated Pre-Finished Volumetric Construction (PPVC) S. Fidan and G. Gelisen PAPER ID: 65 Time Management Behaviors of Architects 938 - 945 E. Saral and E. Kasapoğlu PAPER ID: 77 Resilience Concept and Digital Twin in Disaster Management: A Literature 946 - 952 Review F. Canpolat and Ö. Parlak Biçer PAPER ID: 86 Supplier Selection in the Construction Industry with Fuzzy TOPSIS Method 953 - 960 M.C. Beyhan and M. N. Uğural PAPER ID: 97 Value Engineering in Construction Projects of Turkey 961 - 969 B. Ozbas and E. Bostancioglu PAPER ID: 99 Simulation Models and Tools Use In Decision Making for Construction 970 - 983 Projects Ö. M. Arıç and E. F. Taş PAPER ID: 115 Evaluation of Different Estimated Cost at Completion Methods Using Earned Value Management Parameters 984 - 992 G. Yalçın and S. Bayram PAPER ID: 116 Quantifying the Combined Effects of Time, Cost, and Quality Control on 993 - 1003 Project Delivery in Nigeria: The Lagos Construction Industry Case O. A. Obakin, I. A. Adebumola and O. K. Akande PAPER ID: 120 A Scientometric Review of Resource Leveling Analysis Construction 1004 - 1010 Projects S. Aslan and O. H. Türkakın PAPER ID: 124 Application of Maturity Method with Temperature Sensors to Estimate 1011 - 1020 Compressive Strength of Sustainable Concrete for Real-Time Formwork Planning M. A. Arslan and M. T. Çöğürcü PAPER ID: 125 An Investigation into the Progress Monitoring Studies in Construction Management 1021 - 1028 S. K. Mazlum and B. Sertyeşilışık PAPER ID: 130 Using ChatGPT for Risk Management in Construction Industry: A 1029 - 1037 Literature Review B. Ozyurt, M. T. Birgonul and I. Dikmen PAPER ID: 133 A Decision-support System for Resource Leveling 1038 - 1045 O. Temur, A. Damci, H. Turkoglu, D. Arditi and S. Dermirkesen PAPER ID: 142 Pareto Front Optimization of Time and Cost: Application of Multi- 1046 - 1053 Objective Optimization in Multi-Project Management B. Seyisoglu, R. Sonmez and S. Aminbakhsh PAPER ID: 152 Optimizing Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Parameters for 1054 - 1061 Construction Cost Index Forecasting: An Update Ö. Tüz and Ş. Ebesek PAPER ID: 154 Asset Management Practices and Challenges in Airport Projects: A Case 1062 - 1070 Study E. Ergen, N. Yilmaz, C. C. Uzun and A. Citipitioglu Index………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1071 PREFACE Welcome to Istanbul for the 8th International Project and Construction Management Conference (IPCMC), We expect this year's conference to be hosted by Yildiz Technical University with more participation than the previous conferences. The conference aims to facilitate interdisciplinary integration and international cooperation among academicians, industry professionals and researchers in the project and construction management field to share their latest research findings, experiences, and prospects. IPCMC 2024 is expected to serve as a forum especially for the early-stage researchers to discuss their research ideas, preliminary findings of their studies and develop new academic networks. Well-known keynote speakers from academia are invited to share their experiences and foresights. As a tradition of the IPCMC conferences, rewards will be delivered to the best papers. In this way, it is aimed to provide an interaction between academia and industry. IPCMC 2024 attracted a great attention with a total of 114 full-text papers to be presented verbally. The regular increase in the number of papers in the IPCMC to date indicates the importance of project and construction management research at the international level. It can also be considered that the popularity of this year's host city, i.e., Istanbul, may have contributed to this attention. It is Istanbul's endless variety that fascinates its visitors. Istanbul is Türkiye's most developed and largest city, with the latest discoveries indicating that the history of human habitation here goes back some 400,000 years. The museums, churches, palaces, grand mosques, bazaars, and sites of natural beauty are countless. Looking at the main topics of the conference, the most papers were written on (1) digital technologies, (2) disaster, risks and resilience, (3) organization, leadership and strategy, (4) construction methods and technology, (5) construction management and dispute resolution, (6) economical and financial management, (7) professional issues in education and practice, (8) clean energy and sustainability, (9) project management, respectively. These topics are of great importance as they highlight the current needs and trends of research society and the industry. These trends are expected to significantly guide young scholars and professionals who are at the very beginning of their research and/or working lives. We would like to express our gratitude to Honorary Chair, Rector of YTU, Prof. Tamer Yılmaz, and cochairs Prof. M. Talat Birgönül and Prof. Zeynep Işık for their valuable contributions to the Conference, and all the researchers who took part in the Conference Organizing, Scientific, and Reward Assessment Committees. Finally, we would like to thank 23 companies that provided financial support to the realization of the Conference. We would like to thank all the participants for their contributions to the field of project and construction management by participating in the IPCMC 2024. We sincerely hope that the academic community and industrial practitioners will continue to support us in our attempts to provide even more meaningful conferences with numerous critical idea exchanges, diverse opportunities for fruitful networking and future collaborations between the delegates. Editors Kerim Koç Serdar Ulubeyli Serkan Kıvrak Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, 06-07 June 2024 I Conference Co-Chairs Tamer Yılmaz (Honorary Chair – Rector of YTÜ) Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey M. Talat Birgönül Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Zeynep Işık Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Organizing Committee Hande Aladağ Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Gökhan Demirdöğen Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Kerim Koç Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Emre Caner Akçay Department of Civil Engineering, Atılım University, Turkey Rewards Assessment Committee Tuğçe Şimşekalp Ercan Department of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Güzide Atasoy Özcan Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Hasan Basri Başağa Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey Senem Seyis Department of Civil Engineering, Özyeğin University, Turkey Gülden Ayalp Department of Architecture, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Turkey Secretariat Ozan Okudan Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Alperen Taha Demirbağ Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Fehmi Samet Demirci Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey II Scientific Committee Ali Murat Tanyer Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Almula Köksal Işıkkaya Department of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Anita Ceric Department of Construction Management, University of Zagreb, Croatia Aslı Akçamete Güngör Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Aslı Pelin Gürgün Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Atilla Damcı Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Aynur Kazaz Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, Turkey Ayşe Pekrioğlu Balkıs Department of Civil Engineering, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus Bahriye İlhan Jones Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Barış Salman Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, United States Beliz Özorhon Department of Civil Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Turkey Burçin Becerik Gerber Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, United States Burcu Akıncı Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, United States Cenk Budayan Department of Civil Engineering, METU Northern Cyprus Campus, Northern Cyprus Deniz Artan Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Ela Öney Yazıcı School of Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Dubai Elçin Filiz Taş Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey III Emre Caner Akçay Department of Civil Engineering, Atılım University, Turkey Ercan Erdiş Department of Architecture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey Esin Kasapoğlu Department of Architecture, İstanbul Kültür University, Turkey Esra Bostancıoğlu Department of Architecture, İstanbul Kültür University, Turkey Fahriye Hilal Halıcıoğlu Department of Architecture, Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey Fatma Pınar Çakmak Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Ghassan Aouad Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Applied Science University, Bahrain Gökhan Arslan Department of Civil Engineering, Yalova University, Turkey Gökhan Demirdöğen Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Gözde Başak Öztürk Department of Civil Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Turkey Gözde Bilgin Department of Civil Engineering, Başkent University, Turkey Gül Polat Tatar Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Gülben Çalış Department of Civil Engineering, Ege University, Turkey Gülden Ayalp Department of Architecture, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Turkey Gürşan Güven Işın Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Canada Güzide Atasoy Özcan Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Hakan Yaman Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey IV Handan Gundogan School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, United Kingdom Hande Aladağ Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Hasan Basri Başağa Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey Hüseyin Erol Department of Civil Engineering, Hacettepe University, Turkey Işılay Tekçe Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Özyeğin University, Turkey İbrahim Yitmen Department of Construction Engineering and Lighting Science, Jönköping University, Sweden İkbal Erbaş Department of Architecture, Akdeniz University, Turkey İrem Dikmen School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, United Kingdom Kerim Koç Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Mehmet E. Özbek Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University, United States Mehmet Koray Pekeriçli Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, Turkey M.Talat Birgönül Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Murat Ayhan Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom Murat Çevikbaş Department of Civil Engineering, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Turkey Murat Kuruoğlu Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Nur Atakul Department of Architecture, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Turkey V Nuri Cihan Kayaçetin Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Bilkent University, Turkey Rıfat Akbıyıklı Department of Civil Engineering, MEF University, Turkey Ömer Giran Department of Civil Engineering, İstanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey Önder Halis Bettemir Department of Civil Engineering, İnönü University, Turkey Özge Selen Duran Faculty of Art Design & Architecture, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, Turkey Rıfat Sönmez Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Rüveyda Kömürlü Department of Architecture, Kocaeli University, Turkey Saman Aminbakhsh Department of Civil Engineering, Atılım University, Turkey Savaş Bayram Department of Civil Engineering, Erciyes University, Turkey Selman Aslan Department of Transportation Services, Muş Alparslan University, Turkey Sema Ergönül Department of Architecture, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Turkey Semra Çomu Yapıcı Department of Civil Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Turkey Department of Civil Engineering, Özyeğin University, Turkey Department of Architecture, İzmir Institute of Technology, Turkey Senem Seyis Serdar Kale Serdar Ulubeyli Department of Civil Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Turkey Serhat Başdoğan Department of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Serkan Kıvrak Department of Civil Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Turkey VI Suat Günhan College of Architecture, Environmental Design, Kent State University, United States Şafak Ebesek Faculty of Engineering, Toros University, Turkey Şenay Atabay Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Tahir Çelik Department of Civil Engineering, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus Tolga Çelik Department of Civil Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus Tuğçe Şimşekalp Ercan Department of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Tülay Çivici Faculty of Architecture, Balıkesir University, Turkey Türkan Göksal Özbalta Department of Civil Engineering, Ege University, Turkey Vedat Toğan Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey Volkan Arslan Department of Civil Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Turkey Volkan Ezcan Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom Yeliz Tülübaş Gökuç Faculty of Architecture, Balıkesir University, Turkey Zeynep Birgönül Faculty of Art and Design, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Zeynep Işık Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey Zeynep Sözen Fine Arts Design and Architecture, İstanbul Medipol University, Turkey VII 8th International Project and Construction Management Conference (IPCMC2024) Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey Micro-Sized AEC Firms’ Economic Strategies for Firm Survival in Uncertain Economic Conditions B. N. Toprak, Y. Arıcı Üstüner, B. Balaban Ökten and H. C. Özkan Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University, Architecture Department, Istanbul, Türkiye busranur.toprak@stu.fsm.edu.tr, yarici@fsm.edu.tr, burcuokten@fsm.edu.tr, hcozkan@fsm.edu.tr Abstract According to the December 2023 report of the Turkish Statistical Institute, micro-scale enterprises constituted 90.6 percent of the total number of enterprises. Micro-enterprises employ fewer than ten persons whose annual turnover or balance sheet total does not exceed 10 million Turkish Liras. According to the Central Bank of Türkiye reports for 2020, construction companies constitute 14.76%, and the number of employees in the sector constitutes 9.91% of Türkiye in general. The Turkish construction sector has been adversely affected by epidemics, regional wars, the migrant crisis, earthquakes, inflation, and exchange rate increases. Research mentioned that micro-sized companies can survive in uncertain economic conditions due to their innovative and flexible structures. This study investigated the survival strategies of micro-scale architecture, engineering, and construction firms (MSAECFs) under uncertain economic conditions. Survival strategies were screened from the existing literature through a systematic search. In the second stage, the current situation was determined by conducting semi-structured, in-depth interviews with micro-scale companies from the Turkish construction sector. As a result of the research, the survival strategies used by micro-scale AEC companies are as follows: Broadening stakeholder networks for new clients and projects, strengthening relationships with suppliers/sub-contractors for the increase of the quality and decrease of the costs, diversifying into new markets, countries, and regions, advertising through social media, web, and print publications to get new projects. Keywords: construction sector, architecture engineering construction (AEC) firms, micro-sized firms, economic conditions, survival strategies. Introduction While the contraction in the construction sector has become evident since 2018 due to the impact of domestic and international economic developments, the problems increased with the COVID-19 epidemic. Then, the loss of momentum continued with the transition to tight monetary policy in the economy. The sector grew, albeit very limited, in the first half of 2021, in parallel with the recovery process from the epidemic. However, it has started to contract again with the developments in the global and national economies. As a result of these developments, the construction sector contracted by 0.6% and 7.1% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Increasing construction activities due to the impact of devastating earthquakes 546 centered in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay in the first half of 2023 caused the outlook in the sector to turn positive. Compared to the same period of the previous year, the growth recorded in the industry in the April-June 2023 period stood out as the fastest increase in the last 21 quarters. The increasing demand for urban transformation in cities with high earthquake risk, especially in Istanbul, has created potential in the housing field for the coming period. In addition, it is thought that the financial support programs developed by the state for urban transformation projects will affect this situation positively. These fluctuations in the Turkish economy affect micro-scale companies (enterprises with less than ten annual employees and whose annual net sales revenue or financial balance sheet is at most ten million Turkish Liras) at the first stage. Among the reasons why micro-sized companies are affected by economic fluctuations at the first stage is that they do small-scale business due to the small size of the companies; if they do not specialize in a niche area, there is no share left for micro-sized companies in the shrinking market, and their customer portfolio is narrow. In addition to these negative aspects, micro-scale companies also have an essential financial advantage in that they adapt to current market conditions much more quickly than larger-scale companies with the flexible structures that they gain from being small-scale organizations. Micro-scale architecture, engineering, and construction firms (MSAECFs) are resilient in uncertain economic conditions with flexible and innovative structures. These positive and negative aspects of micro-scale companies constitute the factors that cause companies to succeed or fail in periods of economic fluctuations and or recessions. (“Building an Innovation Strategy for SMEs: An Analysis of the Construction Industry in Turkey,” 2019; Chih et al., 2022; Danforth et al., 2017; Okudan et al., 2022; Oviedo-Haito et al., 2014; Tummalapudi et al., 2020, 2021; Ulubeyli et al., 2018) This study aims to determine the best practices in business strategies of micro-sized AEC companies that have managed to survive economic fluctuations and recessions and to set an example for micro-sized companies in the sector. To achieve this goal, studies in the field were researched through a literature review, and then interview questions were created for microsized companies using these studies. Afterward, meetings were held with micro-scale AEC companies in Istanbul. Finally, the interview results were compared with the literature. This study is a preliminary pilot study of a more extensive study. Literature The construction industry affects both the economies of countries and the global economy. The construction industry may experience some bottlenecks with the changes in the country and world economies. Bottlenecks and uncertain economic conditions also affect companies' decisions to build/not build or to bid/submit (Arıcı Üstüner & Balaban Ökten, 2022; Li et al., 2020; Adabre et al., 2022). In the foreign construction sector literature, studies have examined the measures to be taken during the economic crises and companies' reactions to the situation during these periods. These studies have shown that the demand for production in the sector naturally decreases during crises in the construction sector. Research has shown a 75% decrease in housing construction in European countries during the economic crisis 2007. In public sector projects, this rate is around 67% (Oviedo-Haito et al., 2014). It was observed that more than 170,000 small-scale construction companies were closed during the same year's economic crisis in the USA. These crises cause bankruptcies, job losses, and economic collapses. Uncertainties and fluctuations that occur in the economic cycle of a construction company cause the company to enter a natural learning period in this process. Suppose the companies that survive due to 547 these economic fluctuations can integrate what they have implemented and learned in this process into the general structure of the company. In that case, the company is expected to overcome future economic fluctuations and bottlenecks more easily (Danforth et al., 2017). In the research conducted by Danforth et al. (2017) on the subject, it was seen that construction companies exhibited two types of behavior in economic problems. The first is short-term solutions, and the other is long-term paradigm changes within the scope of company principles. In another study, it was seen that companies applied three different strategies to economic problems. The first is the differentiation strategy from the sector where competition is high. This strategy adopts creating a unique product and investing in it. The second strategy is to reduce costs with the cost leadership strategy. The third and final strategy is targeting a specific market within the more significant construction industry (Tansey et al. 2013). In another study, Lim et al. (2010) state that contract-based measures are one of the strategies implemented by construction companies in economic bottlenecks. This strategy aims to enable more work to be done or reduce the work risks. Another strategy implemented in companies is cost control. In this strategy, companies appear to set rules such as reducing material losses, applying strict rules in tender criteria, and controlling money flows. Lim et al. (2010) include financial measures such as using companies' emergency reserves, cutting operating expenses, and taking advantage of loans. Although there are studies investigating the strategies to be implemented in economic bottlenecks in the construction industry, the strategies must be helpful and efficient for the companies. Bad strategies implemented during such crises will result in failure for companies (Tummalapudi et al., 2021). In times of crisis, companies need to quickly decide on their strategies and minimize crises in this way. In international studies, contract claims, legal disputes, cash flow problems, low-profit rates, and marketing difficulties are cited as why construction companies fail and cannot continue their existence during crises. All these problems affect each other during the crisis, causing a cycle (Tummalapudi et al., 2021). In this case, as mentioned before, it is essential that the company affected by the crisis chooses the right strategies and incorporates them into its business. The research indicates that more than 850,000 companies in the USA can be defined as small-scale construction companies (employing between 1-19 people). Large-scale companies' financial strength, capacity, and credit facilities are more solid and balanced. For this reason, small-scale companies will be most affected by economic bottlenecks and fluctuations (Tummalapudi et al., 2021). Material and Method In semi-structured and in-depth interviews, which are among the data collection methods, preprepared questions are asked to each participant in the same format and order. Still, other questions are also asked of the participants to obtain more detailed information based on the participants' answers to these questions. The sample to be used in this project will be selected through "convenience sampling" from companies that are members of the Turkish Contractors Association, the Turkish Chamber of Architects, and the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineering, and those that meet the definition of "Micro-Scale" companies and have continued their existence during economic crises. In the convenience sampling type, researchers select the data to be evaluated in the sample frame without any design. This type of sampling is a method that speeds up research because it allows the researcher to act according to the situation that is close and easy to access. Interviews were held with 9 AEC companies in January 2024. The interviews were conducted face to face with company owners. After asking general information questions about firms and the interviewed professionals, the following questions were asked to understand the business 548 strategies used by micro-scale AEC firms during the economic crisis. Information about the interviewed firms is also given in Table 01. • • • • • What strategies do you use to ensure your company can continue its economic activities? Which strategies have you used so far have been successful? Which ones failed? What do you think are the reasons for commercial success and failure in your commercial strategies? What business lessons have you learned while trying to improve your company's economic performance? Table 1. Information on micro-sized AEC companies interviewed. Firm No Firm 01 Firm 02 Firm 03 Firm 04 Firm 05 Founding Date 2018 2017 2016 2021 2021 Age of the Firm 6 7 8 3 3 Number of Employees 3 4 3 3 2 Firm 06 2022 2 1 Firm 07 2017 7 3 Firm 08 Firm 09 2023 2000 1 24 3 5 Services Architecture, Interior Design, Construction Architecture, Interior Design Architecture Architecture Architecture, Interior Design, Furniture Design, 3D photorealistic visualization. Architecture, Interior Design, Construction permit services, 3D photorealistic visualization. Architecture, Interior Design, 3D photorealistic visualization Architecture, Urban Design Architecture, Restoration, Construction Results and Discussion All nine interviewed companies stated that they developed their customer portfolio through acquaintances and that they always received new business through previous work they had done. Interviewees emphasized that quality work brings new business, and customer satisfaction is an important factor for business success. Firm 02-03 stated that the overlapping of economic crisis periods and election periods increased the impact of the economic crisis. They indicated that their offices work with municipalities, project decisions stop when the election period approaches, and the sector waits until after the elections. For this reason, Firm 02-03 stated that holding early elections negatively affects the market. Firm 03 stated that she has resisted providing only architectural services until now but has had financial difficulties for the last year and plans to offer other design-related services. It has been explained that the economic returns of long-term work in an inflationary environment are low, so inflation-related price increases required by this economic environment should be added to the contracts. It has been stated that employers also approve price revisions for periods such as six months or one year. Another strategy that companies use in long-term projects is to purchase all materials at the beginning of the project. In this way, they are not affected by fluctuations in material prices. This is, of course, valid for small and medium-sized construction works. It is stated that small549 scale design works that are completed quickly are beneficial for companies to support themselves economically. Although the payments for small and fast jobs are also small, they meet the urgent economic needs of companies because their cash flow is rapid. For this reason, firms have developed new strategies to market products they can produce and deliver quickly. For this reason, Firm 05 said that they started doing furniture design work they had never planned to do. Firms that opened after 2020 use joint offices with other companies to reduce their general expenses, and they support employees in office jobs and managerial jobs to minimize employee expenses. Firm 05 stated that this method is not sustainable and can only be used during the crisis period. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that micro-sized architecture, engineering, and construction firms (MSAECFs) have a unique advantage due to their flexible and innovative structures, which enables them to survive in uncertain economic conditions. The survival strategies used by these firms include broadening stakeholder networks, strengthening relationships with suppliers/sub-contractors, diversifying into new markets, advertising through social media, web, and print publications to get new projects. These strategies are crucial for micro-sized companies to adapt to current market conditions and remain competitive. However, it should be noted that these strategies are not limited to MSAECFs only, and larger companies can also learn from them to build their resilience against economic fluctuations. Overall, the study highlights the importance of innovative and flexible structures for companies to survive in uncertain economic conditions, which is a valuable lesson for businesses across industries and sizes. Conclusion The article discusses the survival strategies of micro-sized architecture, engineering, and construction firms (MSAECFs) in Türkiye. The construction sector in Türkiye has been adversely affected by various factors such as regional wars, earthquakes, inflation, and exchange rate increases. The research shows that micro-sized companies are more innovative and flexible, which allows them to adapt to the current market conditions much more quickly than larger-scale companies. The article suggests that broadening stakeholder networks for new clients and projects, strengthening relationships with suppliers/sub-contractors, diversifying into new markets, advertising through social media, web, and print publications are some of the strategies used by micro-sized AEC companies to survive in uncertain economic conditions. In conclusion, micro-scale architecture, engineering, and construction firms (MSAECFs) play a vital role in the Turkish construction sector, as they constitute a significant percentage of the total number of enterprises. The research findings suggest that MSAECFs have a unique advantage due to their flexible and innovative structures, which enables them to survive in uncertain economic conditions. These strategies are crucial for micro-sized companies to remain competitive and adapt to current market conditions. The study highlights the importance of innovative and flexible structures for companies to survive in uncertain economic conditions, which is a valuable lesson for businesses across industries and sizes. Acknowledgment This research project was carried out by FSMVU Faculty of Architecture and Design Department of Architecture Faculty members Dr. Yaprak Arıcı Üstüner, Dr. Burcu Balaban 550 Ökten and Dr. Hakkı Can Özkan. The research project has Ethics Committee Approval from the FSMVU Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee (Decision no: 29/12). References Adabre, M. A., Chan, A. P. C., Edwards, D. J., & Osei-Kyei, R. (2022). 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Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 16(4), 654–673. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-03-2018-0057/FULL/PDF 552 INDEX A B. Ozbas 961 B. Ozen 180,186 B. Ozorhon 780 B. Ozyurt 1029 B. Şerbetcioğlu 858 B. Sertyeşilışık 1028 B. Seyisoglu 1046 B. Taskin 752 B. Ün 283 B. Wrenwick 910 B.A. Temel 79 B.L.B. Layon 723 B.N. Toprak 546 A. Köksal 536, 865 A. Budak 43 A. Cetinkaya 553 A. Citipitioglu 1062 A. Damci 1038 A. Karacigan 780 A. Kazaz 142, 212, 761 A. Şanlı 256 A. Tüysüz 266, 275 A. Tuz 894 A.A. Aibinu 490 C/Ç A. A. Al Mamari 723 C. Bedur 151 A.A.K.A. Alamri 910 C. Coskun 848 A.B. Ersoz 202 C. Ertug 291 A.H. Behzadan 346 C. Ozcekici Olcar 355 A.J. Sangi 791 C. Yalcin 53, 885 A.P. Balkis 427 C.A.N. Al Sharji 723 A.S. Kabadzha 427 C.C. Uzun 1062 A.T. Demirbağ 818 C.R.L. Garcia 910 A.T. İlter 160 C.U. Demir 752 D B B. Aktürk 98 B. Aldemir 724 B. Balaban Ökten 580 B. Barlas 9 B. Ece Kaya 769 B. Kısmet 714 1105 D. Arditi 322, 1038 D. Artan 499 D. Besiktepe 848 D. İlipınar 388 D. Kurt 894 D. Sagdic 780 E G. Bilgin 876 G. Can 704 G. Gelisen 930 G. Gumusburun Ayalp 560, 645 G. Guven 117 G. Simsir 581 G. Tantekin Çelik 283 G. Vara 172 G. Yalçın 984 G.B. Ozturk 180, 186, 194, 224, 459 G. Zeybek 379 E. Avdiu 623 E. Aydemir 507 E. Bekteshi 630 E. Bostancioglu 291, 961 E. Boz 604 E. Can 876 E. Deniz E. Ergen 809 1062 E. Karakoyun Yaşar 440 E. Kasapoğlu 365, 938 E. Manahan 910 E. Saral 938 E. Tezel 573 H E. Yetim 761 H. Aladağ 674, 818, 918 E.C. Akcay 876 H. Esendal 142 E.E. Biçak 674 H. Karabacak 553 E.F. Tas 29, 88, 704, 468, 970 H. Tekin 373, 878 E.I. Daniel 838 H. Turkoglu 1038 H.B. Basaga 79, 396, 638 H.C. Özkan 546 H.M. Günaydın 53, 63, 553, 885 F F. Arif 791, 801 F. Canpolat 946 F. Saeed 801 I/İ F. Soygazi 186 I. Brilakis F. Uysal 553 180, 186, 194, 224, 459 F.H. Halicioglu 108 I. Dikmen 828, 1029 F.S. Demirci 300, 312 I. Karatas 43 I. Komar 53 I. Ugurlu 714 I.A. Adebumola 993 G G. Arslan 212 I.B. Alkan 638 G. Atasoy 172 İ. Erbaş 151, 450, 735, 749 1106 İ.N. Semercioğlu 79, 396 K K. Çimen 88 K. Hacıefendioğlu 79 K. Oti-Sarpong 459 K. Peker 266, 275, 752 K. Toprak 450 K. Tosun 329 L L. Najjar 126 M.E. Ozbek 848 M.K. Bahat 337 M.K. Pekeriçli 388 M.K. Yiğit 18 M.N. Sakib 346 M.N. Uğural 953 M.R. Akbulut 266 M.S. Unluturk 714 M.T. Birgonul 1029 M.T. Çöğürcü 1011 M.Y. Erpay 480 M. Karabaş 865 N M M. Alalı 679 M. Aliu 630 M. Anaç 1, 18 M. Aslan 233 M. Azima 770 M. Çakır 526 M. Gul 791 M. Köksal 373, 373 M. Nasir 791 M. Oraee M. Özgenç 490 885 M. Özkan N. Azhar 801 N. Döngez 536 N. Ganic Saglam 770 N. Kasul 108 N. Ozden 499 N. Şahin 419 N. Sönmez 63 N. Yilmaz 1062 O/Ö O. Celenk 194, 180 365 O. Düğenci 419 M. Polat 468 O. Okudan 300, 312 M. Sari 507 O. Temur 1038 M. Sayın 134 O.A. Obakin 993 M.A. Arslan 1011 O.E. Aydın 117 M.B. Arısoy 9, 98 O.H. Türkakın 1004 M.C. Beyhan 953 O.K. Akde 838, 993 1107 O.O. Olubajo 838 S. Ergönül 126, 275, 337 Ö. Özbey 396 S. Fidan 930 Ö. Alboğa 283 S. Hajizadeh 653 Ö. Bilir 373 S. Kale 233, 355 Ö. Parlak Biçer 946 S. Kookalani 224, 459 Ö. Tüz 1054 S. Mohammadi 490 Ö.M. Arıç 970 S. Öztürk Ustaoğlu 616 Ö. Giran 379 S. Seyis 653, 770 S. Ulubeyli 519 S.H. Yegebaş 744 S.K. Mazlum 1021 Ş.T. Güvel 410 Ş. Ebesek 1054 P P. Coşkun 29 P. Irlayici Cakmak 98, 256, 322, 329, 526, 573, 858 T R R. Abuelaish 590 T. Chaspari 346 R. Kömürlü 809 T. Civici 712 R. Sonmez 134, 553, 1046 T. Dedi 623 R. Ubeidat 918 T. Ercan 662 T. Altınkaynak 379 S/Ş U/Ü S. Ahmadisheykhsarmast 134, 553 S. Aminbakhsh 1046 S. Aslan 1004 Ş. Atabay 373 S. Aydınlı 283 S. Baş 117 S. Başdoğan 9 S. Bayram 507, 984 W S. Dağılgan 662 W. Arthur Jr. S. Dermirkesen 1038 Y Ü. Bahadır 590 V 1108 V. Arslan 519 V. Toğan 590, 604 346 Y. Arıcı Üstüner 546 Y. Uğurlu 410 Y.B. Metinal 560 Y.O. Dogan 322 Z Z. Birgönül 247 Z. Işık 300, 312, 818 Z.B. Bundur 117 Z.M. Ünlü 1 Z.Ö. Parlak Biçer 419, 440, 616, 903 1109 Sponsors 1110 Partners 1111