Linear A: Updates inaugural date: 30 December 2007; last update: 23 April 2024 Recent changes: 3 January 2019 All QA2 changed to QA. I am grateful to Andrew Krawiec for the following typographical errorss in HT 23, HT 30, HT 32, HT 34, HT 37, HT 40, HT 42+59, HT 45, HT 60, HT 62, HT 88, HT 97, HT 98, HT 111, and HT 119; and ARKH 1 and PH 3. The logogram #327 AES (bronze) should appear on HT 97 and HT 119. Mr Krawiec also points out that HT 30.4 & .5 list 1 BOS not 4, a more appropriate number is this tablet lists commodities for a small feast. And he calls heightened attention to the presence of logogram *327 AES? (bronze) on HT 97 and 119. 19 December 2017 Brent Davis observed that HT 85b lists 11 NAMES while HT 85a lists a total of 66 VIR, which should be distributed in 11 sets of 6 VIR each. JGY then attempted an analysis of HT 85 as listing allocations of workers from regions (side a) under the supervision of the people (side b). 4 December 2017 Provenence of KN Wa 40 corrected from South House to South-West House (thanks to Colin Macdonald!) 1 March 2017 All (?) of the volumes of Études Crétoises are now online , including GORILA and CHIC (thanks to Theo Nash) 26 December 2016 at the top of ABgrids.html and in the body of the lexicon, adding more possible correspondences between Linear A and Linear B words (thanks to Thomas Ogre and Gretchen Leonhardt). In the lexicon, correct NI-TI-NU (KN Zc 6) to NI-JA-NU (thanks to Thomas Ogre) 10 December 2016 Correcting the typos on the Linear A homepage, section 13, from I-PI-NA-MI-NE to IPI-NA-MI-NA (thanks to Thomas Ogre). 6 November 2016 Correcting the lexicon: RO+RO does not appear on KH Wa 1001g: DA+RO appears instead {*501}; and deleting the citation of *501 on PYR Wc 4 (that logogram has not been assigned a number). 26 October 2016 several items: 1) homepage, Melena's proposal that *34 represents /hai/ in Linear B; 2) homepage, s.v. *31 SA, reference to the appearance of SA-SA-ME on HT 23a.4-5 (thanks to Thomas Ogre); 1 May 2016 correction to SY Zb 7: addition of NI 9 December 2015 Lexicon: addition of the LinB parallel su-ku-re in KN As 40+5093, and, in the Bibliography, correction of a typographical error in Owens 1996b 26 October 2015 correction to HT 122a.1 (combining ]RA-RI • U-DE-ZA into a single header) 5 October 2015 Gournia tablet 2 and Wc 3 added 8 June 2015 1. the Linear A site is now "under construction"; 2. corrected HT Wc 3009 & 3010 and MO Zf 1 to read initial "*333-" instead of "ZU-". 16 March 2015 1. Rewrote "ABgrids.html" to include Melena's proposed full grid for Linear B (Melena 2014, 88-89 fig. 17.13). 2. announced on the Home Page that this entire Linear A site will be completely restructured by 1 June 2015. 22 January 2015 HT 117.a5: switched order of TE-JA-RE and NA-DA-RE (thanks to Gretchen Leonhardt) 30 December 2014 additions to the bibliography on the homepage (s.v. "KA"), an expanded discussion of VIR+KA, abbreviated as KA, 30 November on HT 11 and other tablets and on nodules HT Wa 1322-1470 (thanks to the 2014 observation by Julio Fontan-Tejeiro that the noduels may correspond to HT 11b (Feb 2014) 26 November corrected HM 28a.2-3 *612 to *622 and HM 33.3 *522 to *552 (thanks to Ben 2014 Newbound) 24 October 2014 corrected all GRA+PA (*577 or *547) to GRA+PA (*574); *303+K (*637) on KH 7b.3 to *303+K (*627); and corrected GORILA page reference to KH 42 (thanks to Ben Newbound) 14 October 2014 on the homepage, added a short paragraph about opisthographic tablets 14 October 2014 corrected category Zc from "inked" to "painted" (GORILA IV p. 117) and changed PO Zg to PO Zc (and on the homepage), adding that it is the latest Linear A inscription, the 2nd latest being KN Zb 40. 2 October 2014 corrected GORILA reference for TY 3 (thanks to Ben Newbound) 30 August 2014 reference added to where KN 2 and KN 28 were found 2 June 2014 Robert Eaglestone submits a reversed file of these updates - many thanks! 14 February 2014 adding a section on "Word Separation" on the homepage, section 16. 15-18 January adding information on logograms and ligatures (homepage) 2014 29 December 2013 adding a second reading of HT 140 that recognizes two logogram columns; in the homepage, a more extensive entry for KA (in Vocabulary). adding a section "Layout" in the homepage in order to present the evidence of a 30 November Minoan practice of splitting components of an expression across document lines 2013 ("hyphenization"). 21 October 2013 correcting CMS errors in the HT sealings (not all the atributions to CMS II 6 no. 11 were correct) 12 October 2013 replacing instances of *333 with ZU. 28 September additional notes to HT 28 and 88; HT 94a.3-5 fleshed out. 2013 8 September 2013 minor correction to KN Zb 5 (no handles) 16 August 2013 ZO Za 1 added (plus addition of Muhly 1981 to the bibliography) 30 May 2013 minor mistakes corrected in the Lexicon -- thanks to observations by Dieter Rumpel 8 May 2013 minor mistakes corrected in the Lexicon; Reverse Lexicon added 23 March 2013 new information KH Wc roundels; TRO Zg 1 & 2 added 16 March 2013 rearranged texts within each site so that all texts of a certain class are together (e.g., all Za's are together, then followed by Zb's, etc.), rather than have the texts arranged by number (i.e., when they were inventoried) 2 February 2013 added additional pairings of exact or similar words in Linear A & B (cf. the homepage, #3, and the lexikon 20 December 2012 added bibliographical reference on PYR Wc 4 18 November corrected reading interpretion of the logogram on PYR Wc 4 2012 4 August 2012 corrected reading for ARKH Zc 8; ARKH Zb 10 deleted (once included, based on a preliminary report; the text is actually ARKH Zc 8). 26 May 2012 suggested reading for unknown sign in PYR Wc 4. 21 May 2012 added note about the stone "inscriptions" at Knossos, presumed KN Ze 44 & 45 (misctexts.html, s.v. "Knossos") correction in lexicon.html to the inscription on PO Zg 1, added *325 at end of -A-SA29 April 2012 SA-RA-*325; and added citations to Hallager's reclassifying PH Wc 42, 45, and <47> to Wg 45, Wy 42, and Zb <47> 14 April 2012 added the comparison of Linear B ku-pa-nu-we-to (KN As 1517.8)to KU-PU3-NA-TU (name on HT 47a.1-2 and 119.3; cf. KU-PA3-NU), thanks to Gretchen Leonhardt 24 March 2012 corrections made to the listing of various stone libation tables, following Davis 2011. 13 February 2012 correction for VRY Za 1: museum & inventory no. 10 January 2012 in ABgrids.html, the addition of a mPn series for: 56?? (mPA3), 22?? (mPI2), 29?? (mPU2) (Duhoux 1984, Janda 1986, Melena 1987) 10 January 2012 PE Zb 7, photo of pithos inscription after complete restoration, thanks to Kim Raymoure 24 November revision of the introduction's chronology 2011 19 November CR(?) Zf 1 & Kn Zf 31: reverse decoration noted 2011 14 May 2011 addition of a discussion of weights in Intro section 15. Metrology, and addition of 2 items in biblio.html: Evans 1906 & Parise 1967. Slight correction and note added to KN Zb <27>. 20 March 2011 correction to SAM We 4 14 January 2011 correction to IO Za 2 in religioustexts.html -- thanks to Evelina Teneva 28 December 2010 rewritten note on the homepage concerning *34 and a new note for *325 19 December 2010 change all references from CYP to *303, a grain 29 November correction to HT 26a.1 and b.1: 406VAS+KE, not 407VAS+A 2010 25 November new inscriptions added: PE Zg 6, PE Zb 7, PE Zb 8; and slightly improved (?) readings 2010 for KH 97-99 13 November continued corrections to PH(?) 31 and improved readings, using suggestions made by 2010 Julio Fontán-Tejeiro. 9 November 2010 discussion of the "continuity" principle on the homepage, and its application to PH(?) 31a.3 and b.4 (discussion of signgroup SUS+SI+RE as possibly SI+AU+RE), with subsequent correction to the reading of HT 27b 24 October 2010 suggestions that *34 = MNA, *66 (TA2) = TNA; and subsequent links in the lexicon 9 October 2010 correction to HT 21 -- it listed side.line a.1 etc., implying a side b -- nothing is written on the reverse of HT 21. 25 August 2010 correction to HT 34 (no SA-VINa), HT 23 & 24 (SI+ME), 26b.3 & 127b.5,6 KI+MU (not KU+MU) 13 August 2010 slight correction to KE Zb 5 (ligature *595 is slightly more complicated). 12 August 2010 notes added to KO Za 1 and SY Za 2, pointing out the resemblance between signs RE & OLIV on the two documents, respectively (thanks to Brent Davis), and correcting some doubtful signs in these two inscriptions in the lexicon 25 July 2010 added PK Zb? RE B, which supports the value of B = 1/3, and added Hood 1964 to biblio.html 5 July 2010 small corrections to LaMarleAartun.html 2 July 2010 adding MY Zf 2, the first appearnance of AB 43, AI; suggesting A *306 is the peculiarly Linear A version of 43, AI 30 June 2010 adding a critique of Kjell Aartun's decipherment of Linear A to the page on La Marle 21 June 2010 added bibliography and notes to the Petras section 1 May 2010 added notes to ZA Zg 35, and MI+JA-RU in the lexicon corrected readings of HT 8, 23, 36, 49, and alternative readings for PK Zb 19. HT 34.7 may support the identification of fraction F as 1/8 (see note). The ligatured logogram 28 April 2010 *529 SE+SI (*41+*09) may just as equally be SI+SE (GORILA identifies the components of complex signs by putting first the sign that appears most frequently in complex signs, in this case SE); if SI-SE, then cf. A-SI-SE-NA, SI-SE-TA. corrected reading of KH Wa 1001, 1002. Corrected text in the discussion of the 17 April 2010 Libation Formula on the homepage (I-PI-NA-MI-NA has nothing to do with being a verb). Discussion on rations in HT 88 and 89. 11 April 2010 slight corrections to HT 9, 15, 24, 44, 104, 115, 124; and ZA 6. And corresponding corrections to the lexicon. 1 April 2010 correct MA 10c, d 18 March 2010 correct HT 115a.1-2 and lexicon.html: RI-TA-MA-NU-WI, not RI-SU-MA- (a.6: in erasure) 16 March 2010 correct lexicon.html: RA-KA (omit KE Zb 5) 15 March 2010 new comments for HT 28, 32, 34, 85, 90, 94, 100, 101, 114, 117, 119, 125, and 128; some of these comments note how people are counted in sets of 6 individuals, how some numbers cluster around the unit 10, and how small numbers may imply disbursements while large, round number may imply assessments or contributions. 6 March 2010 correct HT 126b 20 February 2010 rewrite of the commentary to HT 123+125. 8 February 2010 rewrite of the entry on KA-PA on the homepage; addition of Palmer (Ruth) 2004 in the Bibliography 26 December 2009 addition of maps and plans where Linear A has been found in Crete, Greece, and at HT 19 December 2009 addition of texts in Raison-Pope 1994 but not in GORILA 16 December 2009 a re-write of the homepage, information from Schoep 2002 included 10 December 2009 a re-write of the homepage, before adding more information from Schoep 2002; overhaul of the section on fractions (with commentary to HT 123 & KH 7); minor additions to individual documents 5 December 2009 adding more information from Schoep 2002 on individual documents (esp. HT 123+124) in HTtexts.html (esp. the introduction) and misctexts.html 21 November adding Schoep 2002, format types 2009 17 November adding possible parallels in Linear B to words in the lexicon, based on Schoep 2002, 2009 155 table 3.22 16 October 2009 suggested alternative reading for HT 36a.2 27 September correction in HT 24a.2, 3, 4: *561 (MA+RU ME) 2009 20 August 2009 new interpretation of HT 8 and of logogram PA and PA3) by Brent Davis (with slight modificatin by JGY); consequent new notes to HT 34.6 and 103.2; minor corrections to HT 9, HT 26b.4, ZA 12 15 August 2009 critique of the "decipherment" of Linear A by Hubert La Marle 17 July 2009 Monti 2008 added to bibliography; note to HT 31.3 added. 7 June 2009 Thanks to Anna Michailidou: new information about the weight of SI Zg 1 4 June 2009 Thanks to Brent Davis: new information about the weights of HT Zg 163, KN Zg <21>, MO Zf 1, and SI Zg 1 15 May 2009 I read *315 ONLY on KH 82.3; all former readings of SA-*315 (HT 9a.1, 17.2, 19.2, 42.2) are to be correct to SA-RO; sign *315 on HT 49a.4 cannot be verified. 3 May 2009 minor corrections here and there; better reading suggested for ARKH 2.3-4; further notes on, and probably better readings of, HT Zd 155-157. 27-29 Apr 2009 attention paid to lay-out and shape of tablets, information added to almost all tablet documents; improved readings for HT 97b, ARKH 2, MI 2, ZA 27 25 Apr 2009 some major changes and some attention paid to lay-out on HT 8, 9, 11, 12, 24, 25, 28, 41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 56, 85, 94, 97, 99, 101, 106, 108, 116 (a new lay-out), 117, 118, 126, 127, 130, 131, 140, 154B 25 Apr 2009 minor changes to HT 91-93, 98, 100, 109, 111, 120, We/Wc 3020; ARKH 1, 2; KE 1; KH 1-5, 7-10, 12-15, 17, 21, 26, 31, 35, 38, 47, 51, 58, 60, 64, 66, 76, 82, 92, 97; and a new reading for KH 83.2 (thanks to Julio Fontán-Tejeiro). 5 Apr 2009 minor changes to HT 13, 21, 22, 30, 35, 45, 60, 86 (thanks to Julio Fontán-Tejeiro). 14 Mar 2009 major: addition of the fraction D (1/5) to the known or surmisable fractions; see comments to HT 115, KH 85, ZA 8; minor corrections to HT 104, HT 108, KH 11, KH 16, KH 34, KH Wc 2067, KH Wc 2068, KH Wc 2104, and KH Wc 2105 (thanks to D. Rumple). 6 Mar 2009 uploaded a PDF of the Syme inscriptions, added Syme vocabulary to the Lexicon 2 Mar 2009 corrections to PH 9, 13-15, 17 (thanks to the prodding of D. Rumpel) 17 Feb 2009 corrections to SY Za 1-3 and the additions of the new texts SY Za 4-6, Zb 7, Za 8-12 17 Jan 2009 minor corrections to HT 67a.3; HT 96a.1-2, a.5; and PK Za 15 7 Jan 2009 notes to HT 88.2, KN Za 19, ZA 21a.7: )-MI-NA might represent the 2nd occurrence of a word writing out an ideogram, in this case *118 25 Dec 2008 minor cleanups, especially of fractions (in the introduction, and here and there); text added to the weights SI Zg 1 and HT Zg 163. 24 Dec 2008 added the Lexicon; added DU-PU2-RE ("master/lord") to Vocabulary (Introduction);) more information in Grammar & Libation Formula sections of the Introduction; corrected readings to KN Zc 6 & 7, PK Za 11; Valério 2007 added to Bibliography 15 Sep 2008 corrected fractions in PE 2; added comments to MA 10, re: b.1: *405VAS+Ω = Hiero *304 fraction = 1/2 7 Sep 2008 new Hiero fonts for MAC OS X, courtesy of Jean-Pierre Olivier, are now downloadable from the Linear A homepage 26 July 2008 PK Zb 25? is now PK Zb ?; added the real PK Zb 25; added Bennett 1999 to biblio.html; added new section on fractions 1 June 2008 improved reading for PK Zb 21 by Brent Davis 11 April 2008 cleaned HT Wa series 22 March 2008 adding new inscriptions from Khania (KH 97-99, KH Wc 2123, KH Zb 1) from Andreadi-Vlasaki & Hallager 2007 15 March 2008 adding scribal attributions from GORILA V: 83-104, Militello 1989 14 January 2008 updating the bibliography to 2007 30 December 2007 creating this file (it was taking up too much room in the homepage) 29 December 2007 reworking the commentary to HT 31 12-13 December 2007 more information on Ideograms/Logograms 25 November note comparing KA-DI on ZA 4 and 15 2007 24 November recording a comparison (s.v. HT 94) between HT 94 and HT Wc 3017 2007 19 November minor corrections; spelling out logograms *531, *539, *546, *558-*563 2007 18 September Photo and additional information added to SI Zg 1. 2007 26 August 2007 minor corrections to the AB grids (many thanks: Ugur Murat Leloglu) 13 August 2007 many small corrections (many thanks: Peggy Duly) 21 May 2007 rearrange HT Zd 155-157 according to information submitted by P. Militelli in Nov 2006 [sorry!]; revise slightly the Chronology section, this file 18 May 2007 clean up Introduction; ZA 15a.7, restored; A *363 = SO (thanks to M. Valério; also see Hiero #039 and parallel document LinA HT 9); A *314 = PU3 (BU, according to Owens 1999 & Facchetti 1999) 3 April 2007 notes on the vase-ideograms of HT 31, 39; MA 10; PH 8; reorganization of Kythera with more information; possible identification of *123 as similar to Linear B AROM (HT 9, 15, 39, 96; KH 53; ZA 20) 21 March 2007 new files on Cretan Hieroglyphic; slight change in accessing the AB grids (see below); addition of Hiero grid (see below); slight changes to HT 128 and ZA 6; long section on "A-DU" (compare A-DE in Hieroglyphic) 18 January 2007 click-on images added to PL Zf1 and PO Zg 1 10 September added Linear A Ideograms: a folder giving the common, identified ideograms and their 2006 signs, and copies of GORILA's sign charts and palaeographic sign charts 15 August 2006 corrected KO Za 1.b-c (RE is not to be doubted) 3 August 2006 words appearing in both Linear A and B 11 May 2006 at the prompting of Miguel Valério: a new reading for PK Za 8 16 March 2006 to "Verbs" a new entry, A-KA-NU-ZA-TI 27 Nov 2005 addition of the Linear A & B grids 24 August 2005 SKO Zc 1 added 27 July 2005 TY 3b.1: is KI-RI-SI the verbal (singular) of KI-RO? 22 July 2005 long explanation of why DD is not a fraction but the "Double Mina"; D should therefore be the single mina, not a fraction, and KU is its phonetic abbreviation 21 July 2005 slight changes to Kea and Melos; Milet to Miletos; complete rewrite of Thera 24 June 2004 PK 1.6: PU2-MI to NI-MI 7 Jan 2004 note to KN 22b; PK ZB Comments, corrections, questions: John Younger (jyounger@ku.edu)