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Check List 11(3): 1630, April 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.3.1630
ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors
LISTS OF SPECIES
Non-volant mammals from Baturité Ridge, Ceará state,
Northeast Brazil
Hugo Fernandes-Ferreira1*, Newton Mota Gurgel-Filho1, Anderson Feijó1, Sanjay Veiga Mendonça2,
Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega Alves3 and Alfredo Langguth1
1 Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Laboratório de Mastozoologia, João Pessoa, Paraíba State,
Brazil, CEP 58051-900
2 Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Departamento de Avicultura, Laboratório de Estudos Ornitológicos, Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil, CEP
60714-903
3 Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Departamento de Biologia, Campina Grande, Paraíba State, Brazil, CEP 58429-500
* Corresponding author. E-mail: fernandes-ferreira@ufpb.br
Abstract: Baturité Ridge is an important Atlantic Forest
remnant inserted in the Caatinga Morphoclimatic
Domain located in the Ceará state, Northeast Brazil.
Although this area presents high rates of endemism
and has been investigated by many researchers in the
past, there was never an investigation regarding local
mammals. In this context, this study aims to survey the
non-volant mammals of this region to serve as a basis for
future ecological and conservation studies. he work was
conducted between 2009 and 2014, based on analyses of
voucher specimens from zoological collections, capture
of specimens in ieldwork, visual and photographic
records, and interviews with selected local residents.
Altogether, 32 species were documented and seven are
present on lists of endangered animals. In addition,
interviews indicated that three non-recorded species
probably occur in the area and another two were pointed
out by local people as locally extinct. Discussions about
identiication and conservation aspects were presented.
semi-arid biome endemic to Brazil, but have lora and
fauna typically related to both the Amazonian and
Atlantic Forests, as well as ancient areas that connected
these two biomes, as presented by several studies
(Vanzolini et al. 1980; Andrade‑Lima 1982; Mares et al.
1985; Figueiredo and Barboza 1990; Borges‑Nojosa and
Caramaschi 2003; Sousa 2004; Borges‑Nojosa 2007).
he Brazilian state of Ceará is covered by cloud forests
in areas of high altitude, such as in the Ibiapaba, Araripe,
Maranguape, Aratanha and Baturité ridges, the last one
being where this research was developed. Baturité is
the region richest in species and has a great importance
in maintaining biodiversity and water resources for
the state (Mantovani 2007). For example, this area
is where Hoogmoed et al. (1994) described the frog
Adelophryne baturitensis; Rodrigues and Borges (1997)
revealed the lizard Leposoma baturitensis; Tribe (2005)
proposed a new subspecies of rodent (Rhipidomys cariri
baturiteensis); Passos et al. (2007) described the snake
Atractus ronnie; Feijó and Langguth (2013) discovered
Coendou baturitensis, a new species of porcupine, and
Roberto et al. (2014) revealed a new species of Bufonidae
(Rhinella casconi). Additionally, this is one of the most
important bird conservation sites in Northeast Brazil,
due to the presence of 12 endangered species, including
Pyrrhura grisepectus (Gray-breasted Parakeet), the most
endangered parakeet of the Americas (Olmos et al.
2005; Girão 2007). Due to these factors, Oliveira et al.
(2003) considered this region to have high conservation
priority.
he study of mammals in Ceará, despite being
approached by several authors, still faces major gaps
in knowledge. Fernandes-Ferreira et al. (2014), in
reviewing the history of vertebrate zoology research of
this state, showed that there are few studies involving
Key words: Atlantic Forest, brejos de altitude, Caatinga,
mammalian, survey
INTRODUCTION
According to Prance (1982), Northeast Brazil is a center
of plant endemism, consisting of deciduous forests,
semi-deciduous dry forests, montane and submontane
ombrophilous forests, and open and arboreal dry
vegetation, with several areas of refuge for fauna and
lora. he most important of these refuge areas are the
brejos de altitude (altitudinal cloud forests) made up of
residual ridges with vegetation that resisted drastic
climatic changes during the Pleistocene (Ab’Saber 1992).
hese forest areas are surrounded by the Caatinga, a
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Fernandes-Ferreira et al. | Mammals from Baturité Ridge, Ceará, Brazil
mammals, and none whatsoever in the central region
of the state.
Following the studies of Rocha (1908, 1945, 1948) and
Paiva (1973), surveys of mammals involving the whole
of Ceará’s territory have only been published recently.
Gurgel-Filho and Langguth (in press) describe and
discuss the morphology of species of Didelphimorphia
(Didelphidae), Rodentia (Sigmodontinae) and Chiroptera collected in Ceará and housed in the main Brazilian
zoological collections. Feijó and Langguth (2013) conducted a taxonomic revision of medium and large sized
species based on morphological characters, also including in their research the neighboring states of Paraíba
and Pernambuco.
Despite the importance of Baturité for biogeography,
ecology and conservation, information about its mammalian fauna has never been appraised and is available
only through the Serviço Nacional da Peste (National Service of the Bubonic Plague) ieldwork between 1930 and
1950. he purpose of this government program was to
catch small mammals in order to investigate and eradicate tropical diseases (Freitas 1957; Oliveira and Franco
2005). hus, the aim of this paper is to present an updated and comprehensive survey on non-volant mammals
of Baturité and discuss aspects of their conservation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
Baturité (04°07′48″ S, 038°03′19″ W) is the largest
ridge of the Ceará state, encompassing the municipalities
of Aratuba, Baturité, Capistrano, Caridade, Guaramiranga, Mulungu, Pacoti and Redenção. his region
presents an average altitude of 600 m and a maximum
of 1,114 m. he combination of altitude with the course
of the relief in relation to the sea results in average temperatures between 23°C at higher altitudes areas to 27°C
in the lower sites. Its geographical position promotes
orographic rainfall on the windward side, due to coastal
winds with high humidity, generating high rainfall rates
(900–1,400 mm/year) and corresponding humidity (700
mm/year). hese characteristics established tropical
submontane and montane rainforests. On the leeward
side, lower relative humidity rates promote a large inluence of deciduous dry vegetation typical of the Caatinga
biome. his area is also included in the Baturité Environmental Protection Area (Mantovani 2007).
Data collection
his survey was conducted between 2009 and 2014
using four sources of information: 1) the analysis of
voucher specimens from zoological collections and
Figure 1. Location of Baturité Ridge, Ceará state, Northeast Brazil.
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Fernandes-Ferreira et al. | Mammals from Baturité Ridge, Ceará, Brazil
museums; 2) the capture of specimens in the ield; 3)
visual and photographic records, and 4) interviews with
selected local residents.
Mammal collections of the following Brazilian institutions were visited: Universidade Federal do Ceará,
Fortaleza, Ceará (UFC); Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba (UFPB); Museu de Zoologia da
Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (MZUSP); Museu
Nacional de História Natural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro (MNRJ); Universidade Federal de Pernambuco,
Recife, Pernambuco (UFPE) and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará (MPEG). All specimens were
examined and their identiications checked and updated
according to current taxonomic literature (Gardner
2008; Paglia et al. 2012; Feijó and Langguth 2013).
Field samples were obtained through two stations of
pitfall traps (adapted from Aurichio and Salomão 2002),
one built in the windward and another on the leeward
side of the mountain. Each trap consisted of four buried
30 L buckets and three plies each measuring 10 m long
and 60 cm wide. hirty Sherman traps (25 × 8 × 8 cm)
were also installed to capture small mammals in the
same areas. hese actions were performed sporadically,
during both dry and wet seasonal periods, and were
authorized by the Brazilian federal authorities (SISBIO
/ ICMBio license number 19801-02). he animals were
handled according to the protocols described by Sikes
et al. (2011). All captured animals were deposited in
the mammal collection of the Universidade Federal da
Paraíba. his methodology was completed with visual
and photographic records performed in the forest trails.
Local residents with any manner of interaction with
wild mammals were interviewed, and the “snowball”
technique (Bailey 1994) was applied to select people
based on the irst group. In this way a total of 110 “local
specialists” (people who consider themselves, and are
likewise recognized within the community itself, to be
knowledgeable on the subject) were identiied and interviewed (Hays 1976). Visual and photographic records
were made in homes of interviewees (in the case of wild
pets), many of which also ofered to donate biological
samples (e.g., skin, feet, antlers, skeleton, and claws) of
game. his practice was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Federal University of
Paraíba (Protocol 418/09).
RESULTS
Altogether, 32 species of non-volant mammals
belonging to 12 families and seven orders with conirmed records were documented in Baturité (Table 1,
Figure 2, Appendix 1).
In addition, interviews revealed that three nonrecorded species probably occur in the area (Nasua nasua,
Sapajus libidinosus and Eira barbara) and another two
were pointed out by local people as locally extinct (Panthera onca and Cuniculus paca). he presence of Nasua
nasua was mentioned by eleven informants. his species
occurs in Ceará but the only location with a voucher
specimen is the Ibiapaba Ridge, in the northwestern
region of the state (Feijó and Langguth 2013). Twentynine informants cited the presence of Eira barbara in the
study area. According to these interviews, this mustelid
is probably rare in Baturité and inhabits areas above 700
m high. After several people stated the extinction of
Sapajus libidinosus, seven informants reported the discovery of a population in rocky areas of the study site.
According to thirty-seven respondents, Panthera onca
occurred in wetlands of Baturité until about 25 years
ago. Ten others claim that its occurrence is still likely.
Twelve local hunters airmed the local extinction of
Cuniculus paca for about 40 years, caused primarily by
excessive hunting.
DISCUSSION
Most of the non-volant mammalian species recorded
in Ceará can be found in Baturité. Of the 21 species
of small terrestrial mammals surveyed in this state
(Gurgel-Filho and Langguth, in press), 15 (71.4%) were
recorded in Baturité. Among the medium and large
sized species (Feijó and Langguth 2013) this proportion
reaches 61.5%.
A detailed description of the species documented
here can be found in the studies of Gurgel-Filho and
Figure 2. Mammals photographed in Baturité Ridge, Ceará state, Northeast Brazil. A: Didelphis albiventris. B: Didelphis gr. marsupialis. C: Coendou
baturitensis. D: Callithrix jacchus (kept as pet by local community). E:
Procyon cancrivorus (kept as pet by local community). F: Cerdocyon thous
(road-kill). G: Euphractus sexcinctus. Photos by SVM (A) and HF-F (B, C, D,
E and F).
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Fernandes-Ferreira et al. | Mammals from Baturité Ridge, Ceará, Brazil
Langguth (in press) and Feijó and Langguth (2013), however, some animals deserve some discussion on their
their taxonomy. he record of a black-eared Didelphis
(Figure 2b) has a problem with its identiication, as the
diferences between the two possible species, Didelphis
marsupialis and Didelphis aurita, are just morphometric
(Cerqueira and Lemos 2000). Baturité is located in a gap
of the known distribution of this group which shares the
characteristics of black ears (Cerqueira and Tribe 2008).
hus, we prefer to considerate it Didelphis gr. marsupialis
and suggest eforts in genetic and morphological studies to resolve this problem. he taxonomy of the genus
Oligoryzomys is poorly done, because there are many
variations of cranial morphometry (see Weksler and
Bonvicino 2005). hus, new evidences are required for a
safe identiication of the species found in the study area.
Among the species identiied and cited here, seven
are present on lists of endangered animals (MMA 2014,
IUCN 2015). Six of these species, along with another
seven, are also documented on lists of the Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES 2015) (Table 2).
It is also important to note that there are no other
known occurrence areas of Coendou baturitensis (Figure
2c) beyond Baturité, although some non-published
visual and photographic evidence suggest the presence
of this species in other rainforests, such as the Ibiapaba
and Maranguape ridges.
Furthermore, the presence of Speothos venaticus suggests a critically endangered local population of this
canid. Its recent discovery represents the irst record
of this species in a location within the Caatinga’s Morphoclimatic Domain, done so by means of a female cub
carcass that was donated by local residents (FernandesFerreira et al. 2011). Jorge et al. (2013), in a review of the
conservation status of this species in Brazil, pointed out
the possibility of a misidentiication by the researchers who reported the bush dog in Ceará and, therefore,
they did not consider the discovery as an accurate distribution extension. Such suspicion was justiied by a
supposed history of confusion in the identiication of
species of wild canids in that region. he authors used as
Table 1. Non-volant mammals recorded in Baturité Ridge.
Order/Family
Species
Record*
Marmosa murina (Linnaeus, 1758)
VS
Micoureus demerarae (Thomas, 1905)
VS
Monodelphis domestica (Wagner, 1842)
VS, IN
Monodelphis americana (Müller, 1776)
VS
Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840
VS, PR, VR, IN
Didelphis gr. marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758
VS, PR, IN
Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758
VS, IN
Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758)
VS, PR, IN
Didelphimorphia
Didelphidae
Cingulata
Dasypodidae
Pilosa
Myrmecophagidae
Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) VS, IN
Primates
Cebidae
Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758)
VS, PR, IN
Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
VS, IN
Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775)
VS, IN
Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821)
VS, IN
Carnivora
Felidae
Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771).
VS, IN
Puma yagouaroundi (É. Geofroy, 1803)
VS, IN
Canidae
Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766)
VR, PR, IN
Speothos venaticus (Lund, 1842)
VS, IN
Procyonidae
Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier, 1798)
VS, PR, IN
Galictis cuja (Molina, 1782)
VR
Conepatus amazonicus (Lichtenstein,
1838)
VR, IN
Mazama gouazoubira (Fischer, 1814)
VS, IN
Coendou baturitensis Feijó & Langguth,
2013.
VS, PR, IN
Dasyprocta sp.
VR, IN
Mephitidae
Artiodactyla
Cervidae
Rodentia
Table 2. Endangered mammals from Baturité Ridge and its respective
category of threat according to Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA
2014), IUCN (2015) and CITES (2015).
Erethizontidae
Dasyproctidae
Species
MMA*
IUCN*
CITES
Speothos venaticus
VU
NT
Appendix I
VS, IN
Cerdocyon thous
-
-
Appendix II
VR, IN
Leopardus wiedii
VU
NT
Appendix I
Leopardus tigrinus
EN
VU
Appendix I
VR, IN
Puma concolor
VU
LC
Appendix II
VS
Panthera onca
VU
NT
Appendix I
Oligoryzomys cf. nigripes (Olfers, 1818)
VS
Puma yagouaroundi
VU
-
Appendix II
Necromys lasiurus (Lund, 1841)
VS
Eira barbara
-
-
Appendix III
Cerradomys langguthi Percequillo,
Hingst-Zaher & Bonvicino, 2008
VS
Galictis cuja
-
-
Appendix III
Cuniculus paca
-
-
Appendix III
Euryoryzomys af. russatus (Wagner, 1848)
VS
Kerodon rupestris
VU
-
-
Holochilus sciureus (Wagner, 1842)
VS
Callithrix jacchus
-
-
Appendix II
Sapajus libidinosus
-
-
Appendix II
Caviidae
Galea spixii (Wagler, 1831)
Kerodon rupestris (Wied, 1820)
Echymidae
Thricomys laurentius Thomas, 1904
Cricetidae
Rhipidomys cariri Tribe, 2005
* VS (voucher specimens); IN (interview); PR (photographic record); VR (visual
record).
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* VU (vulnerable); NT (near threatened); LC (least concern).
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Fernandes-Ferreira et al. | Mammals from Baturité Ridge, Ceará, Brazil
the voucher specimen.
he presence of these endangered species deserves
the attention of researchers and authorities, especially
when considering the various factors of environmental
impact on Baturité, such as deforestation, overexploitation of natural resources, habitat fragmentation, the
introduction of invasive species, pollution of water
resources, road kills (Figure 2f), and real estate speculation, as pointed by Oliveira et al. (2007).
It is necessary to emphasize that hunting activities
were cited in interviews and are related to 22 (68.7%)
species, beyond the six species with no conirmed occurrence in Baturité. If considering only medium and large
sized mammals, the proportion of game species in relation to the total richness is 100%. In the municipality of
Caridade, for example, local residents (n = 12) reported
the killing of three individuals of Puma concolor between
2009 and 2010. his species and other carnivores are
hunted locally for the purpose of population control,
because of its potential attack on domestic animals like
calves, pigs, goats and poultry. However, most mammals are used for food purposes. Some species are also
kept by local inhabitants as pets, in the case of Callithrix
jacchus (Figure 2d), Procyon cancrivorus (Figure 2e),
Mazama gouazoubira, Puma yagouaroundi and Tamandua
tetradactyla, or even for medicinal practices. he hunting
of birds, reptiles and amphibians in Baturité has already
been investigated by other studies which indicate large
impacts on the local fauna (Fernandes-Ferreira et al.
2012, 2013). his is a reality observed in several locations
in Brazil, where hunting and consumption of wild animals persist in all regions of the country, with complete
disregard of legal implications (Cullen-Jr. et al. 2001;
Peres and Nascimento 2006; Fernandes-Ferreira and
Alves 2014). Moreover, the absence of ecological studies focusing on wild mammals in the study area surely
does not reveal local threats or population depletion of
all species.
Figure 3. Morphological comparison between the specimen of Speothos
venaticus recorded by Fernandes-Ferreira et al. (2011) in Baturité Ridge
(A1 to D1) and some unique characteristics for this species illustrated in
Langguth (1969) (A2 to D2). A: Left foot, showing the digital pads of the
third and fourth digits united at their inner proximal angles, giving the
appearance of fusion of the two pads. B. Shape of rhinarium (supericial
vision). C: Shape of rhinarium (frontal vision). D: Simple intestinal caecum.
Photos by HF-F.
reference for this statement an article on misidentiications of canid species that transmit zoonosis which was
based on documents related to epidemiology and human
health (Courtenay et al. 1996). herefore, this purely
medical paper has no connection to typical zoological
work, which examines external and internal morphology by specialized taxonomists in order to ascertain the
identity of a specimen. Because Jorge et al. (2013) did not
analyze the voucher specimen and did not discuss the
zoological information provided by Fernandes-Ferreira
et al. (2011), which was based on a vouchered specimen unambiguously identiied as Speothos venaticus,
we consider that the disagreement on the distribution
extension has no scientiic support. Nevertheless, Figure 3 presents a morphological comparison between the
specimen recorded by Fernandes-Ferreira et al. (2011)
(UFPB 6272) and unique characteristics for this species
illustrated in Langguth (1969) in order to clear up this
controversy. Other exclusive biological patterns of S.
venaticus such as the protruding forehead and the eight
symmetrical palatal rugae can be veriied by analyzing
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Cientíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Conselho de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
for funding the research of the authors; Dr. Diva Maria
Borges-Nojosa for scientiic support; Roberto Otoch,
for historical information about the local fauna; Cleiton
and Gleidison Lima for assistance in ieldwork and the
Kenney Blumer and Veiga families for hosting us in the
study area.
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APPENDIX 1. List of specimens examined and the municipalities
where they were collected, photographed or sighted.
Marmosa murina - Guaramiranga: UFPE 1078. Micoureus demerarae
- Aratuba: UFPB-NG10; Pacoti: MNRJ 28987. Monodelphis domestica
- Baturité: MNRJ 16653, 16648, 1669, UFC0007; Pacoti: MNRJ 27936,
16667. Monodelphis americana - Pacoti: CMUFC 0142, MZUSP 29458,
29461, 29464; Aratuba: visual record. Didelphis albiventris - Baturité:
UFC004; Aratuba, Pacoti, Mulungu, Caridade, Guaramiranga: visual
record; Aratuba: photographic record. Didelphis gr. marsupialis
- Aratuba: UFPB6261; Mulungu, Pacoti: visual record; Mulungu:
photographic record. Euphractus sexcinctus - Guaramiranga,
Aratuba: photographic record. Dasypus novemcinctus - Caridade:
UFPB 6595, 6596. Tamandua tetradactyla - Mulungu: UFPB
6591, 6598, visual record. Coendou baturitensis - Aratuba: UFPB
6809; Baturité: UFPE 2387; Pacoti: MN 34504; Mulungu: visual and
photographic record. Galea spixii - Aratuba: photographic record.
Rhipidomys cariri - Pacoti: UFC 0083, MN17373, 17441, 17444,
30010; Baturité: UFC013, 015, 016. Oligoryzomys cf. nigripes Pacoti: MN-SNP– BT 22. Necromys lasiurus - Baturité: MN47979.
Cerradomys langguthi - Baturité: MN20701, 20702, 20704, UFC096;
Pacoti UFC002. Euryoryzomys af. russatus - Baturité: MZUSP-MRT
05, 011, 015, 027, 038. Holochilus sciureus - Pacoti: MZUSP8704, 8705,
8706, 8707, 8708. Mazama gouazoubira - Aratuba: UFPB HFF10; UFPB
6590, HFF11, UFPB 6598; Caridade: UFPB 6589. Cerdocyon thous Mulungu: photographic record (road-killed specimen, 04º17’34’’ S,
38º58’39’’ W) and visual record. Speothos venaticus - Aratuba: UFPB
6272. Leopardus pardalis - Mulungu: UFPE 2001. Leopardus wiedii
- Mulungu: UFPE 1996, 2003. Leopardus tigrinus - Mulungu: UFPE
1942, 2002, 1997, 1998. Puma yagouaroundi - Aratuba: UFPB 6594,
visual record; Mulungu: UFPE1992, 1994; Caridade: UFPE1943. Puma
concolor - Caridade: UFPB 6597. Procyon cancrivorus - Aratuba:
UFPB6656, photographic record. Conepatus amazonicus - Caridade:
visual record. Callithrix jacchus - Pacoti: MN3930, 3950, 3938, 5528,
3939, 3947, 3954, 5521, 5544, 3932, 3933, 3935, 3937, 3940, 3942, 3944,
3948, 3949, 3952, 3953, 3956, 5517, 5535, 5536, 5546, 5575, 5577, 23771,
23772, 3945, 5545, 3951, 5543, 5572, 5576, 3941, 3946, 5573, 3955, 5551,
3957, 3943, 3933, 3934, 3931; Baturité: MZUSP 8694, 8695, 8693, 8695,
8696; Mulungu: photographic record.
Author’s contribution statement: HF-F, NMG-F and AF collected
the data and wrote the text; SVM collected the data; RRNA and AR
wrote the text and coordinated the research.
Received: December 2014
Accepted: March 2015
Editorial responsibility: Guilherme Siniciato Terra Garbino
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