Review article on Levman, Bryan G., Pāli and Buddhism: Language and Lineage. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021

The influence of the Indo-Aryan languages on the indigenous Indian languages, especially in terms of word-borrowing, has long been recognized. Less well recognized is the influence of the indigenous languages on Indo-Aryan. This paper explores the influence of proto-Dravidian (PD) on Indo-Aryan (specifically Vedic and Pāli), by examining shared similarities and innovations between the two language groups which the Indo-Aryan languages did not inherit from Indo-Iranian, Old Indic's closest relative. The paper argues that they were adopted from the proto-Dravidian language.

The present contribution is a step in a wider research project shared by the three authors on the notion of gift and merit in Brahmanical and Buddhist culture. A crucial term in this respect is the Ved. noun dákṣiṇā, Pā. dakkhiṇā, on which a vast amount of secondary literature already exists. Nonetheless, the time has come to evaluate these consolidated findings against the background of the numerous additional linguistic and cultural data that are currently available. In particular, a comparative analysis of the two traditions might help to illuminate both, as already contemplated by Oguibénine (1982: 402), when he suggested to look into the Buddhist concept of transference of merit to better understand the Vedic dákṣiṇā. It is fruitful to assume, and put to the test, an original continuity in the cultural history of the dákṣiṇā/dakkhiṇā, understood not as a gift or offering to the officiant, but as a positive auspicious condition enabling the one who attains it to achieve and possibly distribute or transfer blessings and merits. In this article, the three authors concentrate on an interesting derivative from this etymon, namely Pā. dakkhiṇeyya and Ved. dakṣiṇya in an attempt to prove that the translation commonly adopted for the Vedic term that is strictly limited to a ritual context, i.e., ‘worthy of priestly gifts’, does not completely match the Pāli testimony and that at the same time it is not even consistent w ithin the Vedic occurrences themselves. Keywords · Ved. dákṣiṇā/Pā. dakkhiṇā, Ved. dakṣiṇya/Pā. dakkhiṇeyya, Gift, Merit, Transference of merit, (Booty) distribution.

1 Understand how duty of care contributes to safe practice 1.1 Explain what it means to have a duty of care in own work role In my role as a support worker, It is my responsibility to promote the individuals independence and ensure they are protected from danger and harm. I must ensure their choices are protected by allowing them to choose what they will like to eat and wear. I must ensure I treat them with respect and dignity by ensuring that when doing their personal care, I must close the door. I must ensure that they get a high standard of personal care which includes personal hygiene, assistance with laundry and supporting them in cleaning. I must ensure their confidentiality is maintained by ensuring their confidential information is passed to an authorised person without their consent and must be the one that will pose a risk to them. I must ensure that I comply with health and safety procedures when supporting them and ensure that I attend training designed to further the interest of health and safety. I do this by using personal protective equipment such as apron and gloves when supporting Mr B with his personal care. I must participate in fire drills to update me for individual's evacuation in case of fire. I must report to my manager any incident or accident that may occur whether there is injury or not to individuals or others. I have reported to my manger and had recorded in the accident form when Mr A had a trip in the bathroom and had bruises on his forehead. I must comply with policies and procedures and code of practice when supporting the individuals. I must maintain accurate record as required when supporting the individuals. I have a duty of care to them. 1.2 Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals Since as a support worker, I owe the individuals I support duty of care as described above by safeguarding them and ensuring they are safe from any sort of harm such as illness abuse or injury. It contribute to safeguarding as I am working in the best interest of the tenants, their friends and families and ensuring that they are free from harm. It is my role as a support worker to promote individual health and protect them from risk and harm which is the duty I owe to them thereby protecting and safeguarding them.

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A. Pengertian Material Komposit (komposit) Komposit adalah suatu jenis bahan baru hasil rekayasa yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih bahan dimana sifat masing-masing bahan berbeda satu sama lainnya baik itu sifat kimia maupun fisikanya dan tetap terpisah dalam hasil akhir bahan tersebut (bahan komposit). Dengan adanya perbedaan dari material penyusunnya maka komposit antar material harus berikatan dengan kuat, sehingga perlu adanya penambahan wetting agent. Beberapa definisi komposit sebagai berikut • Tingkat dasar : pada molekul tunggal dan kisi kristal, bila material yang disusun dari dua atom atau lebih disebut komposit (contoh senyawa, paduan, polymer dan keramik) • Mikrostruktur : pada kristal, phase dan senyawa, bila material disusun dari dua phase atau senyawa atau lebih disebut komposit (contoh paduan Fe dan C) • Makrostruktur : material yang disusun dari campuran dua atau lebih penyusun makro yang berbeda dalam bentuk dan/atau komposisi dan tidak larut satu dengan yang lain disebut material komposit (definisi secara makro ini yang biasa dipakai)