Ecological Economic and Socio Ecological Strategies for Forest Conservation Felix Fuders • Pablo J. Donoso Editors Ecological Economic and Socio Ecological Strategies for Forest Conservation A Transdisciplinary Approach Focused on Chile and Brazil Editors Felix Fuders Economics Institute, Faculty of Economics and Administration Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile Pablo J. Donoso Institute of Forests and Society Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile ISBN 978-3-030-35378-0 ISBN 978-3-030-35379-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35379-7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword This Foreword was to have been written by Manfred Max-Neef, who, as a pioneer in ecological economics and as rector of the Universidad Austral de Chile, made large intellectual and institutional contributions to the works collected in this volume. His untimely death prevented this, but the book nevertheless is one of his legacies to us and bears the marks of his DNA in the writings of those whom he has influenced. Along with the authors in this collection, I count myself as one who has benefited from Manfred’s intellect and generosity. Just one example, after the Pinochet dictatorship, there was a conference in Santiago that Manfred organized to consider the full range of various economic systems that Chile might adopt for the future. At one end of the spectrum was ecological economics, and Manfred invited me to speak on that subject. At the time, I was employed by the World Bank which felt it had to approve all speeches by employees and declined to clear mine. I told Manfred, expressing regrets. Manfred then wrote to the World Bank Chile Department stating that the World Bank’s economic views would be presented by another participant, not by me. I was invited to speak in my independent professional capacity on the subject of ecological economics, and it was just a coincidence that I was currently employed by the World Bank. After 17 years of dictatorship, Chile was eager for free speech on economics, and he doubted that the World Bank really intended to restrict such speech and was confident that they would upon reconsideration grant permission. However, if for some reason that should not be possible, then he kindly requested a letter explaining the reasons, so that he might publicly read it at the conference to explain my absence. I was granted permission. Manfred was persuasive! This ability to persuade carries over to the subject of ecological and social economics and is continued in the convincing studies of his younger colleagues in this collection. General principles of ecological and social economics, while persuasive on their own, are much more convincing when applied to concrete specific applications, as done in the articles that follow. Specific issues of forest conservation in southern Chile and Brazil are studied from transdisciplinary viewpoints, and the incoherence between neoclassical economics and the biophysical sciences is investigated. Ecosystem services of forests, such as habitats for biodiversity, carbon v vi Foreword sinks, and rainfall regulators, both at the local and global levels are studied. The role of forests as critical natural capital is explained, both in their stock-flow aspect as producers of goods and in their fund-service aspect as producers of services. Also investigated are means of paying for such services which are often nonrival and non-excludable, and therefore not suitable for private ownership and markets, but increasingly scarce and in need of efficient allocation. Valuation of ecosystem services is considered, as well as the problem of minimal scale of forest coverage necessary to maintain such services. The balance between extractivism and conservation is studied. Likewise explained is the threat of high interest rates and present value maximization to exploited species that must grow at slower rates. More generally, environmental opportunity costs of economic growth are identified and explained. The role of indigenous wisdom needed as a brake on the haste of anthropocentric culture is recognized. And the importance of preservation and beneficial use of urban forests is not overlooked. This volume is a big contribution to understanding the proper use of forests in general, the specific use and preservation of the particular forests of southern South America, and how general ecological economic principles can be concretely applied to using and conserving this magnificent dowry of living wealth. I am sure Manfred would have been very proud to endorse the book! I think it also justifies his prescience many years ago in including ecological economics among the visions for the future of the Chilean economy considered at the conference he organized. That vision is still far from realized, but this book brings it closer. School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA August 2019 Herman Daly Preface Transdisciplinarity goes beyond the concept of interdisciplinarity, since it is conceived as the capacity of researchers from several disciplines and stakeholders to jointly define a problem and seek for solutions, which requires open minds not only for collaboration but also an effort to understand the disciplines and perspectives of others. The structure of the great majority of universities in terms of faculties and departments reinforces the unidisciplinary formation that nowadays is offered, especially at the undergraduate levels as our dear colleague Manfred Max-Neef (†) once stated in his “Foundations of Transdisciplinarity” (Ecological Economics, 2005). According to his point of view, a first step toward a necessary transformation of science and the form we educate our students should occur at the level of postgraduate programs oriented, whenever possible, around thematic areas instead of specific disciplines. As an example, a postgraduate program in forest conservation could call together not only forest engineers and agronomists but also economists, lawyers, chemists, biologists, etc. and achieve transdisciplinarity in each of them, considering that the result would not be the study of forests as seen from the perspective of the forest engineer, or of the agronomist, or of the biologist, but as seen in an integrated manner. The foundation of the “Transdisciplinary Research Center for Socio-ecological Strategies for Forest Conservation” (TESES) at the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) is such an attempt. This book was conceived by the members of TESES, who are mostly professors at the UACh. It contains contributions by some researchers of TESES plus distinguished researchers from around the world, combining the fields of economics, ecology, biology, anthropology, sociology, and statistics. It is not, however, simply a collection of works written by the authors from different disciplines, but rather, each chapter attempts to be in itself transdisciplinary. We acknowledge that a transdisciplinary effort to progress toward sustainable management of natural resources is long-standing, but we hope that this book will be a significant contribution to enhancing social, managerial, and political approaches to forestry management, helping to protect forest ecosystem functions and services. This, in turn, should benefit local communities and society as a whole, as it reduces the negative externalities of forestry management and enhances future opportunities. vii viii Preface This book attempts to give a transdisciplinary approach to find ecologicaleconomic and socio-ecological strategies for forest conservation. It combines economic, ecological, and social aspects related to forest conservation strategies to provide a holistic view of this complex topic. Overall, a nice outcome of transdisciplinarity would be achieving governance systems that are able to sustain natural and social communities. In this way, we wish to contribute to the design of a resilient human-forest model that takes into account the multiculturalism of local communities, including aspects of ecological economics, development economics, and land use planning. The book mixes theoretical concepts – some might even be categorized as philosophical – and practical approaches in Brazil and Chile, providing concrete lessons based on real experiences in the region. Although it focuses on cases in Brazil and Chile, the results might be applied to other regions too, i.e., we hope that the case studies and proposals provided will be useful for a broad audience of readers concerned with natural resource sustainability. Valdivia, Chile August 2019 Felix Fuders Pablo J. Donoso Contents Part I General Thoughts on Transdisciplinarity, Economics and Ecology 1 2 3 Towards a Transdisciplinary Ecological Economics: A Cognitive Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alfredo Erlwein, Iván Oliva, Felix Fuders, and Pablo J. Donoso 3 The ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ and the Role of the Money Interest Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Felix Fuders 19 Allocative Efficiency and Property Rights in Ecological Economics: Why We Need to Distinguish Between Man-Made Capital and Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Felix Fuders and Roberto Pastén 43 Part II Chile 4 5 6 Subsidizing Green Deserts in Southern Chile: Between Fast Growth and Sustainability of Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roberto Pastén, Nicolás Nazal, and Felix Fuders Land Use as a Socio-Ecological System: Developing a Transdisciplinary Approach to Studies of Land Use Change in South-Central Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daniela Manuschevich Between Extractivism and Conservation: Tree Plantations, Forest Reserves, and Peasant Territorialities in Los Ríos, Chile . . . . . . Alejandro Mora-Motta, Till Stellmacher, Guillermo Pacheco Habert, and Christian Henríquez Zúñiga 59 79 99 ix x Contents 7 Land Tenure Insecurity and Forest Conservation in Chile: The Case of the Mapuche Huilliche Indigenous Communities in the Coastal Range Rainforests of Mapu Lahual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Manuel von der Mühlen, José Aylwin, Teodoro Kausel, and Felix Fuders 8 Towards a New Forest Model for Chile: Managing Forest Ecosystems to Increase Their Social, Ecological and Economic Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Pablo J. Donoso and Jennifer E. Romero 9 On Ecosystem Dynamics for the Conservation of Wetlands and Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Milan Stehlík, Jozef Kiseľák, and Jiří Dušek Part III Brazil 10 Transdisciplinary Case Study Approaches to the Ecological Restoration of Rainforest Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Abdon Schmitt Filho and Joshua Farley 11 Forest Governance in Brazil and Chile: Institutions and Practices in the Implementation of Sustainable Management of Native Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Liviam Elizabeth Cordeiro-Beduschi 12 Municipal Private Natural Heritage Reserves: Uses and Attributions of Natural Protected Areas in the City of Curitiba (PR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Isabel Jurema Grimm, João Henrique Tomaselli Piva, and Carlos Alberto Cioce Sampaio 13 Understanding Adoption and Design of Incentive-Based Forest Conservation Policies: A Case Study of the SISA Program in Acre, Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Hugo Rosa Da Conceição and Jan Börner Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Pablo J. Donoso and Felix Fuders Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Notes on Editors and Contributors Editors Felix Fuders completed his M.A. in International Business Administration and Ph.D. in Economics and Social Sciences both at the University of ErlangenNuremberg, Germany. He is professor and researcher at the Universidad Austral de Chile. Currently, he serves as director of the Economics Institute as well as director of SPRING Latin America, a Master of Science program in development planning for growing economies jointly offered in the universities in the Philippines, Ghana, Tanzania and Germany, and of the Economic Policy Chapter of the Transdisciplinary Research Center for Socio-ecological Strategies for Forest Conservation (TESES). He has been a visiting professor at the Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany, and visiting researcher at the RLC Campus, University of Bonn, Germany. He is author and coauthor of publications regarding regional economic integration (EU and MERCOSUR), regulatory economics, as well as ecological economics and monetary policy. His main research focuses on studying economic as well as moral-ethical problems inherent in our financial system that he believes to be the most relevant but least recognized reason for market failure. He is convinced that the effect that the money interest rate exerts on money supply and aggregate demand is not fully understood and that many social, economic and especially ecological problems find their roots in an inadequate monetary policy. In this context, he currently works on explaining why the privatization of natural resources is neither a sustainable nor an allocative efficient solution to what Hardin once called the “Tragedy of the Commons” and why we should distinguish between man-made products and pure natural resources concerning the assignation of property rights. He further advocates a model of an economy in which the driver to achieve allocative efficiency is neighborly love instead of competition. He is the chairman of the Foundation Natural Economic Order (www.inwo.de), Frankfurt, and member of the Association for Sustainability, Berlin and the Network Sustainable Economics, Berlin. He has published in internationally renowned xi xii Notes on Editors and Contributors publishing houses such as Palgrave MacMillan, Springer, HART Publishing, and Duncker & Humblot and is a regular speaker at congresses and scientific meetings at national and international levels. Pablo J. Donoso is forestry engineer of the Universidad Austral de Chile. He earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Forest Resources Management both at the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry. He is professor and researcher in the Department of Forests and Society, School of Forest Sciences and Natural Resources, Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), Valdivia, Chile, and served as vice-dean of the Faculty of Forest Sciences (2007–2010) and as director of the Department of Silviculture (2011–2012). Currently, he is the director of the Transdisciplinary Research Center for Socioecological Strategies for Forest Conservation (TESES) at the Universidad Austral de Chile. His main research areas are forest dynamics and silviculture, especially of native forests, but he has also dealt with issues related to forest policies in Chile. His publication record includes 65 articles in WOS as well as 4 edited books and 26 book chapters, many of which are the result of numerous competitive funded research projects as well as cooperation with peers and graduate students. He has served as the major professor of nearly ten graduate students. The main goal of his research has been to establish first the ecological foundations for management of mostly mixed forests and then to evaluate results of the implementation of silviculture in diverse types of native forests, including plantations of native species. He is a strong believer that mostly long-term silvicultural experiments will provide strong information to support sustainable forest management (SFM), and in that direction in most of his research project, he has established permanent plots, with more than 100 of these throughout south central Chile, many of them in the Llancahue Reserve (1300 ha) near the city of Valdivia. However, he is aware that SFM will eventually result from good governance of social-ecological systems, and for that reason, TESES and some NGOs are considered by him important to advance in that direction. Contributors José Aylwin is a lawyer specialized in human rights and indigenous peoples and professor at the School of Law at the Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia. At the beginning of the 1990s, he participated in the Special Commission of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Especial de Pueblos Indígenas (CEPI)) working on the draft bill of the current Indigenous Act. He was the director of the Institute of Indigenous Studies at Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO) between 1994 and 1997. He was also the coordinator of the Program on Indigenous Rights of the Institute (2002– 2004). He has conducted studies and researches on the rights of indigenous peoples in North America (Master of the British Columbia University, Canada) and Latin Notes on Editors and Contributors xiii America for ECLAC (UN), University of Montana, Inter-American Institute of Human Rights, and IWGIA of Denmark. He has participated in several international conferences, connecting with national and international organizations in the fields of indigenous and environmental rights. He is author of several publications regarding human rights and the rights of indigenous peoples in Chile as well as abroad. Jan Börner is full professor for Economics of Sustainable Land Use and Bioeconomy at the University of Bonn, Germany, with applied research experience in Latin America, Africa, and Europe. Between 2012 and 2017, he was Robert Bosch Junior Professor for Economics of Sustainable Natural Resource Use at the Center for Development Research (ZEF) in Bonn, where his work focused on the economic analysis and evaluation of tropical forest conservation policies. Before, he worked as a research associate at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) based in Brazil, where he was involved in several global research projects on REDD+ and human environment interactions. His current research agenda expands from national-level environmental policy analysis toward the role of global trade and consumption patterns in affecting ecosystem services provision from ecologically sensitive landscapes. Liviam Elizabeth Cordeiro-Beduschi is forestry engineer. She completed her M.Sc. in Ecology of Agroecosystems in the “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture (ESALQ) and her Ph.D. in the Graduate Program in Environmental Science (PROCAM/IEE) of the Institute of Energy and Environment both at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. She served as international consultant for the Forestry Department of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). She carried out agroforestry research with the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (EMBRAPA) and with the National Environment Fund of the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil (FNMA/MMA). Currently, she is researcher at the Forest Governance Research Group at the USP and partner of the Forestry Engineers Association for Native Forests of Chile (AIFBN). She develops research on public policies and governance of native forests and sustainable rural development with focus on community forest management in South America. Jiří Dušek completed his M.Sc. in Geobotany and Applied Ecology from the Biological Faculty of the South Bohemia University České Budějovice, Czech Republic, and his Ph.D. in Plant Anatomy and Physiology from the Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic. Currently, he is researcher at the Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe) of the Czech Academy of Sciences. He is a principal researcher of wetland ecosystem station belonging to the national research infrastructure (CzeCOS) and the European research infrastructure of Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS). He has published about 30 scientific publications and is coauthor of 3 utility models related to gas measurements by chamber method in wetlands. xiv Notes on Editors and Contributors Alfredo Erlwein completed his M.Sc. in Holistic Science (systems and complexity in ecology) from Schumacher College, University of Plymouth, England, and his Ph.D. in “Sustainable Use of Bioenergy,” from the Interdisciplinary Center for Sustainable Development of the Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany. He is agronomist from Pontifical Catholic University, Chile, and currently is professor at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Soils, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, and at the Transdisciplinary Center for Environmental Studies and Sustainable Human Development (CEAM) both at Austral University of Chile. His research lines include sustainable use of energy (biofuels technology, energy balance and ecological footprint of energy use, organic waste management, bioenergy, and climate change) and the territorial planning of rural ecosystem (power and territory, cognition and territory, landscape ecology, ecological design). Joshua Farley is professor in Community Development and Applied Economics and Fellow at the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics at the UVM and is president elect of the International Society for Ecological Economics. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology (Grinnell), a master’s degree in International Affairs (Columbia), and a Ph.D. in Agricultural and Resource Economics (Cornell). Though trained in neoclassical economics, he has never accepted many of its core axioms or ethical underpinnings. His broad research interests focus on the design of economic institutions capable of balancing what is biophysically possible with what is socially, psychologically, and ethically desirable. His previous positions include program director at the School for Field Studies’ Centre for Rainforest Studies, executive director of the UMD Institute for Ecological Economics, and Fulbright Fellow and visiting researcher at the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. His recent research focuses on agroecology, farmer livelihoods, and ecosystem services in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest, the economics of essential resources, redesigning financial and monetary systems for a just and sustainable economy, and harnessing humanity’s capacity for cooperation to address prisoner’s dilemmas. He is coauthor with Herman Daly of Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. Isabel Jurema Grimm is researcher at the Ecossocioeconomics Research Center (NECOS) and the Research Group for Alternative Development, Innovation, and Sustainability (GPADIS) at the Federal University of Mato Grosso and coordinator of the Postgraduate Master’s Program in Governance and Sustainability (PPGS) of the Higher Institute of Management and Economics (ISAE). She received her Ph.D. in Environment and Development from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). She also works with research lines in governance, urban management, “ecossocioeconomics”, climate change, and low carbon tourism. Christian Henríquez Zúñiga completed his B.A. in Business Tourism Administration from the Universidad Austral de Chile and his M.A. in Regional Development from the University of Blumenau, Brazil. He is a Ph.D. candidate in Human Sciences at the Universidad Austral de Chile with stays in the University Federal de Parana (UFPR) and University of São Paulo, Brazil; researcher at the Transdis- Notes on Editors and Contributors xv ciplinary Center for Environmental Studies (CEAM) and coordinator of the Right Livelihood College Austral Campus, both in the Universidad Austral de Chile; and lecturer at the Catholic University of Maule, Chile. Teodoro Kausel received his Civil Engineering degree from the Universidad de Chile and his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Münster, Germany. He has worked in Chile, Germany, and Botswana (Africa), where he acted as a government consultant in energy and natural resources matters. Since 1992, he is professor at the Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, dedicated to research and teaching in regional economy, economic regulation, climate change, energy, and university policy. Jozef Kiseľák received his Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from Comenius University, Slovakia. He worked as a scientific project assistant at Johannes Kepler University in Linz. Currently, he is an assistant professor at P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia. His research interests are in the field of dynamical systems with applications in biology, medicine, ecology, and finance. He also deals with optimal designs of experiments and information theory. He has published research articles in high-impacted international journals of mathematical and statistical sciences and is a referee of several international journals in the frame of pure and applied mathematics. Daniela Manuschevich is professor at the Geography School in the Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano in Santiago, Chile, since 2017. She is an early-career transdisciplinary researcher, seeking to connect the economic, political, cultural, and environmental changes fostered by tree farm expansions in Chile. She has published works on historical tendencies of land use change, policy-based scenarios of land use change, ecosystem service modeling, as well as discourse analysis of the forest policy in Chile. The chapters presented in this book are the first results of a 2-year ethnography with peasants living in the fringes of tree farm expansion and historical forest degradation. She is a Fulbright scholar and member of the International Society of Ecological Economics. Alejandro Mora-Motta holds a bachelor’s degree in Economics and a master’s degree in Development and Environment. He is currently writing his Ph.D. thesis in the area of Development Studies at the University of Bonn, Germany. He is a Junior Researcher at the Center for Development Research and a member of the Right Livelihood College (RLC) Campus Bonn since August 2015. Between 2016 and 2017, he pursued his field work in Chile in collaboration with the RLC Campus Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia. His doctoral project addresses the question how the territorial transformation caused by tree plantations has affected local well-being in rural areas in the Los Rios region in southern Chile. He has research experience in the intersection of the fields of political ecology, ecological economics, and development studies, with applied work in Colombia and Chile. xvi Notes on Editors and Contributors He is currently interested in studying how development processes, particularly in forestry, affect local communities and in which way sustainable alternatives may emerge. Nicolas Nazal holds a bachelor’s degree in Business from the Universidad Diego Portales, Chile, and a master’s degree in Economics from Waikato University in Hamilton, New Zealand. He is currently working on his Ph.D. in Forest Ecosystems and Natural Resources at the Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia. His research interest focuses on anthropogenic impacts on forest ecosystems and policies aimed at recovering native forest and sustainable socioeconomic and ecological restoration. Currently, he is a lecturer of Ecological Economics at the Natural Resources and Forest Sciences Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, and director of the Small Business Development Center, a government project operated jointly with the Universidad Austral de Chile. He formerly taught a course on Sustainable Economics and International Trade at the Faculty of Economics an Administration. He has over 10 years of work experience in private firms in the shipyard industry and in the salmon farming industry as CFO and project manager. Iván Oliva completed his B.Sc. in Biology from Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso and his Ph.D. in Educational Sciences from Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Currently, he is a lecturer at the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso and at the Institute of Education Sciences, Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities, Universidad Austral de Chile. Guillermo Pacheco Habert is a licentiate in Tourism Management from the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) and holds an M.A. in Development of Regional Societies from CEDER, ULA. He currently is writing his Ph.D. thesis in Territorial Studies at the “Center of Regional Development Studies and Public Policies” (CEDER), Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile. He is a junior scientist at the Right Livelihood College (RLC), Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany, and researcher at “Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies Center” (CEAM) and at the Tourism Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile. He has 10 years of experience in research and the development of projects related to local economies focused on an ecological and solidarity economics, territorial dynamics, landscape production, community-based tourism, and participation of rural and indigenous communities in decision-making processes. He is cofounder of the “Trawün” Cooperative formed in 2017 by peasants with indigenous background, dedicated to family agriculture and community-based tourism in the Panguipulli Municipality located in the southern Chilean Los Andes Mountains. Roberto Pastén received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Economics from the Universidad de Chile and University of Alabama, USA, respectively. He is associate professor of Economics at the Universidad Austral de Chile and former Justice at the Third Environment Court in Chile. He possesses a vast experience in environmental and natural resource economics, risk and uncertainty, economic analysis of law, and Notes on Editors and Contributors xvii econometrics of time series and dynamic panels and published numerous papers in high-impacted journals. He has been an associate professor of Economics at the Universidad de Talca, Chile, and visiting professor in the master and doctoral program at the Universidad de Chile and of Environmental Economics at Groningen University, Netherlands. In 2017, he became inducted in the Hall of Fame of the Faculty of Business and Economics, Universidad de Chile, as the most remarkable postgraduate economist. João Henrique Tomaselli Piva received his B.A. in Business Administration from the Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, where he is technician in Environmental Protection. Currently, he is studying a master’s program in Environment and Development at the Federal University of Paraná in the research line of Ecossocioeconomics of Organizations. Jennifer E. Romero is a forestry engineer from the University of Chile. She received her M.Sc. in Resources Management and Environmental Studies from the University of British Columbia. She has focused her training and professional development on project management and on environmental policy, with emphasis on Chilean and Argentinean forests. She is currently the executive director of the Chilean NGO Foresters for Native Forests (AIFBN). Communication is an important part of her studies and practice. During the last 3 years, she has been the chief editor of the journal Bosque Nativo that is published by AIFBN and has written and edited publications related to forest policy in book chapters and also in massive media for the general public, generally with the aim of raising awareness for the conservation of native forests. Hugo Rosa da Conceição completed his B.A. in International Relations from the University of Brasília, Brazil; his M.Sc. in Environmental Governance from the University of Freiburg, Germany; and his Ph.D. from the University of Bonn, Germany. He has worked as a program assistant at the United Nations Environment Program and as a junior professional associate at the World Bank Offices in Brazil, working on conservation programs in the Brazilian Amazon. His research focuses on forest protection policies, especially incentive-based policies to reduce deforestation in the Amazon Region, such as REDD+ and Payments for Environmental Services. Carlos Alberto Cioce Sampaio completed his master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Planning and Organizational Management for Sustainable Development from the UFSC with internship in Social Economy (EHESS, France). He has postdoctoral fellowships in Ecossocioeconomics (Universidad Austral de Chile), Corporate Cooperativism (Universidad Mondragon), and Environmental Sciences (WSU). He is an administrator at PUCSP, researcher at CNPq, professor of the Graduate Program in Regional Development at FURB, environmental manager at UP, and environment and development manager at UFPR. Moreover, he was Fulbright Foundation scholar (USA) in 2015 and visiting professor at the Brazilian Center for Contemporary Studies (CRBC) at the School of Higher Studies in Social Sciences xviii Notes on Editors and Contributors (EHESS) in Paris and the Center for Environmental Studies at the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) in 1996 and 2005, respectively. He currently coordinates the Center of Ecossocioeconomics and, in partnership, the Center for Public Policies. He can be seen as a pioneer in theoretical and empirical research on the topic Ecossocioeconomics, comprising planning and organizational management for sustainable territorial development, socio-productive and constitutional arrangement of community-based solidarity, and sustainable tourism in Latin America. He published 117 papers in journals and 183 studies in national and international scientific congresses, as well as 13 books and 59 book chapters. Abdon Schmitt Filho is professor at the University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil. His teaching and research efforts focus on designing agroecological systems that synergically interconnect ecological restoration, rural livelihood, and renewable agriculture in southern Brazil. He is the coordinator of the Silvopastoral Systems and Ecological Restoration Lab (LASSre), a participatory action research initiative that worked with more than 622 farmers to make the transition from conventional farming to agroecological systems. Today, some of these farmers are partners in a project of ecological restoration of Atlantic Forest with focus on High Biodiversity Silvopastoral Systems and multifunctional riparian forests. He was a visiting professor at Gund Institute for Environment at the University of Vermont, USA, when he became a Gund IEE affiliate. His research addresses agroecology, silvopastoral systems, sustainable livelihoods, and ecological restoration of Atlantic Forest. Milan Stehlík completed his Ph.D. in Statistics from Comenius University, Slovakia, and Formal Habilitation at Johannes Kepler University, Austria. Currently, he is full professor at the University of Valparaiso, Chile, and associate professor at Johannes Kepler University, Austria. He is member of the Linz Institute of Technology, member of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and invited member of Gwalior Academy of Mathematical Sciences. He published more than 170 scientific papers and gave more than 180 scientific talks. His research interests include experimental design, extremes, exact testing, life data modeling, medical and ecological statistics, economic applications, and reliability theory. Till Stellmacher holds a master’s degree in Development Geography and a Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences. He is program coordinator and senior researcher at the Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany. He coordinates the Right Livelihood College (RLC) Campus Bonn since 2011. His main field of scientific expertise is governance, forest management, and environmental change in the rural Global South. His Ph.D. thesis “Governing the Ethiopian Coffee Forests” shows of local insights of forest use, management, and conservation in contexts of legal pluralism and agricultural transformation. He has several years of work experience in empirical development research in Ethiopia, Bangladesh, India, Tanzania and Burkina Faso. He is currently focusing on questions related to the future of smallholder farming and forest governance. Notes on Editors and Contributors xix Manuel von der Mühlen completed his Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in Regional Development Planning and Management from TU Dortmund and the Universidad Austral de Chile. He is also a candidate for the Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) in Development and Cooperation at ETH Zürich. He is a development planner with a passion for participatory planning processes. He has worked on participatory land use planning (PLUP) together with indigenous peoples and local communities in South America and Asia. While working for the OneMap Myanmar project from the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), he led the research activities to produce customary land use maps and other knowledge products. Currently, he works for Plan International Switzerland and is responsible for the coordination of different projects. His main project involves flood resilience building in flood-prone communities in El Salvador and Nicaragua.