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2023, Kainua (Marzabotto)
This volume brings together leading scholars of Etruria to provide up-to-date findings from the key archaeological site of Kainua. Located in what is now the Italian town of Marzabotto, Kainua is the only Etruscan site whose complete urban layout has been preserved, making it possible to trace houses, roads, drainage systems, cemeteries, craft workshops, and an acropolis. Under excavation since the 1850s, Kainua offers a trove of insights into Etruscan culture and society. The volume's editor, Elisabetta Govi, and her fellow experts examine the material evidence underlying our understanding of the history, economy, religion, and social structures of Kainua, including trade routes that linked the city with the wider Mediterranean. Particularly exciting are recent discoveries of sanctuaries dedicated to Tinia and Uni, analogous to the Greek Zeus and Hera, which provide new information about Etruscan cults. Kainua (Marzabotto) also draws on the latest research to reconstruct the city's foundation rites, a sacred charter, and urban plan. Finally, the authors explore the site's archaeological history, discussing new knowledge made possible since the introduction of modern techniques of remote sensing and 3D modeling.
2020
This paper aims to analyse the Etruscan city of Marzabotto, the ancient Kainua, with an integrated approach which considers all the aspects, from the urban layout to sacred and domestic architecture, handcraft production, identity values, and social structure. The quality and variety of the data collected permit the virtual recreation of the whole Etruscan city, based on theoretical principles and a rigorous archaeological analysis. The virtual Kainua is first of all an analysis tool. As a matter of fact, through forms of interactivity and simulations the virtual model allows us to formulate important considerations about historical and social issues.
Since the mid-twentieth century the archaeological study of Etruscan cities has increased. These efforts would benefit from an interpretive framework that places urban features in context. In this paper I build a diachronic model for understanding the development of Etruscan cities and apply it to an analysis of the site at Marzabotto. At the center of this model is a shift from family-oriented hilltop settlements to monumental urban forms as social stratification increases. I also analyze the inherent role of religious practice in shaping the Etruscan settlement, from the sacred nature of property lines in the 10th-8th centuries to the conception of the city as cosmic reflection in the 6th. Within this framework I use Kostof’s definition of a city, Lynch’s treatment of urban elements, and Kaiser’s study of Roman street networks to help interpret urban features. This was my senior thesis submitted for a B.A. in Classical Studies from Creighton University (thesis advisor: Dr. Erin Averett).
L. Zamboni, M. Fernández-Götz, C. Metzner-Nebelsick (ed.), Crossing the Alps. Early urbanism between northern Italy and central Europe (900‐400 BC), Proceedings of the International Conference, Milan, 29-30 Marzo 2019, pp. 227-241, 2020
This paper deals with the urban character of the Etruscan site discovered at Forcello (Bagnolo S. Vito, Mantua). It was the main Etruscan settlement north of the Po during the 6th and 5th centuries BC, when it flourished as a port of trade facing a lake, now drained. This paper discusses different factors relevant for identifying an urban pattern. In terms of settlement structures, we present a synthesis of the data achieved about the orthogonal planning, the defence structures, the dwelling density and the facilities. Indirect indicators helpful for recognising the essence of the city from an economic perspective are discussed on the productive economy of the site. A well-developed husbandry system based on intensive pig breeding shows that the productive economy extended beyond the simple settlement’s livelihood to a wider scale. The imports and luxury goods, as well as practice of writing, are also treated as indicators of a stratified society that correlates with an urban way of life. The site is approximately 12 ha, but excavation data covers only certain sectors. To acquire additional data about the pattern organisation of both the settlement and the outer space, new research was launched with the preliminary results being presented in this paper. The German Archaeological Institute performed a geomagnetic survey on a field adjacent to the Archaeological Park of Forcello. The survey resulted in exciting evidence, including traces of the embankments, a passageway, and building structures. The results not only confirm, but also enhance the discoveries made by surveys and excavations in the 1980s and show very distinctive features
Archeologia e Calcolatori, 2017
Excavations in the Etruscan city of Marzabotto, the ancient Kainua, have brought to light a well-developed production structure over time which, especially for the Etruscan world, makes Marzabotto an especially favourable, paradigmatic context for the study of this particular aspect. Thanks to the contributions from the most recent investigations, together with the revision of older excavation data, this theme has in recent years benefitted from a series of updated considerations. The quality and variety of the data collected permits analyses from multiple points of view, not only on an architectural and urban planning level, but also on social, economic and political-institutional levels.
Best paper Arqueologica 2.0. The digital reconstructionof the recently discovered Tuscanic temple of Uniin the archaeological site of Marzabotto, the Etruscan town of Kainua,gave the chance to test the application of the Building Information Modeling(BIM) processto the combinedfieldsof archaeology and engineering.In addition to the traditional historic and archaeological analysis, the casestudywas mainly approached consideringfindings andrules based on thedispositiones tuscanicaeby Vitruvius; given these premises, anew methodologyinexperimental archaeologyis proposed;itproved to be original and innovative inthe examination of buried buildings,taking advantageof technologies focused on the architectural and structural reliability,validated byinferred digital models. The peculiar aspect of thisresearchinvolves the elements at the beginningof the process, whichconsist offoundations or negative archaeological evidencesonly,supported bythe clues and the rules that can be found inthe historic and scientific literature. The casestudypresentsthe stepsin the process, beginning from the analysis of the archaeological remains and the ancient sources. The digital acquisition of the roof tilesand the paleobotanical detailed studyallowedto virtually reconstruct the physical behaviour ofmaterials,consideringtheir ownstructural properties.Finally, the BIM enviromentproves how successfully it mimics the building processof the temple.To better define this distinctive working process, the expression ArchaeoBIMwasproposed, which highlightsthe common BIM matrix used forthe data management throughone or moreanalytical models, applied to the peculiar aspectsof the archaeological discipline.
S. Garagnani, A. Gaucci (eds.), Knowledge, Analysis and Innovative Methods for the Study and the Dissemination of Ancient Urban Areas (Proceedings), Archeologia e Calcolatori 28, 2, Firenze 2017, 2017
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