Petnica Science Center September, 18 - 22nd 2014. Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Book of Abstracts Editors: Marko A. Janković Vladimir D. Mihajlović Advisory Board: Staša Babić (Belgrade University, Serbia) Thomas Grane (Copenhagen University, Denmark) Benjamin Isaac (Tel Aviv University, Israel) David Mattingly (Leicester University, United Kingdom) Bernarda Županek (Museum and Galleries, Ljubljana, Slovenia) Book Design: Nikola Stepković/Marko Janković Print: Galaksija, Niš Organization: Department of Archeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad Petnica Science Center, Valjevo The conference was organized within the projects no. 177008 - „Archaeological Culture and Identity at the Western Balkans“ and no. 177002 - „The Region of Vojvodina in the context of European History". Cover illustration: Imitation of Republican Roman Coin , 1st century BC Svrljig Regional Collection ISBN 978-86-88803-64-9 60th Anniversary Share knowledge Contents: Introduction ............................................................. 5 Organizers ............................................................. 8 Abstracts ............................................................. 13 List of Participants ....................................................... 106 Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World Petnica Science Center, September 19th – 23rd 2012 The second conference Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World covers the range of topics including the social interactions directly or indirectly connected to the Roman sociopolitical system operating for several centuries in the Mediterranean and continental parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. The term Roman world should be understood loosely, as diverse sorts of heterogeneities somehow related to the power centered in Rome. In other words, the Roman world here implies a number of social, economic, cultural and other ties that various communities and individuals had with the dominant sociopolitical structure of the age. In this context, the edges in the title do not mean only peripheral areas of the Roman Empire and dynamics between the “Roman” and various local societies in the border zones, but also the social groups and phenomena at the fringes of what could be called Roman elites’ social networks. The notion identities refers to diferent means of (self) identiication, categorization, social positioning etc. and practices involved in such processes, both in terms of individuals and collectivities who were afected by Rome’s imperial politics. It is used primarily to emphasize the ongoing change of views on the “Roman world” from the static concept of “Roman/civilization” vs. “native/barbaric” dichotomy to more complex comprehensions of this segment of the past. The goal of the conference is to enable an open discussion on variety of approaches to these problems from diferent theoretical positions, as well as variety of disciplinary perspectives (archaeology, history, anthropology, art history, heritage studies). The IIERW is set to establish a wide network of scholars with diferent academic backgrounds and research experiences dealing with the Roman imperialism and related issues. Besides the topics and areas of research which (due to their actuality and wide interest) remained the same as in the previous meeting, the second conference will also direct attention to relexive views on our disciplines, their epistemology and the topic of reception and modern usage of the Roman past. The main topics of the conference are: • Relations between the Roman imperialism and regional/local communities, “nonelite” or “marginal” social categories of various sorts (global and local social/ cultural trends and the creation of diferent life-experiences) • Social and cultural dynamics in the areas of interaction (contact, conlict, resistance and coexistence) • Complexity, variety and intersections of social/cultural realities and imaginations • Diversity of construction and communication of identities • Relexive history of Roman studies • Roman heritage The conference Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 will gather 55 participants from 21 diferent countries coming mostly from Europe, but also from Asia and Northern America. Most of the participants are academics and PhD students, but the conference was also opened for undergraduate students in order to give young students an opportunity to engage in academic debate as soon as possible in their academic life. The organizers hope that this conference is going to be just as succesfull as the previous one in 2012, and that will keep to maintain the interest of the academic community for it's topics. Marko A. Janković Vladimir D. Mihajlović Organizers Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy – University of Belgrade, founded in 1838, is the oldest and most prominent institution of higher education in Serbia and among the oldest in the SouthEastern Europe. Today it is a modern school in compliance with contemporary trends in European academic space and upholding a high standard of academic excellence. It employs 255 teaching staf and has approximately 6000 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at nine departments: Department of Philosophy, Department of Classics, Department of History, Department of Art History, Department of Archeology, Department of Ethnology and Anthropology, Department of Sociology, Department of Psychology and Department of Pedagogy and Andragogy. Department of Archaeology was formed in 1881. at Belgrade University when Mihajlo Valtrović was elected for the irst archaeology professor in Serbia. Archeology seminar was separated as individual teaching and research unit in 1920. for the irst time, but since 1962. teaching was conducted through the Department of Archaeology. Today, archaeology courses are organized through three levels of studies – bachelor, master and PhD studies. Students are atending basic and specialistic courses from diferent archaeology areas, but also from similar disciplines – archaeozoology and phisical anthropology. Courses are covering geographical regions from Europe, eastern Meditterian, Near East ang Egypt, from early prehistory until the Middle Ages. Department of Archaeology also has separated units – Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Collection, Teoretical Archaelogy Center and Bioarchaeology Laboratory. Department consists of 16 lecturer, 8 researcher and cca. 400 students. Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad 60th Anniversary Share knowledge Founded in 1954, the Faculty of Philosophy is one of the two oldest faculties of the University of Novi Sad. The Faculty started its teaching and scientiic activities by enrolling 566 students on six study groups: History, South Slavic Languages, South Slavic Literature, English Language and Literature, German Language and Literature and Mathematics with Physics. It developed gradually, new departments were founded, three independent institutes were formed and the Faculty began its publishing activity and opened the library. The Faculty established the postgraduate studies in 1961 and the irst doctoral thesis was completed in 1969. Today the Faculty of Philosophy has grown to become recognizable as the leading centre of national cultures, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ruthenian and Romanian, ofering at the same time study programs for foreign languages Russian, German, French and English. Students are given the opportunity to learn Italian, Ukrainian, Polish, Spanish, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Greek and Portuguese. Apart from the languages, the Faculty ofers other disciplines such as history, philosophy, psychology, pedagogy and sociology. The youngest department at the Faculty is the Department of Media Studies which developed in 2004 and immediately gained enormous popularity. The Department of History was founded in the autumn of 1954, the same year as the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. In addition to history courses, the Department also organized introductory courses in Social Science Pedagogical Science, which were later established as separate teaching units. The primary task of the Department, which began on 1 December 1954, was to organize and conduct regular classes in history and academic research. The Department of History at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad was consolidated with the Institute for Historical Research of Vojvodina in 1975. The reason for this consolidation was the need to improve the overall teaching and academic research within the Province of Vojvodina. The academic work at the Institute was accomplished with the cooperation of various scientiic institutions both within the country and abroad. Petnica Science Center, Valjevo Petnica Science Center is a regional parallel-to-school institution aimed at cutting-edge, extracurricular science education of students with extraordinary aptitude for science and research in wide spectrum of sciences and technologies. With 4000 sq. meters of modern classrooms, labs, and library space, and more than 1,000 guest teachers selected from among the best scientists, each year PSC ofers more than 130 diferent courses, workshops, conferences, and science camps to schools, students, and teachers. The students are carefully selected from among 500 high schools throughout Serbia, as well as from nearby countries. Through carefully designed programs, Petnica Science Center covers a wide spectrum of subjects: from astronomy and physics to biology and chemistry; from archaeology and linguistics to computer science and electronics; from mathematics and psychology to geology and anthropology. In place of traditional subject-oriented science education, integral and problem orie-nted education is emphasized. PSC encourages students to think more and to rely on their knowledge, skills and experience of the world as a whole, in order to participate actively in education process. Not only does it teach students, the Petnica Science Center also assists schools and teachers to improve science education by using new teaching tools and methods, modern science concepts and knowledge, extracurricular activities, and recognizing gifted and talented students. Using its widespread contacts and relationships, the PSC searches for interesting ideas and experiences to implement. Moreover, through carefully designed teacher training courses and workshops, it tries to help in rapid development of more efective, lexible and student-centered education system. Abstracts Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Identities in the Roman Empire: Discrepancy and Heterogeneity in Provincial Societies David J. Mattingly Leicester University Leicester, UK The rise of the nation state and the triumph of the great monotheisms have helped shape a modern world in which our identity ailiations are often founded on one or other of these primary cultural bases. Yet the world has not been ever thus, and plural identities and multiple cultural associations have generally been much more common in human societies than singular ailiations. A prime argument of this paper is that this natural tendency toward plural expressions of identity in human society was further ampliied in the Roman Empire by the operation of colonial power networks. This approach produces a diferent picture and new understanding of Roman provincial societies from the conventional one that focuses predominantly on the degree of Romanness and the elite end of society. In place of an agenda that has prioritized the commonalities and similar cultural practices across this vast empire under the paradigm of Romanization, I argue instead that the study of the heterogeneity and hybridity present in Roman provincial societies ofers a complementary and potentially more interesting perspective on the Roman world. Keywords: Identity, Imperialism, Colonialism, Discrepancy, Hybridity 14 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 The Space of Empire: Roman and Greek Points of View Aleksandr Makhlaiuk Nihzny Novgorod State University Nihzny Novgorod, Russia The Romans created one of the greatest and most successful empires in the world history, and the Greeks made a great contribution to its cultural development and integration. The Roman Empire was not only a political and geographical entity, but also a product of discourse, a construct which was used “to hold together and give a feeling of coherency to numerous experiences…” (Barrett J.B. Romanization: a critical comment, in: D.J. Mattingly (ed.) Dialogues in Roman Imperialism: Power, Discourse, and Discrepant Experiences in the Roman Empire. Portsmouth, 1997, 59). This paper is aimed at analyzing the spatial aspects and concepts of this discourse that was a part of discourse of power produced both by Romans and Greeks. The paper will demonstrate how they imagined and understood the spatial dimensions of the imperial territory and frontiers, what were similarities and diferences in their attitudes to the Empire as a whole. Roman and Greek authors alike developed an ecumenical point of view and identiied the Empire with the whole inhabited world (orbis terrarum, oikoumene) without deined frontiers, and regarded Rome as its center. Some Greek texts added to this view a cosmic dimension, treating the imperial space as a kosmos and the emperors as kosmokratores. At the same time, the spatial conception of the Empire was based on the model of polis: urbs Roma, being identiied with orbis, was seen as a city surrounded by chora consisting of provinces, while the Empire was treated as an unity of poleis linked by “gold chain of imperial power” (Liban. Or. 11, 129). Keywords: Roman Empire, Space, Discourse, Polis, Orbis terrarum, Oikoumene 16 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Cultural Inundation of Iberia: Reconsidering the Context of Acculturation from the Eight to First centuries BC in the Far Western Mediterranean Phillip Myers University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK The Iberian Peninsula has long been visited by eastern and central Mediterranean states. During this time, Phoenician, Greek, Punic and Roman interests have manifested in the far west: trade networks facilitated by outposts, later developing into proto-urban settlements, and inallycolonies seeded with foreign settlers. This paper seeks to address the question of identity through imperialism and the cultural ‘waves’ that communities within the Iberian Peninsula experienced from the eighth to irst centuries BC. The efects on local communities have been examined by scholars for many years, emerging as models such as ‘Romanization’, acculturation, and hybridity. Signiicant research has been devoted to studies of cultural exchange, but this has been limited to their respective periods. This model of study has limited the conceptualization of acculturation due to insularity of scholarship, but assembling the relevant scholarship creates a distinct image of local communities exposed to long-term contact with central and eastern Mediterranean cultural inluences. Through this lens, acculturation through the imperialism of Phoenician, Greek, Punic and Roman states is problematic: the insulated view by scholarsof cultural change is teleological in nature, and thus problematic.This has been discussed within the ‘Romanization’ debate, but not within the greater interactions of Iberian contact with foreign states. Moving forward from the ‘Romanization’ debate, broadening deinitions of acculturation is integral to viewing regions like Iberia. This in turn suggests a more organic transition as Iberian communities had been culturally exposed to foreign states in an economically beneicial role prior to direct, or colonial, contact. Keywords: Acculturation, Romanization, Iberia, Colonization, Imperialism 18 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Of Brooches and Barrows: Being Roman in the South-Eastern Alpine Region Bernarda Županek Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia In the last three decades numerous contributions to monographs and periodicals indicate the growing popularity of research into »Romanisation« in the SE Alpine region. Here, the term »Romanization« is mostly used as a synonym for the spread and persistence of Roman culture material culture, seen as an indicator of cultural change, of the presence of the Roman way of life, which is understood as monolithic and homogenous. Despite this, several local/regional variations are observable, and have been interpreted in terms of Roman/native dichotomies.To highlight other possible interpretations, I consider mortuary assemblages and funerary practices from the area, focusing on so-called Norico-Pannonian ibulae and barrows. I see them as a phenomena relecting a number of contemporaneous social discourses, based on a shared idea what being Roman is, interwoven with other aspects of identity, such as status, gender, personhood, kinship, age, individual, community or culture. The convergence of these discourses was not absolute: some manifestations were shared between groups, whilst others were regional and local. Some are connected to native populations, other restricted to certain social or gender groups, and sometimes both. These variations should be seen as local and regional attempts towards establishing what encompasses “being Roman”, within the limits of speciic cultural code, and considering other aspects of identity. Keywords: South-eastern Romanisation 20 Alpine region, Identity, Norico-Pannonian customs, Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Roman Pottery from Kosmaj: Being about Something or being about Somebody Tatjana Cvjetićanin National Museum Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia Pottery studies are more often than not restricted to classiication and analytical techniques, usually used to create typologies, for dating and to establish economic aspects (models and organization of production, technology transfer, trade). Pottery – key part of everyday life, and in the Roman times as well – is usually seen as huge archaeological resource, ofering supporting evidence to various research directions and positions, especially concerning proposals about cultural, ethnic or economic assemblages and groupings. Data on production and consumption, and for the research of the Roman pottery overall similarity and relative homogeneity, are commonly supporting arguments about cultural difusion, that is superiority of the Roman culture and Romanization. Pottery inds from the only excavated necropolis in the mining region of Mt. Kosmaj – Gomilice and those from devastated necropolises in this area, housed in the Dunjić collection, is used to present impact of Roman administration and army, and inluence of diferent cultural contacts. Particular value of pottery in multiple, socially constructed contexts and as mediator of burial practices is discussed. Previous considerations, underlying all interpretations of the imperial metalla of Kosmaj, about the existence of a strong indigenous element opposed to Roman and visible transformation of local identity are questioned. Keywords: Roman pottery, Gomilice necropolis, Kosmaj, Romanization 22 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 OLEVM ET VINVM Production in Histria and Dalmatia Jana Kopáčková Institute for Classical Archaeology Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic Coastal areas of Histria and Dalmatia were very suitable for planting of olive tree and grapevine. During irst decades after Roman conquest the whole coastal landscape was divided between colonists and turn into economically prosperous units - villae rusticae often with an oil/wine production. Those colonists did everything according to an ideal Roman concept well known from Imperial Italy. The complex change of landscape wiped out all remaining rests of “barbarian” agricultural technology but also bring new efective methods, f. e. cultivation of olive tree and grapevine which was not widely know before Roman arrival, same for use of pressing device (both type prelum and screw-type were discovered). Roman plotting of landscape (centuriatio) is preserved on some localities till today, mostly in vicinity of colonies, which were inhabited mainly by Italian colonists. The small number of original “barbarian” inhabitants after the Roman conquest and also strong tradition of Greek colonization made the transformation much easier. During the irst century of Roman dominance became the coastal areas of Histria and Dalmatia fully romanised. This paper will provide a new comprehensive map of spread of all known Roman sites linked to the production of oil/wine in period from end of 1st century BC till end of 6th century AD in the territory bounded by Tergeste (Trieste, Italy) on the north and by Lissos (Lezhë, Albania) on the south, with localities from today Bosnia and Herzegovina included. This map clearly disproves old theories about a small scale of oil/wine production in Dalmatia. Keywords: Olive oil, Wine, Dalmatia, Histria 24 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Roman Imperialism and Jewish Identity in Judaea – The Archaeological Evidence Boaz Zissu Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan, Israel The purpose of the proposed paper is to reconstruct and present settlement patterns prevalent inJudaea - the rural area surrounding Jerusalem - from the destruction of the city by Titus (70 CE) to its foundation as the Roman Colonia of AeliaCapitolina by Hadrian. We will discuss certain processes that occurred in the areaduring the second, third and early fourth centuries CE. This overview is based on various archaeological inds uncovered in the area since the 19th century. Most of the sites and artifacts (as artistic, epigraphic, and funerary inds) presented in the paper, were discovered by chance, others as part of archaeological surveys, and others during excavations of multi-stratum sites where the excavators were focusing on other historical periods; some sites were uncovered in recent salvage excavations. The various inds make it possible to study and discuss the prevalent forms of settlement during the Roman period. I will presentthe Jewish identity as shown by peculiar "ethnic" inds, and Jewish "resistance" as expressed in the material culture. We will discuss several changes that occurred in the region in the aftermath of the disastrous second revolt of the Jews against the Romans, known as the Bar-Kokhba War (132-136 CE). The Roman administration’s method of taking control of rural areas, formerly inhabited by Jews, was based on the establishment of Roman cities, illing the "settlement vacuum" withRoman settlers and veterans, and subordinating the surrounding rural areas to the newly founded cities. Roman manor houses emphasizing comfort, social status, economic well-being, and an urban lifestyle were built in the former Jewish areas. The Roman authorities settled army veterans and other people from the western and eastern parts of the empire in these manor houses. It seems that the essence of the settlement pattern in Roman Judaea was determined in accordance with the Roman administrative tradition and resembled settlement patterns prevalent in other parts of the Empire. Keywords: Jewish Identity, Roman Judaea, Jerusalem, Aelia Capitolina, Bar-Kokhba Revolt 26 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Copper Alloy Vessels reported through the Portable Antiquities Scheme: A Focused Perspective on Rural Identity in Roman Britain Jason Lundock King’s College London, UK The following paper will review copper alloy vessels of Roman date reported through the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and use this data as a means for discussing the development and materiality of identity within the British countryside during the Roman period. By studying regional variations in vessel forms, types and decoration it is possible to trace geographic trends that relate to the speciic practices of consumption and display employed by localized populations. By creating site proiles of where these objects occur, it becomes apparent that the rural landscape of Britain was complex and that copper alloy vessels were utilized and adapted by diverse groups of peoples inhabiting the island during this time. This paper not only demonstrates the great utility of the PAS in developing our understanding of rural life and identity in Roman Britain, but also shows the value of focused artefact studies in the examination of identity and ancient material culture. Keywords: Small Finds, Copper Alloy, Rural Britain, Portable Antiquities Scheme, Vessels 28 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Local Elites and Classical Culture: A Case of Late Roman Mosaics in Britain Oleg Maliugin Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus Mosaic pavements are the most spectacular artefacts of roman period of British history. Rise of its productions fall on IV century A.D. The most vivid mosaics were concentrated in south-west Britain, although they were found in other areas also. Importantly the motifs of mosaics were taken from classical Mediterranean mythology or from iconography of eastern mysteries. Artisans depicted on the pavements the Greco-Roman gods (Venus, Apollo, Bacchus), mythological heroes (Orpheus, Bellerophon), characters of minor mythology (satyrs, nymphs, Seasons). Number of mosaics hasa Christian connotation, but discussions about its exact value are still ongoing. The most of fourth-century British mosaics was discovered on the villas of rich landowners. Traditionally considered that these landowners were the representatives of local Celtic elites, not the outcomers from Continent. But at the same time the Celtic religious motifs on the mosaics from rural villas are absent almost. Some problems arise from such discrepancy, most intriguing among them are following ones. Can we consider the late roman mosaic pavements as an evidence of deep Romanization of rural aristocracy in south-west Britain? Or it was only the expression of loyalty to central government oran obvious attempt to follow the fashion? What an explanation of the absence of Celtic religious subjects on fourth-century British mosaics, especially if we take in accounts phenomenon of “Celtic revival” in Britain during the second half of century? And more global problem – what was themechanism of reception of classical culture in Roman Britain? Keywords: Roman Britain, Local elites, Mosaics, Classical mythology 30 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 “Outstanding Universal Value,” Present-Day Roman Imperialism, and the Frontiers of the Roman Empire Darrell J. Rohl Durham University Durham, UK This paper ofers a challenge to the continuing power and privilege of Roman imperialism in the establishment of research agendas and the public presentation of archaeological monuments across the former Roman Empire, looking in general at Roman frontiers and more speciically at the example of the Antonine Wall. The trans-national “Frontiers of the Roman Empire” (FRE) World Heritage Site (WHS) currently includes sections in England, Germany and Scotland, and several state parties are currently preparing nomination dossiers to add further sections to this expanding WHS. Part of this process includes the preparation of what the World Heritage Convention calls a “Statement of Outstanding Universal Value” (SOUV) around which research agendas, heritage management and protection policies, and public presentation of the WHS revolve. This paper argues that the existing SOUVs for the German Limes, Hadrian’s Wall, and the Antonine Wall are reductionist and biased, drawing on long-standing positive ideas of Roman imperialism to carefully circumscribe the FRE WHS within the bounds of a Roman period chronology and Roman Military identity, while largely ignoring the extensive archaeological and historical evidence for use, re-use, and re-imagination of these former Roman frontiers in other periods. The Antonine Wall provides a case study of how these “Roman” frontiers can be liberated from a Roman Military-centric perspective and re-invested with the lost voices and identities that represent non-Roman activity along their lines. Keywords: Roman Frontiers, Outstanding Universal Value, Roman Heritage, Antonine Wall, Roman Reception 32 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 “To Tame a Land”: Archaeology in Macedonia between the Great Wars (1921-1941) Aleksandar Bandović National Museum Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia The contribution seeks to analyze the role of archaeology in the modernization processof the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between the Great Wars, focusing upon the region of Macedonia. The main activity in this part of the country wasorganized by the Museum of Prince Paul (now National Museum in Belgrade),and consisted mostly of the excavationsof the Roman sites (Scupi,Stobi, Heraclea Lyncestis). At the same time, Nikola Vulić,professor of the Belgrade University, wascollecting the Roman epigraphic monuments, and conducting the excavations of several sites.The irst museum in Macedonia, the Historical and Archaeological Museum in Skoplje, was founded in 1924 and subsequently named the Museum of South Serbia. The intense activity of archaeologist from the Belgrade capital in the region of Macedonia can be described by the phrase “taming the land”In other words, uncovering Roman,Greek,or any other “civilization”, wasa symbolic activity having much in common with bringing modernity and civilizationto the new, “wild” territory. Benedict Anderson’sidea of “the Census, the Map and the Museum” will be tested as a suitable theoretical concept for considering the activities of the Belgrade archaeologists in Macedonia at the time of the common state of Yugoslavia. The work is mainly based on the archives held in National Museum in Belgrade. Keywords: History of archaeology, Roman and Greek archaeology, Cultural colonialism, Macedonia, Politics of archaeology 34 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Lost and (Re)found: Investigating Roman Artefacts in Ireland Michael Ann Bevivino Discovery Programme Dublin, Ireland Ireland has long been long viewed as separate from the Classical world, and as a place largely untouched by the Roman world. We now know, however, that this was not the case, and the nature of interaction between communities in Ireland and the provinces of the Roman Empire is now the focus of new study by the Late Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland (LIARI) Project. LIARI is the latest research project of the Discovery Programme, the only publically-funded archaeological research institute in Ireland. Many of the objects that appear to have been imported into Ireland during the Roman period have been studied as individual examples of material culture. But can we learn more about these objects by looking at the documentary evidence relating to their modern lives? Will this provide further clues as to their role and signiicance in the past? This paper will investigate these questions by using a number of case studies of objects held by the National Museum of Ireland, many of which were discovered in the nineteenth century. It will discuss the LIARI Project’s database of Roman objects found in Ireland (currently in development). The paper will also address the modern reception of the Roman world in Ireland by looking at how some of these objects were collected, studied, treated, and displayed since their discovery. It will take into account antiquarian collecting practices, sociopolitical developments in modern Ireland and the role of national museums as repositories for national culture. Keywords: Ireland, Roman, Artefacts, Reception, Provenance 36 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Cultural Heritage: Rights, Protection, Beneits Senka Plavšić Faculty of Philosophy Univeristy of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia This paper will examine how cultural heritage is portrayed in United Nations human right clauses and how is this human right being violated in Serbia. One possible solution will be proposed for protection of cultural heritage in Serbia and the example of economic proit of Roman cultural heritage will be ofered. Cultural heritage is not directly deined as a human right in any UN clause, however reference to it is made in many of them. Combining all of them, it can be concluded that cultural heritage is asset of humanity as a whole and that every person has a right not to have its culture destroyed. Thus, destroying any cultural heritage anywhere in the world is violation of human right of every person. Cultural heritage in Serbia is rapidly being destroyed. In this paper, a possible solution for its protection in the form of creating stewardship programs will be ofered. These programs can potentially decrease the number of vocational archaeologists and decrease the number of sites vandalized. Furthermore, an economic beneit that roman cultural heritage can bring to the region will be considered. Many regions in Serbia have no other assets they can economically beneit from apart from cultural heritage. Potential economic beneit will be considered through good example from the world where roman cultural heritage has been economically exploited and a potential example from Serbia will also be ofered. Keywords: Cultural heritage, Human rights, Stewardship programs, Economic development 38 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Between Syracuse and Rome: The Ancient Town Akrai at the Crossroads Numismatic Evidence Roksana Chowaniec Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland Sicily has always been a perfect place for human relocation, owing to its excellent position and an abundance of fertile farmland; it has been also part of the Mediterranean trading and cultural system. In 241 BC a greater part of Sicily became a possession of the Romans, but up to 215 BC the Siracusan Kingdom, under the king Hiero II, lasted independent. Certainly, the organization of the irst province proved diicult. The Romans were faced something which exceed their experience and ways to solve various problems, becausea culture circle of the south-eastern part of the island was strongly inluenced by the Hellenistic Eastern Mediterranean. Therefore for many years, archaeologists and historians discuss about the luctuations of Greek colonies in this part of island; the towns, which after a long lourishing period of Siracusan Kingdom came by Roman possession. This drives us to relect on the course of these changes. History of the town Akrai could be an excellent example to illustrate the circumstances which took place after 215 BC. The town,standing on the boundaries of the Siracusan Kingdom was devoured by worries, but had also been included in the zone of active military operations and social luctuations. According to Livy, in 214 BC Hippocrates, with the Syracusan army was setting up near Acrillai (colony west of Akrai), when he was taken by Consul Marcus Claudius who walked with roman army in the direction of Syracuse. There was a ight. After the battle, some – it is not known how many – Syracusan soldiers took shelter inside the city. Also it is not clear whether any Siracusan sub-colony was afected in any way. Except some Roman lead sling-bullets, there is nothing in the archaeological material to indicate that the city sufered because of this.Why? Is itconceivable that in 214 BC the citizens and/or rulers of Akrai had already sided with the Romans? Perhaps appearance of the coin, stroked for Akrai, could be linked to that. This coin could very well have been a reward for loyalty to the new Roman ‘masters’, but also the Syracusians may have wanted to underscore the importance of the sub-colony in a time of need. It seems that new archaeological excavations in Akrai and a huge quantity of numismatic inds could bring history of these days to the light. Keywords: Akrai, Greek colony, Roman town, Military relations, Numismatic evidence, Interactions between Rome and Greek local community 40 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Greater Armenia and Euphrates Frontier in 60s AD: Conlict, Ideas, Settlement Albert A. Steapnyan Lilit R. Minasyan Yerevan State University Yerevan, Armenia The purpose of the paper is to highlight one of important events of the Roman Policy in the East of I c. AD. It is the Ten years War and its results in military, diplomatic and legal areas. Most of researches represent the problem as a real or formal victory of Rome. As for the Parthia and Greater Armenia, their role is considered to be only a passive one. Combining the data of our main primary sources with the results of recent studies we have come to the following conclusions: • In 50s the Transeuphratian League was founded under the leadership of Parthia, with participation of Antropatene, Greater Armenia, Adiabene and (probably) Caucasian Albania. • The League worked out its strategy aimed at the establishing of a stable peace on the Euphrates frontier. It came from the historical experience of the Romans in the Wars against the Samnites in the IV c. BC. • In 61 AD the Roman Army under the legate C. Paetus was surrounded in Armenia and surrendered. After demonstrating its power, the League showed its readiness to gain peace acceptable for all sides. • The like tendency was soon adopted by Nero's entourage. After negotiations the sides agreed to compromise. The Greater Armenia established amicable relations with the two superpowers of the time. In semiotic deinition it implied complementarity (and ... and) capable of ensuring the long-term homeostasis on Euphrates frontier. Nero's regime was so interested in such resolution of the conlict that would spend the half the annual income of the Empire (400 million sesterces) to invite Armenian king Tiridates I to Rome and crown him. Keywords: The Roman Policy in the East, Ten Years War, Euphrates Frontier, Transeuphratean League, Double Friendship 42 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Palmyrene Elite and Roman Imperial Power between the 1st and mid 2nd century AD: Mechanisms of Interaction Paola Mior Department of History and Preservation of Cultural Heritage University of Udine Udine, Italy The reign of Hadrian (AD 117-138) has often been considered as the moment when Palmyra’s communitywas fully integrated in the Roman Empire. In fact, his period corresponds to a peak, until the Constitutio Antoniniana (AD 212), in the concession of the citizenship to Palmyrene elite. It has also been suggested that Hadrian granted Palmyra its freedom, making it a civitas libera but the evidence is so far inconclusive. Moreover, this period coincided with a new and unprecedented development in the oasis’s urbanizations as well as in the adoption of more Greco-Roman cultural and artistic practices both in religious and funerary contexts. The recent publication of the 17th volume of the Inscriptions Grecques and Latines de la Syrie (IGLS), devoted to those recovered in Palmyra, ofers a renewed opportunity to analyse and re-asset forms and development of connections and interactions between the Roman central power and local elite members, revealing diferent attitudes and modalities of these approaches. While it is undeniable that Hadrian’s reign has boosted the process of provincial entities’ integration under several aspects, epigraphical sources, especially, show that the phenomenon appears to be congruent with the process of gradual increasing of central-local interaction promoted by previous emperors. This paper aims to explore and draw the development of this process between the 1st and 2nd century of Common era. Keywords: Palmyra, Integration, Local elite, 1st- mid 2nd century AD 44 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Southern Scandinavia and the Romans through the Centuries Thomas Grane University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark It is well-known that the advent of the Romans in northern Europe came to afect people both within the immediate sphere of the Romans' control and outside of it. Scandinavia was still suiciently far from the Roman armies to ever have been threatened directly. Obviously, that did not mean that this region was not afected by the presence of the Romans in any way. However, the ways, in which this contact is shaped over the centuries from the irst real contact around the birth of Christ, vary depending on shifting political situations in the Iron Age communities as well as in the Roman Empire. Evidence for this contact is mainly found in the archaeological records, and therefore, in no way clear cut. Objects of Roman origin found in southern Scandinavia form the basis, but the context of these inds determines how we can interpret the inds. Usually, archaeologists advocate three basic ways, in which the objects could have reached their inal destination, namely trade, booty and subsidies/gifts. The material from southern Scandinavia according to this speaker points primarily towards the last of the three possibilities. This is the case throughout the centuries, although the reasons for this contact change. The basis of this hypothesis is drawn from the nature of the Roman objects and their distribution, which indicate that a selection was taking place somewhere along the route of the objects, as well as from the way the Romans act towards their Germanic neighbours through the centuries. Thus, the available evidence indicates that relations primarily of a military political nature between the Romans most likely represented by the governor of Germania Inferior and peoples/ of southern Scandinavia were mutually beneicial at several points in time during this period. There is no indication that the Romans ever directly attempted to inluence the regions so far north in any other way, or that ordinary trade with Roman goods in any form ever reached southern Scandinavia. Keywords: Diplomacy, Mortuary practice, Barbaricum, Roman imports, Southern Scandinavia 46 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Rome: Protector or Buyer of Friendly Kings? The Use of Subsidies and Gift-exchange in Roman Diplomacy from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius Joanna Kemp University of Warwick Warwick, UK This paper aims to explore gift-giving, subsidies and military might in relation to imperial diplomatic relations with kings on the fringes of the empire. Building on the work conducted by Braund, it ofers a new examination of how the relationships between emperors and the kings, cast as friends and allies of Rome, can be mapped onto the model of Roman amicitia and gift-exchange. Gifts could show an emperor’s beneicia as well as his muniicence and strength to the frontier community. Among these gifts, Rome granted sums of money to her neighbours since the foundation of the Principate. Literary sources cast subsidies in various ways: gifts showing the power and generosity of the emperor; efective ways to buy peace from barbarian kings; or bribes unbeitting of Rome. This paper illustrates that there is far more evidence for this practice in the north than the east, which can be explained by Roman emperors and oicials reacting to diferent peoples in diferent ways based on their perceptions of the frontier community. This system of grants and gifts was backed up by perceptions of Roman military strength which defended kingdoms and kept rulers from demanding further subsidies. However, this failed when the Roman army was not perceived as an efective force by the rulers and peoples on the edges of the empire. Thus perceptions of Roman might, wealth and muniicence in the irst and second centuries AD interacted to encourage peace and loyalty from the frontier peoples and their rulers. Keywords: Kingship, Diplomacy, Subsidies 48 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 "... ab Amata Dumata ...". Some Thoughts on the Roman Control of the Steppe Stefano Magnani Department of History and Preservation of Cultural Heritage University of Udine Udine, Italy The steppe environments and desert were perceived by the Romans as marginal spaces characterized by a hostile nature. Nevertheless, it was necessary to exercise over them, at least, some form of control, if not a proper management, especially where these areas were located at the edge of provincial territories and corresponded with the frontiers of the orbis Romanus. This control was carried out in various and often diversiied forms. The road from Bostra to Dumata, a remote oasis in the Arabian Desert, is an interesting example of it. Some Nabataean and Roman inscriptions conirm its use for a long period of time and suggest a multiple function, commercial and military at the same time. The route was part of a comprehensive and coherent system, developed between the age of Trajan and the Severan, of which it constituted an advanced element, stretched out into the desert for over 200 miles. Through the reconsideration of the documentation and a comparison extended to all Roman eastern provinces, this paper aims to examine and verify the possibility that the achievement of the road for Dumata with its infrastructures can be related to an attempt to reduce under the Roman control even the most remote and less hospitable places on the edge of the empire, concurrently to a general trend’s change from forms of indirect management of the eastern steppes, through vassal states and allies, to the full integration in the provincial system. Keywords: Epigraphy, Frontiers, Integration, Road system, Territory 50 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Ritualised Resistance, Aggressive Agency and Indiference to Imperialism: Considering the Contrast in the Iceni and Trinovantes Response to Roman Cultural Inluence Andrew W. Lamb University of Leicester Leicester, UK The late Iron Age in the Britain was a period in which a variety of dramatic changes took place, among which were the formation of polities (commonly referred to as tribes) and an increased exposure to Roman cultural inluence through a variety of mediums including trade and military confrontation. This paper seeks to examine the contrasting levels of Roman material in the archaeological record of two neighbouring late Iron Age British tribes; the Iceni and the Trinovantes. These two peoples exhibit marked diferences in their apparent receptiveness to Roman cultural inluences, with the Trinovantes incorporating Roman imports into their funerary rites and Roman imagery into their coinage, whilst the Iceni archaeological record is largely devoid of Roman imports. Drawing upon the work of anthropologists who have sought to quantify the receptiveness of societies to external inluences and recent archaeological case studies of contemporary Iron Age societies in Britain, this paper hopes to present a plausible hypothesis to explain the diferences between the two societies observed in the archaeological record. Rather than employ much critiqued models of core-periphery relations, it will argue that the socio-political structure of the Trinovantes was ultimately more receptive to Roman inluences and imports, whilst the nature of Iceni social and ritual practices made them highly resilient, if not indiferent, to Roman cultural inluences. Issues which will be considered are the role of Roman cultural inluences in ethnogenesis, social and identity structuration and the constraints of agency when it operates within a highly ritualised social structure. Keywords: Interaction, Exchange, Ritual, Agency, Identity 52 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Romans and Locals in Moesia: Coin Interactions, ca. 80/75 BC – AD 14/5 Evgeni I. Paunov Vienna, Austria This paper attempts to present a synthesis of the Roman involvement and occupation of ancient Moesia during the 1st century BC – early 1st century AD seen from the evidence of local coinage and denarius hoards. It is known that the irst general of Rome who reached the Danube was C. Scribonius Curio, proconsul of Macedonia, 75-72 BC (Livy, Per. 92.3) and fought against Scordisci and Moesi. In fact the initial importation of Roman money in the region started a bit earlier. The irst phase is marked with hoards associating Republican denarii with drachms of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. They are similar in material and equal in denomination. These hoards contain an overwhelming majority of denarii mixed with a few drachms of both Adriatic cities. The date range of this denarii+drachms is from ca. 80 to 61 BC. Most probably this group of hoards arrived from Dyrrhachium and Apollonia via the land route in Macedonia and western Thrace, and not via the Danube. Further in the 60-40s BC the inlux of denarii intensiied and it coincided with the last period of existence of local currencies – namely East Celtic imitations of Macedonian coins and ‘Dacian’ imitations of denarii. The inal stage of Roman intervention took place under the late reign of Augustus – after the Pannonian revolt in AD 6 and the formation of Moesia as a Roman province in AD 14/5. In monetary terms the Roman denarius became the complete master of the local economies. The paper aims to contribute to broader debates about the nature of the Roman economy (regionalism / integration) and the connection between monetization and cultural change. Keywords: Being Roman, Bithynia et Pontus, Local context, Roman collectivity 54 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Borders in the Lower Danube Gorge. Archaeological Approaches to the Late Iron Age in the Iron Gates Andreea Drăgan Faculty of History and Philosophy Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca, Romania The Iron Gates stands nowadays as an administrative border between two countries, Romania and Serbia, and respectively between two archaeological schools that have been highly inluenced by the political history of the 20th and 21st centuries. To be more exact, the focus set on Scordisci in Yugoslavia, today Serbia, and on Dacians in Romania echoed in the use of the archaeological inds from the Iron Gates mainly for the establishment of ethnical territories in the Late Iron Age. Nonetheless, archaeology, strictly, points at the many problems, and respectively the unfeasibility of this approach for explaining the manifest diversity in the set of inds from the Iron Gates. The increased communication suggested by the inds is further to be connected to a changing political situation, part of the major developments in the Balkans, beginning with the conquest of the Macedonian kingdom by the Romans. The presentation wishes to reassess the Iron Gates as a border using exclusively the archaeological inds, in terms of use patterns and their social signiicance across the river, within the dynamics of the political situation. Rather than searching for territorial certitudes, the purpose is that of understanding social response to a wider context. Keywords: Borders, Social, Ethnicity, Iron Gates, Late Iron Age, Scordisci, Dacians, Roman Empire 56 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Contacts between Roman Republic and Celts based on Finds from Archaeological Excavation of Bratislava Castle Branislav Lesák Margaréta Musilová Jozef Kováč Branislav Resutík Municipal Monument Preservation Institute Bratislava, Slovakia Milan Horňák Andrej Žitňan VIA MAGNA s.r.o. Vrútky, Slovakia Andrej Vrteľ Department of Archaeology, University Bratislava Ivan Staník The Monuments Board of Bratislava region In 2008 started an extensive reconstruction of Bratislava castle. The reconstruction works claimed the necessity of archaeological excavation, which was carried out in years 20082010 by Municipal Monument Preservation Institute in Bratislava and continued in years 2013-2014 in cooperation with private scientiic company VIA MAGNA s.r.o. During the excavation were uncovered various signiicant inding situations, which brought not only new knowledge of monumental spatial composition of the acropolis of Celtic oppidum, which is known from academic literature and was located in 1. century BC in contemporary Bratislava, but also based on roman imports (coins, pottery, architecture, etc.) we can identify in more detail the contacts between expanding Roman republic and Celtic world in 1. century BC in central Danube area. Keywords: Bratislava Castle, Roman, Celts 58 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 What did they look like? Osteological Analyses of Individuals living during the later Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland Phillipa Barry Discovery Programme Dublin, Ireland The Late Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland (LIARI) Project investigates the relationship of the island of Ireland with the Roman Empire through landscape and geophysical studies, material culture studies and scientiic analyses. The project is now building on the preliminary research phase, which included an analysis of burial modes and funerary monuments dating around the period 1–500AD. Certain burials from this period were selected for isotopic analyses when the burial custom difered from the contemporaneous norm or when non-local cultural material was present. These isotopic analyses were undertaken in conjunction with the INSTAR Mapping Death Project which had previously secured 14C dating on many of the individuals and LIARI has contributed further radiocarbon dates and Strontium (Sr) and Oxygen (O) data to the Mapping Death database. This new element of the project complements the work done so far via a systematic review of published and unpublished osteological reports on individuals dating to the period. The aim is to track patterns in stature, age, sex, non-metric traits, pathologies and burial mode, as recorded by osteoarchaeologists. Given that there are a limited number of osteoarchaeologists in Ireland, the methodologies are quite homogenous. The reports are selected from the Mapping Death database, National Roads Authority Archaeology Database and osteological reports commissioned by the National Museum of Ireland. Despite a relatively small population, we hope to create a broad picture of the people living and dying in Ireland during the late Iron Age. This paper will assess the results of the review so far, through case studies of burials that have been deemed ‘local’ and ‘nonlocal’. Keywords: Osteoarchaeology, Isotopes, Burial, Late Iron Age, Ireland 60 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 At the Fringes of Roman Society: Spartacus and the Cult of Dionysos Lydia Langerwerf Lebanese American University Beirut, Lebanon Plutarch (Life of Crassus 8.1-3) famously depicts Spartacus as "a Thracian from a nomadic birth, possessing not only great spirit (φρόνημα) and bodily strength, but also in intelligence and gentleness superior to his fortune and he was more Greek than his background might indicate". The barbarian gladiator is used here as a counterexample to both Crassus and Nicias, who come out short in comparison with Rome’s arch-enemy. But there is more to Spartacus’ Greekness and Romanness than even such a comparative analysis indicates. Plutarch continues from his lattering introduction of Spartacus with an episode throwing light on Spartacus’ association with the cult of Dionysos, a cult whose history in the Roman Republic was as long as it was problematic. He recounts how Spartacus wife, ‘a prophetess (μαντική), and subject to visitations of the Dionysiac frenzy (τòνΔιόνυσονόργιασμοΐς)’ interpreted a serpent coiled around Spartacus’ head as a sign of his great and formidable power. The remainder of his account bears out the ironic truth of this prediction, as Spartacus’ greatness far exceeds that of the man who defeats him. Plutarch’s narrative, at face value remarkably positive, connects Spartacus’ leadership with an ecstatic and subversive mystery cult of speciic ethnic lavour. How can this contradiction be explained? Taking Plutarch’s depiction of Spartacus as a starting point, this paper will look at the slave rebel’s participation in the cult not just from a literary perspective, but also from a historical one, reviewing both Roman fear and enthusiasm for this foreign cult in the context of their understanding of cultural and ethnic identity and the dangers of empire. Keywords: Spartacus,Cult of Dionysos, Cultural and ethnic identity, Plutarch 62 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Literary Construction of Imperial Identity in Silius Italicus’ Punica Elina Pyy University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Silius Italicus’ epos Punica is a patriotic, war-centred epic that depicts the origins of Roman world dominion – this is why it is often considered an example of literature that aims at constructing a powerful, imperial identity for the Roman people. Scholars have argued that Silius draws a distinct line between the Romans and the peripheral Others, and deines Romanitas in contrast to the outsiders of the Empire. In my paper, I show how the Punica relects the imperial atmosphere of the Flavian period in a more complex way, refusing the simple dichotomy between the Romans and the Others. This can be observed in two very diferent episodes where geographical, cultural and gendered marginality overlap. In book two, when Silius recounts Hannibal’s siege of Saguntum, he depicts a Saguntine matron Tiburna exciting the people in a ritual mass-suicide, ofending religious moresand goddess Fides herself. In book four, Hannibal’s Spanish-born wife Imilce condemns the practice of human sacriice, and gives a passionate speech about religious morality that relectsRoman values. In these episodes, Silius deines Roman identity through religious morality and cult practice– not only by juxtaposing Romans and foreigners, but also by assimilating them. Although in a marginal position, Tiburna and Imilce come to determine Romanitas; thus, Silius relects the multifaceted process of constructing identities in a Flavian multicultural Empire. Keywords: Literary construction of identity, Flavian Empire, Imperial identities, Religious ethics 64 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 The Perception of the Roman Imperial Government by the Greek Authors of the Second Sophistic Konstantin V. Markov Nihzny Novgorod State University Nihzny Novgorod, Russia The paper is devoted to the Greek intellectuals' attitudes to the Roman imperial government in the 2nd-3d c. AD, which was the heyday of the Greek Renaissance and the Second Sophistic. Currently, the majority of scholars are prone to describe the views of the Greeks on Roman Empire as somewhat uniform and point to some reservations typical for the Greek perception of the Roman rule. According to this, widely recognized view, the Hellenic elite was not quite satisied with being ruled by the people whom the Greek regarded culturally inferior. Therefore, they were looking for sophistic ways of coming to terms with the present political reality or talking it away. The purpose of this study is to examine the Greek authors' relation to Roman oicials of diferent ranks (especially emperors and provincial governors), the ailiation of Greeks themselves with the Roman rule including their services rendered to Rome, and their perception of such institutions as Roman citizenship and Roman law. The analysis of all these items conirms some common trends among Greeks of the time, but still reveals certain diferences between such authors as Dio Chrisostom, Plutarch, Pausanius, Aelius Aristides, Flavius Philostratus, Cassius Dio, that can be explained by their career vicissitudes and social background. Moreover, one and the same author could provide diferent rhetorical models of representation of Roman imperial oicials and institutions, which may have depended on the sort of the public he addressed the message to. Keywords: The Roman Empire, the Second Sophistic, the Greek Renaissance 66 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Identity ‘after Rome’? Romans in the Early Medieval East Douglas Whalin Queen’s College University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK In the centuries following the demise of the Western Roman Empire, the Eastern half underwent a series of profound changes. The empire became still more Christianized, grew signiicantly under Justinian in the sixth century, nearly collapsed from the impact of successive invasions in the seventh, and by the eighth only survived in a territoriallyreduced and heavily militarized form. These changes were so signiicant that, after a certain point, the Eastern Empire is conventionally no longer called ‘Roman’, but ‘Byzantine’. These practices, while commonly understood to be ahistorical, are widely defended as necessary and appropriate, as well as convenient. If, however, we look to understand these people as they understood themselves, can we justify this practice? Dispensing with this anachronistic modern convention, this paper will present an outline the history of ‘Roman’ as a category of group self-identiication in the eastern Mediterranean at the end of Late Antiquity. Briely looking to earlier precedents to establish potential contemporary deinitions of Roman-ness (particularly, though not exclusively, derived from literary evidence), we will explore whether and to whom these deinitions apply. Although there are clear signs of change and development, this was ultimately a period of continuity in the much-longer history of Roman identity and identiication. Only by understanding the Romans of this era in their own terms can we build a complete history of the Roman peoples. Keywords: Late Antiquity, Byzantium, Christianization, Self-identiication 68 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 The Image of Romans in the Eyes of Ancient Chinese: From the Chinese Sources of 3rd-6th Centuries CE Lee Quiang University of Ioannina Ioannina, Greece In ancient Chinese sources mainly from 3rd-6th centuries, there was a great country located to the extremely west of China and near a Great Sea, named Da-qin. This country had a large number of populations, great territory, and plenty of treasure; especially its people looked like Chinese, “its people are tall, strong, and handsome like Chinese, therefore, it is called Da-qin [Great Qin]” (Chapter of Western Regions in Book of Later Han); furthermore, it always desired to have commercial relation with China, but unfortunately was obstructed by the intermediaries, mainly An-xi which was recognized as Parthian Empire. According to the characteristics of this country, it is almost agreed by scholars that it is the Roman Empire. However, for scholars who pay attention to the history of the communication among civilizations especially that on the Eurasian Steppe, it is a very curious and interesting question that how Roman Empire was known to China in detail and also why the image is like this with kinds of misunderstandings. Actually since 19th century there have been many sinologists focusing on the related issues, and shed light on many issues. However, most of the researches give more attention to the general history of the bilateral relation and the textual criticism of the names and places. In this essay, more concern will be given to the image of the Romans in the eyes of ancient Chinese, and attempting to analyze the causes of formation. Keywords: Da-qin, Romans, Chinese Sources, 3rd-6th centuries, Causes 70 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Names and Identities: Ethnic, Geographic and Administrative Benjamin Isaac Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel Ethnicity or group identity is a much discussed topic. This paper will consider one subject that often confuses related issues, or, conversely, may elucidate them, namely geographical, ethnic and administrative names. A brief survey of several such names, with special emphasis on the Roman Near East, will show a remarkable luctuation in the meaning and use of terminology. Geographical concepts turn into ethnic ones or into administrative terms. Ethnic appellations become geographic names and, subsequently, are used foradministrative units. Again, administrative terms may develop into ethnic names. Careful consideration will show signiicant changes over time, while a lack of proper attention to such matters often leads to avoidable confusion. It will be argued that a proper investigation cancontribute to an understanding of ancient concepts of group identity and its use for political and ideological purposes. Keywords: Ethnicity, Near East, Names, Geography, Administration 72 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Roman Imperialistic Construction of Collectivity: The Case of Dardania Vladimir D. Mihajlović Department of History Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad, Serbia The Roman imperial conceptual, geographic, administrative, symbolic etc. constructions of the newly incorporated territories and peoples had numerous “practical” manifestations upon diferent aspects of provincial life. One of the frequent areas of imperial intervention could be recognized in the organization of geographical areas and peoples within as separate administrative territories having the character of bureaucratic units of various types. The process actually meant the establishment of oicial bond between the central authorities and the newly created local communities, signiied with a certain name and conined to a deined space according to the Roman imperial vision of the world. The signiier of the newly created legal community was extensively used in public communication, facilitating its formal identiication, but also possibly enabling the creation of a sense of common belonging among the designated people. Thus, the administrative division and naming of space and population could have contributed to the development of identities of regional or ethnic types nonexistent prior to the Roman imperial interfering. The paper will approach the problem of diferent assets the Roman authorities employed in constructing Dardania as a geographical-ethnic concept and an administrative unit. Closely associated with ore exploitation, and presumably put under the direct imperial control as a mining district, Dardania was territorially and administratively deined as a distinct entity with possibly ethnic connotation as well. By the oicial naming of settlements and military detachments, the usage of the imperial iconography, the means of public communication (inscriptions, diplomas), and the creation of the personiication and deity of Dardania, the imperial rule incarnated the concept and made it a real category of classiication. This created a fertile ground for the establishment of the sense of group belonging which, in such form and extent, probably never existed in the pre-Roman periods. Judging by the surviving inscriptions, some individuals responded to the imperial structuring of their world by embracing the ailiation to the Dardanian collectivity. In this way, the imperial administrative determination of space and people actively contributed to the ethnicization of one portion of population in the province of Moesia Superior. Keywords: Roman imperialism, Administrative designation, Naming of people, Dardania, Collective identity, Ethnicization 74 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 New Citizens along the Eastern Frontier: Soldiers and Civilians in the Euphrates Papyri Luca Bortolussi University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Thanks to the Constitutio Antoniniana, in 212 AD a large amount of populace inside the frontiers of the Roman Empire were recognized de iure as roman citizens. About this subject, some questions remain, like how did the everyday lives of those new citizens changed? Alternatively, how would they claim their newly acquired rights in front of the roman provincial authorities? A dossier of ancient documents, the Euphrates papyri, could possibly add some pieces of information to answer to these questions. Came to light in the last 80s, that papyri and parchments come from a frontier area of the Euphrates, inside the province of Syria Coele or the client kingdom of Osrhoena; all of them concern legal issues, mainly petition to roman authorities made by private provincial citizens. These papyri testify the fact that, along a frontier area where no main town was present, the only presence of the Imperial government was the Roman army. Therefore, it has been to its personnel that the local inhabitants, now roman citizens, addressed for have their legal rights respected. In order to fulil that enormous and sudden request coming from civilians, the structure of the roman military commands itself changed, now including newly created oicers, appointed with mainly civilian and administrative tasks. Our purpose is to try to reconstruct how that transformation took place, which involved the entire society of the eastern borders, including the king of Osrhoena Aelius Septimius Abgar, mentioned by one of the Euphrates papyri. Keywords: Roman East, Roman Provinces, Roman Army, Roman Law, Papyrology 76 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Roman Army and Auxiliaries in Egypt in 1-2 centuries AD Viktoryia Malashanka Faculty of History University of Wroclaw Wroclaw, Poland After Egypt fell under the inluence of the Roman Empire the process of active entrenchment of a new roman culture and legal mechanisms in existing Greek and Egyptian foundations has begun.Strong contribution in distribution and rooting of roman rules on this territory belonged to regular and supportive troops based in Egypt. The army which at irst in it’s large part consisted of greek immigrants, the romans and contractors, with time was recruited with Egyptian soldiers . As a result if such interrelation inside the army itself and between local population and soldiery roman traditions have either displaced the greek ones, or combined with them and gave birth to new traditions. In such circumstances local Egyptian population appeared to be aggrieved in it’s rights. The key goal of the present report is studying and comparing of Egypt soldiery and roman legionary within the limits of the period indicated, revelation of points and degrees of inluence of roman rights and traditions; to cast a light upon the reasons why the Egyptians aspired more and more to get into the roman army, from which regions and why they were recruited on service, which rank was the highest possible for them and how diicult it was for the Egyptians to get those ranks in comparison with other soldiery. Keywords: Roman rules and customs, Relations, Egyptian soldiers, Comparison 78 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Roman Face-mask Helmet from Kostol (Serbia) as an Example of Cultural Interferences on the Roman Frontier Andrey E. negin Nihzny Novgorod State University Nihzny Novgorod, Russia Roman frontier demonstrates the exchange of cultural inluences. An example of such an exchange is the face-mask helmet, found in 1854 near the Kostol. This example is diferent from other Roman parade helmets. On the one hand, it is made with great skill and style of the Roman samples. But on the other hand, the helmet from Kostol is unusual due to the fact that its design and appearance enable to see a combination of several traditions in manufacturing war head-pieces. The bottom edge of the helmet is bent in the form of a hem and has a lot of holes intended either to attach the lining or to suspend neck protection in the form of lamellar or scale aventail, which is not typical of Roman helmets and was exceptionally applied in the Roman army only by soldiers of the Eastern auxiliary units. A similar line of holes on the edge of the helmet we can see also on other unusual helmet with scale aventail, which was found in Bryastovets (Bulgaria). The presence of these elements in Roman parade helmet is direct evidence that the owner of the helmet could be an eastern auxiliary inasmuch as such element as scale aventail available on some Sarmatian helmets of the irst centuries AD. Keywords: Roman parade armour, Face-mask helmet, Sarmatian helmet, Roman frontier 80 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Image and the Identity Role of Women at the Roman Limes in Shaping the Identity of Roman Army Il Akkad Milena Joksimović Department of Classics Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia The frontier regions of the Roman Empire had a speciic demographical structure, diferent from the one of the central regions, and with it a peculiar culture, shaped within a social milieu in which values typical of military communities prevailed. Women, both those born on the frontier, and those who had come with the army, had an important role in the life on the limes. These women contributed to the formation of the military culture and identity. Our goal is to ind out how and in which terms the diferent categories of women were described within the context of military life, particularly that at the borders of the Empire, then to ascertain whether and in which way these descriptions relect the values typical of the military communities, and, inally, what was the role of women and their representations in the making of the identity of the Roman army on the limes. Keywords: Roman Army, Women, Limes, Identity, Gender, Soldier, Military 82 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Military Fashion in the Context of Regionalization: The Case of Roman Dacia Monica Gui Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca, Romania Especially in the last years, there has been an ever growing interest in deining the military identity and exploring the ways in which it was created, as well as the means by which it was expressed. The military belt is today recognized as an essential signiier of the Roman soldier, and there have been several recent, in-depth, scholarly works detailing the symbolic function of the belt and the wider implications of military fashion. This presentation aims at providing an overview of the trends adopted by Roman soldiers in Dacia between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, with special focus on the irst half of the 3rd century. To this period can be dated a few types of ittings which seem, in the light of current knowledge, speciic to the Lower Danube area, if not Dacia proper. Furthermore, inds from funeral contexts illustrate peculiar blends of styles, thus ofering clues about the ingredients required to build a martial identity in this corner of the Empire (e.g. the ubiquitous Ringschnallencingulum assorted with province-speciic ittings). The evolution of military fashion in Dacia does not concern solely the personal taste of the individual. The increasing regionalization of the Roman army is a well-known fact, and the distribution of the aforementioned ittings could represent the next step of the process already noted in the more localized use of Lyon-type belts. Beyond problems of causality, it is interesting to see how the dynamic of the Roman army in this timeframe (i.e. the crystallization of regional armies) can be relected by such small inds. Keywords: Roman army, Dacia, Military identity, Military fashion, Belts, Regional trends 84 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Equestrian Roman Engraved Gems Idit Sagiv Department of Art History Faculty of the Arts Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel The primary function of engraved gems (intaglios) lay in their use to create an icon in relief on clay or wax, which could be identiied; and whose role was to validate the act of signing. Gems were highly appreciated in ancient times in general and in the GraecoRoman world in particular. The present study demonstrates that images engraved on gems were most probably selected by their owners as a marker of personal identity. The reasons which may have led an individual to choose a speciic image as their symbol are no longer known to us. However, we can assume that personal taste, personal interest, and various relationships might have inluenced the choice. It seems that a seal was considered as a powerful metaphor for an individual and their relationship with the surrounding world. Indeed, the seal imprint became such a powerful image that the term tupôsis (the action of stamping the seal on wax) was used as a philosophical metaphor by Plato, and later on in the Stoic writings, in order to explain the nature of knowledge and the relationship between sensory perception and the soul. There was a parallel between the seal and its owner, so that the image carved on the gem was perceived as a speciic identity marker, and proclaimed an individual’s continued presence even during their physical absence. In the present research, a group of gems (intaglios), comprising part of the collection of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, was selected as a test case for the wider issue. These gems, irst published and discussed in this work, consist of Roman gems bearing depictions of ‘Heros Equitans’. These equestrian gems with the presence of a spear bear various military relations. Keywords: Engraved Gems, Intaglio, Heros Equitans, Equestrian Gems 86 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 The Viewing of Public Inscriptions in Republican Iberia Benedict Lowe Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark The indigenous epigraphy of the Iberian Peninsula has been examined from both linguistic and epigraphic points of view, but other aspects have been neglected. Our understanding of these texts is hampered by our lack of knowledge of the indigenous languages, the lack of reliable dating, the lack of context for many of the inscriptions and their poor state of preservation with the result that many of the inscriptions are fragmentary. These diiculties have meant that there is little agreement about the nature of indigenous epigraphy: regarding the conception and use of epigraphy, the mechanisms for its adoption, the impact of epigraphy on the social fabric of the indigenous communities and the use and presentation of writing as a means to express identity and power. It is the goal of this paper to explore the setting of these inscriptions in order to better understand their use and how they were perceived by their audience, and in particular to reconsider the relationship between indigenous epigraphy and the spread of Latin. Central to the debate over the relationship of indigenous to Latin epigraphy is the perception that indigenous inscriptions were overwhelmingly private in function (Oliver Foix 1995, 290). This paper examines indigenous inscriptions that serve a public function, not only funerary inscriptions, for example from Cabezo Lobo II and Peñalba de Castro, but also inscriptions erected by communities such as the possible boundary marker from El Pedregal, or individual dedicatory inscriptions, for example, from Sagunto. Although the use of public inscriptions may have been inspired by Rome, the use of an indigenous language implies a dissociation between the use of Latin and the continued use of Iberian and Celtiberian by the indigenous population to express their identity as individuals. Keywords: Iberian, Celtiberian, Epigraphy, Romanisation 88 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Χαῖρε, παροδεῖτα: Eloquent Identity Markers of Death in Roman Thrace Petra Janouchová Institute of Greek and Latin Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech republic Funerary inscriptions in ancient Thrace are one of the most common of epigraphic monuments preserved until today. They are very informative about the society of the time, publication habits and their eventual disappearance. I would like to focus on the selfrepresentation of the deceased, who often built monuments addressing people passingby. How did they presented their life to an unknown stranger? What was so important for themselves or for their families to be left after they leave this world, so they carved it into stone? Their graves may be lost by now, and thus the only available information we have about comes from the grave markers. As these funerary monuments continued in tradition already established in the period before the Roman presence, I will compare how the situation changed over time and what might be sociological reasons for the shift in perceiving their own identity. Did Roman presence really have such inluence in the region? Or was it just continuation of already existing trend? I would like to answer the question whether the social cohesion evolved and changed over time. Keywords: Funerary inscriptions, Roman Thrace, Identity, Social status, Selfrepresentation 90 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Monuments and Meaning in the Three Gauls: Exporting Competition and Creating an Empire Aaron Irvin Murray State University Murray, U. S. A. Perhaps the most striking, and archaeologically speaking the most evident, change that occurred in Gallia Comata from the 1st century BCE to the end of the 2nd century CE was the incorporation of massive, monumental, Roman-style architecture. Many of these monuments still stand to this day, providing an obvious, visual argument for the impact that Roman culture had on native Gallic society. Overall, the incorporation of Roman architecture and monuments, paid for and dedicated by members of the local elite, seems to indicate a clear cultural shift in Gallic society and the adoption of Roman conceptions of urbanism and the role of the urban aristocracy in providing munera for the populace. This presentation will examine the remains of monumental architecture throughout the Three Gauls,with speciic focus on the monuments of the family of Epotsorovidius, which include both the famous Arch of Germanicus at Mediolanum Santonum as well as the Theater of Condate near Lugdunum, and the contemporaneous and rival constructions of the Gallic Pompeii at Vesunna. In examining the creation of these monuments, this paper will attempt to contextualize the monumentalization of the Empire within a local setting, examining the meaning of these monuments as Gallic rather than Roman monuments. The presentation will aim to highlight the degree to which Roman imperialism did not necessarily alter Gallic society, but allowed the creation of new methods by which competition between local elites was harnessed and redirected by the Roman imperial system, thereby creating stasis in an otherwise volatile social hierarchy. Keywords: Romanization, Imperialism, Gallo-Roman monuments, Competition as social control 92 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Amphitheatre Decorations in Israel and their Possible Relation to Rome Talila Michaeli Department of Art History Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel Three buildings used for arena games have been discovered in Israel, all three of which feature wall paintings on their so-called podium walls. Only one of them was originally constructed as an amphitheatre, whereas the other two were converted into arenas from buildings originally having other uses. Surprisingly, worldwide, these are the only known surviving original wall-paintings in an amphitheatre. Though in a fragmentary state of preservation, all three seem to share common pictorial programs. In this presentation I study their pictorial programs in comparison to what is known of other amphitheatre decorations, such as in Pompeii, as well as to depictions of amphitheatre activities in other media, such as mosaics and ivory panels. Another aspect that begs the question is that of the existence of three ediices all used for the same purpose within such a small province, albeit populated by a variety of peoples representing diferent religions. The reading of the paintings’ iconography will include a comparison with the ancient written documentation. In the search for the relationship between the province and the centre (Rome), the actual arena games, buildings and decorations will be discussed. Keywords: Amphitheatre, Hippodrome, Podium, Arena, Iconographical program, Caesarea Maritima, Beit Guvrin/Eleutheropolis, Beit Shean/Scythopolis 94 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Leisure in a Roman way: Pastime as a Marker of Social Distinction in Balkan Provinces Marko A. Janković Department of Archaeology Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia Despite the fact that we do not know much of the ways in which the people of the Balkans spent their past time prior to Roman conquest, we are still able to describe the activities that appeared after the conquest, previously unknown in our archaeological records. Integration into the Roman imperial network led to an introduction of a number of new possibilities when speaking of everyday life. In changed political, economic and social circumstances, people had to use new strategies for constructing and maintaining their social positions. In post conquest conditions, those strategies could be more or less connected with the idea of being Roman in local, Balkan communities. I will try to move the focus from commonly exploited topics such as military architecture, burial customs or political rights, to ones such as everyday life and leisure which are unfairly neglected. I will put some practices which were closely related to social positioning of people – going to public baths, visiting spectacles and playing the board games, in the center of the discussion. My point of view, regarding these aspects of provincial life is mainly based upon on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of distinction and taste, whose position is that social taste is constructed within the social groups and that practicing (or not) of some activities could be used for deining the diferences between those groups. I believe that my discussion will show that these aspects of life are very helpful in our understanding of social dynamics of communities living in the Balkan’s Roman provinces. Keywords: Pastime, Distinction, Cultural Changes, Cultural Practices, Balkan Provinces 96 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Small Glass Bottles, Corporeal Care and Identity in Post Roman Conquest Britain Thomas J. Derrick University of Leicester Leicester, UK The paper will use a corpus of material which is traditionally underutilised in synthetic postprocessual archaeological studies, small glass containers (frequently termed unguentaria, balsamaria, perfume bottles amongst others), to address important questions about the population of Britain around the time of the Claudian invasion and the subsequent decades. The context of these containers has much to tell us about the sorts of environments that they, and thus their contents, were consumed in. These containers were seemingly predominantly used for aromatic, cosmetic and medicinal liquids and integral to cultural behaviours we ascribe to typically ‘Roman’ cultural groups, and, furthermore, alien to the vast majority of the late Iron Age populace. Given this intercultural diference in corporeal care and its associated material culture, we might begin to examine what sorts of contexts that these items are found in, suggest how they were consumed and engage with wider debates about identity, discrepant experiences and cultural interaction. The use of these substances is almost always detectable in an urban or proto-urban context, and they are rarely found on rural sites (with the noticeable exception of some villas, which is perhaps the exception that proves the rule). We should not, however, remove agency or nuance from our understanding of the populations of Britain and class this as evidence of ‘Romanisation’. The Roman Army and the inlux of settlers from the continent were the vectors through which this social practice became widespread, but after this initial social upheaval, interpretation, adoption and adaption are likely. Keywords: Corporeal care, Identity, Roman glass, Unguentaria, Roman Britain 98 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Freed man or “Freedman”? The Public Transcript of Social Equality in the Elite Discourse on Roman Freedmen Kristof Vermote Department of History Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Ghent University Ghent, Belgium Often seen as a peripheral social group in Roman society, ex-slaves have been the subject of many recent studies which have tried to rehabilitate their economic, social, political and cultural agency. Although some scholars have dedicated speciic attention to artefacts, epigraphy and legislation, the vast amount of literary sources continues to be an appealing and indispensable corpus of source material for freedman studies, despite their obvious elite perspective. The aim of this contribution is twofold. Firstly, by applying Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to a sample of literary sources, diferentiated in both time and genre, I will question the existence of a speciic discourse about freedmen among the Roman elite in the Late Republic and Early Empire. Contrary to previous and often ill-supported attempts towards such discourse analysis, the direct application of CDA will not only avoid common methodological laws,but it will also embed the inquiry in a conceptual framework of social theory. By merging the insights of Foucauldian scholarship on the dialectic relation between discourse and power on the one hand and Scott’s concept of the “public transcript” on the other, I will suggest that the social function of any “elite discourse about freedmen” was quite diferent than hitherto assumed. Secondly, this paper aims to show that a markedly interdisciplinary approach can not only compensate for the limited and sometimes ex silentio source material (viz. the lack of sources of instead of about ex-slaves), but it also revisits the value of elite sources for the study of Roman freedmenand social hierarchy beyond mere aristocratic bias. Keywords: Roman freedmen; Discourse; Social control 100 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 The Roman Bekaa: A Sacred Landscape of Imperialism? Simone Paturel University of Newcastle Newcastle, UK The Bekaa valley in Lebanon played host to the temple complex of Jupiter Heliopolitanus at Baalbek-Heliopolis, one of the largest such complexes in the Roman world. During the Roman period the northern Bekaa was irst part of the territory of Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus and later became a colonia in its own right under Septimus Severus. By the late Roman Empire some 40 temples and shrines could be found in the Bekaa valley, an area roughly the same size as an English country, making it one also the densest concentrations of religious architecture in the Roman world. This paper explores the relationship between the temples in the Bekaa valley and the surrounding landscape using GIS. Comparisons between the viewsheds of diferent temples allow a broader understanding of both relative status and the relationship between monuments. Visibility is also used to remotely explore the impact of moving through the landscape and viewing the monument from a distance, including the visual experience of approaching the monuments. This paper, therefore, also examines the visual as well as physical transformation of the Bekaa valley. In doing so it seeks to assess the extent to which the Bekaa as a Sacred Landscape was subject to colonial conversion and hence Roman Imperialism. Keywords: Baalbek-Heliopolis, Landscape Archaeology, GIS, Bekaa 102 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2 Cognitive Constraints and Religious Identity: Conceptualization of Religious Change on the Example of Mercury in Roman Dalmatia Josipa Lulić Department of Art History Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia The problem of cultural change, construction of (ethnic and religious) identities and learning of cultural concepts have been main issues in social and cognitive psychology as well as in Roman history and archaeology, and yet the indings of the former only rarely found their way into the discussion of cultural change in the antiquity. By using the research on cognitive constraints in understanding and transmitting concepts, I will argue that in cultural surroundings that greatly difer from the ones in which a speciic concept originated, the religious idea cannot stay the same. The evidence for such a claim can be found through the experimental work done by cognitive neuroscientists on connectionist models of learning and memory where a concept is deined by units and their connections modiied by weights in a network; it can also be seen applied to an anthropological research of learning and retaining religious concepts in diferent cultural surroundings, and inally the same model can be applied in the discussion of religion in the Roman provinces. Anthropological research done in Brazil, shows through direct observation and interviews how even concepts that are highly doctrinal (i.e. relying on dogmatic texts and hierarchy), such as Catholicism, change profoundly if acquired in a new cultural surrounding. Same is true for the concept of Mercury in Roman Dalmatia, which acquired a new meaning in the province, diferent from the one in Rome, accounting for iconographic, formal and contextual discrepancies between the material from the province and that from Rome. Keywords: Dalmatia, Religion, Cognitive theory, Connectionism, Mercury 104 Petnica Science Center, September 18-22nd 2014 NOTES: List of participants Il Akkad Department of Classics Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia ilakkad@gmail.com Aleksandar Bandović National Museum Belgrade, Serbia aleksandarbandovic@gmail.com Phillipa Barry Late Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland Project Discovery Programme Dublin, Ireland phillipa@discoveryprogramme.ie Michael Ann Bevivino Late Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland Project Discovery Programme Dublin, Ireland michael_ann@discoveryprogramme.ie Luca Bortolussi University of Bologna Bologna, Italy luca.bortolussi3@unibo.it Roksana Chowaniec Institute of Archaeology University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland roksanac@yahoo.com Tatjana Cvjetićanin National Museum Belgrade, Serbia t.cvjeticanin@narodnimuzej.rs Thomas Derrick University of Leicester Leicester, UK tjd14@le.ac.uk Andreea Dragan Faculty of History and Philosophy Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca, Romania andreea.dragan@yahoo.com Thomas Grane University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark tgrane@hum.ku.dk Monica Gui Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca, Romania monica_gui@ymail.com Milan Hornak VIA MAGNA s.r.o. Vrútky, Slovakia mhornak@viamagna.eu.sk Aaron Irvin Murray State University Murray, U. S. A. penguinpower9@hotmail.com Benjamin Isaac Department of Classics Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel isaacb@post.tau.ac.il Marko A. Janković Department of Archaeology Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia markojankovicc@gmail.com Petra Janouchová Institute of Greek and Latin Studies Charles University Prague, Czech Republic petra.janouchova@gmail.com Milena Joksimović Department of Classics Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia milena.z.joksimovic@gmail.com Joanna Kemp University of Warwick Warwick, UK J.Kemp@warwick.ac.uk Jana Kopáčková Institute for Classical Archaeology Charles University Prague, Czech Republic epoc@seznam.cz Jozef Kováč Municipal Monument Preservation Institute Bratislava, Slovakia kovac.muop@gmail.com Andrew W. Lamb University of Leicester Leicester, UK awl5@leicester.ac.uk Lydia Langerwerf Lebanese American University Beirut, Lebanon l.langerwerf@gmail.com Branislav Lesák Municipal Monument Preservation Institute Bratislava, Slovakia branislav.lesak@gmail.com Benedict Lowe Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark hisbjl@cas.au.dk Josipa Lulić Department of Art History Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia mondrian.kilroy@gmail.com Jason Lundock King’s College London, UK lundock.jason@gmail.com Stefano Magnani Department of History and Preservation of Cultural Heritage University of Udine Udine, Italy stefano.magnani@uniud.it Aleksandr Makhlaiuk Department of Ancient history and Classical languages Institute of International Relations and World History Nihzny Novgorod State University Nihzny Novgorod, Russia makhl@pochta.ru Viktorya Malashanka Faculty of History University of Wroclaw Wroclaw, Poland v-i-k-t-o-r-i-y-a@tut.by Oleg Maliugin Belarusian State University Minsk, Belarusia mailugin@mail.ru Konstantin Markov Department of Ancient history and Classical languages Institute of International Relations and World History Nihzny Novgorod State University Nihzny Novgorod, Russia kostjamarkov@gmail.com David Mattingly University of Leicester Leicester, UK djm7@leicester.ac.uk Talila Michaeli Department of Art History Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel michaeli@post.tau.ac.il Vladimir D. Mihajlović Department of History Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad, Serbia v.mihajlovicc@gmail.com Lilit R. Minasyan Faculty of History Yerevan State University Yerevan, Armenia lilitminasyan@ysu.am Paola Mior Department of History and Preservation of Cultural Heritage University of Udine Udine, Italy paolamior@gmail.com Margaréta Musilová Municipal Monument Preservation Institute Bratislava, Slovakia margareta.musilova07@gmail.com Phillip Myers University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK PJM241@student.bham.ac.uk Andrey Negin Department of Ancient history and Classical languages Institute of International Relations and World History Nihzny Novgorod State University Nihzny Novgorod, Russia cataphract1975@gmail.com Simone Paturel University of Newcastle Newcastle, UK simonepaturel@googlemail.com Evgeni Paunov Independent Scholar Vienna, Austria epaunov@gmail.com Senka Plavšić Department of Archaeology Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade ombre91@gmail.com Elina Pyy University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland elina.pyy@helsinki.i Lee Qiang Department of History and Archaeology School of Philosophy University of Ioannina Ioannina, Greece liq762@hotmail.com Branislav Resutík Municipal Monument Preservation Institute Bratislava, Slovakia resutik.branislav@gmail.com Darell J. Rohl Durham University Durham, UK d.j.rohl@durham.ac.uk Idit Sagiv Department of Art History (Classics) Tel-Aviv University, Israel Tel Aviv, Israel iditsagh@walla.com Ivan Staník The Monuments Board of Bratislava region ivan.stanik@pamiatky.gov.sk Albert A. Stepanyan Faculty of History Yerevan State University Yerevan, Armenia bertstepanyan@yahoo.com Kristof Vermote Department of History; Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Ghent University Ghent, Belgium kristof.vermote@ugent.be Andrej Vrteľ Department of Archaeology, University Bratislava vrtel@fphil.uniba.sk Douglas Whalin Queens’ College University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK dw436@cam.ac.uk Boaz Zissu Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan, Israel bzissu@gmail.com Andrej Žitňan VIA MAGNA s.r.o. Vrútky, Slovakia andrejzitnan@gmail.com Bernarda Županek Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenija bernarda.zupanek@mgml.si CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 94(37)(048) 930.85(37)(048) 904(37)(048) CONFERENCE Imperialism and Identities at Edges of the Roman World (2 ; 2014 ; Petnica) Book of Abstracts / [Conference] Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 2, Petnica Science Center, September, 18-22rd 2014. ; [organisation: Department od Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Petnica Science Centar, Valjevo ; editors Marko A. Janković, Vladimir D. Mihajlović]. - Belgrade : University of Belgrade, Department of Archaeology, 2014 (Niš : Galaksija). - 104 str. ; 21 cm "The conference was organized within the projects no. 177008 - 'Archaeological Culture and Identity at the Western Balkans' and no. 177002 - 'The Region of Vojvodina in the context of European History'" --> kolofon. Tiraž 100. - Str. 5-6: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World / Marko A. Janković, Vladimir D. Mihajlović. ISBN 978-86-88803-64-9 1. Janković, Marko A., 1981- [уредник] [аутор додатног текста] 2. Faculty of Philosophy (Belgrade). Department of Archaeology 3. Faculty of Philosophy (Novi Sad). Department of History 4. Petnica Science Center (Valjevo) a) Археолошки налази, римски - Апстракти b) Римска држава - Историја - Апстракти COBISS.SR-ID 207515148