Volume 5 Number 1 (2023) January-April 2023 Page: 251-270 E-ISSN: 2656-4491 P-ISSN: 2656-4548 DOI: 10.37680/scaffolding.v5i1.2546 COMPILING AN ARABIC-ENGLISH TRANSPORT DICTIONARY THROUGH CORPUS LINGUISTIC METHODS Della Maura Syafa’ah1, Nur Hizbullah2 12Universitas Al Azhar; Indonesia Corespondence email; dellamaura97@gmail.com Submitted: 17/10/2022 Revised: 10/12/2022 Accepted: 03/02/2022 Published: 01/04/2023 Abstract This research aims to compile an Arabic-English Transport Dictionary through Corpus Linguistic Methods. This dictionary is intended for general learners. Types of qualitative descriptive research and this research used a discourse analysis. This research used a discourse analysis of secondary data. The source of the data involved dictionary data from Arabic websites containing Arabic and English terms in the field of transportation, namely ootlah.com, and tostpost.com. The data collection technique was through discovering synonyms or similar Arabic and English words in the ootlah.com and tostpost.com. Then, collecting the terms related to transportation. After that, combine them into a table and sort by alphabetical letter. When the vocabulary has been combined, then eliminate the similar vocabulary and move it to the document work page according to the alphabet. The results obtained from this study revealed the vocabulary that was previously collected with a total of 600, then eliminated to around 460 Arabic vocabulary in the field of transportation, with eighteen different links from two websites of ootlah.com and tostpost.com produced by the author. In conclusion, the Arabic-English Transport Dictionary has been well arranged through Corpus Linguistics Methods. Keywords Arabic-English, Linguistic, Methods Corpus © 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Published by Institut Agama Islam Sunan Giri (INSURI) Ponorogo; Indonesia Accredited Sinta 3 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme INTRODUCTION Dictionary in general defined as a book containing words that have been selected and arranged alphabetically, with explanations of meanings related to them and interpreted in the same or different languages (Knežević et al., 2021; You et al., 2018). A dictionary is a book that contains a set of words from a language arranged alphabetically and followed by its definition or translation in another language (Tang et al., 2021; van der Vegt et al., 2021). Dictionaries also serve as a tool to acquire the new words and help someone understand a word from an understandable language. There are lexicographical or lexicological terms when compiling a dictionary. Lexicography is the name of a study field of theoretical linguistics and lexicology as applied science. Then, the result of lexicography is a dictionary (Ponizovskiy et al., 2020). According to (Chaer, 2007) and (Keraf, 2006), the types of dictionaries are divided into general dictionaries and special dictionaries. If classified into the general dictionary, it is divided into several parts, namely the physical shape and size. General dictionaries are grouped into nine types and these shapes are printed and grouped into mini, small, and large dictionaries. General dictionaries in the form of files are grouped into offline and online digital dictionaries. Based on the number of languages spoken, they are divided into linguistic dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, and multilingual dictionaries. After the general dictionary, there are special dictionaries grouped into nine types, namely term dictionaries, etymology dictionaries, thesaurus dictionaries, dictionaries of proverbs or language conclusions, dictionaries of distinctive names, translation dictionaries, collocation dictionaries, book dictionaries, and visual dictionaries. The dictionary has three parts, namely the introduction, the content, and the complementary part. The introduction usually contains about the general arrangement, spelling and transliteration, alphabetical arrangement, arrangement of finished forms as sub-entries, nasalization, sources, bibliography, and short lists. The usual body contains a list of words arranged alphabetically along with their descriptions. The complementary part is usually presented in the form of a foreign word or phrase (Azhari, 2020; Taufiqurrochman, 2020). The preparation of a dictionary will usually go through several procedures, such as designing, fostering corpus data, isolating and interpreting data, processing data, and giving the meaning (Sutami, 2009). Then, when compiling a dictionary, you must determine two things, such as the purpose of compiling a dictionary and the approach to work. After that, the compiler of the dictionary will collect the necessary materials (Laatar et al., 2022). 252 Compiling An Arabic-English Transport Dictionary … . (Della Maura Syafa’ah & Nur Hizbullah) It is known that bilingual dictionaries are one of the dictionaries that are loved by students, especially those who are learning a language. They can find the meanings in the target language easily. How important this bilingual dictionary is because it is a support and companion in the academic world. This dictionary is also required based on the level of need for the use of the language itself. In relation to Arabic language learning, Arabic-English bilingual dictionaries are an important element in this learning, both for teachers and Arabic language learners. This is evidenced by previous research conducted by (Rustandi, 2016), that the role of bilingual dictionaries is needed for learners to understand and communicate using the target language. Moreover, bilingual dictionaries are used as a second source when there is no native speaker. In this study, a new vocabulary is found from English to Arabic using the term of transport (Shayakhmetov et al., 2018). In the world of tourism, precisely in the field of transportation, someone who is involved in the world of transportation, a student majoring in tourism, then he is studying in the field of transportation, of course, it will require understanding the word or term transportation both in general and specific, especially in Arabic. Many meanings of words absorbed from other languages. The term of transport contains terms with the meaning of their concepts from a particular field of science. Its term is divided into general, land transport, sea transport, and also air transport. The advantage of compiling this dictionary is also when a person reading scientific discourse often encounters a word or term that is not understood. This is because it is rare or the first time someone hears the word or term and it can also be because the use of the word is different from one's understanding (Laatar et al., 2022; Robbani & Romadhoni, 2021). This dictionary is also useful when a person is having difficulty in understanding the meaning of a word, both grammatical and lexical meaning. Besides, it is not uncommon when a person communicates to be a little less connected because he does not understand the meaning or term used by the interlocutor. Thus, it certainly creates obstacles when communicating and also when learning takes place. The case when learners are learning Arabic in class, that almost all of the learning material involves foreign terms. The difficulty when understanding these terms is of course a challenge for students in learning Arabic. Therefore, students usually overcome them by using a dictionary to reduce these obstacles (Hilal, 2019). In this study, the author discusses the bilingual dictionary defined by (Chaer, 2007), which is a dictionary containing words or a combination of words from a language that is arranged alphabetically with an explanation of the meaning of the words of the source language explained 253 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme with their equivalents in three or more languages. Then, it has been found in this study, namely new words or new terms from Arabic to English used in transportation terms. When entering the world of transportation as well as students majoring in transportation, they will definitely need to understand the word or term transportation both in general and specifically, particularly in Arabic, as well as many meanings of words from other languages. The term transport contains terms with the meaning of their concepts from a particular field of science. The term transport is divided into general, land transport, sea transport, and also air transport. The compilation of this transport dictionary uses the linguistic corpus approach. Defines the corpus with the science of the study of language based on a collection with a large scope in the use of language in real life and stored in a corpora or computerized database created for linguistic research and it is often referred to as corpus-based studies. In linguistic studies, the use of the corpus focuses more on evidence of language use. Therefore, the text collected as a corpus is a natural text that cannot be made up. The natural text used by the author in this study is in the form of a website (Susan Hunstom, 2002). After being collected as a Corpus, the author was carried out several stages to compile the data to be used when conducting linguistic analysis in dictionaries, especially in someone who is interested in the corpus field. The corpus is very helpful to the author in research and is required as a parallel dictionary because it has the features needed to collect dictionary material in this study. Corpus data analysis is usually started from metadata, annotations, and also text markers (Waskita, 2017). The corpus in linguistics is a language that is used daily, real, natural, and not made up (Budiwiyanto, 2022). This corpus is an original text, be it a written or transcript of a conversation in a large set and stored in electronic form. According to (Almos, et al. 2023), the corpus is highly used for linguistic research, such as forensic linguistics, discourse analysis, and translation. Many studies have evidenced that the use of the corpus is very effective. It is able to know the same words as synonyms. It is very useful for learning a context when the word has the same meaning that is usually used. That way it can leave unwanted implications and connotations. It is also known that this corpus helped in compiling a bilingual dictionary (Suryadarma & Fakhiroh, 2020). The advantage of the corpus is that it makes it easier for a person to access and analyze corpus-based, and it can be abstracted quantitatively. In the realm of teaching, the corpus itself can be used as a source for available descriptive data about what kind of language that can be used by 254 Compiling An Arabic-English Transport Dictionary … . (Della Maura Syafa’ah & Nur Hizbullah) teachers or students as a medium to find evidence about knowledge of a language. The use of the corpus is usually to learn word equivalents or synonyms. Corpus is usually a collection of text written in the form of hard copy and soft copy (Setiawan, 2017). Hard copy corpus involves dictionaries, books, magazines, and also newspapers. Meanwhile, the examples of corpus in the form of soft copies are websites, online dictionaries, and others. It is known that all kinds of linguistic components, such as words, clauses, phrases, sentences, and also discourses that are very certain to become part of the corpus when collected into one form. However, if it has not become a unity or one form, it cannot be said to be a corpus. Thus, the data that the corpus says is also the same as a number of data that is large enough or has a sufficient quantity. The corpus is also called the corpora or language bank. The corpus can be said to be an existing source of data. Data sources containing linguistic elements that are ready for research. As with any dictionary, the author has already created a dictionary and a researcher only needs to use that dictionary as a data source. The corpus can also be created with a person who collects the corpus both orally and written (Baker, 2010). Oral sources such as recordings, discussions, and interviews. Writing sources such as books, magazines, journals, and websites. Once the texts are collected they will be combined into a set of data called the corpus. That way, it will become a corpus if one discussion can be used as a database (Jarad & Abu-Ssaydeh, 2017). In this current situation, the use of Arabic-English dictionary is very needed by students because it is one of the quiete popular languages in Indonesia, one of which is Arabic. It is very popular for Muslim students who wish to continue their education in Middle Eastern countries, and students who want to deepen their understanding of religion. Not only as the language used by the Islamic religion, Arabic is also used as one of the international languages used by people in various countries (Arianto, 2021; Mabruri & Hamzah, 2021; Ritonga et al., 2021). Arabic is a required as a teaching material in Islamic educational institutions, at the primary, secondary, and aliyah levels of education, even in higher education. As with lessons in general, learning Arabic also requires tools that can be used to support the learning process to be run optimally, one of its components is learning media (Z. Arifin et al., 2021; Jailani & Widodo, 2021). An empirical study comparing root and stem categorization in a sample of two languages (English and Arabic) shows far-reaching distinctions. Therefore the researchers conducted the research about root and stemmed in arabic and english (Lestari et al., 2019). It is quite necessary for translators to be able to translate new terms from English into Arabic since the former is witnessing 255 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme great invention and molding of new terms or neologisms (Al-Mawla, 2019). The results of other studies show that composing using this approach can improve the quality of alignment and translation (Ellouze et al., 2018). According to the results, dictionary is useful to support Arabic language learning for special purposes, especially for everyone, such as all Indonesian students from elementary school to high school, students, labor, and adults who want to learn Arabic and English terms in the field of transportation (Al-Jarf, 2018; Jarad & Abu-Ssaydeh, 2017). The purpose of this research is dictionary to support Arabic language learning in the special purposes. This dictionary is aimed at general learners. The content structure of this dictionary is arranged alphabetically starting from the alphabet A to Z with the aim of making it easier to search for terms. The languages used in this dictionary are Arabic and English languages. METHOD Types of qualitative descriptive research and this research used a discourse analysis (E. Z. Arifin, 2017; Mamik, 2015). Linguistic approach to corpus processing applications was used as the basis for compiling dictionaries, namely by the AntConc application and utilizing the Microsoft Word and Microsft Excel data processing applications. The author employed a descriptive method that aims to describe the preparation of a bilingual dictionary through website data sources into a corpus of Arabic - English transport dictionaries and was compiled it in the form of a list of words through a table-shaped data processing application. Activities in data analysis, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The source of the data involved dictionary data from Arabic websites containing Arabic and English terms in the field of transportation, namely ootlah.com and tostpost.com. The data collection technique was through discovering synonym or similar Arabic and English words in the ootlah.com and tostpost.com. The author obtained dictionary data taken from an Arabic website found in English also about the field of transport. This dictionary writing structure was arranged alphabetically starting from alphabet A to Z with the aim of making it easier for dictionary users to search for terms. The language of the content of this dictionary is Arabic and English languages. The technique used in data collection aims to search for Arabic and English term equivalents contained in https://ootlah.com/en/ and https://tostpost.com/ar/ websites by entering keywords in the search tools for "transportation" or "‫ "نقل‬and then collecting 600 vocabularies that were eliminated due to repeated words. However, the 256 Compiling An Arabic-English Transport Dictionary … . (Della Maura Syafa’ah & Nur Hizbullah) words were still plural,' or there was still ‫ال‬. From 600 words eliminated, then it became 460 vocabularies. The vocabulary based on eighteen links distinguished from two websites of https://ootlah.com/en/ and https://tostpost.com/ar/ with terms related to transportation and after that was merged into a linguistic corpus-based data processing application and utilized a tablebased data processing application. After that, it was sorted by letters of the A-Z alphabet when the vocabulary had been combined. Then, eliminated same vocabularies that and moved it into word alphabetically. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Findings The results of this study used a corpus linguistic approach for the preparation of a transport dictionary. The author takes data from websites in the field of transportation, namely ootlah.com and tostpost.com. Both websites are getting results in the fields of public transportation, land transportation, air transportation, and water transportation. The website was accessed by the author in June 2022. The following is the systematics of compiling an Arab-English transport dictionary in the form of stages: a. The collections of vocabulary materials were taken from the ootlah.com and tostpost.com. of transportation using the AntConc application. Figure 1. The display of tostpost.com. website 257 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme Figure 2. The display of the ootlah.com. website b. Then, entering the website and type the keyword "transportation" on the ootlah.com and tostpost.com. websites in the English version or the keyword "‫ "نقل‬on the ootlah.com and tostpost.com websites in the Arabic version in the Search feature. c. After found a website that matches the transportation of the ootlah.com and tostpost.com., copied and pasted on the page of the word processing application (Ms.word or other similar). When creating a corpus, the format of the writing of the word processing application pages, no need to use the default format. Figure 3. Example of copying text from a website to a Microsoft Word page including the metadata of the file page (the file is taken from the ootlah.com). 258 Compiling An Arabic-English Transport Dictionary … . (Della Maura Syafa’ah & Nur Hizbullah) d. After the text in document format is already in the form of *.doc or *.docx, then download into the form of *.txt by converting the UTF-8 model when the process is saved in Microsoft Word. Figure 4. The process of converting a document file to "plain text" using the UTF-8 model 259 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme e. Then, open the AntConc application and "sample corpus 1" file that has been changed to *.txt*. Figure 5. Displays of the file *.txt* contents 260 Compiling An Arabic-English Transport Dictionary … . (Della Maura Syafa’ah & Nur Hizbullah) f. To compile a list of words from the corpus whose files have been created in *.txt* format and have been entered into the AntConc application, then click start to get the word list and its frequency. Figure 6. Word list sorting view on AntConc and Notepad apps along with its frequency. 261 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme g. When the vocabulary has been collected, the author moves to a table-shaped data processing application (Microsoft Excel). The application is a manual tool to ensure that only the vocabulary of the transportation field find in its corpus. Figure 7. Data presentation through data processing applications table-shaped (Microsoft Excel). 262 Compiling An Arabic-English Transport Dictionary … . (Della Maura Syafa’ah & Nur Hizbullah) h. After the vocabulary moved, it is sorted according to the alphabet, started from alphabetically A to Z and eliminated some of the same or repeated vocabularies and proves that only the vocabulary is processed in the field of transportation, it is also eliminated for which vocabularies that are still plural' or there are still‫ ال‬in the word. Figure 8. Examples of eliminated vocabulary i. When the corpus material is already in alphabetical order and has been recorrected, it is certain that there are no repeated words. The corpus is reassigned to move it to Microsoft word alphabetically A-Z. Figure 9. Presentation of selection data before being recorded to a digital dictionary (pdf) 263 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme j. After all the vocabulary in Microsoft Word is neat, from the A-Z alphabet, then the vocabularies is ready to be recorded to a pdf file. As well as being given a dictionary cover, a preface, a dictionary profile, a table of contents, contents, and sources of dictionary material. Figure 10. Dictionary Table of Contents Figure 11. Excerpts of Dictionary Content 264 Compiling An Arabic-English Transport Dictionary … . (Della Maura Syafa’ah & Nur Hizbullah) Thus, the most important stage in the preparation of this corpus linguistic-based bilingual dictionary is selecting the source of data that want to study. The data processing mechanism consists of the tables forms and the author's ability to select vocabulary. The advantage of using the corpus linguistic method in dictionary preparation is that it will get significant results when helping to the compilation to group specific vocabulary in a particular field efficiently, easily, and systematically. Discussion According to the analysis of the study above, it can be concluded that the results are the vocabulary collected with a total of about 600 vocabularies that was eliminated to about 460 Arabic vocabularies in the field of transportation, with eighteen different links from two ootlah.com and tostpost.com websites produced by the author. In this study, the author only focused on transportation aspects which included land transportation, water transportation, and air transportation using a data processing application, namely AntConc application and utilizing Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word as well. The languages used in this dictionary were English and Arabic languages. This dictionary writing structure was arranged alphabetically starting from alphabet A to Z with the aim of making it easier for dictionary users to search for terms quickly. This dictionary segment is intended for everyone, starting from all Indonesian students from elementary school to high school, students, workers, and adults who want to learn Arabic and English terms in the field of transportation. The results showed that the learners were largely affected by the features they liked (e.g. free dictionaries, the ease of use and search, as well as portability of tech-based digital dictionaries) or disliked (e.g. the difficulty of search and use in paper dictionaries as well as their heavy weight and high thickness) most about dictionaries. Finally, they used their dictionaries mainly to understand new words while reading (Alhatmi, 2019). The translators maintain consistency in translating these words when they occur within the same verse and elsewhere. The findings show that the translators tended to use different English equivalents to the three Arabic words, especially when they occur within the same verse, and sometimes failed to reflect the slight differences between them in their translations that they use them interchangeably (Al-Abbas & Haider, 2020). 265 Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme Dictionary Type It was found that the transportation dictionary falls into the type of thematic dictionary and printable digital bilingual dictionary (pdf files). The dictionary contains word lists, lexicons, and organized A-Z alphabetically. Purpose of the Dictionary The description of the purpose of the dictionary is closely related to the typology, content, and methodology of the dictionary. The dictionary is created as a special purpose language learning material. It helps users to recognize new words and their meanings. In addition to explaining the meaning of the word, the dictionary also contains ways of pronouncing the word, explains the origin of the word and provides examples of its use in society. The purpose of this dictionary is also for foreign language learning, report writing, text reading, word meaning knowledge, translation, travel guidance, appropriate vocabulary search, interrupted vocabulary compilation, and insight knowledge. This dictionary can provide knowledge and rich vocabulary of a language in the field of transportation. This dictionary also provides benefits for knowing the meaning of words, which in general, people open a dictionary to find out the meaning or meaning of a word they don't know or are still in doubt about. Arrangement and Variation of Lemmas Based on the description of the contents of the dictionary, it can be seen that the mechanism of arranging the contents of the dictionary systematically by arranging the dictionary lemma alphabetically A-Z is a commonplace referring to the way the head words or lemmas are arranged in the dictionary with the aim of making it easier for dictionary users to search for terms. It is also an added value for the dictionary in question. Although the content coverage of different vocabulary theme groups, such as land transportation, water transportation, and air transportation, it makes the dictionary more systematic and easy to use. The author also has his own orientation and boundaries that need to be understood by the readers or dictionary users. 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