Papers by Richard Crawford
Science Education
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2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
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2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
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2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
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Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 2019
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Design Science, 2017
Prototyping is interwoven with nearly all product, service, and systems development efforts. A pr... more Prototyping is interwoven with nearly all product, service, and systems development efforts. A prototype is a pre-production representation of some aspect of a concept or final design. Prototyping often predetermines a large portion of resource deployment in development and influences design project success. This review surveys literature sources in engineering, management, design science, and architecture. The study is focused around design prototyping for early stage design. Insights are synthesized from critical review of the literature: key objectives of prototyping, critical review of major techniques, relationships between techniques, and a strategy matrix to connect objectives to techniques. The review is supported with exemplar prototypes provided from industrial design efforts. Techniques are roughly categorized into those that improve the outcomes of prototyping directly, and those that enable prototyping through lowering of cost and time. Compact descriptions of each tech...
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Volume 3: 38th Design Automation Conference, Parts A and B, 2012
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The authors acknowledge the support of the Veterans Administration for partial support of this work.
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A key phase in product design and development processes is the establishment of product architect... more A key phase in product design and development processes is the establishment of product architectures. During this phase, functional models are transformed into alternative product layouts. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for representing a functional model of a product in a quantitative manner. The quantitative functional model captures product functionality and customer need information. Repositories can be created which house product design knowledge for a vast number of products using this novel representation. Numerical manipulations of such a repository assist in developing product architectures. In particular, product families and aggregate customer need ratings for modules are easily computed. Also, the quantitative functional model provides a mechanism to archive and transmit design knowledge across time and space. Prior to presentation of the methodology, a review of customer needs gathering techniques and module identification methods is given. Results from a re...
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2005 Annual Conference Proceedings
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Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 2015
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Journal of Mechanical Design, 2015
Scientific evaluation of prototyping practices is an emerging field in design research. Prototypi... more Scientific evaluation of prototyping practices is an emerging field in design research. Prototyping is critical to the success of product development efforts, and yet its implementation in practice is often guided by ad hoc experience. To address this need, we seek to advance the study and development of prototyping principles, techniques, and tools. A method to repeatedly enhance the outcome of prototyping efforts is reported in this paper. The research methodology to develop this method is as follows: (1) systematically identify practices that improve prototyping; (2) synthesize these practices to form a guiding method for designers; and (3) validate that the proposed method encourages best practices and improves performance. Prototyping practices are represented as six key heuristics to guide a designer in planning: how many iterations to pursue, how many unique design concepts to explore in parallel, as well as the use of scaled prototypes, isolated subsystem prototypes, relaxed...
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Volume 1: 23rd Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Parts A and B, 2003
Metamodels approximate complex multivariate data sets from simulations and experiments. These dat... more Metamodels approximate complex multivariate data sets from simulations and experiments. These data sets often are not based on an explicitly defined function. The resulting metamodel represents a complex system’s behavior for subsequent analysis or optimization. Often an exhaustive data search to obtain the data for the metamodel is impossible, so an intelligent sampling strategy is necessary. While multiple approaches have been advocated, the majority of these approaches were developed in support of a particular class of metamodel, known as a Kriging. A more generic, commonsense approach to this problem allows sequential sampling techniques to be applied to other types of metamodels. This research compares recent search techniques for Kriging metamodels with a generic, multi-criteria approach combined with a new type of B-spline metamodel. This Bspline metamodel is competitive with prior results obtained with a Kriging metamodel. Furthermore, the results of this research highlight ...
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Journal of Medical Devices, 2009
Studies have shown residual limb volume can vary −11% to 7% in a single day due to changing activ... more Studies have shown residual limb volume can vary −11% to 7% in a single day due to changing activity level or weight. However, volume changes of only 3% to 5% can cause users to have difficulty putting on their prosthetic socket. Many existing volume compensation methods are cumbersome, rely on the amputee to maintain the appropriate pressure level, or allow only for a decrease in limb volume. Automatic compensation for volume gain and loss is therefore needed; however, the complexity of designing such sockets renders a traditional fabrication methods cost prohibitive or technically infeasible. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), a rapid manufacturing (RM) technology, addresses both of these concerns. SLS is a layer-based RM technology that relies on a high power laser to fuse powder particles into a solid object. Minute detail, directly from a 3D CAD model, is possible and a technique has been established for manufacturing prosthetic sockets with passive compliant regions using SLS. B...
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Volume 8: 14th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference; 6th Symposium on International Design and Design Education; 21st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology, Parts A and B, 2009
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Volume 9: 23rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology; 16th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference, 2011
Energy harvesting is a promising and evolving field of research capable of supplying power to sys... more Energy harvesting is a promising and evolving field of research capable of supplying power to systems in a broad range of applications. Energy harvesting encompasses many distinct technologies, including photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, kinetic motion harvesters, and thermal generators. Each technology utilizes different processes to transform energy from the environment into usable electrical energy. As such, there are many analogous functions and processes that are common or similar across the various domains. To leverage and understand these functions and processes, functional modeling approaches are needed to identify these similarities and functions ripe for innovation in new systems. This paper describes a method for modeling the functional architectures of a sample set of energy harvesters, using a functional common basis from the literature. Vector space analysis is used to identify patterns and correlations in the use of functions across different products and energy-har...
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Volume 5: 22nd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology; Special Conference on Mechanical Vibration and Noise, 2010
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Papers by Richard Crawford