The efficiency of homogenizers were assessed using USPH index and the milk fat globules distribut... more The efficiency of homogenizers were assessed using USPH index and the milk fat globules distributions as an indicator. A significant difference (p<0.01) in milk fat globules size and the USPH index was observed between raw and homogenized milk. However, there was no significant difference in the USPH index recorded for different homogenization time intervals. The mean fat globules size for the raw milk was 3.37 m; and for milk homogenized at different times were 0.98 m (1h) and 0.96 m (3h). A significant difference (p<0.01) in a total surface area was also observed between the raw and homogenized milk. The mean total surface area estimated for the raw milk was 17965 cm 2 / g.Whereas, the mean total surface estimated for the homogenized milk at different homogenization times was 61483 cm 2 / g (1h) and 62767 cm 2 / g (3h), an increase in total surface area by more than three-folds in comparison to raw milk. There was significant differences (p<0.01) in the homogenization ...
The study was conducted to investigate the best mixing indicators among the milk composition i.e.... more The study was conducted to investigate the best mixing indicators among the milk composition i.e. milk protein, fat and SNF and to determine the efficiency of two plungers, i.e. Kasetsart University (KU) and International organization for standardization (ISO) for raw milk truck. Fat content was found to be the best indicator for mixing milk prior to sampling. Fat content stabilized after 10, 5 and 10 times of stirring raw milk truck’s chamber I, II, and III of 4,700, 3,900 and 7,400 kg capacities respectively; whereas the protein and SNF stabilized after 5 times of stirring irrespective of the chamber sizes in the study. Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the efficiency of the two types of plunger in mixing milk. Using milk fat as indicator, the KU designed plunger was found to be more efficient in mixing for the small chambers. However, when compared to ISO plunger there was no difference in mixing efficiency for the larger chamber. Statistically, the milk mixed wi...
1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kas... more 1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. ................................................................................................................... Abstract: The efficiency of homogenizers were assessed using USPH index and the milk fat globules distributions as an indicator. A significant difference (p<0.01) in milk fat globules size and the USPH index was observed between raw and homogenized milk. However, there was no significant difference in the USPH index recorded for different homogenization time intervals. The mean fat globules size for the raw milk was 3.37 m; and for milk homogenized at different times were 0.98 m (1h) and 0.96 m (3h). A significant difference (p<0.01) in a total surface area was also observed between the raw and homogenized milk. The mean total surface area estimated for the raw milk was 17965 cm 2 / g.Whereas, the mean total surface estim...
1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kas... more 1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. ..................................................................................................................... Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate gravity separation characteristics of raw cows’ milk fat globules (MFG) during 0 to 8 hours of holding milk in the glass columns at 4 ̊C. Means fat content, fat globule size, number of fat globules and total surface area of the initial raw milk samples were 4.15 %, 3.41 m, 4.83 x 10 10 globules/g and17609 cm 2 /g respectively. There was significant effect (p<0.01) of time on milk fat content at different fractions. A significant increase (p<0.01) in milk fat content at the top fraction was observed throughout the time intervals. On the other hand, a significant decrease (p<0.01) in milk fat content was observed until 6 h of time interval at the middle and bottom fraction...
A study was conducted to assess the effects of the Royal Highland Festival (RHF) from the perspec... more A study was conducted to assess the effects of the Royal Highland Festival (RHF) from the perspective of yak herders in Laya, Bhutan. Sixty-six respondents were randomly selected from amongst the domicile herders who were regular visitors to the festival. A survey was carried out through a questionnaire with mixed questions. Herders’ opinions suggest good progress of RHF as reflected by improved community vitality and networking with stakeholders. Tourists, both international and domestic, were the major contributors to the income of yak herders during the festival. Livestock products were the biggest income earner, followed by homestays. Herders were encouraged to produce more quantities of livestock products and desired to diversify yak products. Animal shows were adequate and encouraged breed improvement. The grazing resources and the environment were unharmed by the presence of animals in the festival. However, yak herders expressed concerns over the lack of skills and knowledge...
Objective: This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecologica... more Objective: This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecological significance of Mithun in the lives of ethnic communities in the Eastern Himalaya.Methods: Standard guidelines were followed for the review and data collection was carried out at three stages; literature search, literature screening, and literature review and analysis.Results: Records indicate a long association of Mithun with the ethnic groups. Mithun serves as a symbol of pride and local currency for barter trade in the ethnic society. Its utilities range from being used as a bride price to settling legal disputes. Several cultural festivals and local ceremonies are celebrated around this bovine. Due to its semi-wild nature, this animal also has an ecological role to conserve broad leaf sub-tropical forests. However, it remains neglected and has not received policy attention, leading to a stagnated growth. The institutions for Mithun research and development are also weak. Furthermor...
The efficiency of homogenizers were assessed using USPH index and the milk fat globules distribut... more The efficiency of homogenizers were assessed using USPH index and the milk fat globules distributions as an indicator. A significant difference (p<0.01) in milk fat globules size and the USPH index was observed between raw and homogenized milk. However, there was no significant difference in the USPH index recorded for different homogenization time intervals. The mean fat globules size for the raw milk was 3.37 m; and for milk homogenized at different times were 0.98 m (1h) and 0.96 m (3h). A significant difference (p<0.01) in a total surface area was also observed between the raw and homogenized milk. The mean total surface area estimated for the raw milk was 17965 cm 2 / g.Whereas, the mean total surface estimated for the homogenized milk at different homogenization times was 61483 cm 2 / g (1h) and 62767 cm 2 / g (3h), an increase in total surface area by more than three-folds in comparison to raw milk. There was significant differences (p<0.01) in the homogenization ...
The study was conducted to investigate the best mixing indicators among the milk composition i.e.... more The study was conducted to investigate the best mixing indicators among the milk composition i.e. milk protein, fat and SNF and to determine the efficiency of two plungers, i.e. Kasetsart University (KU) and International organization for standardization (ISO) for raw milk truck. Fat content was found to be the best indicator for mixing milk prior to sampling. Fat content stabilized after 10, 5 and 10 times of stirring raw milk truck’s chamber I, II, and III of 4,700, 3,900 and 7,400 kg capacities respectively; whereas the protein and SNF stabilized after 5 times of stirring irrespective of the chamber sizes in the study. Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the efficiency of the two types of plunger in mixing milk. Using milk fat as indicator, the KU designed plunger was found to be more efficient in mixing for the small chambers. However, when compared to ISO plunger there was no difference in mixing efficiency for the larger chamber. Statistically, the milk mixed wi...
1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kas... more 1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. ................................................................................................................... Abstract: The efficiency of homogenizers were assessed using USPH index and the milk fat globules distributions as an indicator. A significant difference (p<0.01) in milk fat globules size and the USPH index was observed between raw and homogenized milk. However, there was no significant difference in the USPH index recorded for different homogenization time intervals. The mean fat globules size for the raw milk was 3.37 m; and for milk homogenized at different times were 0.98 m (1h) and 0.96 m (3h). A significant difference (p<0.01) in a total surface area was also observed between the raw and homogenized milk. The mean total surface area estimated for the raw milk was 17965 cm 2 / g.Whereas, the mean total surface estim...
1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kas... more 1. RNR-RDC, Jakar, Bumthang, BHUTAN. 2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. ..................................................................................................................... Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate gravity separation characteristics of raw cows’ milk fat globules (MFG) during 0 to 8 hours of holding milk in the glass columns at 4 ̊C. Means fat content, fat globule size, number of fat globules and total surface area of the initial raw milk samples were 4.15 %, 3.41 m, 4.83 x 10 10 globules/g and17609 cm 2 /g respectively. There was significant effect (p<0.01) of time on milk fat content at different fractions. A significant increase (p<0.01) in milk fat content at the top fraction was observed throughout the time intervals. On the other hand, a significant decrease (p<0.01) in milk fat content was observed until 6 h of time interval at the middle and bottom fraction...
A study was conducted to assess the effects of the Royal Highland Festival (RHF) from the perspec... more A study was conducted to assess the effects of the Royal Highland Festival (RHF) from the perspective of yak herders in Laya, Bhutan. Sixty-six respondents were randomly selected from amongst the domicile herders who were regular visitors to the festival. A survey was carried out through a questionnaire with mixed questions. Herders’ opinions suggest good progress of RHF as reflected by improved community vitality and networking with stakeholders. Tourists, both international and domestic, were the major contributors to the income of yak herders during the festival. Livestock products were the biggest income earner, followed by homestays. Herders were encouraged to produce more quantities of livestock products and desired to diversify yak products. Animal shows were adequate and encouraged breed improvement. The grazing resources and the environment were unharmed by the presence of animals in the festival. However, yak herders expressed concerns over the lack of skills and knowledge...
Objective: This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecologica... more Objective: This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecological significance of Mithun in the lives of ethnic communities in the Eastern Himalaya.Methods: Standard guidelines were followed for the review and data collection was carried out at three stages; literature search, literature screening, and literature review and analysis.Results: Records indicate a long association of Mithun with the ethnic groups. Mithun serves as a symbol of pride and local currency for barter trade in the ethnic society. Its utilities range from being used as a bride price to settling legal disputes. Several cultural festivals and local ceremonies are celebrated around this bovine. Due to its semi-wild nature, this animal also has an ecological role to conserve broad leaf sub-tropical forests. However, it remains neglected and has not received policy attention, leading to a stagnated growth. The institutions for Mithun research and development are also weak. Furthermor...
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