Forensic facial approximation was applied to a 5000-year-old female skull from a shell midden in ... more Forensic facial approximation was applied to a 5000-year-old female skull from a shell midden in Guar Kepah, Malaysia. The skull was scanned using a computed tomography (CT) scanner in the Radiology Department of the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia using a Light Speed Plus scanner with a 1 mm section thickness in spiral mode and a 512 × 512 matrix. The resulting images were stored in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the skull was obtained from the CT scan data using Blender’s 3D modelling and animation software. After the skull was reconstructed, it was placed on the Frankfurt plane, and soft tissue thickness markers were placed based on 34 Malay CT scan data of the nose and lips. The technique based on facial approximation by data extracted from facial measurements of living individuals showed greater anatomical coherence when combined with anatomical deformation. The facial approximation in this study will pave the...
Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser... more Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser scans of skulls and scanned face images, Gaudio et al. (1) reported 40 and 44.4% false positives for landmark and morphological methods, respectively, and concluded that their “study presents the validity of a different method of manipulation of the 3D model of the skull so that it can be more efficiently aligned with a 2D image.” The methods used by these authors include the placement of targets to indicate the landmarks in the skull and face images on screen and adjusting the transparency, size, and orientation of the images “to match orientation landmarks (i.e., right and left ectocanthion, subnasal point and nasion)” (1)
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: Sex estimation is one of the crucial steps for human identification, which is evident ... more Objective: Sex estimation is one of the crucial steps for human identification, which is evident in cases of commingled, eroded, and/or missing remains. When pelvis or skull are unavailable, scapula has been used as an alternative bone for determining sex. Besides, the scapula was shown to be population-specific in several studies. Limited dry bone collections in Malaysia have led to various recommendations of virtual anthropology studies of bone in human identification. The aims of this study were to investigate the sexual dimorphism of the scapula using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging and to generate population-specific equations for sex determination in the Malaysian population.Methods: A total of 66 CT thorax images of 33 males and 33 females were taken. Morphological breadth (MB) and morphological length (ML) on bilateral scapulae were measured on 3D CT reconstructed images. Independent t-test and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were performed for a...
Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser... more Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser scans of skulls and scanned face images, Gaudio et al. (1) reported 40 and 44.4% false positives for landmark and morphological methods, respectively, and concluded that their “study presents the validity of a different method of manipulation of the 3D model of the skull so that it can be more efficiently aligned with a 2D image.” The methods used by these authors include the placement of targets to indicate the landmarks in the skull and face images on screen and adjusting the transparency, size, and orientation of the images “to match orientation landmarks (i.e., right and left ectocanthion, subnasal point and nasion)” (1). The authors (1) have also tabulated the definition of the orientation and other landmarks used. This letter brings out two critical issues in the research reported by Gaudio et al. (1): reliance on cranial landmarks that are inappropriately defined and located in the skull image and also inconsistently related to the soft tissue landmarks in the face image and (2) orientating the 3D image of the skull relying merely on the landmarks located on the frontal plane of the face. Additional issues such as the hazards in relying on “mix”-type images at less than “life size” are also indicated.
Palmprint has become one of the biometric modalities that can be used for personal identification... more Palmprint has become one of the biometric modalities that can be used for personal identification. This modality contains critical identification features such as minutiae, ridges, wrinkles, and creases. In this research, feature from creases will be our focus. Feature from creases is a special salient feature of palmprint. It is worth noting that currently, the creases-based identification is still not common. In this research, we proposed a method to extract crease features from two regions. The first region of interest (ROI) is in the hypothenar region, whereas another ROI is in the interdigital region. To speed up the extraction, most of the processes involved are based on the processing of the image that has been a downsampled image by using a factor of 10. The method involved segmentations through thresholding, morphological operations, and the usage of the Hough line transform. Based on 101 palmprint input images, experimental results show that the proposed method successfull...
Reconstructing a large skull defect is a challenge, as it normally involves the use of sophistica... more Reconstructing a large skull defect is a challenge, as it normally involves the use of sophisticated proprietary image processing and expensive CAD software. As an alternative, open-source software can be used for this purpose. This study aimed to compare the 3D cranial implants reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) images using the open-source MITK software with commercial 3-matic software for ten decompressive craniectomy patients. The shape-based interpolation method was used, in which the technique of segmenting every fifth and tenth slice of CT data was performed. The final design of patient-specific implants from both software was exported to STL format for analysis. The results of the Kruskal–Wallis test for the surface and volume of cranial implants designed using 3-matic and the two MITK techniques showed no significant difference, p > 0.05. The results of the Hausdorff Distance (HD) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) analyses for cranial implants designed using...
Perak Man, named after the state where the skeleton was found, was the most complete skeleton fou... more Perak Man, named after the state where the skeleton was found, was the most complete skeleton found in Southeast Asia. The funerary artefacts indicate that Perak Man was highly respected, as he was buried at the centre of the highest cave in Lenggong, and he was the only person buried there. A copy of the original skull was made using computed tomography (CT) and 3D printing. Based on the internal structure of the reconstructed skull, the estimated intracranial volume (ICV) is 1,204.91 mL. The hypothetical face of Perak Man was reconstructed according to established forensic methods. Based on his presumed status, Perak Man was likely a respected person in the group and, perhaps, a shaman and the most knowledgeable person in the group regarding survival, hunting, gathering and other aspects of Palaeolithic daily life.
Background Sex estimation using the subpubic angle of the pelvis is highly accurate for identific... more Background Sex estimation using the subpubic angle of the pelvis is highly accurate for identification of unknown skeletonized remains. This study compared two methods for measuring the subpubic angle from reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) pelvic models. The aims were to quantify the differences in the subpubic angle measurement by Checkpoint (Method 1) and MeshLab + OnScreenProtractor (Method 2), to determine the 95% limits of agreement and to identify any measurement bias. Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scans of 85 individuals were used in this study. The MSCT scans were performed on a Siemens SOMATOM Sensation 64 scanner (Siemens Germany Ltd.). Segmentation of the MSCT scans was performed using 3D Slicer to reconstruct 3D pelvic models. Subpubic angle was measured on Checkpoint using four landmarks (Method 1), and with OnScreenProtractor on MeshLab (Method 2). Results The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed a high correlation between repeated measurements in...
Purpose This paper aims to compare the automatic segmentation of medical data and conversion to s... more Purpose This paper aims to compare the automatic segmentation of medical data and conversion to stereolithography (STL) skull models using open-source software versus commercial software. Design/methodology/approach Both open-source and commercial software used automatic segmentation and post-processing of the data without user intervention, thus avoiding human error. Detailed steps were provided for comparisons and easier to be repeated by other researchers. The results of segmentation, which were converted to STL format were compared using geometric analysis. Findings STL skull models produced using open-source software are comparable with the one produced using commercial software. A comparison of STL skull model produced using InVesalius with STL skull model produced using MIMICS resulted in an average dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 97.6 ± 0.04 per cent and Hausdorff distance (HD) of 0.01 ± 0.005 mm. Inter-rater study for repeatability on MIMICS software yielded an average...
Forensic facial approximation was applied to a 5000-year-old female skull from a shell midden in ... more Forensic facial approximation was applied to a 5000-year-old female skull from a shell midden in Guar Kepah, Malaysia. The skull was scanned using a computed tomography (CT) scanner in the Radiology Department of the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia using a Light Speed Plus scanner with a 1 mm section thickness in spiral mode and a 512 × 512 matrix. The resulting images were stored in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the skull was obtained from the CT scan data using Blender’s 3D modelling and animation software. After the skull was reconstructed, it was placed on the Frankfurt plane, and soft tissue thickness markers were placed based on 34 Malay CT scan data of the nose and lips. The technique based on facial approximation by data extracted from facial measurements of living individuals showed greater anatomical coherence when combined with anatomical deformation. The facial approximation in this study will pave the...
Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser... more Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser scans of skulls and scanned face images, Gaudio et al. (1) reported 40 and 44.4% false positives for landmark and morphological methods, respectively, and concluded that their “study presents the validity of a different method of manipulation of the 3D model of the skull so that it can be more efficiently aligned with a 2D image.” The methods used by these authors include the placement of targets to indicate the landmarks in the skull and face images on screen and adjusting the transparency, size, and orientation of the images “to match orientation landmarks (i.e., right and left ectocanthion, subnasal point and nasion)” (1)
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: Sex estimation is one of the crucial steps for human identification, which is evident ... more Objective: Sex estimation is one of the crucial steps for human identification, which is evident in cases of commingled, eroded, and/or missing remains. When pelvis or skull are unavailable, scapula has been used as an alternative bone for determining sex. Besides, the scapula was shown to be population-specific in several studies. Limited dry bone collections in Malaysia have led to various recommendations of virtual anthropology studies of bone in human identification. The aims of this study were to investigate the sexual dimorphism of the scapula using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging and to generate population-specific equations for sex determination in the Malaysian population.Methods: A total of 66 CT thorax images of 33 males and 33 females were taken. Morphological breadth (MB) and morphological length (ML) on bilateral scapulae were measured on 3D CT reconstructed images. Independent t-test and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were performed for a...
Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser... more Sir, In a recent attempt to evaluate the reliability of the superimposition method using 3D laser scans of skulls and scanned face images, Gaudio et al. (1) reported 40 and 44.4% false positives for landmark and morphological methods, respectively, and concluded that their “study presents the validity of a different method of manipulation of the 3D model of the skull so that it can be more efficiently aligned with a 2D image.” The methods used by these authors include the placement of targets to indicate the landmarks in the skull and face images on screen and adjusting the transparency, size, and orientation of the images “to match orientation landmarks (i.e., right and left ectocanthion, subnasal point and nasion)” (1). The authors (1) have also tabulated the definition of the orientation and other landmarks used. This letter brings out two critical issues in the research reported by Gaudio et al. (1): reliance on cranial landmarks that are inappropriately defined and located in the skull image and also inconsistently related to the soft tissue landmarks in the face image and (2) orientating the 3D image of the skull relying merely on the landmarks located on the frontal plane of the face. Additional issues such as the hazards in relying on “mix”-type images at less than “life size” are also indicated.
Palmprint has become one of the biometric modalities that can be used for personal identification... more Palmprint has become one of the biometric modalities that can be used for personal identification. This modality contains critical identification features such as minutiae, ridges, wrinkles, and creases. In this research, feature from creases will be our focus. Feature from creases is a special salient feature of palmprint. It is worth noting that currently, the creases-based identification is still not common. In this research, we proposed a method to extract crease features from two regions. The first region of interest (ROI) is in the hypothenar region, whereas another ROI is in the interdigital region. To speed up the extraction, most of the processes involved are based on the processing of the image that has been a downsampled image by using a factor of 10. The method involved segmentations through thresholding, morphological operations, and the usage of the Hough line transform. Based on 101 palmprint input images, experimental results show that the proposed method successfull...
Reconstructing a large skull defect is a challenge, as it normally involves the use of sophistica... more Reconstructing a large skull defect is a challenge, as it normally involves the use of sophisticated proprietary image processing and expensive CAD software. As an alternative, open-source software can be used for this purpose. This study aimed to compare the 3D cranial implants reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) images using the open-source MITK software with commercial 3-matic software for ten decompressive craniectomy patients. The shape-based interpolation method was used, in which the technique of segmenting every fifth and tenth slice of CT data was performed. The final design of patient-specific implants from both software was exported to STL format for analysis. The results of the Kruskal–Wallis test for the surface and volume of cranial implants designed using 3-matic and the two MITK techniques showed no significant difference, p > 0.05. The results of the Hausdorff Distance (HD) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) analyses for cranial implants designed using...
Perak Man, named after the state where the skeleton was found, was the most complete skeleton fou... more Perak Man, named after the state where the skeleton was found, was the most complete skeleton found in Southeast Asia. The funerary artefacts indicate that Perak Man was highly respected, as he was buried at the centre of the highest cave in Lenggong, and he was the only person buried there. A copy of the original skull was made using computed tomography (CT) and 3D printing. Based on the internal structure of the reconstructed skull, the estimated intracranial volume (ICV) is 1,204.91 mL. The hypothetical face of Perak Man was reconstructed according to established forensic methods. Based on his presumed status, Perak Man was likely a respected person in the group and, perhaps, a shaman and the most knowledgeable person in the group regarding survival, hunting, gathering and other aspects of Palaeolithic daily life.
Background Sex estimation using the subpubic angle of the pelvis is highly accurate for identific... more Background Sex estimation using the subpubic angle of the pelvis is highly accurate for identification of unknown skeletonized remains. This study compared two methods for measuring the subpubic angle from reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) pelvic models. The aims were to quantify the differences in the subpubic angle measurement by Checkpoint (Method 1) and MeshLab + OnScreenProtractor (Method 2), to determine the 95% limits of agreement and to identify any measurement bias. Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scans of 85 individuals were used in this study. The MSCT scans were performed on a Siemens SOMATOM Sensation 64 scanner (Siemens Germany Ltd.). Segmentation of the MSCT scans was performed using 3D Slicer to reconstruct 3D pelvic models. Subpubic angle was measured on Checkpoint using four landmarks (Method 1), and with OnScreenProtractor on MeshLab (Method 2). Results The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed a high correlation between repeated measurements in...
Purpose This paper aims to compare the automatic segmentation of medical data and conversion to s... more Purpose This paper aims to compare the automatic segmentation of medical data and conversion to stereolithography (STL) skull models using open-source software versus commercial software. Design/methodology/approach Both open-source and commercial software used automatic segmentation and post-processing of the data without user intervention, thus avoiding human error. Detailed steps were provided for comparisons and easier to be repeated by other researchers. The results of segmentation, which were converted to STL format were compared using geometric analysis. Findings STL skull models produced using open-source software are comparable with the one produced using commercial software. A comparison of STL skull model produced using InVesalius with STL skull model produced using MIMICS resulted in an average dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 97.6 ± 0.04 per cent and Hausdorff distance (HD) of 0.01 ± 0.005 mm. Inter-rater study for repeatability on MIMICS software yielded an average...
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