Contributors vii Foreword: Humans from Embryos ix Gunter P. Wagner 1 Introduction to Evo Devo Ant... more Contributors vii Foreword: Humans from Embryos ix Gunter P. Wagner 1 Introduction to Evo Devo Anthro 1 Campbell Rolian and Julia C. Boughner 2 Chondrocranial Growth, Developmental Integration and Evolvability in the Human Skull 17 Neus Martinez Abadias, Mireia Esparza, Torstein Sjovold and Benedikt Hallgrimsson 3 The Tooth of the Matter: The Evo Devo of Coordinated Phenotypic Change 35 Julia C. Boughner 4 Genetic Regulation of Amelogenesis and Implications for Hominin Ancestors 61 Rodrigo S. Lacruz 5 Evo Devo Sheds Light on Mechanisms of Human Evolution: Limb Proportions and Penile Spines 77 Philip L. Reno 6 Out on a Limb: Development and the Evolution of the Human Appendicular Skeleton 101 Nathan M. Young and Terence D. Capellini 7 Tinkering with Growth Plates: A Developmental Simulation of Limb Bone Evolution in Hominoids 139 Campbell Rolian 8 Origin, Development, and Evolution of Primate Muscles, with Notes on Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies 167 Rui Diogo and Bernard Wood 9 The Evolutionary Biology of Human Neurodevelopment: Evo Neuro Devo Comes of Age 205 Bernard Crespi and Emma Leach 10 Evolving the Developing Cortex: Conserved Gradients of Neurogenesis Scale and Channel New Functions in Primates 231 Christine J. Charvet and Barbara L. Finlay 11 Growing Up Fast, Maturing Slowly: The Evolution of a Uniquely Modern Human Pattern of Brain Development 261 Philipp Gunz 12 FOXP2 and the Genetic and Developmental Basis of Human Language 285 Carles Lalueza Fox 13 Assembly Instructions Included 297 Kenneth Weiss and Anne Buchanan Index 317
Animal body parts evolve with variable degrees of integration that nonetheless yield functional a... more Animal body parts evolve with variable degrees of integration that nonetheless yield functional adult phenotypes: but, how? The analysis of modularity with Anatomical Network Analysis (AnNA) is used to quantitatively determine phenotypic modules based on the physical connection among anatomical elements, an approach that is valuable to understand developmental and evolutionary constraints. We created anatomical network models of the head, forelimb, and hindlimb of two taxa considered to represent a ‘generalized’ eutherian (placental: mouse) and metatherian (marsupial: opossum) anatomical configuration and compared them with our species, which has a derived eutherian configuration. In these models, nodes represent anatomical units and links represent their physical connection. Here, we aimed to identify: (1) the commonalities and differences in modularity between species, (2) whether modules present a potential phylogenetic character, and (3) whether modules preferentially reflect either developmental or functional aspects of anatomy, or a mix of both. We predicted differences between networks of metatherian and eutherian mammals that would best be explained by functional constraints, versus by constraints of development and/or phylogeny. The topology of contacts between bones, muscles, and bones + muscles showed that, among all three species, skeletal networks were more similar than musculoskeletal networks. There was no clear indication that humans and mice are more alike when compared to the opossum overall, even though their musculoskeletal and skeletal networks of fore‐ and hindlimbs are slightly more similar. Differences were greatest among musculoskeletal networks of heads and next of forelimbs, which showed more variation than hindlimbs, supporting previous anatomical studies indicating that in general the configuration of the hindlimbs changes less across evolutionary history. Most observations regarding the anatomical networks seem to be best explained by function, but an exception is the adult opossum ear ossicles. These ear bones might form an independent module because the incus and malleus are involved in forming a functional primary jaw that enables the neonate to attach to the teat, where this newborn will complete its development. Additionally, the human data show a specialized digit 1 module (thumb/big toe) in both limb types, likely the result of functional and evolutionary pressures, as our ape ancestors had highly movable big toes and thumbs.
The model presented here has been fit to predict third molar development based on the mesiodistal... more The model presented here has been fit to predict third molar development based on the mesiodistal length of the jaw space distal to the first permanent molar, while also controlling for age and jaw. Therefore, both upper and lower third molars are taken into account here. Sex was also a variable of interest in this investigation but, giving its lack of contribution for significantly predicting third molar development in our pilot tests, it was not kept in this final model. This model is the result of a study where 689 third molar regions were investigated on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 179 Canadian children and adolescents aged 8.00 to 13.99 years.
Contributors vii Foreword: Humans from Embryos ix Gunter P. Wagner 1 Introduction to Evo Devo Ant... more Contributors vii Foreword: Humans from Embryos ix Gunter P. Wagner 1 Introduction to Evo Devo Anthro 1 Campbell Rolian and Julia C. Boughner 2 Chondrocranial Growth, Developmental Integration and Evolvability in the Human Skull 17 Neus Martinez Abadias, Mireia Esparza, Torstein Sjovold and Benedikt Hallgrimsson 3 The Tooth of the Matter: The Evo Devo of Coordinated Phenotypic Change 35 Julia C. Boughner 4 Genetic Regulation of Amelogenesis and Implications for Hominin Ancestors 61 Rodrigo S. Lacruz 5 Evo Devo Sheds Light on Mechanisms of Human Evolution: Limb Proportions and Penile Spines 77 Philip L. Reno 6 Out on a Limb: Development and the Evolution of the Human Appendicular Skeleton 101 Nathan M. Young and Terence D. Capellini 7 Tinkering with Growth Plates: A Developmental Simulation of Limb Bone Evolution in Hominoids 139 Campbell Rolian 8 Origin, Development, and Evolution of Primate Muscles, with Notes on Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies 167 Rui Diogo and Bernard Wood 9 The Evolutionary Biology of Human Neurodevelopment: Evo Neuro Devo Comes of Age 205 Bernard Crespi and Emma Leach 10 Evolving the Developing Cortex: Conserved Gradients of Neurogenesis Scale and Channel New Functions in Primates 231 Christine J. Charvet and Barbara L. Finlay 11 Growing Up Fast, Maturing Slowly: The Evolution of a Uniquely Modern Human Pattern of Brain Development 261 Philipp Gunz 12 FOXP2 and the Genetic and Developmental Basis of Human Language 285 Carles Lalueza Fox 13 Assembly Instructions Included 297 Kenneth Weiss and Anne Buchanan Index 317
Animal body parts evolve with variable degrees of integration that nonetheless yield functional a... more Animal body parts evolve with variable degrees of integration that nonetheless yield functional adult phenotypes: but, how? The analysis of modularity with Anatomical Network Analysis (AnNA) is used to quantitatively determine phenotypic modules based on the physical connection among anatomical elements, an approach that is valuable to understand developmental and evolutionary constraints. We created anatomical network models of the head, forelimb, and hindlimb of two taxa considered to represent a ‘generalized’ eutherian (placental: mouse) and metatherian (marsupial: opossum) anatomical configuration and compared them with our species, which has a derived eutherian configuration. In these models, nodes represent anatomical units and links represent their physical connection. Here, we aimed to identify: (1) the commonalities and differences in modularity between species, (2) whether modules present a potential phylogenetic character, and (3) whether modules preferentially reflect either developmental or functional aspects of anatomy, or a mix of both. We predicted differences between networks of metatherian and eutherian mammals that would best be explained by functional constraints, versus by constraints of development and/or phylogeny. The topology of contacts between bones, muscles, and bones + muscles showed that, among all three species, skeletal networks were more similar than musculoskeletal networks. There was no clear indication that humans and mice are more alike when compared to the opossum overall, even though their musculoskeletal and skeletal networks of fore‐ and hindlimbs are slightly more similar. Differences were greatest among musculoskeletal networks of heads and next of forelimbs, which showed more variation than hindlimbs, supporting previous anatomical studies indicating that in general the configuration of the hindlimbs changes less across evolutionary history. Most observations regarding the anatomical networks seem to be best explained by function, but an exception is the adult opossum ear ossicles. These ear bones might form an independent module because the incus and malleus are involved in forming a functional primary jaw that enables the neonate to attach to the teat, where this newborn will complete its development. Additionally, the human data show a specialized digit 1 module (thumb/big toe) in both limb types, likely the result of functional and evolutionary pressures, as our ape ancestors had highly movable big toes and thumbs.
The model presented here has been fit to predict third molar development based on the mesiodistal... more The model presented here has been fit to predict third molar development based on the mesiodistal length of the jaw space distal to the first permanent molar, while also controlling for age and jaw. Therefore, both upper and lower third molars are taken into account here. Sex was also a variable of interest in this investigation but, giving its lack of contribution for significantly predicting third molar development in our pilot tests, it was not kept in this final model. This model is the result of a study where 689 third molar regions were investigated on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 179 Canadian children and adolescents aged 8.00 to 13.99 years.
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