Papers by Mohammad Jawaid
Journal of Industrial …, 2013
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin ... more The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin in protecting oil palm wood (OPW) against termites (Coptotermes gestroi) and wood borer (Minthea rugicollis). The impregnated oil palm woods (IOPW) were prepared from a combination of dried oil palm wood with phenol formaldehyde in different impregnation pressure (4, 6 and 8 bar) in 30 minutes. The results show that treatment of OPW with PF resin has significantly enhanced the resistance of IOPW against both termites and wood borer. In the termites and wood borer resistance test, the IOPW showed higher resistance against termite and wood borer compared to dried OPW and rubberwood. The PF resin treatment was able to enhance the resistance towards termites by 59 -88% and wood borer by 88 -93%. The study has shown that PF resin can be used to preserve OPW from termites and wood borer decaying activity.
BioResources, 2012
The effect of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan on the chemical structure, thermal properti... more The effect of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan on the chemical structure, thermal properties, and compatibility of chitosan/polyamide66 (CS/PA66) blends were investigated. Blends of CS with PA66 were prepared via the solution casting technique by using 85% formic acid. Structural interaction between PA66, CS, and CS/PA66 blends were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra showed displacement of the carbonyl band of the amide group of chitosan toward smaller wave numbers, indicating possible existence of hydrogen bonding between the two macromolecules. Thermal and morphological behavior of films containing chitosan with degree of deacetylation (DD) ranging from 52.9% to 85% in the polymer blends were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal analysis showed that the CS/PA66 blends became more thermally stable than pure chitosan. The morphological behavior observed by scanning electron microscopy indicated phase segregation in all types of blending. Acetyl content in chitosan was found to influence the degree of compatibility. Decreasing the acetyl group or increasing the DD of chitosan increases the compatibility of the CS/PA66 blends.
Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 2009
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2009
Soil burial tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of biodegradation on the mechanical pro... more Soil burial tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of biodegradation on the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and impact) and the mass loss of OPT fiber-filled RPP composites, as compared to control samples (virgin PP and RPP without filler). The composite samples were prepared using 30% w/w of OPT filler with a size of 100 mm. Compounding was carried out using a Haake Rheodrive 500 twin-screw compounder operating at 1908C and 8 MPa for 30 min. The effect of biodegradation was performed in a perspex plastic apparatus for 12 months. Assessments of the mechanical properties and the percentage of mass loss were carried out at 3, 6, and 12 months of exposure in soil. The mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and impact) of materials deteriorate with an increase in exposure time. The effects of biodegradation increase with burial period, i.e., from 0 to 12 months. The tensile properties, flexural properties, and impact strength of the composites decrease by about 38-47%, 37-50%, and 47%, respectively, as compared to the value before the biological test.
Materials & Design, 2010
In this research, new hybrid medium density fibreboard (MDF) was produced by using rubberwood (RW... more In this research, new hybrid medium density fibreboard (MDF) was produced by using rubberwood (RW) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) based on oven-dried weight. There are two different ratios of hybrid MDF from rubberwood and EFB were produced which are EFB:RW, 20:80 and EFB:RW, 50:50 at 65% and 93% relative humidity (RH). The effect of storage time and relative humidity on the mechanical and physical properties of new hybrid MDF was studied. It was found that at 93% relative humidity, new hybrid MDF exhibited a highest effect on the mechanical and physical properties of panel after 10 weeks storage time. It observed that, hybrid MDF with ratio of EFB:RW, 20:80 exhibited the highest mechanical (flexure test and internal bonding) and physical properties [moisture content (MC), thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA)] as compared to hybrid MDF produced from EFB:RW, 50:50. Thus, the result showed that addition of higher amount of EFB fibres in hybrid MDF will decreased the composites properties. The property of composites decreases with increase of relative humidity and storage time. The result showed that, at 65% humidity new hybrid MDF exhibited lower effect on mechanical and physical properties of the panel.
Industrial Crops and Products, 2010
The basic characteristics and physical properties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fibers cultiv... more The basic characteristics and physical properties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fibers cultivated in the region of Penang, Malaysia were analyzed. For fundamental analysis, which includes nano-scale viewing for identification of kenaf cell wall ultra structure, fibers were viewed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Light microscopy (LM) was used to observe the physical characteristics, anatomy, and lignin distribution. Anatomical study was further carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Kenaf plants had a maximum height of 2.50 m, with a mean basal diameter of 1.74 cm. The wood (core) is the most abundant tissue with proportions up to 78% in cross-section area and up to 68.5% in weight. The mean dry density of stems was found to be 0.29 g/cm 3 , while that of core was 0.21 g/cm 3 along the stems. A combination of LM and image analysis techniques was used to measure cell wall thickness and fiber length of the bast and core fibers. The fiber length of the bast was found to be longest (3637 m) as compared to the core (1100 m). Vessel members average 284 m in length and 72 m in diameter. The chemical composition was determined according to Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) methods. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to determine the functional groups present in the kenaf fiber samples.
The aim of this study is to utilize the bio-agricultural waste as filler material for composite p... more The aim of this study is to utilize the bio-agricultural waste as filler material for composite production which are abundantly available and low cost compared to the silica, alumina etc. The lacks of sufficient scientific information about the utilization of the oil palm ash (OPA) on composites production were the driving force for the choice of this work. Furthermore, the effect of filler loading percentage on physical, mechanical, thermal and morphology properties of the epoxy nanocomposites were studied. It was concluded that the size of the OPA had been successfully reduced from macromolecular to the nano-size range by high energy ball milling and was confirmed by TEM analysis. The density of the nano-structured OPA filled epoxy composites revealed that increasing filler loading will eventually increase the density. The tensile and flexural strength attained maximum value when the filler loading was 3%. Also, increase in the thermal stability was observed in case of 3% filler loading and was attributed to the increase in cross-linking of the epoxy resin in the presence of nano-stuctured OPA and having minimum particle to particle interaction and well dispersed nanoparticles.
In this work, we successfully isolated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from oil palm empty fruit... more In this work, we successfully isolated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber-total chlorine free (TCF) pulp using acid hydrolysis method. TCF pulp bleaching carried out using an oxygen-ozone-hydrogen peroxide bleaching sequence. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicates that acid hydrolysis does not affect the chemical structure of the cellulosic fragments. The morphology of the hydrolyzed MCC was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing a compact structure and a rough surface. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of the surface indicates the presence of spherical features. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the MCC produced is a cellulose-I polymorph, with 87% crystallinity. The MCC obtained from OPEFB-pulp is shown to have a good thermal stability. The potential for a range of applications such as green nano biocomposites reinforced with this form of MCC and pharmaceutical tableting material is discussed.
Journal of Polymers and The Environment, Jun 9, 2010
The variation of mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural properties of randomly orient... more The variation of mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural properties of randomly oriented unsaturated polyester based sisal/carbon fibre reinforced hybrid composites with different fibre weight ratios have been studied. The chemical resistance test of these hybrid composites to various solvents, acids and alkalies were studied. The effect of NaOH treatment of sisal fibres on the tensile, flexural and chemical resistance properties of these sisal/carbon hybrid composites has also been studied. The hybrid composites showed an increase in tensile and flexural properties with increase in the carbon fibre loading. The tensile properties and flexural properties of these hybrid composites have been found to be higher than that of the matrix. Significant improvement in tensile properties and flexural properties of the sisal/carbon hybrid composites has been observed by alkali treatment. The chemical resistance test results showed that these untreated and alkali treated hybrid composites are résistance to all chemicals except carbon tetra chloride. Hand lay-up technique was used for making the composites and tests are carried out by using ASTM methods.
Journal of Composite Materials, May 10, 2011
Natural fiber-based hybrid composites with oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and woven jute (J w... more Natural fiber-based hybrid composites with oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and woven jute (J w ) fibers were prepared by hand lay-up method. Epoxy resin was used as matrix and tri-layer hybrid composites of EFB/ woven jute /EFB and woven jute /EFB/ woven jute were prepared by keeping the EFB/ woven jute fiber weight ratio constant at 4:1. The chemical resistance properties of the EFB/ woven jute/EFB and woven jute /EFB/ woven jute fiber-reinforced hybrid composites were studied by using three acids, three alkalies, and three solvents. It was found from the chemical resistance test that all the composites are resistance to various chemicals. It was observed that marked reduction in void content of composites with hybridization of oil palm EFB with woven jute fiber. Density and moisture content study demonstrated that density and moisture content property was enhanced in hybrid composites. The hybrid composites showed lower impact properties than pure EFB composite. Izod impact strength of EFB/woven jute/EFB and woven jute/ EFB/woven jute hybrid was found to be 72.4 and 57.9 J/m, respectively. Impact fracture surface of the composites was studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, Sep 2, 2010
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB)/jute fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites with different s... more Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB)/jute fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites with different sequence of fibre mat arrangement such as EFB/jute/EFB and jute/EFB/jute were fabricated by hand lay-up method. The effect of layering patterns on the mechanical performance of the composites was studied. The hybrid composites are intended for engineering applications as an alternative to synthetic fibre composites. Mechanical performance of hybrid composites were evaluated and compared with the pure EFB, pure jute composites and neat epoxy using flexural and impact testing. The flexural properties of hybrid composite is higher than that of pure EFB composite with respect to the weight fraction of fibre, where as the impact strength of pure EFB composite is much higher than those of hybrid composites. The flexural results were interpreted using sandwich theory. The fracture surface morphology of the impact testing samples of the hybrid composites was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).▶ Hybrid composites constituents of natural fibres show good mechanical performances. ▶ Hybridization with 20% jute fibre gives rise to sufficient modulus to composites. ▶ Outer or core material affect mechanical performance of hybrid composites. ▶ Impact strength of pure EFB composite is higher than hybrid composites.
Journal of Polymers and The Environment, Mar 12, 2011
In this research, hybrid composite materials were prepared from combination of oil palm Empty fru... more In this research, hybrid composite materials were prepared from combination of oil palm Empty fruit bunches (EFB) fibre and jute fibre as reinforcement, epoxy as polymer matrix. This study intended to investigate the effect of jute fiber hybridization and different layering pattern on the physical properties of oil palm EFB-Epoxy composites. Water absorption and thickness swelling test reveal that hybrid composite shows a moderate water absorption which is 11.20% for hybrid EFB/Jute/EFB composite and 6.08% for hybrid Jute/EFB/Jute composite. The thickness swelling and water absorption of the hybrid composites slightly increased as the layering pattern of hybrid composites changed. Hybrid composites are more water resistance and dimensional stable compare to the pure EFB composites. This is attributed to the more hydrophilic nature of EFB composites. Hybridization of oil palm EFB composites with jute fibres can improve the dimensional stability and density of pure EFB and Jute fibre reinforced composites has higher density of 1.2 g/cm3 compared to all other composites.
Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, Mar 17, 2011
In this research, tensile and flexural performance of tri layer oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB... more In this research, tensile and flexural performance of tri layer oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB)/woven jute (Jw) fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites subjected to layering pattern has been experimentally investigated. Sandwich composites were fabricated by hand lay-up technique in a mould and cured with 105 °C temperatures for 1 h by using hot press. Pure EFB and woven jute composites were also fabricate for comparison purpose. Results showed that tensile and flexural properties of pure EFB composite can be improved by hybridization with woven jute fibre as extreme woven jute fibre mat. It was found that tensile and flexural properties of hybrid composite is higher than that of EFB composite but less than woven jute composite. Statistical analysis of composites done by ANOVA-one way, it showed significant differences between the results obtained. The fracture surface morphology of the tensile samples of the hybrid composites was performed by using scanning electron microscopy.► Woven hybrid composites show good tensile and flexural properties. ► Hybridization with 20% woven jute gives rise to sufficient modulus to composites. ► Layering pattern affect mechanical properties of hybrid composites. ► Statistical analysis shows that there is significant difference between composites.
Materials & Design, Jun 6, 2010
Shortage of wood as a raw material has forced wood-based industries to find alternative local raw... more Shortage of wood as a raw material has forced wood-based industries to find alternative local raw materials. Currently, oil palm biomass is undergoing research and development (R & D) and appears to be the most viable alternative. This work examines the conversion of oil palm trunk (OPT) and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) into new plywood and analyses its properties. We prepared five-ply veneer hybrid plywood (alternating layers of oil palm trunk veneer and empty fruit bunch mat) with different spread levels (300 g/m 2 and 500 g/m 2 ) of resins (phenol formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde). We then studied the mechanical and physical properties of the plywood. The results show that hybridisation of EFB with OPT improves some properties of plywood, such as bending strength, screw withdrawal and shear strength. The thermal properties of the plywood panels were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The panels glued with phenol formaldehyde with a spread level of 500 g/m 2 showed better thermal stability than the other panels. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the fibre matrix bonding and surface morphology of the plywood at different glue spread levels of the resins. The fibre-matrix bonding showed good improvement for the hybrid panel glued with 500 g/m 2 phenol formaldehyde.
Materials & Design, May 11, 2011
Tri layer hybrid composites of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and jute fibres was prepared by... more Tri layer hybrid composites of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and jute fibres was prepared by keeping oil palm EFB as skin material and jute as the core material and vice versa. The chemical resistance, void content and tensile properties of oil palm EFB/Jute composites was investigated with reference to the relative weight of oil palm EFB/Jute, i.e. 4:1, the fibre loading was optimized and different layering pattern were investigated. It is found from the chemical resistance test that all the composites are resistant to various chemicals. It was observed that marked reduction in void content of hybrid composites in different layering pattern. From the different layering pattern, the tensile properties were slightly higher for the composite having jute as skin and oil palm EFB as core material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study tensile fracture surfaces of different composites.
Polymer Composites, Oct 16, 2010
Agro-wastes, oil palm trunk core or sap was utilized for the production of new palm-wood material... more Agro-wastes, oil palm trunk core or sap was utilized for the production of new palm-wood material using phenol formaldehyde resin as a matrix. The kiln-dried (moisture content 10%) oil palm trunk was impregnated with phenol formaldehyde resin using a high power vacuum pump. The oil palm trunk core lumber (OPTCL) was loaded with different percentages of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. The mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and impact) and physical properties (water absorption and density) were studied and compared with rubberwood. Testing of mechanical and physical properties was done according to the ASTM standard. The morphology of the resin loaded OPTCL was analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In general, the result showed that impregnated OPTCL exhibited good mechanical and physical properties when compared with untreated oil palm trunk core (OPTCL with 0% resin content) and rubberwood. Tensile and flexural strength of OPTCL increased with the increase in the resin content up to 15% and showed a decreasing trend with the increase in the loading percentage beyond 15%.The impact strength also increased with the increase in the resin content from 5% to 15%. However, impregnated OPTCL with 15% resin loading showed lower water absorption uptake as compared with the other composite materials and rubberwood. SEM micrograph confirmed that the resin was impregnated efficiently within the pores of OPTCL fibers. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Oil palm trunk (OPT) is a solid waste obtained in large quantities after the felling of oil palm ... more Oil palm trunk (OPT) is a solid waste obtained in large quantities after the felling of oil palm trees and is available year-round. Scientists and industrialists face difficulties in utilizing these solid wastes for different applications due to great variations in their physical and mechanical properties. Because OPT consists of lignocellulosic materials, its cellulosic material is utilized in the production of panel products such as particleboard, medium density fibreboard, mineral-bonded particleboard, block board, and cement board. In order to control the OPT waste, it is essential to consider its alternative utilization inside buildings as lightweight construction materials and furniture. The impregnation of different resins in wood and non-wood materials can improve the quality of the OPT, making it possible to utilize OPT as raw materials for different applications. The enhanced properties and good appearance of impregnated OPT have found use in high-grade furniture and housing materials. In order to further evaluate its potential, this review has been compiled for the detailed study of various properties, characteristics, and applications of OPT.
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Papers by Mohammad Jawaid