This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021
Carbon pricing is widely recognized as an effective policy instrument for climate change mitigati... more Carbon pricing is widely recognized as an effective policy instrument for climate change mitigation. Carbon pricing have been imposed in 39 developed countries and eight middle-income countries. Eight more middle-income countries are considering its implementation. As experiences from industrialized countries may not be relevant to developing countries, this literature review fills a knowledge gap by collating the impacts of carbon pricing in developing economies to facilitate cross-learning. Some developing countries still have distortionary subsidies in place, while others are going through environmental fiscal reforms to nudge their societies and economies towards greenhouse gases emission reduction. Various studies demonstrated that safeguards introduced with carbon pricing could help firms to transition while maintaining the motivation to innovate to stay competitive. At the household level, given different energy consumption patterns, carbon pricing in developing economies is not necessarily regressive, especially for rural population. Aggregate impacts to employment rate and gross domestic product change over time as the economy restructures towards decarbonization. A well-designed carbon pricing policy package with revenue recycling mechanisms tailored to the socioeconomic circumstances of the country could achieve multiple dividends of economic growth, increased employment, improved equality, national debt reduction or accomplishment of other sustainable development goals.
The objective of this study is to investigate how Sarawak can benefit from the production of fore... more The objective of this study is to investigate how Sarawak can benefit from the production of forest carbon credits, and how this potential new industry can be optimally shaped, encouraged and governed.
This research is an exploratory qualitative case study using an actor-oriented political ecology framework with the theory of access. Prerequisites for payment for ecosystem services are used in the exposition of forest carbon credits as a tradable commodity. With this multi-tier conceptual framework, the implications of forest carbon credit production can be understood against the socio-economic, political and cultural backdrop of Sarawak.
This research found that the involvement of multiple federal and state government agencies could lead to misalignment as economic development, social welfare and international commitment aspects of forest carbon credits are considered. Investors are motivated by profit and sustainability ratings. The critical success factors of a forest carbon project include secure rights to carbon, tenure on land that fulfils additionality, permanence and anti-leakage criteria, favourable licensing terms, clarity of future policy direction, knowledge of market and local circumstances, community buy-in and capital. Local communities may be impacted negatively if their access to forest is denied. They could be impacted positively if synergies are created with project proponents via co-benefit programmes, or their individually or communally held land is used for forest carbon credit production.
The detailed findings of this research are summarised as a transferable framework showing how elements of forest carbon credit production are impacting, and influenced by government, business and community actors. It also consists of multi-step access analyses on how each actor can access the benefits of forest carbon credit, and how these can be used to achieve other benefits.
In conclusion, forest carbon credit production represents an opportunity with benefits that can be accessed by multiple stakeholders in Sarawak, if properly managed.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021
Carbon pricing is widely recognized as an effective policy instrument for climate change mitigati... more Carbon pricing is widely recognized as an effective policy instrument for climate change mitigation. Carbon pricing have been imposed in 39 developed countries and eight middle-income countries. Eight more middle-income countries are considering its implementation. As experiences from industrialized countries may not be relevant to developing countries, this literature review fills a knowledge gap by collating the impacts of carbon pricing in developing economies to facilitate cross-learning. Some developing countries still have distortionary subsidies in place, while others are going through environmental fiscal reforms to nudge their societies and economies towards greenhouse gases emission reduction. Various studies demonstrated that safeguards introduced with carbon pricing could help firms to transition while maintaining the motivation to innovate to stay competitive. At the household level, given different energy consumption patterns, carbon pricing in developing economies is not necessarily regressive, especially for rural population. Aggregate impacts to employment rate and gross domestic product change over time as the economy restructures towards decarbonization. A well-designed carbon pricing policy package with revenue recycling mechanisms tailored to the socioeconomic circumstances of the country could achieve multiple dividends of economic growth, increased employment, improved equality, national debt reduction or accomplishment of other sustainable development goals.
The objective of this study is to investigate how Sarawak can benefit from the production of fore... more The objective of this study is to investigate how Sarawak can benefit from the production of forest carbon credits, and how this potential new industry can be optimally shaped, encouraged and governed.
This research is an exploratory qualitative case study using an actor-oriented political ecology framework with the theory of access. Prerequisites for payment for ecosystem services are used in the exposition of forest carbon credits as a tradable commodity. With this multi-tier conceptual framework, the implications of forest carbon credit production can be understood against the socio-economic, political and cultural backdrop of Sarawak.
This research found that the involvement of multiple federal and state government agencies could lead to misalignment as economic development, social welfare and international commitment aspects of forest carbon credits are considered. Investors are motivated by profit and sustainability ratings. The critical success factors of a forest carbon project include secure rights to carbon, tenure on land that fulfils additionality, permanence and anti-leakage criteria, favourable licensing terms, clarity of future policy direction, knowledge of market and local circumstances, community buy-in and capital. Local communities may be impacted negatively if their access to forest is denied. They could be impacted positively if synergies are created with project proponents via co-benefit programmes, or their individually or communally held land is used for forest carbon credit production.
The detailed findings of this research are summarised as a transferable framework showing how elements of forest carbon credit production are impacting, and influenced by government, business and community actors. It also consists of multi-step access analyses on how each actor can access the benefits of forest carbon credit, and how these can be used to achieve other benefits.
In conclusion, forest carbon credit production represents an opportunity with benefits that can be accessed by multiple stakeholders in Sarawak, if properly managed.
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This research is an exploratory qualitative case study using an actor-oriented political ecology framework with the theory of access. Prerequisites for payment for ecosystem services are used in the exposition of forest carbon credits as a tradable commodity. With this multi-tier conceptual framework, the implications of forest carbon credit production can be understood against the socio-economic, political and cultural backdrop of Sarawak.
This research found that the involvement of multiple federal and state government agencies could lead to misalignment as economic development, social welfare and international commitment aspects of forest carbon credits are considered. Investors are motivated by profit and sustainability ratings. The critical success factors of a forest carbon project include secure rights to carbon, tenure on land that fulfils additionality, permanence and anti-leakage criteria, favourable licensing terms, clarity of future policy direction, knowledge of market and local circumstances, community buy-in and capital. Local communities may be impacted negatively if their access to forest is denied. They could be impacted positively if synergies are created with project proponents via co-benefit programmes, or their individually or communally held land is used for forest carbon credit production.
The detailed findings of this research are summarised as a transferable framework showing how elements of forest carbon credit production are impacting, and influenced by government, business and community actors. It also consists of multi-step access analyses on how each actor can access the benefits of forest carbon credit, and how these can be used to achieve other benefits.
In conclusion, forest carbon credit production represents an opportunity with benefits that can be accessed by multiple stakeholders in Sarawak, if properly managed.
This research is an exploratory qualitative case study using an actor-oriented political ecology framework with the theory of access. Prerequisites for payment for ecosystem services are used in the exposition of forest carbon credits as a tradable commodity. With this multi-tier conceptual framework, the implications of forest carbon credit production can be understood against the socio-economic, political and cultural backdrop of Sarawak.
This research found that the involvement of multiple federal and state government agencies could lead to misalignment as economic development, social welfare and international commitment aspects of forest carbon credits are considered. Investors are motivated by profit and sustainability ratings. The critical success factors of a forest carbon project include secure rights to carbon, tenure on land that fulfils additionality, permanence and anti-leakage criteria, favourable licensing terms, clarity of future policy direction, knowledge of market and local circumstances, community buy-in and capital. Local communities may be impacted negatively if their access to forest is denied. They could be impacted positively if synergies are created with project proponents via co-benefit programmes, or their individually or communally held land is used for forest carbon credit production.
The detailed findings of this research are summarised as a transferable framework showing how elements of forest carbon credit production are impacting, and influenced by government, business and community actors. It also consists of multi-step access analyses on how each actor can access the benefits of forest carbon credit, and how these can be used to achieve other benefits.
In conclusion, forest carbon credit production represents an opportunity with benefits that can be accessed by multiple stakeholders in Sarawak, if properly managed.