Background Helminthiasis, usually a chronic problem in poultry, is the major cause of economic lo... more Background Helminthiasis, usually a chronic problem in poultry, is the major cause of economic losses in the poultry industry. This study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects of Vernonia amygdalina methanol leaf extract and fractions on Ascaridia galli in experimentally infected birds. Standard protocols for extraction, phytochemical screening, isolation and infection of parasite and histological examination were followed. Result At 50 mg/ml albendazole (ALB) caused the highest inhibition of embryonation (97.3%) followed by crude methanol extract (CME) (94.5%), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) (81.3%) and butanol fraction (BF) (80.3%). The lowest faecal egg counts (FEC) and highest FEC at 21 days post-treatment were observed in the group treated with albendazole (99.2%) and CME at 800 mg/kg (96.9%). Deparasitization at 200 mg/kg caused by ALB was (93.8%), while at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, CME was (77.5%, 87.5% and 91.86%), BF was (75.51%...
Effects of synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on alterations in haematological pa... more Effects of synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on alterations in haematological parameters of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella was understudied. Ninety-day-old broiler chicks divided into 6 groups (I, II, III, IV, V, VI) containing 15 chicks each were used for the study. Group I served as negative control (non-supplemented, unchallenged). Group II served as positive control (non-supplemented but challenged). Group III was supplemented with prebiotic (sugarcane molasses). Group IV was supplemented probiotic (Antox®). Group V was supplemented synbiotic (Enflorax®) whilst Group VI was given Amprolium prophylactic treatment. Birds were challenged at 21 days with 2.0 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts/chick. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14 post-challenge for haematology and serum total protein evaluation according to standard laboratory procedures. Results showed haematological alterations even 4 days post-challenge (dpc) in infected groups. Total leucocyte count rose 4 dpc and was significantly (P < 0.05) high 7 dpc. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly high in the infected groups compared with negative control by 7 dpc. Relative monocyte and oesinophil counts also increased significantly (P < 0.05). Packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and total erythrocyte counts were significantly lower in infected groups 7 dpc. MCHC and MCV were also low. Serum total protein equally decreased 4 dpc and was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the infected groups compared with negative control 7 dpc. Supplementation with synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic products amended haematological alterations associated with experimental Eimeria tenella infection more rapidly and lessened fatalities prompted by caecal coccidiosis.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera (L) aqueous seed extract on a... more This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera (L) aqueous seed extract on aphrodisiac, gonadal and epididymal sperm reserves of Wistar rats. Twenty-five male and fifteen female Wistar rats aged two months weighing 150 – 200 g were purchased and housed in cages at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The Wistar rats were provided with a 12 hours light and dark cycle, fed with pellets of broiler starter and drinking water were provided ad libitum. The rats were acclimatized for 14 days and they were randomly divided into 5 groups A, B, C, D and E. Group B, C and D as treatment groups, whereas, group A and E were negative and positive controls, respectively, with 5 rats in each group and each was kept singly in separate cage. Groups A and E received 1 ml of distilled water and 5 mg of sildenafil citrate orally respectively. Groups B, C and D received suspension of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract orally at the dose rate 100, 2...
Background: Adansonia digitata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases ... more Background: Adansonia digitata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases including snakebite envenomation. Objective: In this study, the protective and ameliorative potentials of crude methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp against crude venom of Naja nigricollis in-vitro and in-vivo were investigated. Method: The dose-dependent inhibitory studies, pharmacological, histopathological and in vivo studies were conducted using standard methods. Result: The mean lethal dose of the crude methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp in Wistar rats was >5,000 mg/kg, while Naja nigricollis venom was 0.89 mg/kg. The anti-lethality effective concentration of the fruit pulp on Naja nigricollis venom was 92.52 mg/ml. Treatment significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activities of Naja nigricollis phospholipase A2 and dose-dependently reduced Naja nigricollis venom-induced paw oedema at 1-4 hours post-envenomation. In-vivo, treatment with 250 and 500...
The number of people worldwide with cognitive/memory impairment is projected to double every 20 y... more The number of people worldwide with cognitive/memory impairment is projected to double every 20 years to 81 million by 2050. The rapid expansion of the worldwide aged population is expected to greatly increase the number of individuals with cognitive impairment and this will ultimately have a significant impact on the healthcare cost. To date there is no medicine to treat or prevent cognitive impairment. This has led people to resort to taking herbal supplements for improving memory. One good example of a herb that is becoming increasingly popular for memory improvement is Ginkgo biloba. Substantial studies have shown neuroinflammatory processes to contribute to the cascade of events eventually leading to neuronal degeneration and subsequently loss of memory. This present study evaluated the cognition improving potential and neuroprotective effects of a standardised Andrographis paniculata (locally known as “Hempedu Bumi”) aqueous leaf extract (APAE). The cognitive improvement of AP...
This study was conducted to validate the folkloric use of Acacia nilotica pods as wound healing a... more This study was conducted to validate the folkloric use of Acacia nilotica pods as wound healing agent. Full thickness excision wounds of 6mm diameter were created on Sprague-Dawley rats. Prior to the wound healing assessment, the antioxidant activity of the extract was determined in vitro using 2,2ꞌ- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Six groups of 6 wounded rats were formed. In each group, the wounds were topically treated with either petroleum jelly (vehicle control), silver sulfadiazine (positive control), 0.5%, 1% or 2% Acacia nilotica cream (treatment groups) prepared by mixing appropriate quantity of A. nilotica pods’ aqueous extract with petroleum jelly. The negative control group received no treatment. The wound healing parameters assessed include wound contraction rate, level of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin1β (IL-1 β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF- α) and histopathological analysis of the wound area. Wounds were assessed on 7th and 14...
Povidone-iodine (Polidine®) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic being applied topically to t... more Povidone-iodine (Polidine®) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic being applied topically to treat wounds and prevent their infection. It has been however reported with the assertions that it is effective in the treatment of infectious bursa disease (IBD) when administered orally by practicing Veterinarians and other poultry handlers. Acute kidney injury has been reported also with povidone iodine ingestion. Hence, in this study, graded dose administration was conducted to ascertain its safety profile. Forty chicks were obtained from a poultry hatchery in Ibadan, Oyo State. They were randomly divided into four (4) groups of ten chicks each. Group I served as negative control, groups II, III and IV were administered Polidine® at 1 mL/50 L, 1 mL/25 L, and 1 mL/10 L of water respectively for 7 days. Blood samples were collected on Days 3 and 7 post administration for determination of haematological and biochemical parameters. Liver and Kidney tissues were harvested following termination of the experiment and processed for histopathological examination. Results revealed no significant (p > 0.05) effect in the haematological and biochemical parameters of cockerels treated with Povidone iodine at 1 mL/50 and 25 L of water. On histopathological examination no lesion was also observed in the liver and kidney tissues of groups I, II and III (normal control, 1 mL/50 and 25 L respectively) when compared to group IV (1 mL PI /50 L of water) where lesions were recorded. Hence, this study has shown the relative safety of povidone iodine at different doses in cockerels.
Background Helminthiasis, usually a chronic problem in poultry, is the major cause of economic lo... more Background Helminthiasis, usually a chronic problem in poultry, is the major cause of economic losses in the poultry industry. This study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects of Vernonia amygdalina methanol leaf extract and fractions on Ascaridia galli in experimentally infected birds. Standard protocols for extraction, phytochemical screening, isolation and infection of parasite and histological examination were followed. Result At 50 mg/ml albendazole (ALB) caused the highest inhibition of embryonation (97.3%) followed by crude methanol extract (CME) (94.5%), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) (81.3%) and butanol fraction (BF) (80.3%). The lowest faecal egg counts (FEC) and highest FEC at 21 days post-treatment were observed in the group treated with albendazole (99.2%) and CME at 800 mg/kg (96.9%). Deparasitization at 200 mg/kg caused by ALB was (93.8%), while at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, CME was (77.5%, 87.5% and 91.86%), BF was (75.51%...
Effects of synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on alterations in haematological pa... more Effects of synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on alterations in haematological parameters of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella was understudied. Ninety-day-old broiler chicks divided into 6 groups (I, II, III, IV, V, VI) containing 15 chicks each were used for the study. Group I served as negative control (non-supplemented, unchallenged). Group II served as positive control (non-supplemented but challenged). Group III was supplemented with prebiotic (sugarcane molasses). Group IV was supplemented probiotic (Antox®). Group V was supplemented synbiotic (Enflorax®) whilst Group VI was given Amprolium prophylactic treatment. Birds were challenged at 21 days with 2.0 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts/chick. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14 post-challenge for haematology and serum total protein evaluation according to standard laboratory procedures. Results showed haematological alterations even 4 days post-challenge (dpc) in infected groups. Total leucocyte count rose 4 dpc and was significantly (P < 0.05) high 7 dpc. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly high in the infected groups compared with negative control by 7 dpc. Relative monocyte and oesinophil counts also increased significantly (P < 0.05). Packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and total erythrocyte counts were significantly lower in infected groups 7 dpc. MCHC and MCV were also low. Serum total protein equally decreased 4 dpc and was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the infected groups compared with negative control 7 dpc. Supplementation with synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic products amended haematological alterations associated with experimental Eimeria tenella infection more rapidly and lessened fatalities prompted by caecal coccidiosis.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera (L) aqueous seed extract on a... more This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera (L) aqueous seed extract on aphrodisiac, gonadal and epididymal sperm reserves of Wistar rats. Twenty-five male and fifteen female Wistar rats aged two months weighing 150 – 200 g were purchased and housed in cages at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The Wistar rats were provided with a 12 hours light and dark cycle, fed with pellets of broiler starter and drinking water were provided ad libitum. The rats were acclimatized for 14 days and they were randomly divided into 5 groups A, B, C, D and E. Group B, C and D as treatment groups, whereas, group A and E were negative and positive controls, respectively, with 5 rats in each group and each was kept singly in separate cage. Groups A and E received 1 ml of distilled water and 5 mg of sildenafil citrate orally respectively. Groups B, C and D received suspension of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract orally at the dose rate 100, 2...
Background: Adansonia digitata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases ... more Background: Adansonia digitata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases including snakebite envenomation. Objective: In this study, the protective and ameliorative potentials of crude methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp against crude venom of Naja nigricollis in-vitro and in-vivo were investigated. Method: The dose-dependent inhibitory studies, pharmacological, histopathological and in vivo studies were conducted using standard methods. Result: The mean lethal dose of the crude methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp in Wistar rats was >5,000 mg/kg, while Naja nigricollis venom was 0.89 mg/kg. The anti-lethality effective concentration of the fruit pulp on Naja nigricollis venom was 92.52 mg/ml. Treatment significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activities of Naja nigricollis phospholipase A2 and dose-dependently reduced Naja nigricollis venom-induced paw oedema at 1-4 hours post-envenomation. In-vivo, treatment with 250 and 500...
The number of people worldwide with cognitive/memory impairment is projected to double every 20 y... more The number of people worldwide with cognitive/memory impairment is projected to double every 20 years to 81 million by 2050. The rapid expansion of the worldwide aged population is expected to greatly increase the number of individuals with cognitive impairment and this will ultimately have a significant impact on the healthcare cost. To date there is no medicine to treat or prevent cognitive impairment. This has led people to resort to taking herbal supplements for improving memory. One good example of a herb that is becoming increasingly popular for memory improvement is Ginkgo biloba. Substantial studies have shown neuroinflammatory processes to contribute to the cascade of events eventually leading to neuronal degeneration and subsequently loss of memory. This present study evaluated the cognition improving potential and neuroprotective effects of a standardised Andrographis paniculata (locally known as “Hempedu Bumi”) aqueous leaf extract (APAE). The cognitive improvement of AP...
This study was conducted to validate the folkloric use of Acacia nilotica pods as wound healing a... more This study was conducted to validate the folkloric use of Acacia nilotica pods as wound healing agent. Full thickness excision wounds of 6mm diameter were created on Sprague-Dawley rats. Prior to the wound healing assessment, the antioxidant activity of the extract was determined in vitro using 2,2ꞌ- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Six groups of 6 wounded rats were formed. In each group, the wounds were topically treated with either petroleum jelly (vehicle control), silver sulfadiazine (positive control), 0.5%, 1% or 2% Acacia nilotica cream (treatment groups) prepared by mixing appropriate quantity of A. nilotica pods’ aqueous extract with petroleum jelly. The negative control group received no treatment. The wound healing parameters assessed include wound contraction rate, level of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin1β (IL-1 β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF- α) and histopathological analysis of the wound area. Wounds were assessed on 7th and 14...
Povidone-iodine (Polidine®) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic being applied topically to t... more Povidone-iodine (Polidine®) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic being applied topically to treat wounds and prevent their infection. It has been however reported with the assertions that it is effective in the treatment of infectious bursa disease (IBD) when administered orally by practicing Veterinarians and other poultry handlers. Acute kidney injury has been reported also with povidone iodine ingestion. Hence, in this study, graded dose administration was conducted to ascertain its safety profile. Forty chicks were obtained from a poultry hatchery in Ibadan, Oyo State. They were randomly divided into four (4) groups of ten chicks each. Group I served as negative control, groups II, III and IV were administered Polidine® at 1 mL/50 L, 1 mL/25 L, and 1 mL/10 L of water respectively for 7 days. Blood samples were collected on Days 3 and 7 post administration for determination of haematological and biochemical parameters. Liver and Kidney tissues were harvested following termination of the experiment and processed for histopathological examination. Results revealed no significant (p > 0.05) effect in the haematological and biochemical parameters of cockerels treated with Povidone iodine at 1 mL/50 and 25 L of water. On histopathological examination no lesion was also observed in the liver and kidney tissues of groups I, II and III (normal control, 1 mL/50 and 25 L respectively) when compared to group IV (1 mL PI /50 L of water) where lesions were recorded. Hence, this study has shown the relative safety of povidone iodine at different doses in cockerels.
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