Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) have great value in healthcare, as they enhance healthcare qual... more Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) have great value in healthcare, as they enhance healthcare quality, decrease costs, optimize patient safety and health care research. Worldwide and particularly in the Middle Eastern countries have pushed for usage and implement EMR systems. However, there were some obstacles and challenges toward implementation of the EMR system. This review aims to look at the challenges and constraints of using and adopting EMR in Middle Eastern countries. Electronic databases of PubMed, country reports, newspaper, magazine articles, and hospital reports between 2008 to 2021 were used. Most common challenges highlighted were high cost of EMR implementation, lack of training, insufficient information technology personnel support, poor acceptance of new technology, confidentiality, and privacy concerns. Understanding the hurdles of using EMR technology in health care setting is essential for decision makers to focus on economic and human factors challenges to enhan...
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in Pakistan is predominantly attribut... more BACKGROUND The high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in Pakistan is predominantly attributed to poor drug adherence. Mobile phone innovations are cheap, ubiquitous, and culturally acceptable tools for behavioral change. As more than 137 million populations in Pakistan use mobile phones, a suitable mobile health (mHealth) module can be a suitable and effective tool to overcome poor drug adherence. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine whether a novel mobile health intervention was useful in enhancing adherence to antihypertensive therapy and treatment outcomes among patients with hypertension in a developing country. METHODS A parallel, single-blinded, superiority randomized controlled trial of six months duration recruited 439 hypertensive patients at a public hospital in Pakistan, with poor adherence to antihypertensive therapy and access to smartphones. An innovative multifaceted, mHealth intervention, “Multi-Aid-Package”, based on the Health Belief Model was developed f...
Introduction: Workplace safety culture (WSC) is crucial in providing a safe working environment. ... more Introduction: Workplace safety culture (WSC) is crucial in providing a safe working environment. Workers need to be reminded regularly of its importance, and therefore effectively, work safety intervention programs need to be identified to be used for this purpose. The main objective is to identify workplace intervention programs to improve WSC among office workers. The specific goals are to determine the types of intervention (knowledge-based, attitudinal, and practices-based interventions), the theories used, and the effectiveness. Methods: Databases such as ProQuest, CINAHL, Medline, and ScienceDirect were used to perform literature searches with the keywords [“safety culture training” OR “safety culture education” OR “safety culture promotion”] AND [“office workers” OR “civil servant” OR “white-collar workers” OR “administrative officers” OR “clerical officer”]. The inclusion criteria set for the search process included research articles, publication between January 1, 2015, and...
Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are characterised by an abnormal attitude towards food that ca... more Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are characterised by an abnormal attitude towards food that causes someone to change their eating habits and behaviour. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of EDs and their associated factors among female going-school adolescents in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among a representative random sample of female adolescent students aged 13 years old– 18 years old. A simple random sampling method was used to select the participants. An online selfadministered questionnaire, the Arabic version of eating attitude test (EAT-26) and socio-cultural attitudes toward appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-4), was used. Results: More than half (53.6%) of adolescent girls scored at or above the cut-off point of EAT-26. Around 45% of the participants had experienced family influence on their appearance and body shape, 36.7% had experienced peer influence on these factors, and 49.4...
mHealth interventions have been reported to improve adherence to long-term therapies in chronic c... more mHealth interventions have been reported to improve adherence to long-term therapies in chronic conditions. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the effectiveness of mHealth interventions in medication adherence among patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a leading cause of mortality globally. Relying on our inclusion criteria and the PRISMA recommendations, a literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Medline, and ProQuest databases for primary studies that investigated the impact of mHealth on medication adherence for cardiovascular disease (CVD) between 2000–2021. A total of 23 randomized controlled trials with 34,915 participants matched the selection criteria. The mHealth interventions used included text messages, mobile phone applications, and voice calls, which were used either as a single intervention or combined. Additionally, studies on enhancing drug adherence had contradictory findings: most of the studies elaborated positive results; however, six stu...
Background: Healthcare workers are under considerable psychological and physical pressure during ... more Background: Healthcare workers are under considerable psychological and physical pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in Arab countries, a comprehensive analysis of mental and physical health issues among healthcare workers (HCW) during the COVID-19 pandemic is still needed.Therefore, this systematic review aims to identify the mental and physical health impact among HCW in the Arab countries during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: This review was carried out using the PRISMA guidelines. Empirical studies were selected from the following databases PubMed, Scopus databases, Google Scholar, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), and MEDLINE (PubMed). Case reports, duplicate publications, reviews, and family-based studies were excluded. A total of 56 studies from 14 Arab countries reported the mental and physical health of HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic. The distribution of HCW analysed included doctors, nurses, paramedics, administrators and allied health workers. Results: The majority ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths can occur in hospitals or otherwise. In Malaysia, COVI... more Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths can occur in hospitals or otherwise. In Malaysia, COVID-19 deaths occurring outside of the hospital and subsequently brought to the hospital are known as brought-in-dead (BID) cases. To date, the characteristics of BID COVID-19 cases in Malaysia are not clear. The objectives of this study are 2-fold: to explore the characteristics of 29,155 mortality cases in Malaysia and determine the factors associated with the high probability of BID, using the multilevel logistic regression model. Data on COVID-19 mortality cases from the entire country between March 17, 2020 and November 3, 2021 were retrieved from a national open data source. Of the 29,155 COVID-19 mortality cases, 5,903 (20.2%) were BID. A higher probability of BID (p < 0.05) was seen among individuals aged between 18 and 59 years, non-Malaysians, had no comorbidities, did not receive COVID-19 vaccination, and the interval between the date of death and diagnosis. A high prevalence...
Foreign nurses face many challenges at the workplace which may affect their level of job satisfac... more Foreign nurses face many challenges at the workplace which may affect their level of job satisfaction. High job satisfaction can ensure the delivery of safe and high-quality health services, while low job satisfaction may result in poor work quality and increases the likelihood of the nurses leaving the service. Therefore, ensuring high level of job satisfaction of the foreign nurses is important, especially in countries which heavily rely on their services, such as Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine job satisfaction level among foreign nurses in public hospitals in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, and the contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors to their job satisfaction level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 196 foreign nurses in two large public hospitals in Hail City, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were conducted. Most foreign nurses had moderate job satisfaction ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
The economic burden is a major concern for parents/caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP... more The economic burden is a major concern for parents/caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study used the sequential explanatory mixed-method approach to explorethe economic burden on parents/caregivers with a CP child in Malaysia and the factors associated with the economic burden. The study period spanned April 2020 and December 2020. A total of 106 questionnaire respondents were selected for the quantitative part, and 15 were interviewed to obtain qualitative input. A retrospective costing analysis was conducted based on the cost data obtained from the questionnaire. The majority of the children were GrossMotor Function Classification System (GMFCS) Level 5 (71%), quadriplegic (63%), and aged >4 years (90%). The estimated annual median total economic burden on the parents/caregivers per child in 2020 was RM52,540.00 (~USD12,515.03), with indirect cost being the greatest cost (RM28,800.00, ~USD6860.16), followed by developmental cost (RM16,200.00, ~USD3858.84), di...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2014
Background: The frequency and manner of which health information are used is influenced by the so... more Background: The frequency and manner of which health information are used is influenced by the sources. These sources may be seen as having different credibility among various sub-groups of the population. Such credibility in turn can have a marked impact on the acceptance and trust of the population on a specific source of information. Objective: The purpose of this review was to identify the various sources of information available on vaccination and how they influence the parents’ decision towards their child’s vaccination. Methods : A systematic review of articles related to the role of information on parents’ vaccination decisions for their children was compiled using a series of keywords in databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ELCOSH and OSH-ROM). Studies included were those published between 2000-2014, written in English, elicited responses from parents or caregiver of children aged below 18 years old and used a quantitative design that addressed sources of info...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2016
Background :Smoking is the single most important cause of death. The use of tobacco in cigarettes... more Background :Smoking is the single most important cause of death. The use of tobacco in cigarettes among smokers is the leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity. Objective : The aim of the study is to determine socioeconomic factors associated with smoking among rural adult population in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Methods :A cross sectional study was carried out from 1,136 respondents by using a questionnaire which waspre-tested, and face to face interview was conducted. The questionnaire was divided into 5 separate sections which were socio-demographics characteristics, tobacco use patterns, peers and family influences, knowledge related to smoking and perception on anti-smoking programme.A multistage random sampling method was used to obtain the sample size. The target population was from District of Jempol, a rural District in state ofNegeri Sembilan.. Result :Out of 1,136 eligible respondents, a total of 998 respondents have participated in this study which made the res...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2017
Background: The primary goal of many countries is to establish a healthcare financing system that... more Background: The primary goal of many countries is to establish a healthcare financing system that guarantees universal health coverage (UHC) through equity in access to healthcare services as well as financial risk protection to the people. Community based health insurance (CBHI) has emerged as an alternative to reduce out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures and improved financial risk protections in developing countries like Nigeria. The aim of this study is to review the CBHI in Nigeria and highlight the issues, weaknesses and strengths of the system. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review on the CBHI was conducted using relevant studies searched from electronic databases: MEDLINE, Pubmed, scienceDirect.com, PLOS and public search engine (Google). It was done on 16 th January, 2017. The phrases used are ‘health financing’,‘community health insurance’ in ‘Nigeria’ which were put together by Boolean operator “and” articles or reports. Relevant materials for the past 7 years ...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2014
Introduction: Smoking has become among the important current public health issues in Malaysia, as... more Introduction: Smoking has become among the important current public health issues in Malaysia, as about one in four adult Malaysians currently smoke, and about one in ten adolescents smoke. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adolescents and its associated factors in a rural community of Jempol, Malaysia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013, involving rural settlements in Jempol, a district in the state of Negeri Sembilan, 147km south of Kuala Lumpur.Two rural settlements were randomly selected. The sampling unit was an adolescent (aged between 10- 19 years) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The instrument used in this study was a self- administered questionnaire adapted from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) 2011. Questions on religiosity were included. Results: A total of 167 respondents participated in this study. Among them, 31.1% (n=52) were identified as smokers; while 68.9% (n=115) were non-smokers. M...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2016
Background: Leisure time is an important domain in life regardless of gender, social class and ag... more Background: Leisure time is an important domain in life regardless of gender, social class and age. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern LTPA (Leisure Time Physical Activity) among female academicians in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among female academicians in UPM, from December 2014 to March 2015. Respondents were randomly chosen by simple random sampling using IBM-SPSS version 22 software. A validated and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection. It consisted of five sections involving socio-demographic factors, time constraints (home and work place), physical activity, accessibility to leisure-related facilities (home and work place) and health status. Descriptive analysis, t-test, correlation and multivariate linear regression were employed to determine the predictors using enter method. The data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0 software. Result: A total of 654 respondents partic...
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) have great value in healthcare, as they enhance healthcare qual... more Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) have great value in healthcare, as they enhance healthcare quality, decrease costs, optimize patient safety and health care research. Worldwide and particularly in the Middle Eastern countries have pushed for usage and implement EMR systems. However, there were some obstacles and challenges toward implementation of the EMR system. This review aims to look at the challenges and constraints of using and adopting EMR in Middle Eastern countries. Electronic databases of PubMed, country reports, newspaper, magazine articles, and hospital reports between 2008 to 2021 were used. Most common challenges highlighted were high cost of EMR implementation, lack of training, insufficient information technology personnel support, poor acceptance of new technology, confidentiality, and privacy concerns. Understanding the hurdles of using EMR technology in health care setting is essential for decision makers to focus on economic and human factors challenges to enhan...
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in Pakistan is predominantly attribut... more BACKGROUND The high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in Pakistan is predominantly attributed to poor drug adherence. Mobile phone innovations are cheap, ubiquitous, and culturally acceptable tools for behavioral change. As more than 137 million populations in Pakistan use mobile phones, a suitable mobile health (mHealth) module can be a suitable and effective tool to overcome poor drug adherence. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine whether a novel mobile health intervention was useful in enhancing adherence to antihypertensive therapy and treatment outcomes among patients with hypertension in a developing country. METHODS A parallel, single-blinded, superiority randomized controlled trial of six months duration recruited 439 hypertensive patients at a public hospital in Pakistan, with poor adherence to antihypertensive therapy and access to smartphones. An innovative multifaceted, mHealth intervention, “Multi-Aid-Package”, based on the Health Belief Model was developed f...
Introduction: Workplace safety culture (WSC) is crucial in providing a safe working environment. ... more Introduction: Workplace safety culture (WSC) is crucial in providing a safe working environment. Workers need to be reminded regularly of its importance, and therefore effectively, work safety intervention programs need to be identified to be used for this purpose. The main objective is to identify workplace intervention programs to improve WSC among office workers. The specific goals are to determine the types of intervention (knowledge-based, attitudinal, and practices-based interventions), the theories used, and the effectiveness. Methods: Databases such as ProQuest, CINAHL, Medline, and ScienceDirect were used to perform literature searches with the keywords [“safety culture training” OR “safety culture education” OR “safety culture promotion”] AND [“office workers” OR “civil servant” OR “white-collar workers” OR “administrative officers” OR “clerical officer”]. The inclusion criteria set for the search process included research articles, publication between January 1, 2015, and...
Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are characterised by an abnormal attitude towards food that ca... more Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are characterised by an abnormal attitude towards food that causes someone to change their eating habits and behaviour. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of EDs and their associated factors among female going-school adolescents in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among a representative random sample of female adolescent students aged 13 years old– 18 years old. A simple random sampling method was used to select the participants. An online selfadministered questionnaire, the Arabic version of eating attitude test (EAT-26) and socio-cultural attitudes toward appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-4), was used. Results: More than half (53.6%) of adolescent girls scored at or above the cut-off point of EAT-26. Around 45% of the participants had experienced family influence on their appearance and body shape, 36.7% had experienced peer influence on these factors, and 49.4...
mHealth interventions have been reported to improve adherence to long-term therapies in chronic c... more mHealth interventions have been reported to improve adherence to long-term therapies in chronic conditions. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the effectiveness of mHealth interventions in medication adherence among patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a leading cause of mortality globally. Relying on our inclusion criteria and the PRISMA recommendations, a literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Medline, and ProQuest databases for primary studies that investigated the impact of mHealth on medication adherence for cardiovascular disease (CVD) between 2000–2021. A total of 23 randomized controlled trials with 34,915 participants matched the selection criteria. The mHealth interventions used included text messages, mobile phone applications, and voice calls, which were used either as a single intervention or combined. Additionally, studies on enhancing drug adherence had contradictory findings: most of the studies elaborated positive results; however, six stu...
Background: Healthcare workers are under considerable psychological and physical pressure during ... more Background: Healthcare workers are under considerable psychological and physical pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in Arab countries, a comprehensive analysis of mental and physical health issues among healthcare workers (HCW) during the COVID-19 pandemic is still needed.Therefore, this systematic review aims to identify the mental and physical health impact among HCW in the Arab countries during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: This review was carried out using the PRISMA guidelines. Empirical studies were selected from the following databases PubMed, Scopus databases, Google Scholar, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), and MEDLINE (PubMed). Case reports, duplicate publications, reviews, and family-based studies were excluded. A total of 56 studies from 14 Arab countries reported the mental and physical health of HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic. The distribution of HCW analysed included doctors, nurses, paramedics, administrators and allied health workers. Results: The majority ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths can occur in hospitals or otherwise. In Malaysia, COVI... more Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths can occur in hospitals or otherwise. In Malaysia, COVID-19 deaths occurring outside of the hospital and subsequently brought to the hospital are known as brought-in-dead (BID) cases. To date, the characteristics of BID COVID-19 cases in Malaysia are not clear. The objectives of this study are 2-fold: to explore the characteristics of 29,155 mortality cases in Malaysia and determine the factors associated with the high probability of BID, using the multilevel logistic regression model. Data on COVID-19 mortality cases from the entire country between March 17, 2020 and November 3, 2021 were retrieved from a national open data source. Of the 29,155 COVID-19 mortality cases, 5,903 (20.2%) were BID. A higher probability of BID (p < 0.05) was seen among individuals aged between 18 and 59 years, non-Malaysians, had no comorbidities, did not receive COVID-19 vaccination, and the interval between the date of death and diagnosis. A high prevalence...
Foreign nurses face many challenges at the workplace which may affect their level of job satisfac... more Foreign nurses face many challenges at the workplace which may affect their level of job satisfaction. High job satisfaction can ensure the delivery of safe and high-quality health services, while low job satisfaction may result in poor work quality and increases the likelihood of the nurses leaving the service. Therefore, ensuring high level of job satisfaction of the foreign nurses is important, especially in countries which heavily rely on their services, such as Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine job satisfaction level among foreign nurses in public hospitals in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, and the contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors to their job satisfaction level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 196 foreign nurses in two large public hospitals in Hail City, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were conducted. Most foreign nurses had moderate job satisfaction ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
The economic burden is a major concern for parents/caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP... more The economic burden is a major concern for parents/caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study used the sequential explanatory mixed-method approach to explorethe economic burden on parents/caregivers with a CP child in Malaysia and the factors associated with the economic burden. The study period spanned April 2020 and December 2020. A total of 106 questionnaire respondents were selected for the quantitative part, and 15 were interviewed to obtain qualitative input. A retrospective costing analysis was conducted based on the cost data obtained from the questionnaire. The majority of the children were GrossMotor Function Classification System (GMFCS) Level 5 (71%), quadriplegic (63%), and aged >4 years (90%). The estimated annual median total economic burden on the parents/caregivers per child in 2020 was RM52,540.00 (~USD12,515.03), with indirect cost being the greatest cost (RM28,800.00, ~USD6860.16), followed by developmental cost (RM16,200.00, ~USD3858.84), di...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2014
Background: The frequency and manner of which health information are used is influenced by the so... more Background: The frequency and manner of which health information are used is influenced by the sources. These sources may be seen as having different credibility among various sub-groups of the population. Such credibility in turn can have a marked impact on the acceptance and trust of the population on a specific source of information. Objective: The purpose of this review was to identify the various sources of information available on vaccination and how they influence the parents’ decision towards their child’s vaccination. Methods : A systematic review of articles related to the role of information on parents’ vaccination decisions for their children was compiled using a series of keywords in databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ELCOSH and OSH-ROM). Studies included were those published between 2000-2014, written in English, elicited responses from parents or caregiver of children aged below 18 years old and used a quantitative design that addressed sources of info...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2016
Background :Smoking is the single most important cause of death. The use of tobacco in cigarettes... more Background :Smoking is the single most important cause of death. The use of tobacco in cigarettes among smokers is the leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity. Objective : The aim of the study is to determine socioeconomic factors associated with smoking among rural adult population in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Methods :A cross sectional study was carried out from 1,136 respondents by using a questionnaire which waspre-tested, and face to face interview was conducted. The questionnaire was divided into 5 separate sections which were socio-demographics characteristics, tobacco use patterns, peers and family influences, knowledge related to smoking and perception on anti-smoking programme.A multistage random sampling method was used to obtain the sample size. The target population was from District of Jempol, a rural District in state ofNegeri Sembilan.. Result :Out of 1,136 eligible respondents, a total of 998 respondents have participated in this study which made the res...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2017
Background: The primary goal of many countries is to establish a healthcare financing system that... more Background: The primary goal of many countries is to establish a healthcare financing system that guarantees universal health coverage (UHC) through equity in access to healthcare services as well as financial risk protection to the people. Community based health insurance (CBHI) has emerged as an alternative to reduce out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures and improved financial risk protections in developing countries like Nigeria. The aim of this study is to review the CBHI in Nigeria and highlight the issues, weaknesses and strengths of the system. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review on the CBHI was conducted using relevant studies searched from electronic databases: MEDLINE, Pubmed, scienceDirect.com, PLOS and public search engine (Google). It was done on 16 th January, 2017. The phrases used are ‘health financing’,‘community health insurance’ in ‘Nigeria’ which were put together by Boolean operator “and” articles or reports. Relevant materials for the past 7 years ...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2014
Introduction: Smoking has become among the important current public health issues in Malaysia, as... more Introduction: Smoking has become among the important current public health issues in Malaysia, as about one in four adult Malaysians currently smoke, and about one in ten adolescents smoke. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adolescents and its associated factors in a rural community of Jempol, Malaysia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013, involving rural settlements in Jempol, a district in the state of Negeri Sembilan, 147km south of Kuala Lumpur.Two rural settlements were randomly selected. The sampling unit was an adolescent (aged between 10- 19 years) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The instrument used in this study was a self- administered questionnaire adapted from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) 2011. Questions on religiosity were included. Results: A total of 167 respondents participated in this study. Among them, 31.1% (n=52) were identified as smokers; while 68.9% (n=115) were non-smokers. M...
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2016
Background: Leisure time is an important domain in life regardless of gender, social class and ag... more Background: Leisure time is an important domain in life regardless of gender, social class and age. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern LTPA (Leisure Time Physical Activity) among female academicians in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among female academicians in UPM, from December 2014 to March 2015. Respondents were randomly chosen by simple random sampling using IBM-SPSS version 22 software. A validated and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection. It consisted of five sections involving socio-demographic factors, time constraints (home and work place), physical activity, accessibility to leisure-related facilities (home and work place) and health status. Descriptive analysis, t-test, correlation and multivariate linear regression were employed to determine the predictors using enter method. The data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0 software. Result: A total of 654 respondents partic...
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